The present state of the princes and republicks of Italy with observations on them / written originally in English by J. Gailhard ...
         Gailhard, J. (Jean)
      
       
         
           1671
        
      
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         108607
         
           
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             The present state of the princes and republicks of Italy with observations on them / written originally in English by J. Gailhard ...
             Gailhard, J. (Jean)
          
           
             The second edition corrected and enlarged
          
           [24], 240 p.
           
             Printed for John Starkey ...,
             London :
             1671.
          
           
             "Licensed, Roger L'Estrange" --P. [24].
             Pages 170 and 174 misnumbered as 136 and 474, respectively.
             Reproduction of original in the Bodleian Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Popes -- Election.
           Italy -- History -- 1559-1789.
           Italy -- Kings and rulers.
           Spain -- Social life and customs.
        
      
    
     
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           THE
           Present
           state
           OF
           THE
           PRINCES
           AND
           REPUBLICKS
           OF
           ITALY
           ,
           VVith
           Observations
           on
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           Second
           Edition
           Corrected
           and
           Enlarged
           ,
           with
           the
           mamnner
           of
           the
           Election
           of
           Popes
           ,
           and
           a
           Character
           of
           SPAIN
           .
        
         
           Written
           Originally
           in
           English
           by
           
             J.
             GAILHARD
          
           ,
           Gent.
           
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             John
             Starkey
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Miter
           near
           Temple-Bar
           in
           Fleet-Street
           ,
           1671.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           
             To
             the
             Right
             Honourable
          
           ,
           ROBERT
           ,
           
             Earl
             of
          
           Sunderland
           ,
           Baron
           Spencer
           
             of
             WORMLEIGHTON
          
           .
        
         
           
             My
             Lord.
             
          
        
         
           'T
           Is
           usual
           with
           some
           when
           they
           publish
           any
           of
           their
           works
           ,
           to
           pretend
           they
           were
           forced
           to
           it
           by
           the
           importunity
           of
           Friends
           ,
           which
           is
           often
           true
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           it
           is
           allowable
           ;
           but
           't
           is
           no
           great
           modesty
           to
           boast
           of
           it
           upon
           every
           occasion
           .
           Others
           do
           prefix
           to
           their
           Books
           ,
           to
           give
           them
           credit
           ,
           the
           name
           of
           some
           considerable
           person
           ;
           this
           is
           well
           done
           ,
           if
           the
           worth
           of
           the
           Piece
           be
           any
           wayes
           suitable
           to
           the
           qualifications
           
           of
           that
           Person
           ;
           else
           (
           to
           speak
           in
           Solomons
           words
           )
           it
           will
           be
           as
           a
           Jewel
           of
           Gold
           in
           a
           Swines
           snout
           .
        
         
           I
           hope
           ,
           My
           Lord
           ,
           I
           have
           at
           present
           in
           some
           measure
           hit
           upon
           that
           necessary
           proportion
           ;
           Your
           Lordship
           is
           in
           every
           account
           one
           of
           the
           most
           Eminent
           Noblemen
           of
           the
           Kingdome
           ,
           and
           my
           Subject
           (
           though
           I
           handle
           it
           with
           several
           defects
           and
           imperfections
           )
           is
           of
           potent
           Princes
           and
           Republicks
           ,
           a
           hard
           task
           indeed
           it
           is
           ;
           for
           when
           a
           private
           man
           is
           to
           speak
           of
           the
           persons
           and
           actions
           of
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           ,
           specially
           of
           so
           many
           as
           I
           have
           occasion
           to
           mention
           ,
           he
           walks
           upon
           the
           edge
           of
           Rocks
           and
           Precipices
           ;
           for
           of
           one
           side
           Princes
           are
           jealous
           of
           their
           Authority
           ,
           and
           the
           people
           of
           their
           Liberty
           ;
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           if
           he
           gives
           Monarchies
           such
           Commendations
           as
           that
           manner
           of
           Government
           deserves
           ,
           
           he
           must
           be
           careful
           to
           say
           nothing
           to
           the
           disparagement
           of
           Republicks
           :
           Every
           one
           of
           these
           Governments
           is
           good
           in
           it's
           kind
           ,
           yet
           not
           in
           every
           Countrey
           ,
           only
           as
           it
           sutes
           the
           temper
           and
           constitution
           of
           the
           people
           ;
           but
           I
           cannot
           forbear
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           Monarchy
           hath
           of
           all
           Governments
           most
           conformity
           to
           the
           pattern
           of
           all
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           Empire
           which
           God
           hath
           over
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           'T
           is
           not
           an
           easie
           matter
           to
           speak
           of
           a
           subject
           which
           hath
           been
           treated
           of
           by
           several
           others
           ,
           however
           there
           are
           different
           wayes
           to
           do
           it
           ,
           and
           new
           observations
           may
           produce
           new
           Notions
           .
           Sometimes
           one
           hath
           occasion
           to
           tell
           his
           opinion
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           herein
           he
           is
           himself
           liable
           to
           the
           censure
           of
           thousands
           of
           different
           judgement
           and
           affections
           ;
           but
           as
           these
           things
           are
           unavoidable
           to
           those
           who
           appear
           in
           publick
           ;
           so
           they
           ought
           to
           
           be
           resolved
           to
           undergo
           any
           thing
           of
           that
           kind
           :
           the
           approbation
           of
           such
           persons
           as
           your
           Lordship
           ,
           is
           that
           which
           writers
           should
           mind
           most
           of
           all
           ,
           and
           use
           their
           utmost
           care
           to
           obtain
           .
           'T
           is
           a
           known
           truth
           ,
           and
           I
           declare
           it
           ,
           My
           Lord
           ,
           that
           your
           Natural
           parts
           ,
           joyned
           to
           the
           experience
           you
           have
           gained
           by
           your
           travels
           ,
           have
           fitted
           your
           Lordship
           to
           pass
           a
           judicious
           Sentence
           upon
           any
           thing
           that
           deserves
           it
           .
        
         
           I
           say
           nothing
           in
           this
           Relation
           ,
           but
           what
           your
           Lordship
           hath
           more
           accurately
           by
           far
           ,
           &
           more
           exactly
           observed
           :
           You
           have
           been
           ,
           My
           Lord
           ,
           upon
           the
           places
           highly
           esteemed
           by
           some
           Princes
           who
           knew
           your
           worth
           and
           quality
           ,
           and
           where
           to
           my
           own
           knowledge
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           say
           )
           you
           omitted
           nothing
           that
           might
           conduce
           to
           the
           improvement
           of
           your self
           ,
           as
           a
           person
           who
           by
           vertue
           of
           your
           Birth
           ,
           Parts
           and
           Merits
           ,
           will
           find
           no
           imployment
           
           in
           your
           Countrey
           too
           high
           for
           you
           ,
           when
           some
           occasion
           shall
           be
           offered
           for
           your
           Prince
           to
           do
           you
           that
           favour
           and
           justice
           ;
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           the
           Nation
           may
           have
           some
           benefit
           of
           that
           treasure
           of
           wisdome
           and
           Experience
           which
           is
           in
           you
           ;
           and
           I
           in
           particular
           the
           satisfaction
           to
           see
           your
           Lordship
           as
           great
           as
           you
           deserve
           ;
           which
           is
           the
           earnest
           desire
           of
        
         
           
             My
             Lord
             ,
          
           
             Your
             Lordships
             most
             Humble
             and
             Devoted
             Servant
             ,
             Gailhard
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           WOnderfull
           and
           much
           to
           be
           admired
           is
           the
           goodnesse
           and
           wisdome
           of
           God
           ,
           in
           that
           various
           distribution
           he
           hath
           made
           of
           his
           favours
           to
           Nations
           and
           Countries
           ,
           for
           the
           benefit
           of
           humane
           Society
           ,
           that
           men
           seeing
           every
           where
           some
           tokens
           of
           his
           goodnesse
           ,
           after
           a
           serious
           reflection
           on
           the
           same
           ,
           they
           should
           reduce
           all
           to
           that
           ultimate
           end
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           give
           him
           Glory
           and
           Praises
           for
           it
           .
           
             Non
             omnis
             fert
             omnia
             tellus
             ,
             So
          
           that
           one
           Country
           lies
           under
           a
           kind
           of
           necessity
           of
           keeping
           correspondency
           with
           another
           ,
           either
           for
           necessary
           or
           for
           delightfull
           things
           ,
           if
           not
           for
           the
           being
           ,
           yet
           for
           the
           well-being
           ;
           for
           this
           end
           hath
           the
           Art
           
           of
           Navigation
           been
           discovered
           ,
           Trade
           (
           which
           makes
           Countries
           so
           flourishing
           )
           settled
           ,
           and
           all
           manner
           of
           correspondency
           kept
           between
           those
           who
           live
           at
           a
           distance
           .
           I
           do
           not
           deny
           but
           that
           it
           is
           convenient
           to
           have
           things
           brought
           home
           to
           us
           out
           of
           Forreign
           parts
           ,
           without
           taking
           any
           pains
           ,
           or
           running
           any
           hazzard
           ,
           yet
           to
           have
           things
           right
           ,
           we
           must
           go
           to
           fetch
           them
           upon
           the
           places
           where
           they
           are
           produced
           ;
           't
           is
           best
           to
           have
           things
           at
           the
           first
           hand
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           pure
           water
           ,
           we
           must
           go
           to
           the
           spring
           ,
           if
           it
           can
           conveniently
           be
           done
           ,
           for
           it
           looses
           something
           of
           it's
           worth
           ,
           either
           through
           the
           defect
           of
           the
           Vessell
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           accident
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           brought
           to
           us
           :
           We
           observe
           in
           Vegetables
           ,
           if
           they
           be
           transplanted
           ,
           after
           a
           while
           they
           degenerate
           ,
           and
           loose
           part
           of
           their
           Vertue
           ,
           the
           climate
           and
           the
           soyle
           are
           not
           so
           sutable
           to
           their
           nature
           as
           that
           wherein
           they
           grew
           ;
           no
           Balm
           was
           so
           good
           as
           that
           which
           was
           in
           Gilead
           ;
           that
           Vine-tree
           which
           in
           one
           place
           doth
           produce
           good
           Grapes
           ,
           in
           another
           will
           yield
           nothing
           but
           wild
           Grapes
           .
           Experience
           also
           doth
           demonstrate
           this
           in
           sensitive
           Creatures
           ,
           horses
           and
           dogs
           ,
           when
           carried
           from
           their
           own
           climate
           ,
           loose
           their
           good
           
           qualities
           ,
           at
           the
           furthest
           at
           the
           second
           or
           third
           breed
           .
           This
           holds
           in
           rational
           creatures
           ;
           we
           know
           there
           are
           Nations
           which
           for
           the
           generality
           have
           quicker
           apprehension
           ,
           and
           sharper
           wit
           than
           others
           ,
           yet
           let
           a
           man
           remove
           from
           his
           Native
           Countrey
           ,
           when
           he
           hath
           been
           any
           considerable
           while
           in
           another
           ,
           his
           temper
           will
           be
           like
           that
           of
           those
           amongst
           whom
           he
           lives
           ,
           imperceptibly
           such
           an
           alteration
           is
           wrought
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           will
           grow
           dull
           and
           flegmatick
           if
           the
           climate
           bears
           it
           ;
           this
           may
           be
           caused
           by
           a
           constant
           conversation
           with
           people
           of
           that
           constitution
           ;
           by
           the
           very
           diet
           ,
           for
           those
           aliments
           which
           are
           course
           ,
           make
           gross
           and
           thick
           bloud
           ,
           which
           doth
           not
           breed
           quick
           and
           lively
           spirits
           ;
           and
           a
           man
           by
           the
           change
           of
           Air
           ,
           will
           find
           a
           great
           alteration
           in
           himself
           ;
           the
           breathing
           of
           a
           pure
           Air
           refreshes
           the
           Lungs
           ,
           chears
           up
           the
           Heart
           ,
           and
           upon
           a
           suddain
           inspires
           an
           inward
           joy
           ,
           which
           can
           hardly
           be
           expressed
           :
           in
           this
           I
           speak
           after
           my
           own
           experience
           ,
           I
           specially
           took
           notice
           of
           it
           when
           I
           came
           to
           Puzzuolo
           and
           Baya
           in
           Italy
           ,
           neither
           was
           I
           alone
           to
           make
           that
           observation
           ,
           which
           obliged
           me
           to
           think
           that
           there
           had
           been
           a
           particular
           reason
           of
           this
           nature
           ,
           why
           some
           
           Roman
           Emperours
           ,
           and
           others
           of
           the
           greatest
           persons
           amongst
           them
           ,
           took
           such
           a
           delight
           to
           be
           there
           .
           'T
           was
           in
           such
           places
           as
           this
           ,
           and
           Tivoly
           ,
           with
           the
           like
           ,
           that
           
             Cicero
             ,
             Virgil
          
           ,
           and
           other
           eminent
           men
           for
           learning
           ,
           composed
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           those
           works
           which
           to
           this
           day
           we
           have
           amongst
           us
           .
        
         
           That
           which
           I
           have
           said
           of
           low
           and
           Mechanicall
           things
           ,
           will
           hold
           in
           those
           of
           a
           more
           noble
           and
           higher
           nature
           .
           What
           Merchants
           do
           for
           their
           profit
           ,
           Gentlemen
           ought
           to
           do
           for
           their
           honour
           ;
           the
           one
           brings
           riches
           into
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           the
           other
           ought
           to
           bring
           good
           observations
           and
           maximes
           that
           may
           contribute
           to
           the
           good
           order
           and
           right
           Government
           of
           his
           Nation
           ,
           if
           by
           his
           quality
           or
           abilities
           he
           comes
           to
           be
           called
           to
           havè
           a
           share
           in
           it
           .
           The
           great
           Law
           givers
           in
           Greece
           ,
           sent
           into
           several
           parts
           of
           the
           world
           those
           who
           gathered
           for
           them
           the
           quintessence
           of
           those
           Laws
           which
           other
           nations
           enjoyed
           .
           The
           Romans
           in
           the
           times
           of
           the
           Decemvirs
           did
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           others
           have
           followed
           their
           example
           ;
           't
           is
           true
           ,
           one
           must
           be
           very
           judicious
           and
           skilful
           in
           the
           application
           of
           the
           same
           ;
           for
           every
           Law
           doth
           not
           suite
           every
           Nation
           ;
           but
           I
           say
           ,
           
           that
           
             mutatis
             mutandis
          
           ,
           there
           is
           never
           a
           Monarchy
           ,
           Aristocracy
           ,
           or
           Democracy
           ,
           but
           they
           may
           make
           an
           exchange
           of
           some
           of
           their
           Laws
           and
           Customes
           :
           Monarchy
           may
           afford
           Democracy
           some
           beneficial
           Statutes
           ,
           so
           may
           well
           regulated
           Democracy
           to
           Monarchy
           ;
           for
           all
           governments
           ,
           by
           what
           name
           soever
           distinguished
           ,
           have
           or
           ought
           to
           have
           ,
           but
           one
           and
           the
           same
           end
           ,
           which
           is
           self
           preservation
           first
           ,
           and
           then
           the
           promoting
           of
           publick
           good
           ,
           every
           one
           in
           his
           station
           and
           calling
           ,
           although
           these
           different
           governments
           use
           different
           means
           and
           waies
           to
           come
           to
           that
           end
           .
        
         
           Out
           of
           this
           I
           suppose
           't
           will
           appear
           to
           any
           rational
           man
           how
           necessary
           and
           beneficial
           travelling
           is
           to
           the
           compleating
           of
           a
           Gentleman
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           well
           directed
           and
           improved
           ;
           and
           as
           Nations
           are
           obliged
           to
           those
           Merchants
           ,
           who
           through
           many
           and
           great
           hazzards
           do
           bring
           home
           the
           best
           of
           other
           Countries
           to
           inrich
           their
           own
           ,
           certainly
           they
           must
           needs
           be
           much
           beholden
           to
           those
           Patriots
           ,
           who
           have
           been
           at
           charges
           and
           pains
           to
           collect
           and
           bring
           them
           those
           wholesome
           counsels
           ,
           by
           the
           right
           use
           of
           which
           they
           may
           secure
           themselves
           in
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           their
           plenty
           ,
           riches
           and
           happiness
           ,
           
           to
           the
           preventing
           of
           disturbances
           which
           might
           happen
           to
           arise
           against
           it
           :
           It
           ought
           therefore
           to
           be
           the
           endeavours
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           the
           duty
           ,
           of
           every
           one
           to
           fit
           himself
           as
           much
           as
           he
           can
           for
           the
           service
           of
           his
           King
           and
           Countrey
           .
        
         
           I
           said
           just
           now
           ,
           how
           beneficial
           travelling
           is
           ,
           if
           one
           hath
           good
           directions
           ;
           this
           lays
           an
           engagement
           upon
           me
           to
           say
           something
           to
           that
           effect
           for
           the
           satisfaction
           of
           those
           who
           stay
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           instruction
           of
           them
           who
           go
           abroad
           ;
           not
           that
           I
           think
           my self
           wise
           enough
           to
           advise
           others
           ;
           only
           I
           say
           my
           naturall
           propensity
           joyned
           to
           that
           manner
           of
           life
           I
           have
           led
           hitherto
           ,
           hath
           much
           inclined
           me
           to
           travel
           into
           most
           parts
           of
           Europe
           ,
           wherein
           I
           have
           spent
           most
           of
           my
           time
           ;
           but
           whether
           this
           hath
           fitted
           me
           to
           give
           my
           opinion
           upon
           this
           subject
           ,
           I
           am
           not
           to
           be
           the
           judge
           :
           however
           I
           dare
           say
           't
           is
           difficult
           for
           a
           Gentleman
           ,
           let
           him
           have
           never
           so
           good
           parts
           ,
           to
           get
           any
           considerable
           benefit
           by
           his
           Travels
           upon
           his
           first
           going
           abroad
           ,
           except
           he
           hath
           along
           with
           him
           the
           advice
           of
           one
           who
           knows
           Countries
           and
           fashions
           ;
           for
           the
           time
           allowed
           him
           to
           stay
           abroad
           is
           almost
           expired
           ,
           before
           he
           can
           recover
           himself
           of
           
           the
           surprizal
           and
           astonishment
           which
           daily
           difficulties
           and
           inconveniences
           have
           cast
           him
           into
           :
           but
           when
           he
           is
           to
           act
           according
           to
           advice
           ,
           and
           this
           advice
           is
           grounded
           upon
           knowledge
           and
           experience
           ,
           he
           will
           find
           his
           task
           more
           easie
           ,
           more
           pleasant
           and
           more
           profitable
           .
           And
           here
           I
           must
           say
           something
           in
           general
           of
           those
           who
           undertake
           to
           be
           such
           directors
           ,
           which
           may
           well
           be
           applyed
           to
           all
           sorts
           of
           persons
           .
        
         
           God
           ,
           whom
           men
           pray
           (
           or
           ought
           to
           pray
           )
           every
           day
           to
           give
           them
           their
           daily
           bread
           ,
           hath
           commanded
           them
           to
           work
           for
           it
           ,
           and
           he
           who
           doth
           not
           work
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           eat
           ,
           as
           the
           Apostle
           saith
           .
           As
           the
           difference
           of
           faces
           ,
           and
           the
           diversity
           of
           tempers
           in
           men
           do
           express
           the
           wisdome
           of
           God
           ,
           so
           doth
           that
           variety
           of
           employments
           which
           he
           calls
           them
           to
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           genius
           ,
           inclination
           and
           abilities
           in
           some
           measure
           to
           perform
           their
           undertakings
           :
           Let
           every
           one
           abide
           in
           that
           whereunto
           he
           is
           called
           ,
           saith
           St.
           Paul.
           ;
           so
           that
           men
           ought
           to
           follow
           it
           after
           they
           have
           imbraced
           it
           ,
           either
           out
           of
           choice
           or
           by
           necessity
           ,
           especially
           if
           besides
           the
           benefit
           they
           reap
           by
           it
           ,
           they
           are
           any
           wayes
           usefull
           to
           others
           knowing
           we
           are
           born
           not
           so
           much
           for
           our selves
           ,
           as
           for
           others
           ;
           
           and
           though
           a
           constant
           kind
           of
           employment
           be
           necessary
           for
           one
           ,
           yet
           this
           doth
           not
           exclude
           the
           use
           of
           that
           capacity
           he
           may
           have
           to
           several
           sorts
           of
           calling
           ,
           it
           being
           well
           for
           those
           who
           have
           many
           strings
           to
           their
           bow
           ,
           that
           if
           one
           breaks
           the
           other
           may
           be
           useful
           .
           Men
           must
           ever
           be
           doing
           something
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           for
           nothing
           else
           but
           to
           keep
           themselves
           from
           Idleness
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Mother
           of
           Vice.
           
        
         
           But
           to
           come
           to
           that
           kind
           of
           Employment
           which
           gives
           occasion
           to
           this
           discourse
           ,
           't
           is
           usually
           attended
           with
           great
           and
           many
           difficulties
           ,
           besides
           the
           hazzards
           which
           one
           runs
           in
           forreign
           Countries
           ;
           for
           if
           dangers
           come
           often
           to
           men
           when
           they
           are
           at
           home
           ,
           what
           will
           it
           be
           when
           they
           go
           as
           it
           were
           to
           meet
           with
           them
           ,
           when
           almost
           every
           day
           they
           see
           men
           of
           all
           Nations
           ,
           and
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           tempers
           :
           certainly
           one
           must
           very
           much
           excercise
           his
           prudence
           in
           avoiding
           the
           perils
           he
           meets
           withall
           ,
           and
           must
           have
           much
           courage
           to
           come
           off
           when
           they
           be
           unavoidable
           ,
           but
           above
           all
           ,
           an
           extraordinary
           protecting
           providence
           of
           God
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           :
           yet
           there
           are
           more
           uncomfortable
           difficulties
           to
           struggle
           withal
           ,
           than
           are
           the
           fore-expressed
           .
           
           The
           extravagancy
           of
           a
           young
           man
           ,
           who
           will
           not
           be
           advised
           by
           a
           Governour
           ,
           nor
           ruled
           by
           a
           Father
           ;
           this
           Governour
           is
           to
           please
           a
           Father
           who
           loves
           to
           spare
           ,
           and
           a
           Son
           who
           delights
           to
           spend
           ,
           a
           Father
           who
           would
           have
           him
           to
           learn
           and
           improve
           himself
           ,
           and
           a
           Son
           who
           in
           his
           travels
           hath
           no
           other
           end
           but
           to
           take
           his
           pleasure
           ;
           and
           after
           he
           hath
           fenced
           a
           long
           while
           against
           the
           wild
           nature
           ,
           the
           vicious
           inclination
           and
           unreasonableness
           of
           a
           Son
           ,
           he
           is
           also
           exposed
           to
           the
           hardness
           and
           unthankfulness
           of
           Parents
           .
        
         
           I
           have
           wondred
           at
           many
           who
           take
           this
           charge
           upon
           themselves
           ,
           and
           consider
           not
           whether
           they
           be
           qualified
           for
           it
           ,
           when
           no
           honest
           man
           will
           undertake
           any
           thing
           ,
           except
           he
           knows
           himself
           in
           some
           measure
           able
           to
           perform
           it
           :
           'T
           is
           enough
           for
           them
           to
           know
           they
           shall
           thereby
           get
           a
           competent
           allowance
           ,
           to
           run
           headlong
           upon
           any
           employment
           that
           lies
           in
           their
           way
           ;
           how
           can
           they
           expect
           in
           conscience
           or
           reason
           ,
           that
           a
           young
           Gentleman
           can
           improve
           under
           their
           conduct
           ,
           that
           his
           relations
           can
           have
           any
           satisfaction
           ,
           or
           themselves
           get
           thereby
           any
           credit
           or
           reputation
           ,
           if
           they
           have
           no
           capacity
           somewhat
           suitable
           to
           their
           undertakings
           ?
           for
           how
           can
           such
           a
           one
           
           be
           able
           to
           direct
           another
           how
           to
           benefit
           himself
           ,
           and
           to
           travel
           in
           forreign
           parts
           ,
           except
           he
           hath
           some
           knowledge
           of
           the
           language
           of
           the
           countrey
           ,
           and
           fashions
           ?
           Every
           Nation
           hath
           some
           particular
           Vices
           and
           Virtues
           ,
           the
           one
           to
           be
           avoided
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           learned
           ;
           what
           these
           things
           are
           I
           must
           be
           told
           ,
           and
           how
           can
           be
           that
           knows
           it
           not
           tell
           me
           of
           it
           ?
           this
           ignorance
           will
           make
           him
           contemptible
           to
           me
           ,
           and
           he
           must
           learn
           it
           himselfe
           before
           he
           can
           teach
           it
           me
           ;
           so
           that
           for
           the
           whole
           time
           allowed
           to
           travel
           ,
           he
           is
           onely
           a
           learner
           who
           should
           have
           been
           a
           Teacher
           .
           I
           am
           a
           bashful
           English
           man
           ,
           I
           will
           learn
           confidence
           ,
           and
           a
           handsome
           carriage
           in
           France
           ,
           so
           riding
           the
           Great
           Horse
           ,
           Fencing
           ,
           Dancing
           ,
           and
           other
           bodily
           Exercises
           which
           contribute
           to
           compleat
           a
           Gentleman
           ,
           thence
           if
           I
           pass
           into
           Italy
           ,
           that
           Air
           will
           fix
           the
           French
           Quick-silver
           ,
           there
           I
           will
           learn
           Sobriety
           ,
           Frugality
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           circumspect
           in
           words
           and
           actions
           ,
           so
           Musick
           Picture
           drawing
           ,
           Architecture
           ,
           &c.
           
           Yet
           I
           must
           have
           some
           knowledge
           of
           persons
           and
           places
           ,
           of
           whom
           and
           where
           these
           things
           may
           be
           learned
           best
           of
           all
           ;
           I
           must
           know
           also
           how
           to
           benefit
           my self
           in
           going
           by
           ,
           or
           staying
           at
           a
           place
           .
           'T
           is
           
           not
           enough
           for
           a
           Gentleman
           to
           say
           ,
           in
           such
           a
           City
           there
           is
           a
           stately
           Church
           ,
           a
           fine
           Palace
           ,
           and
           the
           ruines
           of
           a
           most
           antient
           Amphitheater
           ;
           this
           I
           confess
           ought
           to
           be
           taken
           notice
           of
           :
           but
           further
           ,
           I
           must
           observe
           the
           quality
           of
           the
           Climate
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           soyle
           ,
           the
           Scituation
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           (
           if
           I
           understand
           Fortifications
           .
           )
           the
           strength
           and
           the
           weakness
           of
           the
           Cities
           and
           Countries
           I
           go
           through
           ,
           and
           take
           notice
           of
           the
           advantage
           or
           disadvantage
           of
           Rivers
           ,
           Ways
           ,
           and
           Grounds
           ;
           so
           I
           must
           be
           acquainted
           with
           their
           Manners
           ,
           Forces
           ,
           Riches
           ,
           and
           wherein
           they
           consist
           ,
           to
           see
           whether
           any
           thing
           out
           of
           it
           may
           be
           useful
           to
           my
           Countrey
           ;
           but
           above
           all
           I
           must
           observe
           their
           Government
           ,
           and
           if
           it
           be
           possible
           their
           mysteries
           of
           State
           ,
           so
           I
           must
           endeavour
           to
           know
           the
           persons
           and
           qualifications
           of
           Princes
           and
           Ministers
           of
           State
           ,
           and
           any
           thing
           else
           that
           may
           be
           both
           for
           my
           own
           benefit
           ,
           and
           the
           service
           of
           my
           Countrey
           ;
           so
           at
           length
           my
           travels
           having
           ripened
           my
           judgement
           ,
           quickned
           my
           apprehension
           ,
           and
           sharpned
           my
           wit
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           be
           unprofitable
           ,
           nor
           of
           the
           number
           of
           those
           the
           Poet
           speaks
           of
           ,
        
         
           Nos
           numerus
           sumus
           fruges
           consumere
           nati
           .
        
         
         
           This
           I
           do
           insist
           upon
           ,
           not
           to
           boast
           of
           any
           abilities
           of
           my
           own
           ,
           for
           I
           ingeniously
           confess
           my
           weakness
           in
           this
           ,
           yet
           I
           profess
           a
           desire
           to
           learn
           it
           ,
           though
           it
           was
           for
           no
           other
           end
           than
           to
           impart
           it
           to
           others
           ,
           that
           with
           me
           they
           may
           reap
           some
           benefit
           of
           it
           ;
           this
           I
           say
           still
           ,
           that
           another
           cannot
           teach
           me
           that
           which
           he
           knows
           not
           ,
           but
           his
           knowledge
           ,
           experience
           and
           practice
           of
           any
           thing
           enables
           him
           to
           infuse
           it
           into
           me
           ;
           and
           indeed
           't
           is
           a
           fault
           I
           have
           accidently
           observed
           in
           some
           when
           they
           be
           in
           a
           strange
           Countrey
           ,
           they
           keep
           company
           with
           none
           but
           the
           masters
           of
           their
           exercises
           ,
           they
           ought
           indeed
           constantly
           to
           follow
           these
           exercises
           ,
           but
           if
           they
           see
           no
           body
           else
           ,
           at
           last
           they
           will
           learn
           to
           dance
           ,
           to
           fence
           ,
           &c.
           and
           nothing
           else
           ;
           they
           ought
           to
           make
           acquaintance
           with
           men
           of
           quality
           ,
           and
           frequent
           their
           company
           ;
           of
           them
           a
           handsome
           carriage
           and
           good
           fashions
           are
           to
           be
           learned
           ,
           they
           must
           also
           take
           care
           to
           finde
           themselves
           company
           for
           their
           honest
           pleasures
           ,
           and
           lawful
           recreations
           ;
           but
           a
           hateful
           thing
           it
           is
           to
           see
           one
           brought
           up
           in
           a
           timorous
           and
           pendantical
           way
           ,
           which
           makes
           a
           Gentleman
           unfit
           for
           any
           thing
           of
           concernment
           ;
           a
           Gentleman
           must
           be
           taught
           as
           to
           
           do
           no
           wrong
           ,
           so
           to
           suffer
           no
           wrong
           as
           long
           as
           his
           honour
           is
           concerned
           in
           it
           ,
           for
           he
           is
           not
           worthy
           to
           live
           who
           prefers
           his
           life
           to
           his
           honour
           ;
           not
           that
           imaginary
           honour
           as
           't
           is
           conceived
           in
           these
           dayes
           ,
           but
           that
           honour
           which
           is
           really
           so
           ,
           not
           contrary
           to
           our
           duty
           to
           God
           ,
           or
           obedience
           to
           Superiours
           ;
           therefore
           a
           great
           wisdome
           is
           required
           in
           the
           use
           of
           a
           bridle
           or
           of
           a
           spur
           to
           work
           upon
           youth
           ,
           to
           infuse
           courage
           into
           them
           ,
           so
           as
           not
           to
           make
           them
           rash
           ,
           and
           so
           to
           curb
           them
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           dishearten
           them
           .
        
         
           But
           I
           am
           carried
           further
           than
           I
           intended
           upon
           this
           subject
           ,
           't
           is
           time
           to
           speak
           directly
           to
           my
           present
           design
           ;
           I
           give
           thee
           Reader
           ,
           the
           present
           state
           of
           the
           Princes
           ,
           and
           Republicks
           of
           Italy
           :
           'T
           is
           a
           worthy
           subject
           ,
           if
           we
           consider
           their
           number
           ,
           jealousies
           ,
           and
           policy
           ;
           't
           is
           certainly
           one
           of
           the
           most
           politick
           Nations
           of
           the
           world
           ,
           and
           I
           doubt
           very
           much
           whether
           any
           other
           can
           compare
           to
           it
           .
           What
           I
           express
           is
           gotten
           not
           so
           much
           by
           reading
           ,
           as
           by
           travelling
           upon
           the
           places
           ,
           seeing
           and
           conversing
           for
           a
           competent
           time
           with
           those
           who
           were
           able
           to
           instruct
           me
           :
           some
           things
           also
           are
           of
           my
           own
           particular
           observation
           .
           In
           the
           following
           discourse
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           speak
           of
           
           the
           Scituation
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           boot-like
           shape
           of
           Italy
           ,
           which
           any
           ordinary
           Mappe
           can
           shew
           ;
           to
           mention
           the
           quality
           of
           the
           Climate
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           soyle
           of
           every
           part
           of
           that
           Garden
           of
           Europe
           ,
           't
           would
           prove
           tedious
           ,
           and
           contrary
           to
           the
           narrow
           bounds
           I
           doe
           here
           prescribe
           my self
           .
           The
           manners
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           their
           outward
           form
           of
           Government
           ,
           their
           Riches
           ,
           Force
           and
           Religion
           ,
           are
           matters
           for
           Historians
           ;
           hence
           it
           is
           that
           I
           do
           not
           insist
           upon
           Descriptions
           ,
           however
           that
           which
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           be
           known
           upon
           the
           matter
           in
           hand
           I
           express
           ;
           I
           think
           (
           I
           know
           not
           whether
           I
           am
           mistaken
           )
           that
           the
           variety
           I
           use
           in
           it
           will
           please
           thee
           ,
           for
           in
           some
           parts
           I
           insist
           upon
           the
           person
           of
           the
           Prince
           ,
           in
           others
           upon
           the
           manners
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           others
           I
           briefly
           mention
           what
           is
           particular
           in
           their
           Government
           ;
           so
           that
           I
           have
           not
           a
           constant
           or
           affected
           method
           ;
           contrariwise
           I
           endeavour
           some
           time
           to
           conceal
           it
           :
           Upon
           every
           particular
           ,
           I
           speak
           ,
           either
           that
           onely
           which
           I
           thought
           necessary
           to
           be
           known
           ,
           and
           so
           I
           passed
           by
           some
           things
           I
           could
           have
           told
           ,
           or
           I
           speak
           according
           to
           the
           degree
           of
           knowledge
           I
           
           had
           of
           the
           thing
           ;
           and
           if
           amongst
           a
           thousand
           things
           unprofitable
           ,
           there
           be
           but
           one
           useful
           ,
           I
           will
           not
           grudge
           my
           time
           nor
           my
           pains
           .
        
         
           
             J.
             G.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           LICENSED
        
         
           
             ROGER
             L'ESTRANGE
             .
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           THE
           Present
           STATE
           OF
           ITALY
           .
        
         
           THAT
           must
           needs
           be
           a
           Rare
           Countrey
           which
           is
           pleasant
           and
           plentiful
           ,
           watered
           with
           many
           Rivers
           ;
           at
           the
           season
           adorned
           with
           Corn
           in
           the
           fields
           ,
           and
           Grass
           in
           the
           Meddows
           ,
           with
           delightful
           Land-skips
           ,
           that
           in
           most
           parts
           hath
           a
           wholesome
           Air
           ,
           that
           abounds
           in
           strong
           and
           stately
           Cities
           ,
           where
           the
           eye
           is
           delighted
           with
           most
           sumptuous
           buildings
           ,
           recreated
           with
           variety
           of
           Pictures
           and
           Statues
           ,
           the
           ear
           pleased
           with
           as
           great
           a
           variety
           of
           harmonious
           musick
           as
           can
           be
           upon
           earth
           ;
           where
           
           the
           Palate
           is
           satisfied
           with
           the
           best
           fruits
           ,
           and
           other
           delicacies
           ,
           and
           the
           rarest
           Wines
           of
           Europe
           ;
           where
           in
           a
           certain
           season
           ,
           the
           nose
           enjoyes
           the
           sweet
           smell
           of
           Orange
           and
           Jasmin
           flowers
           ,
           which
           lay
           over
           head
           or
           under
           feet
           ;
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           same
           place
           to
           behold
           fine
           perspectives
           ,
           and
           hear
           the
           murmur
           of
           several
           fountain
           waters
           :
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           that
           Countrey
           which
           produces
           plenty
           ,
           and
           variety
           to
           please
           all
           the
           Senses
           ,
           and
           which
           hath
           the
           Alpes
           of
           one
           side
           for
           Walls
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea
           on
           the
           other
           for
           bounds
           ,
           must
           needs
           be
           an
           excellent
           Country
           ;
           such
           is
           Italy
           .
        
         
           The
           length
           of
           it
           ,
           is
           a
           Thousand
           miles
           ,
           or
           thereabouts
           ;
           beginning
           from
           Susa
           ,
           a
           Town
           cited
           at
           the
           foot
           of
           the
           Alpes
           ,
           at
           the
           coming
           into
           Piemont
           ,
           and
           ending
           at
           Reggio
           ,
           in
           the
           furthest
           parts
           of
           Calabri
           ,
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Naples
           .
           As
           to
           the
           breadth
           ,
           't
           is
           more
           or
           less
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           places
           ,
           it
           being
           not
           full
           four
           hundred
           any
           where
           ,
           nor
           less
           than
           sixteen
           .
           Parts
           of
           France
           and
           Savoy
           lay
           on
           the
           West
           of
           it
           ,
           parts
           of
           Germany
           ,
           namely
           ,
           Tyrot
           and
           Swisserland
           on
           the
           North
           ,
           and
           the
           
             Mediteranian
             Sea
          
           on
           the
           East
           and
           South
           ,
           though
           for
           distinction
           ,
           some
           call
           the
           one
           
           Jonian
           ,
           and
           Adriatick
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           Tirrenean
           :
           most
           passages
           into
           Italy
           ,
           are
           hard
           and
           difficult
           .
        
         
           The
           whole
           Country
           which
           we
           call
           Italy
           ,
           is
           ,
           by
           the
           Italians
           themselves
           ,
           divided
           into
           Italy
           ,
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           
             Lombardy
             ;
             Italy
          
           comprehends
           the
           dominions
           of
           the
           Pope
           ,
           of
           the
           grand
           Duke
           ,
           and
           of
           
             Luca.
             Naples
          
           is
           that
           which
           they
           call
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           Lombardy
           contains
           great
           part
           of
           the
           State
           of
           Venice
           ,
           the
           Dukedoms
           of
           
             Milan
             ,
             Mantua
             ,
             Parma
             ,
             Monferrat
             ,
             Piemont
             ,
          
           and
           the
           State
           of
           Genoa
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           make
           use
           of
           the
           ancient
           Division
           ,
           and
           to
           descend
           to
           particulars
           ;
           I
           say
           ,
           that
           in
           Italy
           some
           are
           great
           Princes
           ,
           considering
           the
           Extend
           of
           their
           Dominions
           ;
           and
           others
           of
           an
           inferiour
           Orb
           ,
           may
           be
           called
           petty
           Princes
           :
           The
           former
           sort
           come
           to
           the
           number
           of
           seven
           ,
           and
           with
           the
           four
           Republicks
           ,
           to
           eleven
           .
           The
           Pope
           ,
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           Dukes
           of
           
             Savoy
             ,
             Tuscany
             ,
             Mantoa
             ,
             Parma
             ,
             Modena
          
           ;
           for
           though
           some
           do
           reckon
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Trent
           ,
           which
           stands
           between
           the
           Venetians
           and
           Tyrol
           ,
           yet
           being
           a
           Prince
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           having
           a
           perpetual
           alliance
           with
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           ,
           and
           often
           of
           the
           same
           Family
           ,
           He
           may
           
           be
           taken
           for
           a
           German
           more
           than
           for
           an
           Italian
           Prince
           ;
           and
           seeing
           little
           can
           be
           said
           concerning
           him
           ,
           we
           shall
           pass
           it
           by
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Republicks
           ;
           which
           are
           
             Venice
             ,
             Genoa
             ,
             Luca
          
           ,
           and
           
             San
             Marino
          
           :
           For
           the
           order
           of
           precedency
           ,
           Venice
           hath
           place
           after
           
             Spain
             ,
             Genoa
          
           after
           Tuscany
           ,
           though
           they
           pretend
           to
           be
           used
           as
           Crowned
           heads
           ,
           being
           Masters
           of
           Corcica
           ,
           formerly
           a
           Kingdom
           ;
           the
           other
           two
           Republicks
           take
           place
           after
           all
           the
           forenamed
           Princes
           ,
           who
           also
           do
           not
           agree
           amongst
           themselves
           about
           Precedency
           ;
           Tuscany
           pretends
           it
           from
           Savoy
           ,
           though
           he
           be
           much
           inferiour
           in
           antiquity
           ,
           and
           extent
           of
           Dominions
           ;
           and
           Mantoa
           from
           Tuscany
           ,
           neither
           will
           Modena
           yield
           it
           to
           some
           named
           before
           him
           .
           I
           should
           also
           say
           ,
           that
           France
           having
           acquired
           Pignorolo
           ,
           a
           door
           into
           Italy
           ,
           and
           a
           strong
           place
           ,
           from
           the
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           ,
           that
           King
           having
           an
           Interest
           in
           Italy
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           reckoned
           amongst
           the
           Princes
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               State
               of
            
             Rome
             .
          
           
             THE
             Pope
             hath
             great
             Dominions
             conveniently
             seated
             to
             disturb
             others
             ,
             specially
             ,
             Naples
             ;
             for
             all
             from
             Ostia
             ,
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             of
             the
             Mediterranean
             Sea
             ,
             to
             
               Loretto
               ,
               Ancona
               ,
               &c.
            
             is
             his
             :
             All
             the
             Lands
             together
             are
             called
             ,
             
               Lo
               Stato
               Della
               Chiesa
            
             ,
             in
             particular
             ,
             old
             Latium
             ,
             now
             
               Campagna
               Romana
               ,
               il
               Patrimonio
               ,
               di
               San
               Pietro
               ,
            
             of
             which
             the
             chief
             City
             is
             Viterbo
             ,
             part
             of
             ancient
             
               Tuscany
               ,
               Terra
               Sabina
               ,
               Umbria
               ,
               ducato
               di
               spoletto
               ,
               la
               Marca
               di
               Ancona
               ,
               la
               Romagna
               ,
               il
               ducato
               di
               Urbino
               ,
               ducato
               di
               ferrara
               ,
               Perugia
               ,
               Orvieto
               ,
            
             and
             Bolognese
             ;
             he
             is
             Soveraign
             of
             Naples
             ,
             and
             Sicily
             ,
             which
             he
             gives
             the
             investiture
             of
             ,
             and
             receives
             homage
             for
             ,
             as
             he
             doth
             for
             the
             Dukedoms
             of
             Parma
             and
             Piacenza
             ,
             pretending
             the
             same
             over
             the
             Islands
             of
             Sardegna
             and
             Corcica
             :
             He
             is
             in
             possession
             of
             the
             Dukedom
             and
             City
             of
             Benevento
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             ,
             and
             he
             pretends
             that
             in
             time
             of
             minority
             of
             the
             Kings
             of
             Spain
             ,
             he
             hath
             right
             to
             Govern
             that
             Kingdom
             by
             a
             Legat
             :
             He
             also
             enjoyes
             the
             County
             of
             Avignon
             in
             France
             ,
             and
             Ceneda
             
             within
             the
             state
             of
             Venice
             .
          
           
             These
             Countries
             ,
             (
             I
             mean
             those
             who
             are
             united
             together
             )
             especially
             from
             Ancona
             to
             Ravenna
             and
             Ferrara
             all
             along
             the
             Coasts
             of
             the
             Gulfe
             of
             Venice
             ,
             do
             afford
             good
             Souldiers
             ,
             which
             upon
             case
             of
             an
             urging
             necessity
             may
             be
             gathered
             to
             about
             the
             number
             of
             60000
             ,
             though
             20000
             foot
             and
             3000
             horse
             ,
             as
             had
             Clement
             the
             8th
             .
             in
             the
             War
             of
             Ferrara
             ,
             were
             much
             to
             be
             kept
             on
             foot
             any
             long
             while
             :
             Urban
             the
             8th
             .
             in
             the
             War
             of
             Parma
             had
             30000
             ,
             but
             if
             the
             whole
             Countrey
             was
             in
             Armes
             ,
             then
             't
             would
             be
             upon
             400000.
             
             The
             Pope
             indeed
             may
             be
             accounted
             ,
             as
             he
             is
             really
             ,
             a
             strong
             Prince
             ,
             which
             strength
             consists
             in
             the
             extent
             of
             his
             Territories
             ,
             in
             their
             Scituation
             ,
             being
             all
             united
             ,
             and
             there
             being
             no
             safe
             nor
             convenient
             places
             towards
             the
             Mediterranean
             ,
             to
             make
             any
             landing
             ;
             and
             towards
             the
             Gulf
             they
             trust
             to
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             who
             are
             to
             keep
             it
             clear
             ;
             upon
             which
             condition
             they
             are
             acknowledged
             to
             be
             the
             Lords
             of
             these
             Seas
             ;
             further
             all
             along
             the
             Coasts
             of
             the
             Mediterranean
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             
               Campagna
               Romana
            
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             bad
             air
             ,
             which
             would
             soon
             work
             upon
             any
             Army
             ,
             either
             in
             Spring
             ,
             
             Summer
             ,
             or
             Autumn
             :
             This
             strength
             further
             consists
             in
             the
             temper
             of
             his
             Subjects
             and
             Soldiers
             ,
             who
             are
             esteemed
             to
             be
             the
             best
             Foot
             in
             Italy
             :
             The
             Italian
             Proverb
             calls
             them
             ,
             
               The
               best
               of
               Soldiers
            
             ,
             but
             
               the
               worst
               of
               Subjects
            
             :
             so
             this
             strength
             consists
             in
             his
             strong
             holds
             ,
             as
             
               Ferrara
               ,
               Bologna
               ,
               Fortezza
               Urbana
               ,
               &c.
            
             in
             his
             Arsenals
             ,
             or
             Magazeens
             of
             Arms
             ;
             the
             Vatican
             or
             St.
             Peter
             hath
             for
             5000
             men
             ,
             in
             the
             Castle
             St.
             Angelo
             for
             15000
             ,
             in
             Ancona
             for
             10000
             ,
             in
             Ravenna
             for
             5000
             ,
             in
             Ferrara
             25000
             ,
             and
             Bologna
             for
             10000
             ,
             and
             a
             new
             one
             a
             making
             at
             Tivoly
             ,
             by
             the
             late
             Don
             Morto's
             Order
             ,
             for
             16000
             men
             ,
             with
             80.
             pieces
             of
             Ordnance
             ,
             where
             he
             employed
             continually
             above
             300
             men
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             are
             spread
             up
             and
             down
             the
             Countrey
             to
             arme
             the
             People
             upon
             occasion
             to
             the
             number
             of
             100000
             men
             .
             Upon
             the
             Mediterranean
             he
             keeps
             five
             Gallies
             ,
             which
             harbour
             in
             
               Civita
               Vecchia
            
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             handsome
             ,
             nor
             very
             good
             ,
             but
             are
             well
             maned
             .
          
           
             But
             that
             which
             another
             way
             strengthens
             much
             the
             Pope
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             Respect
             and
             Devotion
             which
             Popish
             Princes
             and
             States
             bear
             him
             ,
             acknowledging
             him
             (
             though
             
             falsly
             )
             to
             be
             the
             Vicary
             of
             Christ
             ,
             God
             on
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             head
             of
             their
             Religion
             ;
             so
             that
             if
             a
             Prince
             had
             seized
             upon
             any
             of
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             the
             Pope
             who
             had
             provoked
             him
             to
             make
             War
             being
             dead
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             restored
             to
             the
             new
             Elected
             ,
             all
             of
             them
             being
             perswaded
             ,
             that
             it
             were
             a
             Sacriledge
             ,
             to
             detain
             from
             that
             Church
             ,
             that
             which
             did
             belong
             to
             it
             ;
             besides
             that
             every
             Prince
             of
             that
             Religion
             intending
             any
             such
             thing
             ,
             would
             find
             it
             to
             be
             a
             hard
             work
             ;
             for
             the
             Pope
             hath
             ever
             an
             Army
             quartered
             upon
             their
             Land
             ,
             which
             are
             that
             vast
             number
             of
             Secular
             Priests
             ,
             and
             Regular
             Friars
             ,
             who
             depend
             on
             the
             Pope
             upon
             several
             accounts
             ,
             who
             having
             all
             sworn
             an
             Obedience
             to
             their
             Generals
             ,
             who
             usually
             kept
             at
             Rome
             ,
             they
             would
             act
             according
             to
             the
             Orders
             sent
             them
             from
             thence
             .
             So
             that
             having
             their
             Pulpits
             ,
             Confessions
             ,
             and
             Introduction
             into
             houses
             of
             all
             ranks
             ,
             they
             could
             make
             strange
             worke
             ;
             Hence
             to
             me
             doth
             appear
             the
             happiness
             of
             those
             Princes
             ,
             who
             having
             shaken
             off
             that
             Roman
             yoke
             ,
             and
             turned
             out
             those
             Emissaries
             ,
             are
             freed
             of
             those
             dangers
             ,
             which
             those
             of
             that
             Religion
             are
             exposed
             to
             ,
             though
             often
             they
             are
             liable
             to
             their
             private
             
             attempts
             .
             Another
             politick
             strength
             of
             Popes
             ,
             consists
             in
             the
             Colledge
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             who
             are
             most
             of
             them
             chosen
             ,
             either
             to
             gratifie
             Princes
             ,
             or
             who
             depend
             upon
             Princes
             ,
             (
             without
             whose
             knowledge
             Princes
             hardly
             resolve
             any
             thing
             of
             importance
             about
             Popes
             )
             or
             else
             are
             Relations
             to
             Princes
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             certain
             ,
             when
             these
             Princes
             interests
             come
             to
             be
             in
             competition
             with
             the
             
             Pope's
             and
             Churches
             ,
             this
             last
             swayes
             with
             them
             above
             all
             ,
             because
             every
             one
             of
             these
             Cardinals
             is
             not
             without
             hope
             of
             being
             chosen
             Pope
             one
             time
             or
             other
             .
             Now
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             Popes
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             Temporal
             Princes
             ,
             though
             they
             be
             Elective
             ,
             ought
             to
             have
             that
             respect
             which
             deserveth
             the
             character
             which
             God
             hath
             set
             upon
             the
             forehead
             of
             Soveraigns
             ;
             but
             as
             he
             is
             a
             Tyrant
             over
             the
             Church
             ,
             and
             an
             Usurper
             over
             the
             Heritage
             of
             the
             Lord
             ;
             all
             good
             Christians
             and
             reasonable
             men
             ought
             to
             abhor
             him
             ,
             not
             his
             person
             ,
             but
             that
             Tyranny
             ,
             Usurpation
             ,
             and
             unlawful
             Actions
             of
             his
             .
          
           
             I
             said
             ,
             that
             25000
             or
             30000
             men
             ,
             is
             a
             great
             number
             to
             be
             kept
             on
             foot
             by
             Popes
             any
             long
             while
             ;
             not
             for
             want
             of
             monies
             ,
             for
             as
             
               Sixtus
               Quartus
            
             used
             to
             say
             ,
             The
             
             
               Church
               can
               never
               want
               money
               in
               her
               purse
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               the
               Pope
               doth
               hold
               a
               pen
               in
               his
               hand
               .
            
             Indeed
             ,
             besides
             the
             ordinary
             income
             to
             the
             Camera
             ,
             for
             the
             occasions
             of
             the
             Church
             (
             so
             they
             call
             that
             State
             )
             the
             Office
             of
             the
             Diataria
             ,
             brings
             to
             Popes
             for
             their
             own
             use
             ,
             exceeding
             great
             Treasures
             out
             of
             all
             parts
             ,
             which
             own
             his
             Religion
             ;
             besides
             the
             private
             wayes
             they
             have
             to
             get
             monies
             ,
             of
             which
             I
             shall
             speak
             ;
             some
             reckon
             that
             Popes
             have
             6000
             l.
             sterling
             a
             day
             ,
             besides
             the
             casual
             incomes
             ,
             which
             are
             very
             great
             :
             every
             time
             a
             
               Legat
               a
               Latere
            
             is
             sent
             abroad
             ,
             he
             is
             allowed
             250
             l.
             sterling
             a
             day
             :
             for
             proof
             of
             this
             vast
             Revenues
             ,
             Sixtus
             the
             5th
             ,
             who
             Reigned
             but
             five
             years
             of
             a
             poor
             Countrey
             Family
             Peretti
             ,
             yet
             he
             builded
             the
             Palace
             of
             St.
             John
             of
             Lateran
             ,
             began
             that
             of
             Monte-Cavallo
             ,
             fortified
             
               Civita
               Vecchia
            
             ,
             built
             many
             Colledges
             ,
             made
             chargeable
             Aqueducts
             ;
             did
             many
             other
             costly
             works
             and
             reparations
             ,
             wherein
             't
             is
             thought
             he
             spent
             a
             matter
             of
             15
             Millions
             of
             Crowns
             ,
             or
             upon
             4
             Millions
             of
             English
             pounds
             ,
             and
             left
             f●ve
             Millions
             of
             Crowns
             in
             the
             Castle
             of
             St.
             Angelo
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             charge
             his
             people
             with
             heavy
             Taxes
             ;
             and
             then
             the
             Popes
             had
             not
             
             the
             Dukedom
             of
             Urbino
             ,
             nor
             that
             of
             Ferrara
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             time
             that
             Reformation
             was
             carried
             on
             in
             a
             great
             measure
             in
             these
             three
             Kingdoms
             ,
             
               France
               ,
               Holland
               ,
               Switzerland
               ,
               Germany
               ,
               Sweden
               ,
               Denmark
               ,
            
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             North.
             And
             Paul
             the
             5th
             .
             who
             indeed
             Reigned
             longer
             ,
             left
             to
             the
             Prince
             of
             Salmona
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Nephews
             ,
             1000
             Crowns
             a
             day
             ,
             besides
             what
             he
             gave
             to
             several
             others
             of
             his
             Relations
             .
             And
             Gregory
             the
             15th
             .
             of
             the
             family
             of
             Ludovisio
             ,
             reigned
             only
             one
             year
             and
             a
             11
             moneths
             ,
             and
             left
             to
             his
             Family
             250000
             crowns
             a
             year
             ,
             or
             62000
             and
             500
             l.
             besides
             .
             Thus
             as
             Popes
             are
             temporal
             Princes
             ,
             so
             they
             lay
             Taxes
             upon
             their
             Subjects
             ,
             and
             heavy
             ones
             too
             .
             The
             late
             Popes
             ,
             since
             his
             falling
             out
             with
             France
             ,
             within
             the
             space
             of
             two
             years
             ,
             laid
             Gables
             or
             Taxes
             upon
             16
             sorts
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             were
             free
             before
             :
             So
             't
             was
             done
             upon
             the
             Soldiers
             ,
             kept
             within
             the
             State
             ,
             for
             every
             common
             Soldier
             was
             Taxed
             one
             Crown
             of
             his
             yearly
             pay
             ,
             which
             came
             to
             between
             5
             and
             6000
             crowns
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             number
             ;
             and
             the
             whole
             people
             in
             the
             City
             and
             Country
             were
             exceedingly
             oppressed
             :
             The
             selling
             of
             Offices
             is
             now
             a
             
             setled
             custom
             in
             the
             Court
             of
             Rome
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             beneficial
             to
             Popes
             :
             I
             shall
             give
             but
             an
             instance
             of
             the
             
               Camera
               Apostolica
            
             ,
             or
             the
             Apostolick
             Chamber
             ;
             the
             places
             of
             the
             
               Treasurer
               General
            
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Auditor
             ,
             are
             sold
             for
             80000
             crowns
             a
             piece
             .
             There
             are
             Twelve
             places
             of
             Chierici
             ,
             Clarks
             worth
             42000
             a
             piece
             ;
             the
             Presidents
             is
             30000
             ,
             and
             so
             of
             others
             :
             the
             two
             forenamed
             Offices
             are
             the
             next
             step
             to
             the
             Cardinal
             ;
             so
             that
             if
             the
             Pope
             will
             have
             160000
             Crowns
             he
             makes
             Cardinals
             those
             who
             have
             them
             ,
             and
             from
             others
             he
             finds
             ready
             money
             for
             the
             places
             .
             And
             what
             shall
             we
             say
             to
             that
             vast
             Treasure
             of
             Loretto
             ,
             which
             is
             inesteemable
             :
             every
             week
             ,
             nay
             ,
             almost
             every
             day
             ,
             one
             gift
             or
             other
             is
             brought
             to
             it
             from
             Kings
             ,
             Queens
             ,
             Princes
             ,
             and
             other
             great
             Persons
             ,
             Cities
             ,
             and
             particular
             men
             ;
             they
             have
             whole
             Chambers
             full
             of
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             plate
             ;
             but
             this
             is
             nothing
             to
             that
             vast
             number
             of
             Diamonds
             ,
             and
             other
             precious
             stones
             ,
             which
             they
             keep
             in
             a
             place
             made
             a
             purpose
             :
             in
             the
             Castle
             of
             
               St.
               Angelo
            
             ,
             are
             ever
             5
             millions
             of
             Gold
             ,
             and
             one
             and
             a
             half
             in
             Jewels
             .
          
           
             Were
             it
             not
             for
             want
             of
             exercise
             of
             the
             Protestant
             Religion
             ,
             Rome
             is
             as
             fit
             a
             place
             
             to
             lead
             a
             quiet
             and
             a
             contented
             life
             ,
             as
             any
             is
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             a
             man
             may
             live
             there
             as
             he
             pleases
             ;
             and
             no
             body
             meddle
             with
             him
             ;
             offend
             no
             body
             ,
             and
             no
             body
             will
             offend
             you
             ;
             and
             though
             the
             inquisition
             be
             there
             ,
             strangers
             are
             not
             troubled
             with
             it
             ,
             except
             they
             speak
             against
             their
             Religion
             ,
             which
             it
             were
             a
             great
             imprudence
             to
             do
             ;
             't
             were
             a
             madness
             for
             a
             man
             to
             go
             tell
             the
             Pope
             he
             is
             Antichrist
             ,
             this
             were
             to
             tempt
             God
             ,
             and
             contrary
             to
             the
             wisdom
             of
             the
             Serpent
             ,
             which
             is
             commanded
             us
             .
             'T
             is
             an
             old
             and
             common
             saying
             ;
          
           
             
               Cum
               fueris
               Romae
               ,
               Romano
               vivito
               more
               ,
            
             &c.
             
          
           
             A
             stranger
             and
             a
             Traveller
             must
             be
             all
             eyes
             ,
             and
             all
             ears
             ,
             but
             hardly
             any
             tongue
             at
             all
             ,
             he
             must
             hear
             ,
             he
             must
             see
             ,
             and
             hold
             his
             peace
             .
             I
             say
             ,
             at
             Rome
             there
             is
             a
             very
             great
             liberty
             ;
             if
             a
             Protestant
             pleases
             ,
             all
             Lent
             he
             may
             eat
             flesh
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             a
             License
             ,
             which
             he
             may
             get
             for
             two
             shillings
             ;
             You
             are
             not
             obliged
             to
             go
             to
             Mass
             ,
             to
             Confession
             ,
             nor
             to
             any
             of
             their
             Superstitious
             wayes
             .
             One
             thing
             there
             is
             ,
             which
             a
             stranger
             may
             do
             to
             satisfie
             his
             curiosity
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             to
             go
             to
             their
             Stationi
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             their
             Devotions
             to
             certain
             Churches
             ,
             
             which
             happens
             in
             one
             or
             other
             every
             week
             ,
             where
             is
             a
             great
             concourse
             of
             people
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             and
             constantly
             excellent
             good
             musick
             ;
             so
             every
             Saturday
             at
             the
             Cardinal
             Padrone's
             ,
             the
             Popes
             Nephew
             ,
             lodging
             at
             Monte-Cavallo
             ,
             all
             men
             of
             good
             fashion
             use
             to
             meet
             ,
             to
             tell
             and
             hear
             news
             ;
             so
             one
             day
             or
             other
             in
             the
             week
             ,
             people
             use
             to
             meet
             at
             the
             Pallace
             of
             the
             Preferto
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             which
             is
             either
             the
             Popes
             Brother
             or
             Nephew
             .
             So
             at
             Monte-Cavallo
             ,
             the
             Popes
             Palace
             ;
             when
             the
             Consistory
             of
             Cardinals
             is
             kept
             .
             So
             one
             may
             have
             the
             company
             one
             time
             or
             other
             of
             their
             Academists
             or
             Virtuosi
             ,
             which
             in
             Rome
             are
             of
             three
             sorts
             ,
             
               Humoristi
               ,
               Lincei
               ,
               Eantastici
            
             .
          
           
             One
             thing
             more
             is
             ,
             to
             follow
             the
             Corteggio
             of
             some
             Cardinal
             and
             Ambassadour
             first
             for
             Protection
             ;
             for
             if
             any
             mischance
             should
             befall
             a
             man
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             known
             such
             a
             Gentleman
             is
             of
             the
             Corteggio
             of
             such
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             he
             is
             respected
             ,
             and
             no
             harm
             done
             to
             him
             without
             the
             leave
             of
             such
             a
             Protecture
             ,
             into
             whose
             house
             one
             may
             fly
             for
             sanctuary
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             going
             with
             them
             (
             after
             the
             warning
             you
             have
             of
             it
             at
             your
             lodging
             )
             when
             they
             receive
             or
             make
             visits
             ,
             or
             go
             to
             their
             audience
             ,
             
             one
             may
             see
             their
             formalities
             and
             Ceremonies
             which
             are
             very
             great
             ;
             they
             never
             visit
             one
             another
             but
             they
             send
             before
             ,
             one
             to
             know
             whether
             such
             a
             one
             be
             disposed
             to
             receive
             the
             visit
             of
             another
             at
             such
             an
             hour
             ,
             and
             as
             Italians
             ,
             give
             high
             names
             to
             things
             ;
             they
             call
             this
             Ambassage
             .
             Further
             ,
             they
             receive
             not
             at
             the
             same
             time
             visits
             from
             two
             persons
             ;
             it
             must
             be
             known
             also
             ,
             whether
             such
             a
             person
             intends
             to
             come
             Incognito
             ,
             or
             whether
             he
             will
             be
             known
             ,
             which
             only
             consists
             in
             the
             putting
             on
             or
             off
             of
             a
             superfluous
             garment
             ,
             and
             the
             Loops
             which
             are
             about
             the
             Horses
             heads
             ,
             which
             are
             of
             gold
             ,
             if
             the
             Cardinal
             be
             a
             Prince
             ,
             a
             Roman
             Baron
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             Family
             of
             a
             Duke
             and
             Peer
             of
             France
             ,
             or
             other
             Kingdoms
             ;
             so
             that
             according
             as
             they
             come
             ,
             they
             are
             received
             nearer
             the
             Stairs
             ,
             and
             with
             more
             Ceremonies
             ,
             for
             every
             step
             they
             are
             to
             make
             is
             regulated
             ,
             and
             they
             would
             not
             go
             an
             inch
             further
             ;
             so
             that
             all
             that
             passes
             between
             them
             ,
             is
             more
             
               belle
               parole
            
             then
             realities
             ;
             I
             say
             ,
             
               belle
               parole
            
             ,
             not
             onely
             because
             they
             be
             Complements
             ,
             but
             also
             they
             are
             accurate
             expressions
             ,
             well
             pronounced
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             proverb
             ,
             
               Lingua
               Toscana
               in
               bocca
               Romana
            
             .
          
           
           
             
               One
               thing
            
             I
             must
             needs
             observe
             of
             their
             civility
             to
             strangers
             who
             are
             of
             their
             own
             Corteggio
             ,
             that
             although
             they
             know
             them
             to
             be
             Protestants
             ,
             yet
             they
             never
             trouble
             them
             with
             any
             discourse
             of
             Religion
             .
             'T
             is
             certain
             ,
             that
             this
             Court
             is
             as
             politick
             as
             any
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             and
             where
             by
             a
             reflection
             you
             may
             know
             all
             what
             passes
             in
             Europe
             :
             for
             no
             Prince
             in
             the
             world
             hath
             better
             intelligencies
             then
             the
             
               '
               Pope
            
             ,
             who
             hath
             Legates
             or
             Nuncio's
             in
             most
             Courts
             ,
             and
             spies
             every
             where
             .
             Cardinals
             do
             receive
             their
             Letters
             from
             the
             Courts
             of
             the
             Princes
             whose
             interests
             they
             own
             ;
             and
             the
             general
             of
             every
             Regular
             Order
             being
             usually
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             receiving
             a
             constant
             weekly
             intelligence
             out
             of
             all
             those
             parts
             where
             are
             any
             of
             his
             Order
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             from
             the
             Confessors
             to
             Kings
             ,
             Queens
             ,
             and
             other
             high
             persons
             ,
             do
             signifie
             what
             things
             they
             hear
             ,
             to
             the
             Pope
             .
             One
             may
             judge
             of
             this
             by
             what
             they
             do
             at
             home
             ;
             that
             which
             is
             to
             be
             admired
             at
             Rome
             ,
             is
             that
             exceeding
             great
             number
             of
             spies
             under
             pay
             ,
             which
             are
             there
             up
             and
             down
             in
             all
             houses
             ,
             publick
             places
             ,
             and
             at
             every
             corner
             ,
             the
             Pope
             hath
             his
             ;
             every
             Cardinal
             ,
             and
             Princes
             (
             I
             put
             
             them
             before
             ,
             for
             they
             take
             place
             of
             them
             )
             have
             theirs
             ;
             one
             Cardinal
             and
             Prince
             will
             have
             his
             spie
             in
             the
             house
             of
             another
             ,
             though
             some
             of
             them
             go
             like
             gentlemen
             of
             good
             fashion
             ;
             and
             others
             who
             are
             of
             a
             higher
             form
             keep
             their
             Coaches
             ;
             some
             of
             them
             have
             keys
             to
             come
             in
             at
             any
             hour
             by
             the
             back
             door
             to
             the
             persons
             whose
             spies
             they
             are
             .
             Some
             as
             Staffieri
             ,
             or
             Footmen
             ,
             serve
             strangers
             ;
             others
             are
             Masters
             of
             Excercises
             ,
             nay
             ,
             several
             Cortegiane
             or
             Prostitute
             women
             are
             under
             pay
             ;
             so
             that
             by
             these
             means
             ,
             no
             particular
             business
             comes
             to
             pass
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             presently
             known
             .
             One
             day
             I
             had
             occasion
             to
             enquire
             for
             a
             mean
             person
             about
             an
             ordinary
             business
             ,
             very
             far
             from
             my
             lodging
             ,
             and
             from
             that
             of
             a
             third
             person
             concerned
             in
             't
             ,
             in
             a
             corner
             of
             a
             street
             ,
             one
             that
             was
             with
             me
             inquiring
             for
             such
             a
             one
             ,
             in
             came
             to
             us
             an
             unknown
             man
             ,
             who
             stood
             by
             ,
             I
             admired
             to
             hear
             him
             say
             ,
             what
             ,
             you
             look
             for
             him
             about
             such
             a
             thing
             ,
             he
             is
             gone
             to
             such
             a
             place
             :
             Every
             one
             of
             their
             great
             men
             who
             know
             this
             custome
             ,
             do
             suspect
             every
             new
             servant
             they
             take
             .
             I
             have
             been
             told
             by
             a
             person
             who
             stood
             by
             ,
             that
             the
             late
             
               Duke
               Cezarini
            
             ,
             sent
             one
             day
             for
             a
             Notaro
             (
             or
             
             one
             of
             those
             Scriveners
             ,
             who
             kept
             the
             List
             of
             some
             spies
             )
             whom
             he
             trusted
             ,
             and
             haveing
             shewed
             him
             the
             names
             of
             all
             his
             Domesticks
             ,
             how
             doth
             it
             go
             said
             he
             ?
             the
             other
             answered
             ,
             well
             ;
             then
             said
             he
             ,
             't
             is
             a
             wonder
             ,
             I
             am
             here
             the
             only
             man
             ;
             this
             Language
             is
             obscure
             ,
             but
             he
             who
             stood
             by
             ,
             knew
             the
             meaning
             of
             it
             .
             As
             to
             strangers
             ,
             none
             come
             to
             Rome
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             presently
             known
             who
             it
             is
             ,
             whence
             he
             comes
             ,
             what
             company
             he
             frequents
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             .
             Not
             long
             since
             I
             hapned
             to
             be
             at
             Rome
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             there
             was
             a
             considerable
             number
             of
             English-men
             ;
             the
             late
             Pope
             told
             an
             English
             Priest
             ,
             and
             an
             English
             Gentleman
             ,
             who
             being
             a
             Papist
             ,
             went
             thither
             for
             Devotion
             sake
             ,
             
               That
               he
               wondered
               ,
               that
               some
               of
               the
               English
               men
               that
               were
               then
               in
               town
               ,
               did
               not
               come
               to
               his
               Palace
               upon
               the
               dayes
               he
               gave
               Audience
               ,
               though
               it
               was
               but
               for
               curiosity
            
             ;
             but
             said
             he
             ,
             
               I
               know
               they
               are
               so
               taken
               up
               to
               drink
               ,
               that
               they
               have
               no
               time
               to
               spare
               :
            
             He
             was
             well
             informed
             ,
             yet
             this
             did
             not
             proceed
             from
             any
             contempt
             he
             had
             for
             the
             Nation
             ;
             contrariwise
             he
             used
             to
             speak
             with
             respect
             of
             England
             ,
             calling
             it
             the
             
               Land
               of
               Wonders
            
             :
             though
             this
             may
             be
             ambiguous
             ,
             yet
             I
             believe
             he
             took
             it
             in
             a
             
             good
             sence
             ,
             and
             he
             hath
             expressed
             the
             desire
             he
             had
             to
             have
             come
             to
             see
             it
             when
             he
             was
             Nuncio
             in
             Germany
             ,
             if
             he
             could
             have
             done
             it
             with
             safety
             .
          
           
             In
             Rome
             are
             to
             be
             seen
             several
             ancient
             and
             modern
             Curiosities
             ;
             there
             are
             particular
             guides
             for
             antiquities
             ,
             the
             modern
             do
             consist
             in
             Churches
             ,
             Palaces
             ,
             Houses
             of
             Pleasure
             ,
             called
             Villa
             ,
             where
             you
             may
             see
             the
             utmost
             of
             Art
             in
             Architecture
             ,
             Pictures
             ,
             Statues
             ,
             Gardens
             ,
             Water-works
             ;
             so
             there
             are
             Libraries
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             the
             Vatican
             ,
             enriched
             with
             a
             number
             of
             Excellent
             Books
             ,
             and
             rare
             Manuscripts
             in
             several
             tongues
             ,
             and
             increased
             with
             the
             ruines
             of
             that
             of
             Heildelberg
             ,
             and
             with
             that
             of
             Urbino
             :
             this
             Library
             can
             be
             compared
             to
             none
             but
             that
             of
             Oxford
             ,
             yet
             with
             some
             difference
             :
             there
             are
             also
             private
             Libraries
             and
             Cabinets
             ,
             of
             all
             ,
             which
             as
             of
             the
             curiosities
             of
             Tivoly
             and
             Frescati
             ,
             places
             12.
             and
             18.
             miles
             from
             the
             City
             ,
             there
             are
             exact
             relations
             in
             their
             Language
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             were
             needless
             for
             me
             to
             name
             or
             to
             describe
             any
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             I
             come
             to
             speak
             how
             Popes
             stand
             affected
             to
             their
             Neighbours
             ;
             some
             grounds
             of
             this
             might
             have
             been
             laid
             formerly
             ,
             
             when
             the
             Apostolick
             Chamber
             had
             the
             direction
             of
             affairs
             :
             but
             since
             Popes
             are
             come
             to
             be
             so
             absolute
             ,
             that
             the
             Chamber
             must
             do
             almost
             all
             what
             they
             please
             ,
             now
             their
             interest
             ,
             natural
             in●●ination
             ,
             fancy
             or
             Capricio
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             the
             suggestions
             of
             a
             Kinsman
             and
             favourite
             ,
             such
             as
             was
             
               Don
               Mario
            
             ,
             though
             't
             was
             a
             woman
             ,
             as
             
               Don
               Olympia
            
             ,
             are
             the
             rule
             of
             it
             .
             Some
             Popes
             have
             had
             fallings
             out
             with
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             as
             had
             Paul
             the
             5th
             .
             concerning
             Ecclesiastical
             Jurisdiction
             ,
             and
             other
             things
             ;
             Clement
             the
             8th
             .
             with
             the
             Dukes
             of
             Modena
             about
             
               Ferrara
               ;
               Urban
            
             the
             8th
             .
             with
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             about
             Castro
             ;
             and
             so
             of
             late
             Cardinal
             Franciotti
             ,
             Bishop
             of
             Luca
             ,
             was
             like
             to
             be
             the
             occasion
             of
             a
             great
             falling
             out
             between
             the
             Pope
             and
             that
             
               Republick
               .
               Urban
            
             the
             8th
             .
             was
             a
             great
             friend
             to
             France
             ,
             but
             not
             to
             Spain
             ,
             nor
             to
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
               .
               Innocent
            
             the
             10th
             .
             the
             half
             of
             his
             Reign
             was
             for
             Spain
             ,
             and
             then
             he
             turned
             to
             the
             French
             ;
             and
             the
             late
             
               Alexander
               7th
            
             .
             was
             all
             along
             an
             enemy
             to
             France
             ,
             chiefly
             upon
             the
             account
             of
             Mazarini
             ,
             whom
             he
             hated
             with
             all
             his
             heart
             ;
             but
             the
             present
             Pope
             carries
             himself
             even
             between
             all
             ,
             although
             
             before
             his
             Election
             he
             were
             suspected
             to
             be
             partial
             for
             Spain
             ,
             but
             upon
             no
             sollid
             grounds
             ;
             for
             those
             who
             pretend
             to
             the
             Popedome
             stand
             neutrals
             ,
             and
             declare
             themselves
             of
             no
             party
          
           
             The
             maximes
             of
             Pope's
             are
             different
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             interest
             and
             temper
             ;
             so
             that
             this
             being
             an
             Elective
             Dignity
             ,
             no
             general
             rule
             but
             this
             can
             be
             given
             ,
             that
             all
             endeavour
             to
             raise
             their
             Families
             to
             Honour
             and
             Riches
             ;
             however
             their
             
               Raggioni
               di
               Stato
            
             are
             ,
             to
             hinder
             Naples
             from
             falling
             into
             the
             Emperours
             hands
             :
             for
             Clement
             the
             7th
             .
             made
             penance
             for
             the
             fault
             which
             Leon
             the
             10th
             .
             had
             committed
             to
             favour
             Charles
             the
             5th
             .
             A
             second
             maxime
             is
             ,
             still
             to
             give
             hopes
             of
             being
             promoted
             ,
             to
             the
             dignity
             of
             a
             Cardinal
             to
             those
             potent
             Prelates
             that
             are
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             elsewhere
             ,
             to
             keep
             them
             in
             dependency
             ,
             and
             from
             discontents
             and
             disturbances
             .
             Another
             is
             to
             confine
             the
             number
             of
             Cardinals
             to
             70.
             which
             was
             an
             invention
             of
             
               Sixtus
               Quintus
            
             ,
             to
             avoid
             the
             importunities
             of
             several
             Princes
             ,
             who
             solicited
             him
             to
             confer
             that
             dignity
             upon
             some
             whom
             he
             would
             not
             bring
             into
             the
             Colledge
             .
             Of
             the
             same
             nature
             as
             this
             is
             ,
             another
             
             
             
             
             
             
               Arcano
               di
               Stato
            
             ,
             concerning
             the
             Examen
             of
             Bishops
             ,
             which
             was
             ordered
             by
             Clement
             the
             8th
             .
             to
             stop
             the
             designes
             of
             Princes
             ,
             who
             intended
             to
             promote
             to
             Prelacy
             many
             of
             their
             Creatures
             :
             for
             then
             they
             had
             been
             ashamed
             to
             present
             those
             who
             had
             no
             learning
             ,
             nor
             other
             qualifications
             fit
             for
             the
             place
             .
             A
             further
             secret
             of
             state
             is
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             Bull
             of
             Residency
             ,
             whereby
             Bishops
             are
             obliged
             to
             reside
             in
             their
             Bishopricks
             ;
             by
             the
             means
             of
             this
             ,
             Popes
             do
             remove
             from
             their
             Court
             those
             Cardinals
             and
             others
             whom
             they
             dislike
             :
             By
             these
             means
             Urban
             the
             8th
             .
             kept
             out
             of
             Rome
             Cardinal
             Borgia
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             the
             
               Spanish
               Faction
            
             ,
             who
             spoke
             too
             boldly
             to
             him
             :
             So
             did
             Alexander
             the
             7th
             .
             keep
             away
             Cardinal
             Rossetti
             ,
             who
             stifly
             opposed
             his
             Election
             .
             A
             further
             maxime
             of
             theirs
             is
             ,
             to
             refer
             to
             Congregations
             ,
             the
             demands
             of
             Princes
             about
             Ecclesiastical
             Laws
             ,
             Jurisdiction
             ,
             and
             other
             things
             which
             Popes
             are
             not
             willing
             to
             grant
             ,
             for
             so
             they
             lay
             the
             denial
             upon
             others
             .
             Another
             
               Raggioni
               di
               Stato
            
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             Cardinals
             may
             not
             go
             out
             of
             the
             state
             of
             the
             Church
             without
             leave
             from
             the
             Pope
             ,
             for
             so
             they
             prevent
             those
             Counsels
             and
             Assemblies
             before
             the
             
             which
             formerly
             they
             have
             at
             several
             times
             been
             summoned
             to
             appear
             .
             Further
             ,
             as
             former
             Popes
             have
             humbled
             and
             brought
             down
             those
             noble
             and
             potent
             Families
             that
             were
             in
             Rome
             ,
             which
             had
             given
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             trouble
             to
             their
             Predecessors
             ;
             so
             at
             present
             Popes
             keep
             them
             low
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             ,
             they
             have
             so
             degenerated
             ,
             that
             instead
             of
             those
             great
             and
             brave
             Captains
             ,
             now
             out
             of
             these
             Families
             come
             out
             idle
             ,
             vicious
             ,
             and
             effeminate
             persons
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             t
             is
             a
             very
             politick
             maxime
             of
             Popes
             ,
             to
             send
             their
             Legate
             to
             Princes
             ,
             to
             pacifie
             the
             quarrels
             arising
             between
             them
             ,
             although
             they
             know
             't
             will
             effect
             nothing
             at
             all
             ;
             and
             that
             sometimes
             't
             is
             their
             interest
             that
             such
             quarrels
             should
             last
             ,
             for
             hereby
             they
             shew
             themselves
             to
             be
             zealous
             of
             the
             publick
             good
             and
             peace
             ;
             and
             thus
             they
             maintain
             themselves
             the
             Arbiters
             of
             Princes
             .
             The
             Cardinals
             Nephews
             have
             also
             their
             particular
             maximes
             ,
             namely
             to
             keep
             from
             preferment
             ,
             and
             to
             remove
             from
             the
             
             Pope's
             person
             those
             whom
             they
             do
             not
             affect
             :
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             to
             raise
             to
             dignities
             ,
             and
             to
             procure
             places
             of
             trust
             to
             their
             friends
             and
             creatures
             .
             Publick
             Ministers
             at
             that
             Court
             know
             so
             well
             
             the
             jealousie
             of
             Nephews
             ,
             who
             will
             have
             nothing
             communicated
             to
             Popes
             ,
             but
             by
             their
             means
             ,
             that
             usually
             they
             impart
             first
             to
             them
             ,
             that
             which
             they
             are
             to
             speak
             of
             to
             the
             Pope
             ,
             and
             commonly
             they
             give
             them
             an
             account
             of
             what
             answer
             they
             had
             ,
             taking
             
               Cardinal
               Padrons
            
             lodging
             from
             the
             Popes
             in
             their
             way
             homewards
             .
             A
             policy
             of
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             who
             are
             contrary
             to
             the
             Court
             ,
             is
             to
             get
             some
             Eminent
             one
             disaffected
             as
             they
             are
             ,
             to
             be
             their
             Head
             ;
             and
             now
             't
             is
             a
             custome
             passed
             as
             it
             were
             into
             a
             Law
             ,
             to
             choose
             none
             but
             Italians
             to
             be
             Popes
             .
          
           
             Before
             the
             late
             Election
             ,
             the
             Colledge
             of
             Cardinals
             was
             divided
             into
             the
             Ghigian
             party
             ,
             which
             were
             all
             the
             creatures
             or
             friends
             of
             Alexander
             the
             7th
             .
             six
             of
             them
             are
             of
             Siena
             ,
             the
             City
             he
             was
             born
             in
             ,
             the
             
               Squadra
               volante
            
             ,
             the
             flying
             Squadron
             composed
             of
             the
             creatures
             of
             Innocent
             the
             10th
             who
             having
             left
             no
             Cardinal
             of
             his
             Name
             or
             Family
             ,
             
               Cardinal
               Imperiale
            
             was
             look't
             upon
             as
             the
             Head
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             most
             part
             of
             these
             were
             brought
             in
             to
             this
             present
             Pope
             by
             Azzolino
             ,
             one
             of
             their
             chief
             members
             ;
             but
             the
             3d.
             party
             was
             that
             of
             
               Barbirini
               Francesco
            
             the
             Dean
             of
             the
             Colledge
             
             being
             the
             head
             ,
             and
             several
             of
             Urbans
             Creatures
             the
             members
             with
             some
             others
             ,
             who
             being
             poor
             ,
             received
             pensions
             from
             Francesco
             ;
             now
             a
             fourth
             part
             is
             rising
             ,
             which
             is
             that
             of
             the
             present
             Pope
             .
          
           
             Before
             I
             leave
             this
             subject
             ,
             I
             must
             say
             something
             of
             him
             ;
             He
             is
             called
             Clemene
             the
             9th
             .
             which
             name
             he
             took
             ,
             as
             he
             assured
             the
             Princess
             of
             Rossano
             ,
             out
             of
             respect
             he
             doth
             bear
             to
             the
             memory
             of
             Clement
             the
             
               8th
               .
               Aldobrandin
            
             ;
             his
             name
             is
             
               Giulio
               Rospigliosi
            
             of
             Pistoia
             ,
             an
             indifferent
             good
             City
             ,
             about
             20
             miles
             from
             Florence
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             
               Grand
               Dukes
            
             Dominions
             .
             This
             man
             was
             chosen
             the
             last
             year
             ,
             in
             the
             71.
             of
             his
             Age
             ;
             he
             was
             employed
             as
             Nuncio
             in
             Spain
             ,
             and
             then
             by
             the
             late
             Pope
             was
             chosen
             Secretary
             of
             State
             ;
             he
             had
             a
             very
             sore
             fit
             of
             sickness
             a
             little
             while
             afore
             the
             Pope
             died
             ;
             he
             was
             once
             given
             over
             by
             Physicians
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             came
             to
             recover
             ,
             and
             before
             the
             Popes
             death
             ,
             he
             had
             thoughts
             to
             leave
             his
             place
             .
             He
             is
             a
             man
             of
             a
             middle
             stature
             ,
             and
             very
             gray
             ;
             being
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             he
             was
             accounted
             a
             wise
             Statesman
             ,
             and
             of
             great
             parts
             ;
             I
             say
             he
             was
             ,
             for
             I
             cannot
             tell
             whether
             he
             doth
             or
             will
             continue
             so
             ,
             for
             often
             have
             we
             seen
             in
             that
             
             place
             that
             
               Honours
               have
               changed
               manners
            
             ;
             as
             it
             was
             well
             observed
             of
             the
             late
             
               Pope
               Alexander
            
             ,
             of
             whom
             it
             was
             said
             ,
             as
             of
             Galba
             ,
             He
             had
             been
             worthy
             of
             Reigning
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             not
             Reigned
             ;
             
               Dignus
               Imperio
               ,
               sinon
               imperasset
            
             ;
             and
             of
             all
             other
             sayings
             ,
             this
             most
             of
             all
             was
             fastned
             upon
             him
             ;
             he
             was
             
               maximus
               in
               minimis
            
             ,
             and
             
               minimus
               in
               maximis
            
             .
          
           
             This
             Pope
             ,
             since
             his
             Election
             to
             that
             Dignity
             ,
             hath
             made
             a
             judicious
             Creation
             of
             Cardinals
             ;
             he
             hath
             chosen
             his
             own
             Nephew
             to
             express
             his
             affection
             to
             him
             ;
             the
             late
             Pope's
             Nephew
             ,
             
               Don
               Sigismond
            
             ,
             to
             express
             his
             thankfulness
             for
             the
             Obligations
             he
             had
             to
             that
             Family
             ;
             and
             herein
             he
             hath
             given
             an
             example
             contrary
             to
             that
             so
             much
             blamed
             of
             Innocent
             the
             10th
             .
             who
             did
             so
             bitterly
             persecute
             the
             Relations
             of
             his
             Predecessor
             .
             The
             third
             Cardinal
             Created
             ,
             is
             Leopold
             ,
             of
             the
             family
             Medici
             :
             Thus
             he
             hath
             repaired
             the
             fault
             of
             Alexander
             ,
             acknowledged
             the
             kindness
             he
             received
             from
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             in
             the
             late
             conclave
             ,
             and
             shews
             that
             he
             remembers
             he
             hath
             been
             his
             Subject
             :
             Further
             ,
             this
             Pope
             hath
             done
             two
             things
             contrary
             to
             the
             practices
             of
             his
             Predecessor
             ,
             
             who
             ,
             at
             the
             beginning
             ,
             would
             own
             none
             of
             his
             Relations
             ,
             nor
             have
             them
             about
             his
             person
             ,
             or
             raise
             them
             to
             preferments
             ,
             till
             he
             seemed
             to
             be
             forced
             to
             it
             by
             the
             earnest
             solicitations
             ,
             and
             constant
             importunities
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             and
             publick
             Ministers
             ;
             yet
             it
             is
             well
             known
             how
             indulgent
             to
             them
             he
             hath
             been
             all
             along
             ;
             therefore
             ,
             said
             the
             
               Romans
               ,
               Alexander
            
             was
             as
             good
             as
             his
             word
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             not
             receive
             his
             Relations
             at
             Rome
             ,
             for
             he
             went
             to
             do
             it
             at
             
               Castle
               Gandolfo
            
             ,
             a
             house
             of
             pleasure
             12.
             miles
             from
             it
             :
             but
             the
             present
             Pope
             sent
             for
             his
             immediately
             after
             his
             Election
             ,
             and
             would
             make
             no
             new
             Creation
             (
             as
             they
             call
             it
             )
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             nor
             distribute
             several
             favours
             till
             his
             Nephew
             was
             come
             back
             to
             Rome
             ,
             that
             others
             might
             have
             to
             him
             the
             Obligation
             of
             it
             :
             The
             other
             thing
             he
             hath
             done
             is
             ,
             that
             he
             hath
             suppressed
             in
             part
             those
             heavy
             Taxes
             which
             his
             Predecessour
             ,
             or
             
               Don
               Mario
            
             ,
             hath
             laid
             on
             the
             people
             ;
             this
             hath
             much
             gotten
             him
             the
             love
             of
             his
             Subjects
             .
             Should
             I
             now
             go
             about
             to
             give
             a
             character
             of
             
               Don
               Camillo
            
             his
             Brother
             ,
             his
             Nephews
             ,
             and
             other
             Relations
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             too
             much
             like
             a
             relation
             ,
             therefore
             I
             forbear
             it
             ;
             and
             indeed
             
             I
             have
             been
             so
             long
             upon
             this
             particular
             ,
             that
             I
             must
             be
             shorter
             in
             what
             follows
             .
          
           
             In
             Rome
             are
             still
             some
             Noble
             and
             Ancient
             Families
             ,
             as
             Colonna
             ,
             which
             do
             possess
             three
             Principalities
             ,
             Ursini
             hath
             two
             more
             .
             Savelli
             ,
             whereof
             the
             chief
             is
             perpetual
             Marshal
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             and
             Prince
             of
             
               La
               Rizza
            
             ,
             bought
             by
             the
             late
             Pope
             ,
             and
             of
             
               Albano
               .
               Muti
            
             ,
             Duke
             of
             that
             name
             ,
             and
             Prince
             of
             
               Rignano
               ,
               Cezarini
            
             ,
             Prince
             of
             Jansano
             and
             
               Ardea
               .
               Conti
            
             ,
             of
             which
             is
             the
             present
             Duke
             
               Pauli
               .
               Caetanis
            
             of
             which
             is
             the
             Prince
             of
             Caserta
             ,
             Son
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             
               Sermonetta
               .
               Frangipani
            
             ,
             which
             is
             extinct
             ,
             for
             the
             late
             Marquess
             left
             out
             one
             Daughter
             ,
             who
             hath
             been
             married
             to
             one
             of
             the
             name
             ,
             who
             lives
             in
             Hungary
             .
             The
             others
             are
             
               Bentivogli
               ,
               Baglioni
               ,
               Peppuli
               ,
               Vitelli
               ,
               &c.
               
            
          
           
             The
             new
             Families
             ,
             to
             begin
             with
             that
             which
             now
             Rules
             ,
             are
             ,
             
               Rospigliosi
               ,
               Ghigi
               ,
               Pansilio
               ,
               Barberini
               ,
               Ludovisio
               ,
               Borghese
               ,
               Altemps
               ,
               Cezi
               ,
               Farneze
               ,
               Aldobrandini
               ,
               Buoncompagnio
               ,
               &c.
            
             raised
             by
             Popes
             of
             th●ir
             family
             ,
             as
             now
             Rospigliosi
             of
             Clement
             the
             
               9th
               .
               Ghigi
            
             of
             Alexander
             the
             
               7th
               &c.
               Matthei
            
             also
             ,
             and
             Lanti
             both
             Dukes
             in
             Rome
             ,
             are
             both
             of
             good
             Famiies
             .
          
           
           
             But
             now
             Clement
             the
             9th
             .
             is
             dead
             ,
             after
             somewhat
             above
             two
             years
             Reign
             ;
             he
             was
             old
             and
             weak
             ,
             but
             the
             loss
             of
             Candia
             ,
             hath
             probably
             hastened
             his
             death
             :
             his
             Relations
             had
             no
             time
             to
             rise
             very
             high
             ,
             and
             they
             must
             leave
             the
             place
             to
             his
             kinsman
             ,
             who
             is
             now
             to
             be
             chosen
             Pope
             :
             about
             whose
             Election
             the
             Conclave
             is
             now
             much
             divided
             ;
             the
             Factions
             being
             great
             and
             stiff
             ,
             every
             one
             driving
             on
             her
             Interest
             and
             advantage
             .
             The
             Cardinals
             amongst
             themselves
             being
             divided
             into
             four
             parties
             ,
             because
             they
             are
             all
             the
             creatures
             of
             so
             many
             
               Popes
               ,
               Urban
            
             the
             
               8th
               .
               Innocent
            
             the
             
               10th
               .
               Alexander
            
             the
             7th
             .
             and
             Clement
             the
             9th
             .
             besides
             the
             
               Grand
               Dukes
            
             Interest
             is
             great
             in
             the
             Conclave
             :
             the
             Spanish
             is
             considerable
             in
             number
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             many
             of
             his
             Subjects
             in
             't
             ;
             but
             as
             Cardinals
             mind
             themselves
             more
             than
             the
             Crowns
             ;
             and
             as
             Spain
             is
             not
             mony'd
             ,
             very
             probably
             many
             will
             fall
             off
             :
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             the
             French
             having
             some
             of
             the
             best
             head-pieces
             in
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             and
             ready
             monys
             ,
             will
             go
             very
             far
             ;
             and
             because
             the
             last
             time
             they
             were
             disappointed
             ,
             and
             could
             not
             raise
             Farnese
             to
             the
             Popedome
             ,
             they
             will
             strive
             very
             hard
             for
             it
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Emperour
             ,
             and
             King
             of
             Poland
             have
             also
             their
             Parties
             among
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             but
             not
             considerable
             in
             themselves
             ,
             only
             they
             may
             joyn
             with
             others
             .
             These
             Princes
             ,
             as
             the
             
               French
               and
               Spanish
            
             Crowns
             Interests
             ,
             are
             managed
             by
             those
             Cardinals
             who
             are
             their
             Protectors
             ,
             and
             the
             Ambassadours
             who
             are
             at
             Rome
             :
             of
             late
             the
             Crown
             of
             Portugal
             is
             also
             come
             in
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             also
             those
             Cardinals
             called
             Neutrals
             ,
             of
             those
             ,
             who
             pretending
             to
             the
             Popedome
             ,
             declare
             themselves
             (
             at
             least
             ,
             not
             openly
             )
             for
             no
             party
             .
          
           
             Cardinals
             first
             of
             all
             were
             called
             
               Roman
               Priests
            
             ,
             sent
             by
             Popes
             ,
             to
             Preach
             and
             do
             other
             offices
             in
             the
             Churches
             ,
             who
             owned
             their
             Authorities
             :
             There
             were
             but
             six
             upon
             their
             first
             Institution
             .
             
               Calpurnius
               Poncinus
            
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             231.
             raised
             their
             number
             to
             10
             ,
             so
             by
             degrees
             they
             were
             70.
             but
             as
             Popes
             may
             alter
             the
             orders
             of
             their
             Predecessors
             ,
             so
             they
             have
             lessened
             ,
             or
             increased
             this
             number
             .
          
           
             They
             were
             very
             inferiour
             in
             dignity
             to
             Bishops
             ,
             to
             whom
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             people
             the
             Election
             belonged
             formerly
             ;
             but
             Innocent
             the
             2d
             .
             gave
             it
             wholly
             ,
             and
             only
             to
             Cardinals
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             1135.
             yet
             left
             it
             at
             
             their
             liberty
             to
             choose
             one
             of
             their
             number
             ,
             or
             another
             Prelate
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             the
             year
             1464.
             
             Paul
             the
             2d
             .
             ordered
             that
             none
             but
             a
             Cardinal
             should
             be
             chosen
             
               Pope
               .
               Innocent
            
             the
             4th
             .
             was
             the
             man
             ,
             who
             in
             the
             year
             ,
             1242.
             altered
             the
             precedency
             between
             Bishops
             and
             Cardinals
             ,
             to
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             last
             :
             the
             same
             gave
             them
             the
             red
             Hat
             :
             Bonifacius
             the
             9th
             .
             the
             Habite
             :
             and
             Paul
             the
             2d
             .
             the
             Cap
             of
             Scarlet
             :
             to
             shew
             ,
             (
             as
             they
             say
             )
             how
             ready
             they
             are
             to
             shed
             their
             blood
             for
             the
             Service
             of
             the
             Church
             ;
             though
             I
             think
             ,
             that
             this
             colour
             and
             Purple
             which
             they
             use
             too
             ,
             are
             to
             set
             forth
             their
             Pomp
             and
             Magnificence
             .
          
           
             These
             Cardinals
             are
             chosen
             by
             the
             Pope
             ,
             according
             to
             his
             intimation
             ,
             and
             some
             few
             upon
             the
             commendation
             of
             the
             Emperour
             ,
             and
             the
             King
             of
             
               France
               ,
               Spain
            
             ,
             and
             Poland
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             
               German
               ,
               French
               ,
               &c.
            
             
             Nations
             ;
             according
             to
             the
             choice
             of
             those
             Princes
             ,
             who
             have
             liberty
             to
             commend
             ,
             one
             two
             ,
             or
             three
             ,
             of
             what
             Nation
             they
             please
             :
             All
             these
             Cardinals
             are
             divided
             into
             three
             Orders
             ,
             six
             Bishops
             ,
             50
             Priests
             ,
             fourteen
             Deacons
             :
             every
             one
             of
             them
             takes
             place
             of
             all
             Embassadours
             whatsoever
             ,
             and
             pretend
             
             the
             hand
             from
             all
             Princes
             ,
             except
             Crowned
             Heads
             .
          
           
             Thus
             much
             I
             thought
             fit
             to
             speak
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             especially
             now
             upon
             the
             occasion
             of
             the
             
               Sede
               vacante
            
             ,
             for
             they
             are
             met
             to
             make
             a
             new
             Election
             ,
             of
             which
             't
             is
             necessary
             to
             say
             something
             .
          
           
             The
             Pope
             being
             dead
             ,
             Nine
             days
             are
             employed
             towards
             his
             Funeral
             ,
             and
             other
             formalities
             depending
             thereupon
             :
             On
             the
             ninth
             day
             after
             ,
             Mass
             is
             said
             ,
             a
             speech
             is
             made
             in
             commendation
             of
             the
             deceased
             ,
             the
             Cardinal
             Padrone
             ,
             that
             is
             Master
             ,
             (
             a
             Title
             introduced
             by
             Paul
             the
             5th
             .
             but
             fully
             confirmed
             by
             Urban
             the
             
               8th
               .
            
             )
             who
             is
             a
             nigh
             relation
             of
             the
             late
             Pope
             ,
             acqaints
             all
             Cardinals
             abroad
             with
             his
             ●eath
             ,
             who
             thereupon
             make
             all
             possible
             haste
             to
             come
             to
             Rome
             .
          
           
             On
             the
             10th
             day
             after
             the
             Popes
             death
             all
             the
             Cardinals
             who
             are
             able
             ,
             meet
             at
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             ,
             where
             the
             Mass
             of
             the
             Holy
             Ghost
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ,
             is
             sung
             by
             the
             Dean
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             he
             who
             is
             of
             a
             longest
             standing
             ,
             or
             the
             next
             to
             him
             ,
             if
             he
             be
             not
             well
             ;
             there
             is
             also
             made
             a
             speech
             upon
             the
             subject
             of
             the
             Election
             of
             a
             new
             Pope
             ,
             with
             a
             great
             concourse
             of
             people
             to
             
             hear
             it
             ;
             after
             this
             ,
             all
             the
             Cardinals
             go
             in
             a
             Procession
             towards
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             following
             a
             Priest
             who
             carries
             the
             Cross
             ,
             the
             Musicians
             singing
             their
             
               Veni
               Creator
               Spiritus
            
             .
          
           
             This
             Conclave
             is
             a
             place
             in
             the
             Vatican
             near
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             ,
             all
             made
             a
             new
             by
             order
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             Chamberlain
             ,
             or
             Chamerlengho
             ,
             all
             of
             wood
             ,
             which
             after
             the
             Election
             ,
             is
             disposed
             of
             by
             the
             said
             Chamberlain
             ,
             where
             a
             small
             Lodging
             is
             made
             for
             every
             Cardinal
             ,
             and
             every
             one
             hath
             his
             by
             lot
             .
          
           
             The
             Cardinals
             ,
             some
             Prelates
             ,
             and
             Volaries
             go
             in
             then
             ,
             whereof
             one
             reads
             with
             a
             loud
             voice
             the
             Bulls
             concerning
             the
             Election
             of
             Popes
             ,
             which
             being
             done
             ,
             all
             Cardinals
             take
             an
             oath
             to
             observe
             what
             is
             therein
             contained
             ,
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Dean
             ,
             and
             of
             Prince
             Savelli
             ,
             who
             upon
             this
             action
             hath
             leave
             to
             enter
             into
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             is
             keeper
             ,
             and
             perpetual
             Marshal
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             for
             himself
             ,
             and
             successors
             :
             After
             this
             Ceremony
             every
             one
             goes
             to
             his
             dinner
             ,
             and
             hitherto
             the
             doors
             are
             shut
             up
             ,
             but
             after
             dinner
             all
             Ambassadors
             and
             Roman
             Princes
             have
             liberty
             to
             go
             in
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             space
             of
             four
             or
             five
             
             hours
             they
             treat
             and
             negotiate
             with
             Cardinals
             ,
             within
             their
             private
             Lodgings
             ,
             which
             time
             being
             past
             ,
             they
             ring
             a
             little
             bell
             ,
             whereupon
             every
             one
             is
             to
             go
             away
             ,
             excepting
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             and
             the
             Deputies
             or
             Deputati
             of
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             two
             servants
             are
             allowed
             to
             every
             Cardinal
             ,
             who
             chooses
             whom
             he
             likes
             ,
             the
             old
             and
             weak
             ones
             are
             allowed
             three
             ;
             for
             publick
             use
             ,
             are
             one
             Sagrista
             ,
             and
             Oschaltarra
             ;
             and
             
               Solo
               Sagrista
            
             ,
             who
             take
             care
             of
             things
             relating
             to
             their
             Devotions
             ,
             and
             belonging
             to
             the
             Altar
             ;
             five
             Masters
             of
             Ceremonies
             ,
             the
             Secre●ary
             of
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             a
             Confessor
             ,
             two
             Physicians
             ,
             an
             Apothecary
             ,
             and
             two
             to
             help
             him
             ;
             a
             Surgeon
             ,
             two
             Barbers
             ,
             two
             Masons
             ,
             two
             Carpenters
             ,
             and
             sixteen
             Porters
             .
          
           
             Assoon
             as
             all
             others
             are
             gone
             ,
             and
             these
             are
             within
             ,
             the
             Conclave
             is
             walled
             in
             and
             out
             ,
             after
             which
             ,
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             Dean
             ,
             and
             Chamberlain
             ,
             go
             about
             it
             to
             see
             whether
             it
             be
             well
             :
             it
             hath
             formerly
             been
             ordered
             by
             some
             Popes
             ,
             that
             after
             this
             ,
             no
             Cardinal
             should
             be
             admitted
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             not
             strictly
             observed
             ,
             if
             they
             come
             soon
             after
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Election
             is
             like
             not
             to
             be
             ended
             so
             soon
             :
             Before
             they
             are
             shut
             up
             ,
             orders
             are
             
             issued
             by
             them
             ,
             for
             the
             peace
             and
             quiet
             Government
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             it
             being
             very
             necessary
             so
             to
             do
             ,
             upon
             such
             a
             conjuncture
             ,
             to
             prevent
             great
             and
             many
             mischiefs
             ;
             now
             all
             that
             time
             the
             City
             Officers
             have
             a
             great
             power
             ,
             so
             that
             if
             a
             Malefactor
             be
             taken
             ,
             he
             is
             soon
             made
             away
             .
             'T
             is
             not
             usual
             with
             the
             Cardinals
             to
             discharge
             the
             Officers
             entrusted
             by
             the
             late
             Pope
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             necessary
             they
             should
             be
             confirmed
             by
             them
             .
          
           
             Within
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             is
             kept
             an
             exact
             Guard
             ,
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             High
             Marshal
             ;
             first
             at
             the
             Ruota
             ,
             seven
             in
             number
             ,
             which
             are
             some
             holes
             left
             unwalled
             ,
             to
             take
             in
             the
             Victuals
             which
             are
             brought
             in
             to
             every
             Cardinal
             ;
             These
             Ruota's
             are
             used
             at
             Rome
             ,
             in
             every
             Monastery
             and
             Nunnery
             ;
             the
             use
             whereof
             is
             to
             receive
             what
             things
             are
             brought
             from
             without
             ,
             and
             given
             from
             within
             :
             For
             at
             the
             inside
             of
             the
             Wall
             are
             some
             few
             boards
             joyned
             together
             ,
             of
             five
             or
             six
             foot
             high
             ,
             and
             three
             or
             thereabouts
             in
             breadth
             ,
             some
             more
             ,
             some
             less
             ;
             but
             being
             all
             of
             an
             equal
             bigness
             ;
             and
             this
             is
             so
             suspended
             ,
             that
             it
             turns
             about
             like
             a
             wheel
             ,
             which
             in
             Italian
             is
             called
             Ruota
             ;
             't
             is
             hollow
             within
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             is
             capacious
             
             of
             receiving
             great
             dishes
             ,
             baskets
             ,
             and
             some
             can
             hold
             a
             child
             of
             twelve
             yeares
             old
             ;
             Then
             upon
             the
             Staires
             in
             the
             Courts
             ,
             and
             at
             all
             passages
             ,
             Guards
             also
             are
             set
             with
             four
             great
             
               corps
               de
               guard
            
             in
             the
             great
             place
             before
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             ;
             every
             time
             dinner
             is
             sent
             in
             to
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             't
             is
             attended
             by
             some
             of
             his
             servants
             ,
             and
             a
             Mace-bearer
             ,
             with
             a
             Silver
             Mace
             ,
             with
             the
             Cloth
             and
             other
             things
             used
             at
             Table
             ;
             this
             is
             done
             twice
             a
             day
             ,
             and
             besides
             the
             Soldiers
             ,
             four
             Prelates
             stand
             at
             every
             Ruota
             ,
             to
             search
             strictly
             every
             thing
             which
             is
             sent
             in
             ,
             the
             very
             bread
             is
             all
             cut
             in
             small
             pieces
             for
             fear
             their
             should
             be
             any
             bills
             in
             't
             ,
             and
             those
             four
             Prelates
             are
             changed
             every
             day
             by
             the
             Marshal
             ,
             to
             whom
             these
             bills
             shall
             be
             given
             ,
             in
             case
             any
             be
             intercepted
             ,
             which
             he
             will
             keep
             till
             the
             Election
             be
             over
             ;
             but
             this
             is
             searched
             ,
             not
             only
             without
             ,
             but
             also
             within
             ,
             by
             the
             Masters
             of
             Ceremonies
             ;
             who
             have
             taken
             an
             oath
             of
             fidelity
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             meat
             is
             in
             ,
             these
             
             ruota's
             are
             sealed
             with
             paper
             ,
             both
             at
             the
             in
             and
             out-sides
             :
             at
             every
             one
             of
             these
             holes
             ,
             twelve
             Soldiers
             are
             of
             Guard
             in
             the
             day
             ,
             and
             twenty
             five
             in
             the
             night
             time
             .
          
           
           
             Every
             Cadinal
             eats
             and
             drinks
             alone
             with
             his
             domesticks
             ,
             and
             all
             their
             victuals
             are
             dressed
             by
             order
             of
             the
             Martial
             ,
             but
             the
             Church
             pays
             for
             't
             ,
             and
             one
             buyeth
             as
             much
             as
             the
             other
             ;
             there
             is
             also
             an
             allowance
             for
             others
             ,
             who
             are
             shut
             up
             ,
             some
             more
             or
             less
             according
             to
             their
             quality
             ,
             but
             usually
             the
             Cardinals
             servants
             have
             the
             rest
             of
             their
             Masters
             ,
             and
             the
             Guards
             every
             where
             are
             mounted
             every
             day
             according
             to
             the
             Marshals
             order
             ,
             who
             also
             according
             to
             the
             Bulls
             doth
             lessen
             the
             victuals
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             when
             ten
             days
             are
             over
             ,
             since
             they
             ,
             being
             shut
             up
             ,
             in
             case
             the
             Election
             be
             not
             made
             ,
             and
             this
             is
             to
             force
             them
             to
             hasten
             it
             ,
             and
             to
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             about
             it
             ;
             which
             to
             effect
             ,
             once
             a
             day
             they
             meet
             at
             the
             Chappel
             of
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             and
             he
             who
             at
             last
             is
             chosen
             ,
             ought
             to
             have
             two
             parts
             of
             three
             of
             the
             Votes
             ,
             so
             that
             if
             of
             sixty
             he
             had
             but
             thirty
             nine
             ,
             it
             would
             not
             be
             a
             right
             Election
             .
             The
             Cardinal
             Dean
             ,
             hath
             the
             command
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             as
             the
             Camerlengo
             of
             others
             who
             are
             shut
             up
             ,
             and
             and
             at
             last
             they
             must
             agree
             about
             him
             who
             is
             to
             be
             chosen
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             while
             ,
             all
             within
             the
             Conclave
             are
             ignorant
             of
             what
             passes
             in
             the
             City
             .
          
           
           
             Assoon
             as
             't
             is
             known
             within
             the
             Conclave
             who
             is
             the
             Pope
             ,
             the
             Cardinal
             Decano
             desireth
             him
             to
             approve
             of
             the
             choice
             which
             the
             Colledge
             hath
             made
             of
             him
             ,
             which
             he
             consents
             to
             ,
             and
             takes
             what
             name
             he
             likes
             ,
             as
             
               Innocent
               ,
               Clement
               ,
               Alexander
            
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             :
             then
             standing
             between
             the
             two
             chief
             Cardinals
             ,
             he
             is
             led
             behind
             the
             Altar
             ,
             where
             they
             take
             off
             his
             Cardinals
             clothes
             ,
             and
             give
             him
             the
             habit
             of
             a
             Pope
             ;
             immediately
             after
             is
             sung
             the
             
               Te
               Deum
            
             :
             then
             all
             the
             Cardinals
             one
             after
             another
             ,
             falling
             upon
             their
             knees
             ,
             do
             (
             to
             use
             their
             words
             )
             adore
             him
             ,
             kissing
             his
             foot
             ,
             then
             the
             right
             hand
             ,
             and
             then
             he
             gives
             them
             
               osculum
               pacis
            
             ,
             upon
             both
             cheeks
             ,
             so
             they
             give
             him
             signs
             of
             submission
             ,
             which
             is
             meant
             by
             kissing
             of
             the
             feet
             ,
             they
             expect
             from
             him
             Protection
             ,
             in
             kissing
             his
             hand
             ,
             and
             they
             receive
             from
             him
             a
             sign
             of
             affection
             ,
             being
             kissed
             on
             the
             lips
             or
             cheeks
             .
          
           
             These
             things
             being
             performed
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Masters
             of
             Ceremonies
             ,
             takes
             the
             Cross
             ,
             and
             carries
             it
             before
             him
             ,
             whilst
             the
             
               Ecce
               Sacerdos
               Magnus
            
             is
             sung
             ,
             and
             they
             go
             towards
             the
             Balcone
             which
             looks
             upon
             the
             great
             place
             before
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             ,
             called
             
               La
               loggia
               della
               benedictione
            
             ;
             
             and
             the
             Masons
             beat
             down
             the
             Wall
             of
             partition
             ,
             and
             there
             the
             Pope
             being
             between
             two
             Cardinals
             ,
             they
             shew
             him
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             stand
             below
             in
             the
             great
             Place
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Cardinals
             with
             a
             loud
             voice
             pronouncing
             these
             Latin
             words
             ,
             
               Annuntio
               vobis
               gaudium
               magnum
               ,
               habemus
               Papam
               Eminentissimum
               &
               reverendissimum
            
             N.
             N.
             
               qui
               sibi
               nomen
               imposuit
            
             ,
             N.
             N.
             Hereupon
             ,
             the
             People
             cries
             out
             ,
             
               God
               save
               the
               new
               Pope
               ,
               God
               bless
               the
               Family
               ,
            
             N.
             N.
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             one
             can
             hear
             the
             Artillerie
             of
             the
             
               Castel
               San.
               Angela
            
             go
             off
             ,
             there
             being
             constantly
             some
             to
             observe
             the
             pulling
             down
             of
             the
             Wall
             ;
             then
             all
             the
             Soldiers
             give
             their
             Vollies
             ;
             the
             Drums
             beat
             ,
             the
             Trumpets
             sound
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Bells
             in
             town
             ring
             .
             Assoon
             as
             the
             people
             hear
             who
             is
             chosen
             ,
             they
             run
             to
             his
             Palace
             and
             Plunder
             it
             ,
             it
             being
             the
             custom
             so
             to
             do
             ;
             but
             those
             Cardinals
             who
             are
             likely
             to
             be
             chosen
             before
             they
             go
             to
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             have
             removed
             the
             best
             things
             they
             have
             .
          
           
             The
             Ceremony
             at
             the
             window
             of
             the
             Balcone
             being
             ended
             ,
             all
             the
             Cardinals
             wait
             upon
             the
             new
             Pope
             to
             his
             Palace
             in
             the
             Vatican
             ,
             whence
             every
             one
             goes
             home
             :
             
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             the
             Pope
             receives
             no
             publick
             visits
             ,
             only
             private
             ones
             from
             his
             relations
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             have
             been
             his
             friends
             in
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             who
             come
             to
             receive
             the
             effects
             of
             the
             promises
             he
             made
             to
             them
             to
             get
             their
             assistance
             ,
             for
             usually
             they
             engage
             upon
             such
             conditions
             of
             interest
             and
             preferment
             :
             about
             a
             fortnight's
             time
             is
             allowed
             to
             prepare
             things
             ,
             in
             order
             of
             his
             being
             carried
             in
             a
             Chair
             on
             mens
             shoulders
             to
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             ,
             to
             take
             possession
             of
             the
             Popedom
             ,
             which
             is
             done
             with
             much
             pompe
             and
             magnificence
             ;
             and
             about
             a
             fortnight
             after
             he
             goes
             in
             a
             Cavalcata
             to
             do
             the
             same
             at
             the
             Church
             of
             St.
             John
             of
             Lateran
             :
             but
             from
             the
             first
             day
             of
             his
             Election
             ,
             he
             begins
             to
             give
             his
             Orders
             about
             the
             Goverment
             of
             all
             his
             Dominions
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             usual
             with
             every
             Pope
             to
             take
             an
             Oath
             before
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             about
             several
             things
             ,
             the
             chief
             whereof
             are
             ,
             1.
             
             To
             labour
             to
             keep
             peace
             between
             all
             Christian
             Princes
             .
             2ly
             .
             They
             will
             promote
             to
             the
             dignity
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             none
             but
             those
             who
             are
             worthy
             of
             it
             .
             3ly
             .
             To
             call
             to
             an
             account
             all
             the
             Officers
             of
             the
             State
             ,
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             when
             their
             time
             is
             expired
             .
             4ly
             .
             
             They
             will
             not
             make
             two
             Brothers
             Cardinals
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             Decree
             of
             Julius
             the
             
               Second
               .
               5ly
            
             .
             Not
             to
             alienate
             any
             thing
             belonging
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             which
             things
             all
             the
             World
             knows
             how
             well
             they
             are
             observed
             ,
             but
             if
             Popes
             may
             (
             as
             they
             think
             )
             dispence
             others
             from
             their
             oathes
             ,
             why
             not
             themselves
             too
             ?
             so
             that
             after
             this
             Principle
             of
             the
             Popes
             Infallibility
             ,
             men
             who
             believe
             it
             ,
             must
             not
             complain
             against
             him
             ,
             for
             if
             he
             be
             infallible
             ,
             he
             can
             do
             nothing
             amiss
             ;
             these
             were
             the
             words
             of
             the
             late
             Duke
             Cezarini
             to
             two
             Jesuits
             ,
             who
             complained
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             the
             
               Pope
               Alexander
            
             the
             7th
             .
             had
             perswaded
             Father
             Oliva
             their
             General
             ,
             to
             fell
             to
             him
             land
             for
             100000
             Crowns
             .
          
           
             I
             thought
             it
             would
             not
             be
             amiss
             to
             mention
             so
             much
             about
             the
             Election
             of
             a
             Pope
             ,
             it
             being
             seasonable
             now
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             a
             Conclave
             ,
             for
             those
             who
             have
             a
             mind
             to
             be
             informed
             of
             their
             wayes
             about
             it
             ,
             for
             as
             to
             many
             other
             practices
             of
             that
             Court
             ,
             I
             wholly
             wave
             it
             off
             ,
             as
             are
             their
             Formalities
             in
             visits
             ,
             their
             change
             of
             cloths
             ,
             creation
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             and
             things
             depending
             therefrom
             ;
             of
             their
             Jubilees
             ,
             Indulgences
             ,
             Blessing
             ofSwords
             ,
             
               Agnus
               Dei's
            
             ,
             
             and
             
               Roses
               ,
               Cavalcataes
            
             ,
             and
             Processions
             ,
             Washing
             of
             the
             Feet
             ,
             Beatification
             ,
             Canonization
             ,
             and
             so
             many
             other
             things
             which
             we
             account
             to
             be
             vain
             or
             Superstitious
             .
          
           
             I
             judge
             it
             unnecessary
             to
             mention
             the
             order
             setled
             in
             the
             Popes
             Court
             and
             Family
             ,
             but
             withal
             think
             it
             not
             amiss
             to
             say
             few
             words
             about
             their
             great
             Courts
             and
             Offices
             ,
             which
             I
             will
             only
             mention
             ,
             they
             being
             not
             material
             for
             any
             Protestant
             State
             who
             have
             nothing
             to
             do
             there
             ,
             by
             way
             of
             Publick
             Ministers
             .
          
           
             All
             businesses
             there
             are
             managed
             by
             certain
             Councels
             or
             Commitees
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             Congregationi
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             sixteen
             .
             The
             First
             ,
             is
             that
             
               Del
               Sant
               Officio
            
             ,
             or
             Inquisition
             ,
             which
             as
             all
             the
             rest
             hath
             a
             Secretary
             ,
             by
             whom
             are
             given
             all
             dispatches
             ,
             which
             he
             seals
             also
             with
             the
             seal
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             ,
             who
             is
             the
             President
             of
             it
             ;
             in
             it
             are
             treated
             Matters
             of
             Religion
             ,
             conducing
             to
             what
             they
             call
             Heresie
             ,
             Prophanation
             ,
             Blasphemy
             ,
             &c.
             
             This
             ever
             is
             Governed
             by
             the
             Dominicans
             ,
             and
             meets
             three
             times
             a
             week
             ,
             on
             Monday
             at
             the
             Palace
             
               del
               sant
               Officio
            
             ,
             on
             Wednesday
             ,
             at
             the
             
               Dominicans
               Church
            
             ,
             called
             ,
             
               La
               Minerva
            
             ;
             and
             the
             Thursday
             ,
             before
             the
             Pope
             .
          
           
           
             The
             2d
             .
             is
             that
             which
             takes
             cognizance
             of
             affaires
             concerning
             Bishops
             and
             Regular
             Priests
             ,
             or
             other
             of
             their
             Diocess's
             ,
             of
             this
             ,
             as
             of
             all
             the
             rest
             a
             Cardinal
             is
             the
             Head
             ;
             into
             it
             enter
             24
             Cardinals
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             greatest
             number
             of
             any
             ,
             yet
             never
             under
             six
             in
             any
             other
             ;
             whensoever
             Friars
             have
             any
             falling
             out
             with
             Bishops
             ,
             they
             presently
             threaten
             to
             bring
             them
             before
             this
             Congregation
             ,
             which
             meets
             every
             Friday
             in
             the
             House
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             ,
             President
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             3d.
             is
             
               del
               concilio
            
             ,
             the
             jurisdiction
             of
             which
             ,
             is
             to
             give
             interpretation
             to
             the
             Text
             of
             the
             Council
             of
             Trent
             ,
             it
             meets
             every
             Sunday
             in
             the
             House
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             President
             of
             it
             ,
             or
             a
             Thursday
             if
             he
             hath
             a
             mind
             to
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             4th
             .
             is
             
               della
               immunita
               Ecclesiastica
            
             ,
             instituted
             by
             Urban
             the
             8th
             .
             to
             judge
             of
             Ecclesiastical
             Priviledges
             ,
             which
             is
             kept
             every
             Thursday
             ,
             at
             one
             of
             the
             Popes
             Palaces
             ,
             a
             Cardinal
             being
             the
             Head
             of
             it
             ,
             for
             which
             the
             Camera
             allowes
             him
             1000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             .
          
           
             The
             5th
             .
             is
             
               di
               stato
            
             ,
             which
             handles
             matters
             of
             State
             ;
             all
             the
             Cardinals
             ,
             who
             have
             
             been
             Nuncios
             and
             Ambassadours
             ,
             come
             in
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             Secretary
             of
             State
             :
             there
             is
             no
             prefixed
             day
             ,
             but
             it
             depends
             upon
             the
             pleasure
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             or
             his
             Nephew
             Cardinal
             ,
             in
             whose
             presence
             it
             meets
             .
          
           
             The
             6th
             .
             is
             
               de
               propaganda
               fide
            
             instituted
             by
             Gregory
             the
             15th
             .
             it
             consults
             about
             all
             manner
             of
             wayes
             ,
             how
             to
             promote
             the
             Roman
             Faith
             throughout
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             all
             their
             Emissaries
             depend
             upon
             this
             ,
             so
             that
             what
             Jesuits
             and
             Priests
             soever
             we
             have
             here
             ,
             have
             their
             mission
             from
             this
             Congregation
             ,
             whereof
             Cardinal
             
               Francesco
               Barberini
            
             is
             President
             ▪
             it
             meets
             usually
             once
             a
             moneth
             upon
             a
             Munday
             ,
             either
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             Colledge
             called
             
               de
               propaganda
               fide
            
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             in
             
               Piazza
               d'
               Ispagna
            
             .
          
           
             The
             7th
             .
             is
             
               de'
               Riti
            
             which
             judges
             of
             all
             differences
             about
             Ceremonies
             ,
             Formalities
             ,
             Places
             ,
             Canonizations
             ,
             &c.
             it
             sits
             once
             a
             month
             ,
             and
             more
             if
             needs
             be
             ,
             in
             the
             House
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             President
             of
             it
             ;
             who
             is
             ever
             the
             Senior
             of
             the
             Deputies
             ,
             who
             is
             to
             summon
             it
             ,
             as
             do
             all
             other
             Cardinals
             ,
             Presidents
             of
             other
             Congregations
             .
          
           
             The
             8th
             .
             is
             
               del
               acqua
            
             wherein
             are
             
             treated
             Matters
             concerning
             Rivers
             ,
             Channels
             ,
             Bridges
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             there
             is
             no
             certain
             day
             to
             meet
             ,
             but
             when
             occasion
             requires
             it
             ,
             the
             Cardinal
             who
             is
             the
             Head
             of
             it
             ,
             sends
             out
             his
             summons
             about
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             9th
             .
             is
             ;
             
               delle
               Strade
            
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Camerlengo
             is
             the
             chief
             ,
             all
             things
             relating
             to
             the
             necessaries
             and
             ornament
             of
             Streets
             ,
             is
             treated
             of
             in
             't
             ,
             under
             its
             jurisdiction
             are
             matters
             of
             Aqueducts
             and
             Fountains
             ;
             the
             distribution
             ,
             whereof
             is
             made
             by
             this
             Congregation
             as
             they
             think
             fit
             and
             convenient
             :
             and
             meet
             only
             upon
             occasion
             .
          
           
             The
             10th
             .
             is
             
               della
               consulta
               per
               governo
               ,
               dello
               stato
               di
               S.
               chiesa
               ,
            
             is
             of
             a
             great
             concernment
             ,
             it
             takes
             cognizance
             of
             any
             thing
             relating
             to
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             whole
             State
             of
             the
             Church
             ;
             all
             Legats
             ,
             Governours
             of
             Cities
             and
             Provinces
             give
             an
             account
             of
             what
             things
             of
             concernment
             happens
             in
             their
             Government
             to
             this
             Congregation
             ,
             who
             orders
             them
             to
             act
             as
             they
             think
             fit
             :
             yet
             by
             especial
             priviledge
             ,
             the
             Legats
             of
             
               Avignon
               ,
               Ceneda
               ,
               Benevento
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Governor
             of
             Fermo
             ,
             and
             Spoleti
             are
             free
             from
             her
             jurisdiction
             .
             The
             Cardinal
             Padron
             ,
             for
             the
             time
             ,
             who
             is
             ever
             a
             
             nigh
             relation
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             and
             who
             rules
             all
             under
             him
             is
             the
             head
             of
             it
             ,
             at
             whose
             pleasure
             it
             usually
             meets
             in
             his
             Lodgings
             .
          
           
             The
             11th
             .
             is
             
               dell
               ,
               indice
            
             ,
             into
             it
             are
             brought
             Matters
             of
             Books
             ,
             Printed
             ,
             or
             to
             be
             Printed
             ,
             to
             be
             examined
             ,
             Corrected
             ,
             and
             Licensed
             ;
             it
             usually
             meets
             once
             a
             month
             or
             seldomer
             ,
             as
             the
             Cardinal
             President
             of
             it
             is
             pleased
             to
             order
             .
          
           
             The
             12th
             .
             is
             
               degli
               Syravii
            
             ,
             or
             grievances
             ,
             otherwise
             ,
             
               De
               buono
               Regimine
            
             ,
             't
             is
             a
             Court
             of
             redress
             and
             equity
             ,
             this
             ,
             particular
             subjects
             ,
             and
             whole
             Corporations
             apply
             themselves
             to
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             wronged
             ,
             or
             oppressed
             by
             their
             Governours
             ;
             this
             Cardinal
             Padron
             ,
             is
             the
             Head
             of
             ,
             who
             orders
             it
             to
             meet
             at
             his
             house
             when
             he
             hath
             a
             mind
             to
             't
             .
          
           
             The
             13th
             ,
             is
             
               Soprale
               Zecche
               ,
               about
               the
               mint
            
             ;
             sees
             all
             monies
             to
             be
             coyned
             ,
             and
             sets
             the
             price
             of
             forreign
             Coyns
             ,
             and
             all
             currrent
             moneys
             .
             This
             Congregation
             upon
             occasion
             ,
             meets
             at
             the
             house
             of
             the
             Cardinal
             ,
             head
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             14th
             .
             is
             
               Dell
               ,
               Essame
            
             .
             All
             they
             who
             are
             to
             be
             promoted
             to
             any
             Bishopricks
             in
             Italy
             ,
             and
             not
             one
             of
             it
             ,
             are
             to
             be
             
             examined
             by
             these
             ;
             it
             is
             usually
             done
             in
             the
             Popes
             presence
             ,
             and
             at
             his
             pleasure
             ,
             for
             the
             time
             ,
             he
             who
             is
             examined
             kneeling
             all
             the
             while
             upon
             a
             stool
             opposite
             to
             the
             Pope
             ;
             the
             Cardinals
             only
             are
             free
             from
             this
             examen
             .
          
           
             The
             15th
             .
             is
             
               de
               negotii
               consistoriali
            
             ,
             about
             consistorial
             affairs
             ;
             of
             which
             the
             Cardinal
             Docano
             ,
             Senior
             ,
             or
             Eldest
             as
             to
             Election
             ,
             is
             the
             head
             :
             at
             whose
             house
             't
             is
             kept
             but
             very
             seldome
             ,
             because
             it
             treats
             only
             about
             matters
             referred
             to
             it
             by
             the
             Pope
             ,
             as
             are
             resigning
             of
             Bishopricks
             ,
             Abbeys
             ,
             Ecclesiastical
             Taxes
             and
             Impositions
             .
          
           
             Having
             already
             mentioned
             Consistorial
             Affairs
             ;
             one
             is
             to
             know
             that
             the
             Consistory
             is
             the
             Assembly
             of
             all
             Cardinals
             then
             at
             Rome
             ,
             whereat
             the
             Pope
             is
             ever
             present
             :
             it
             being
             kept
             at
             
               Monte
               Cavallo
            
             on
             Mundays
             ,
             Wednesdays
             or
             Frydays
             ;
             where
             more
             general
             and
             serious
             Affairs
             are
             treated
             of
             :
             and
             what
             things
             the
             Pope
             is
             pleased
             to
             lay
             to
             their
             consideration
             ,
             upon
             a
             consistory
             day
             ,
             no
             Congregation
             is
             kept
             except
             it
             had
             been
             summoned
             before
             the
             Pope
             had
             intimated
             the
             Consistory
             ;
             and
             in
             such
             a
             case
             the
             Congregation
             is
             put
             off
             till
             the
             afternoon
             ;
             for
             Consistories
             are
             
             ever
             held
             betimes
             in
             the
             morning
             .
          
           
             Of
             Consistories
             ,
             some
             are
             publick
             ;
             when
             by
             example
             ,
             hats
             are
             bestowed
             upon
             Cardinals
             after
             a
             publick
             Cavalcata
             ,
             or
             when
             Audience
             is
             given
             to
             Ambassadors
             ,
             and
             forraign
             Ministers
             ;
             or
             else
             private
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Affairs
             they
             are
             to
             treat
             of
             ;
             and
             this
             last
             sort
             are
             kept
             more
             often
             than
             the
             former
             .
          
           
             That
             which
             they
             call
             Collegio
             ,
             is
             the
             whole
             body
             of
             Cardinals
             ;
             among
             whom
             ever
             is
             one
             Camerlengo
             of
             the
             
               Sacro
               Collegio
            
             ,
             to
             distinguish
             it
             from
             the
             Popes
             Chamberlain
             ,
             and
             is
             but
             for
             a
             year
             :
             there
             is
             also
             a
             Secretary
             ,
             a
             Clerk
             ,
             and
             Controller●
             the
             Secretary
             is
             ever
             an
             Italian
             ;
             but
             the
             Clerk
             is
             one
             year
             a
             German
             ,
             another
             a
             French
             man
             ,
             and
             then
             a
             Spaniard
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             is
             the
             16th
             .
             and
             last
             Congregation
             ,
             
               Della
               visita
               Apostolica
            
             ,
             whose
             care
             it
             is
             to
             see
             all
             Churches
             ,
             Chappels
             ,
             and
             places
             of
             devotion
             in
             and
             about
             Rome
             ,
             that
             nothing
             be
             wanting
             in
             't
             ,
             tending
             to
             the
             necessaries
             ,
             ornaments
             and
             decorum
             thereof
             ;
             and
             to
             cause
             every
             thing
             to
             be
             duely
             and
             orderly
             performed
             in
             't
             .
          
           
             Besides
             all
             these
             Courts
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             considerable
             one
             called
             
               la
               Ruota
            
             ,
             composed
             of
             
             twelve
             Prelates
             ;
             whereof
             there
             is
             one
             German
             ,
             one
             French-man
             ,
             two
             Spaniards
             ;
             one
             of
             Bologna
             ,
             one
             of
             Ferrara
             ,
             one
             Venetian
             ,
             one
             Toscan
             ,
             one
             Milanese
             ,
             and
             three
             Romans
             .
             They
             judge
             of
             all
             causes
             about
             Benefices
             ,
             whether
             they
             be
             in
             those
             Countries
             which
             own
             the
             Popes
             authority
             ,
             or
             else-where
             .
             About
             which
             they
             use
             to
             meet
             in
             the
             Apostolical
             Palace
             twice
             a
             week
             ,
             on
             Mondayes
             and
             Fridayes
             ;
             and
             although
             the
             place
             of
             
               Auditori
               di
               Ruota
            
             be
             not
             very
             beneficial
             in
             it self
             ,
             it
             being
             not
             worth
             much
             above
             one
             Thousand
             Crowns
             by
             the
             year
             ,
             yet
             the
             Pope
             ,
             bestowing
             upon
             them
             other
             Ecclesiastical
             preserments
             ,
             it
             makes
             it
             very
             considerable
             ,
             the
             more
             as
             to
             honour
             ,
             that
             sometimes
             some
             of
             the
             Auditory
             are
             made
             Cardinals
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             also
             the
             
               Camera
               Apostolica
            
             ,
             or
             Apostolick-Chamber
             ,
             consisting
             of
             the
             Cardinal-Chamberlain
             ,
             the
             Governor
             of
             Rome
             in
             quality
             of
             Vice-Chamberlain
             ,
             the
             Treasurer-general
             ,
             the
             Auditor
             and
             the
             President
             of
             the
             Chamber
             ,
             the
             Advocate
             of
             the
             poor
             ,
             the
             Solicitor-general
             ,
             and
             Attorney-general
             ,
             the
             Commissary
             &
             o
             twelve
             Chierici
             or
             Clerks
             ;
             whereof
             four
             ever
             are
             Over-seers
             or
             Prefetti
             ,
             the
             one
             dell
             
             Annona
             of
             all
             manner
             of
             Corn
             ,
             and
             price
             the
             other
             
               della
               grajua
            
             over
             the
             price
             of
             all
             sorts
             of
             Flesh
             and
             Fish
             ;
             the
             third
             over
             all
             the
             Prisons
             which
             he
             visits
             ,
             with
             others
             ,
             every
             Thursday
             ;
             and
             the
             fourth
             is
             to
             oversee
             the
             Streets
             .
             The
             Jurisdiction
             of
             this
             Court
             is
             extended
             upon
             every
             thing
             relating
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             in
             the
             way
             of
             Bonds
             ,
             Leases
             ,
             In-comes
             ,
             Expences
             ,
             matters
             of
             Rights
             ,
             Customes
             ,
             Impositions
             ,
             and
             all
             Rights
             ,
             Possessions
             and
             Priviledges
             ;
             in
             a
             word
             ,
             when
             Popes
             were
             not
             so
             absolute
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             now
             ,
             these
             Camera
             ,
             was
             as
             the
             Guardian
             of
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             to
             see
             that
             it
             should
             not
             be
             imbeciled
             ,
             wronged
             or
             a
             lienated
             ;
             so
             that
             't
             is
             indeed
             the
             true
             Treasury
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             all
             Tributes
             due
             to
             it
             being
             paid
             here
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             also
             another
             Office
             called
             Diataria
             ,
             which
             is
             administred
             usually
             by
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             who
             hath
             one
             under
             him
             called
             
               Sotto
               Datario
            
             ,
             throughout
             whose
             hands
             pass
             the
             vacancies
             of
             all
             benefices
             ,
             which
             bring
             yearly
             very
             great
             In-comes
             to
             the
             Pope
             ,
             who
             allows
             2000
             Crowns
             to
             the
             Datario
             ,
             and
             1000
             to
             the
             
               Sotto
               Datario
            
             .
             This
             Office
             is
             not
             the
             same
             as
             that
             of
             the
             Secretary
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             as
             some
             do
             imagine
             ;
             
             for
             he
             who
             is
             properly
             the
             Secretary
             of
             State
             is
             the
             Popes
             Nephew
             ,
             or
             Nephews
             sometimes
             ,
             who
             hath
             several
             under
             him
             :
             to
             him
             all
             Ambassadors
             ,
             &
             publick
             Ministers
             make
             their
             addresses
             .
             This
             writes
             and
             subscribes
             by
             the
             Popes
             orders
             ,
             all
             Letters
             to
             Kings
             ,
             Princes
             ,
             Nuncioes
             ,
             and
             others
             ,
             and
             signs
             the
             Patents
             of
             several
             Governours
             ,
             and
             other
             Officers
             of
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Church
             ;
             yet
             the
             Patents
             and
             Commissions
             of
             Legats
             ,
             Vice-Legats
             ,
             Governors
             of
             great
             Cities
             &c.
             are
             signed
             by
             the
             Pope
             himself
             ,
             and
             sealed
             
               sub
               annalo
               piscatoris
            
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             are
             other
             great
             Offices
             granted
             for
             life
             .
             First
             ,
             The
             Popes
             Vicar
             ,
             now
             Cardinal
             Gimetti
             above
             84
             years
             of
             age
             ,
             a
             coveteous
             man
             ,
             who
             hath
             many
             Kinsmen
             ,
             which
             two
             things
             have
             made
             him
             lose
             the
             hopes
             of
             ever
             being
             chosen
             Pope
             .
             His
             Jurisdiction
             is
             extended
             upon
             regular
             Priests
             &
             Nunneries
             :
             the
             Jews
             ,
             and
             deboist
             women
             which
             in
             Rome
             are
             publickly
             allowed
             ,
             for
             which
             toleration
             ,
             't
             is
             the
             common
             opinion
             ,
             they
             pay
             a
             Tribute
             ,
             and
             certainly
             there
             is
             more
             than
             opinion
             in
             't
             ,
             because
             every
             one
             who
             is
             a
             House-keeper
             ,
             &
             a
             known
             Whore
             must
             have
             her
             name
             registred
             at
             the
             Office
             
             of
             the
             Vice-Gerent
             ,
             who
             is
             one
             of
             the
             chief
             
               Officers
               of
               the
               Vicario
            
             ,
             who
             is
             also
             the
             Judge
             of
             them
             as
             such
             :
             so
             that
             all
             the
             year
             long
             they
             enjoy
             the
             liberty
             of
             their
             licentious
             life
             ,
             except
             at
             certain
             times
             which
             they
             call
             Uacanze
             ,
             as
             about
             Christmass
             and
             Easter
             ,
             for
             then
             the
             Sbirri
             or
             Bayliffs
             go
             to
             search
             their
             houses
             ,
             and
             if
             they
             find
             any
             there
             ,
             they
             may
             if
             they
             will
             carry
             them
             and
             her
             to
             prison
             ;
             Therefore
             to
             prevent
             this
             inconveniency
             ,
             these
             women
             send
             to
             the
             Office
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             means
             of
             some
             moneys
             ,
             obtain
             a
             defence
             to
             those
             Officers
             to
             come
             to
             their
             houses
             ,
             and
             to
             molest
             them
             .
             And
             in
             the
             dayes
             of
             Alexander
             the
             7th
             .
             there
             was
             a
             talk
             of
             suppressing
             these
             infamous
             houses
             ;
             a
             sign
             of
             the
             Popes
             protection
             ,
             which
             gave
             occasion
             to
             this
             impious
             
               pasquinata
               ,
               laudata
               Dominum
               pueri
            
             .
          
           
             Another
             great
             Office
             is
             that
             of
             the
             
               Sommo
               penitentiere
            
             ,
             at
             present
             Cardinal
             Ludovicio
             ,
             a
             person
             of
             mean
             parts
             ;
             his
             Jurisdiction
             is
             about
             Penances
             ,
             Absolutions
             ,
             and
             Confessions
             ;
             for
             he
             having
             many
             under
             him
             in
             great
             and
             weighty
             cases
             ,
             they
             acquaint
             him
             with
             the
             faults
             ,
             though
             not
             with
             the
             name
             of
             the
             party
             ,
             to
             know
             of
             the
             
             penance
             to
             be
             said
             upon
             .
          
           
             The
             Vice-Cancelliere
             ,
             or
             Vice-Chancellor
             so
             called
             ,
             because
             the
             Pope
             reserves
             to
             himself
             the
             Title
             of
             Chancell
             or
             of
             the
             Universal
             Church
             ,
             hath
             the
             whole
             ordering
             of
             the
             Chancery
             .
             The
             Camerlengo
             ,
             now
             Cardinal
             
               Antonio
               Barberini
            
             ,
             hath
             a
             very
             Honourable
             and
             beneficial
             place
             ,
             for
             the
             Chamberlain
             takes
             cognizance
             of
             every
             thing
             belonging
             to
             the
             Camera
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             time
             of
             
               Sede
               Vacante
            
             ,
             or
             when
             there
             is
             no
             Pope
             ,
             he
             takes
             the
             Popes
             Lodgings
             ,
             is
             attended
             with
             his
             Guard
             ,
             and
             causes
             money
             to
             be
             coyned
             in
             his
             Name
             :
             This
             place
             is
             worth
             15000
             Crowns
             by
             the
             year
             ;
             besides
             of
             three
             Keys
             of
             the
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Castle
             
               Saint
               Angelo
            
             ,
             he
             hath
             one
             ,
             the
             Pope
             having
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             the
             Cardinal
             Decano
             the
             third
             .
          
           
             The
             
               Prefetto
               della
               signatura
               di
               giustitia
            
             ,
             must
             see
             all
             Petitions
             about
             matters
             of
             Justice
             ,
             and
             answers
             them
             ,
             ordering
             what
             he
             thinks
             fit
             to
             be
             done
             about
             it
             .
             The
             like
             is
             done
             in
             matters
             of
             grace
             ,
             pardon
             ,
             &c.
             by
             the
             
               Prefetto
               della
               signatura
               di
               gratia
            
             .
             The
             
               Prefetto
               de
               brevi
            
             peruses
             and
             signs
             all
             the
             Apostolical
             Writs
             and
             Orders
             .
             The
             Bibliothecario
             is
             Over-seer
             of
             the
             Presses
             
             and
             of
             the
             Library
             in
             the
             Vatican
             ,
             and
             commands
             those
             who
             have
             any
             thing
             to
             do
             in
             it
             .
             These
             four
             last
             Offices
             I
             mentioned
             only
             because
             they
             are
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             Cardinals
             as
             well
             as
             the
             four
             former
             ,
             though
             lesse
             honorable
             and
             beneficial
             .
          
           
             So
             are
             the
             three
             following
             bestowed
             upon
             Cardinalls
             ,
             and
             all
             is
             for
             life
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             The
             three
             Arch-Priests
             ;
             of
             St
             John
             of
             Lateran
             ,
             now
             Cardinal
             Ghigi
             ;
             of
             St.
             Peter
             in
             Vatican
             ,
             at
             present
             Cardinal
             
               Francesco
               Barberini
            
             ;
             &
             of
             
               Santa
               Maria
               Maggiore
            
             ,
             now
             Cardinal
             Rospigliosi
             ,
             by
             the
             late
             resigning
             of
             it
             up
             by
             Cardinal
             
               Antonio
               Barberini
            
             ,
             who
             received
             some
             satisfaction
             for
             it
             .
             Now
             these
             three
             Arch-Priests
             have
             an
             absolute
             power
             over
             all
             the
             Canons
             ,
             Priests
             ,
             Curats
             ,
             and
             Beneficiaries
             of
             their
             Churches
             ;
             which
             Benefices
             they
             may
             bestow
             upon
             whom
             they
             please
             when
             they
             are
             vacant
             ;
             besides
             this
             ,
             he
             of
             Lateran
             hath
             the
             administration
             of
             Justice
             in
             civils
             and
             criminals
             over
             all
             persons
             within
             the
             Jurisdiction
             of
             his
             Church
             ,
          
           
             Having
             already
             insisted
             so
             long
             upon
             this
             Subject
             ,
             I
             must
             forbear
             speakingof
             othergreat
             charges
             ,
             whether
             they
             belong
             to
             the
             Court
             ,
             as
             the
             Master
             of
             Ceremonies
             ,
             
             Master
             of
             the
             S.
             Palace
             ,
             Secretaries
             ,
             Steward
             ,
             &c.
             
             Or
             be
             Military
             ,
             as
             General
             of
             the
             Galleys
             of
             the
             Popes
             Guards
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             who
             hath
             four
             under
             him
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             of
             
               Avignon
               &
               Ferrara
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Generals
             of
             the
             Horse
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Artillery
             .
             This
             great
             place
             is
             ever
             given
             to
             a
             nigh
             relation
             of
             the
             Pope
             ;
             and
             he
             ,
             with
             him
             of
             the
             Galleys
             ,
             and
             the
             Governour
             of
             the
             Castle
             Saint
             Angelo
             ,
             are
             answerable
             of
             their
             actions
             to
             the
             Pope
             alone
             ;
             or
             whether
             they
             be
             Ecclesiastical
             ,
             as
             Almoners
             ,
             Chaplains
             ,
             &c.
             or
             at
             last
             ,
             whether
             they
             be
             Civil
             ,
             as
             Governour
             of
             Rome
             ,
             divided
             into
             14
             Rioni
             or
             Quarters
             ;
             namely
             ,
             
               Monte
               ,
               Colonna
            
             ,
             St.
             
               Eustacio
               ,
               Ponte
               ,
               Regota
               ,
               Ripa
               ,
               Trastevere
               ,
               Trivio
               ,
               Campidelli
               Parione
               ,
               Pigna
               ,
               Campo
               Marzo
               ,
            
             St.
             
               Angelo
               ,
               Borgo
            
             ;
             but
             this
             last
             is
             actually
             depending
             upon
             the
             Governour
             of
             St
             Angelo
             ,
             and
             also
             Senator
             ,
             and
             Conservatours
             of
             Rome
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             The
             
               King
               of
               Spain
            
             comes
             next
             to
             the
             Pope
             in
             Italy
             ;
             he
             hath
             Naples
             ,
             and
             the
             Islands
             of
             Sicily
             and
             Sardegna
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             ,
             with
             Milan
             in
             Lombardy
             ,
             and
             Finale
             the
             head
             of
             a
             Marquisate
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Genoa
             ,
             and
             nearer
             to
             Tuscany
             ,
             he
             hath
             Portolongone
             ,
             and
             Orbitello
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               State
               of
            
             Naples
             .
          
           
             NAples
             containes
             twelve
             Provinces
             which
             are
             a
             division
             of
             the
             three
             ancient
             ,
             their
             names
             are
             
               Terra
               di
               Lavora
               Principato
               citra
               ,
               Principato
               Ultra
               ,
               Basilicata
               ,
               Calabria
               citra
               ,
               Calabria
               ultra
               ,
               terra
               d'Otranta
               ,
               terra
               di
               Bari
               ,
               Capitanata
               ,
               Contato
               di
               Molisse
               ,
               Abruzzo
               citra
               ,
            
             and
             
               Abruzzo
               ultra
               .
            
             ;
             Most
             of
             these
             parts
             are
             inhabited
             by
             very
             dangerous
             people
             ,
             the
             more
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             abundance
             of
             Woods
             which
             do
             shelter
             those
             Rogues
             ,
             whom
             the
             Crimes
             they
             have
             committed
             have
             driven
             from
             the
             Cities
             ,
             whither
             they
             are
             not
             safe
             to
             return
             ;
             whence
             they
             have
             the
             name
             of
             Banditi
             ,
             and
             whom
             the
             protection
             of
             Great
             Men
             to
             make
             use
             of
             them
             one
             against
             another
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             their
             animosities
             ,
             keeps
             there
             :
             those
             of
             Calabria
             ,
             specially
             along
             the
             Coasts
             ,
             have
             the
             name
             of
             being
             the
             worst
             of
             all
             ,
             so
             ha
             t
             't
             is
             turned
             into
             a
             Proverb
             ,
             
               He
               is
               as
               wicked
               as
               a
               Calabrese
               .
            
             The
             best
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             is
             ,
             
               Terra
               di
               Lavoro
            
             ,
             which
             is
             all
             the
             Countrey
             about
             Capua
             and
             Naples
             :
             There
             are
             but
             three
             good
             Havens
             
             able
             to
             receive
             at
             Fleet
             ,
             
               Brundisi
               ,
               Taranto
            
             ,
             and
             Trani
             ;
             for
             
               Gaeta
               ,
               Napoli
               ,
               Puzzuolo
               ,
               Bari
            
             and
             Otranto
             ,
             are
             neither
             safe
             nor
             great
             enough
             .
             'T
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             the
             Cities
             ,
             Lands
             ,
             or
             Castles
             in
             the
             King
             dome
             come
             to
             2573
             ,
             the
             least
             of
             which
             will
             make
             500
             Souls
             ,
             or
             there
             abouts
             :
             They
             have
             good
             Souldiers
             ,
             but
             proud
             ,
             treacherous
             and
             inconstant
             for
             the
             generality
             ;
             yet
             there
             are
             brave
             men
             amongst
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             I
             mean
             for
             Civility
             ,
             Courage
             and
             Valour
             .
             The
             chief
             strong
             Holds
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             have
             Garrisons
             of
             Natural
             Spaniards
             ,
             by
             whom
             they
             are
             strangely
             oppressed
             ,
             as
             by
             them
             they
             were
             conquered
             .
          
           
             They
             are
             Governed
             by
             a
             Spanish
             Vice-King
             ,
             to
             whom
             this
             people
             is
             given
             as
             a
             prey
             ,
             that
             he
             may
             make
             himself
             amends
             for
             the
             Expences
             he
             hath
             been
             at
             in
             some
             chargeable
             Embassage
             ,
             or
             a
             reward
             for
             some
             service
             he
             hath
             done
             to
             the
             Crown
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             three
             years
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             usual
             prefixed
             time
             for
             the
             exercise
             of
             that
             Authority
             (
             because
             the
             Court
             of
             Spain
             would
             not
             have
             Subjects
             to
             grow
             too
             potent
             in
             those
             parts
             )
             they
             squeeze
             and
             oppress
             that
             people
             with
             an
             
             infinite
             number
             of
             Taxes
             ,
             and
             other
             heavy
             burthens
             ;
             the
             Nation
             being
             look't
             upon
             by
             them
             as
             Factious
             ,
             Seditious
             ,
             reckoned
             and
             desirous
             of
             Novelties
             ;
             there
             being
             30
             notable
             Rebellions
             within
             the
             space
             of
             500
             years
             :
             So
             that
             the
             Vice-Kings
             rule
             with
             a
             Despotick
             Authority
             ;
             and
             let
             him
             do
             what
             he
             pleases
             in
             this
             kind
             ,
             people
             must
             never
             look
             for
             redress
             ,
             he
             not
             being
             accountable
             for
             things
             of
             this
             nature
             ;
             Besides
             that
             ,
             the
             City
             ,
             or
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             may
             not
             send
             upon
             any
             occasion
             an
             Agent
             or
             Deputy
             into
             Spain
             without
             a
             special
             License
             from
             the
             Vice-King
             ,
             which
             he
             grants
             very
             seldome
             :
             Neither
             are
             the
             Nobility
             free
             from
             oppressions
             ,
             being
             dragg'd
             into
             Prisons
             ,
             or
             driven
             into
             Exile
             upon
             the
             least
             suspicion
             that
             they
             grow
             too
             potent
             ,
             or
             are
             any
             ways
             disaffected
             .
             The
             insolencies
             of
             the
             Spanish
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             that
             Nation
             are
             not
             at
             all
             punished
             ;
             the
             very
             High-way-men
             ,
             and
             other
             Rogues
             ,
             who
             are
             as
             thorns
             in
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             and
             who
             vex
             ,
             disturb
             ,
             and
             plague
             them
             ,
             are
             winked
             at
             ,
             except
             it
             be
             upon
             a
             jealousie
             of
             State
             :
             So
             that
             ,
             that
             formerly
             flourishing
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             all
             manner
             of
             necessary
             
             and
             delightful
             things
             ,
             is
             at
             this
             day
             brought
             to
             an
             utmost
             misery
             ;
             that
             Nation
             not
             being
             allowed
             so
             much
             as
             liberty
             of
             trading
             with
             strangers
             ,
             on
             selling
             their
             Inland
             Commodities
             ,
             but
             upon
             certain
             Conditions
             ,
             and
             a
             Licence
             well
             paid
             for
             ▪
             and
             all
             the
             Gold
             which
             can
             be
             gathered
             there
             ,
             is
             sent
             into
             Spain
             ,
             which
             doth
             amount
             to
             vast
             sums
             .
             The
             Duke
             
               Medina
               delas
               torres
               los
               volez
            
             ,
             told
             one
             day
             the
             
               Cavaliero
               Damenico
               Zane
            
             ,
             then
             Embassadour
             at
             the
             Spanish
             Court
             from
             Venice
             ,
             that
             in
             six
             years
             of
             his
             Government
             of
             that
             Kingdome
             ,
             he
             raised
             44
             Millions
             of
             Crowns
             to
             supply
             the
             occasions
             of
             the
             Dukedome
             of
             Milan
             ,
             and
             of
             Flanders
             ,
             Moneys
             are
             drawn
             from
             thence
             ,
             with
             a
             number
             of
             Souldiers
             to
             serve
             in
             the
             wars
             that
             are
             made
             in
             the
             forenamed
             Countteys
             :
             These
             and
             many
             other
             intollerable
             oppressions
             caused
             the
             great
             and
             many
             insurrections
             that
             have
             been
             there
             ,
             which
             cost
             so
             much
             blood
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             the
             times
             of
             troubles
             ,
             but
             long
             after
             ,
             it
             being
             the
             custome
             of
             Spaniards
             to
             punish
             to
             the
             Tenth
             Generation
             those
             faults
             which
             have
             been
             committed
             against
             the
             State.
             For
             all
             this
             ,
             the
             Nobility
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             
             triumphing
             over
             their
             miseries
             ,
             and
             boasting
             of
             their
             slavery
             ,
             are
             high
             and
             proud
             ,
             and
             yet
             gentle
             and
             courteous
             in
             their
             carriage
             ,
             though
             they
             insult
             over
             the
             common
             people
             ,
             they
             spend
             beyond
             their
             estates
             ,
             are
             splendid
             in
             an
             outward
             shew
             ,
             but
             frugal
             at
             home
             ,
             loyal
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             Enemies
             to
             the
             people
             ,
             slaves
             of
             Royal
             Ministers
             ,
             and
             very
             hard
             to
             their
             Vassals
             ,
             whom
             they
             pinch
             to
             the
             very
             bones
             :
             with
             all
             this
             they
             hate
             the
             Spanish
             Nation
             .
          
           
             Out
             of
             this
             ,
             one
             may
             judge
             of
             that
             enmity
             which
             is
             between
             the
             Napolitans
             ,
             specially
             the
             people
             and
             the
             Spaniards
             ;
             there
             is
             never
             a
             year
             but
             hundreds
             of
             these
             last
             are
             killed
             by
             others
             ,
             either
             at
             night
             in
             the
             streets
             of
             Naples
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             fields
             ,
             when
             Fruits
             and
             Grapes
             grow
             ripe
             ;
             this
             people
             ,
             and
             so
             those
             of
             Milan
             ,
             are
             grieved
             to
             see
             how
             those
             same
             Spaniards
             who
             come
             to
             them
             in
             a
             low
             and
             poor
             condition
             ,
             and
             with
             
               Capatos
               de
               Cuerda
            
             ,
             within
             a
             year
             or
             two
             do
             live
             very
             high
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             blood
             and
             substance
             of
             the
             Countrey
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Spaniards
             being
             so
             hard
             Masters
             ,
             they
             keep
             what
             they
             have
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             only
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             
             the
             division
             which
             is
             in
             it
             ;
             so
             they
             keep
             all
             what
             they
             have
             in
             Italy
             ,
             only
             because
             the
             Italians
             suffer
             them
             to
             enjoy
             it
             for
             fear
             of
             falling
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             worse
             Masters
             ,
             not
             that
             they
             can
             have
             worse
             ,
             but
             because
             they
             are
             not
             so
             sensible
             at
             injuries
             received
             from
             Spaniards
             ,
             as
             those
             which
             they
             have
             suffered
             from
             some
             other
             Nations
             ,
             not
             as
             to
             the
             things
             ,
             but
             as
             to
             the
             manner
             of
             doing
             them
             ;
             the
             Spaniard
             layes
             heavy
             burthens
             and
             impoverishes
             them
             ,
             and
             upon
             suspicions
             and
             jealousies
             of
             State
             takes
             away
             mens
             lives
             ;
             nay
             ,
             he
             attempts
             upon
             the
             Honor
             of
             families
             ,
             but
             he
             carries
             it
             with
             more
             secresie
             and
             circumspection
             than
             other
             lighter
             Nations
             ,
             whose
             manner
             of
             proceeding
             seems
             more
             insolent
             ;
             besides
             that
             ,
             the
             Spanish
             haughtiness
             and
             gravity
             is
             more
             sutable
             to
             the
             Italian
             temper
             .
             Further
             ,
             Spain
             and
             other
             Dominions
             belonging
             to
             it
             ,
             being
             remote
             from
             Italy
             ;
             the
             Italians
             do
             not
             account
             them
             altogether
             so
             dangerous
             ,
             as
             other
             Martial
             Nations
             who
             are
             at
             hand
             .
             However
             ,
             if
             the
             late
             Duke
             of
             Guise
             had
             play'd
             his
             game
             well
             in
             
             Massanillo's
             time
             ,
             and
             well
             used
             that
             conjuncture
             ,
             he
             could
             have
             given
             them
             a
             great
             check
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             ,
             but
             unadvisedly
             
             he
             left
             the
             City
             ,
             which
             was
             at
             his
             Devotion
             ,
             and
             he
             kept
             a
             number
             of
             insolent
             persons
             about
             him
             ,
             which
             ever
             undid
             the
             French
             affairs
             in
             Italy
             .
          
           
             There
             goes
             a
             story
             of
             this
             Duke
             ,
             that
             several
             persons
             of
             Quality
             and
             Interest
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             2000
             ,
             appointed
             a
             Marquess
             to
             go
             in
             their
             name
             ,
             and
             tell
             him
             ,
             they
             were
             unanimously
             resolved
             to
             stand
             by
             him
             ,
             and
             settle
             the
             Crown
             upon
             his
             head
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             come
             to
             them
             ;
             but
             he
             was
             fast
             asleep
             when
             that
             Person
             came
             to
             his
             Palace
             ;
             Who
             said
             ,
             he
             had
             matters
             of
             great
             concernment
             to
             impart
             to
             him
             ;
             but
             his
             people
             being
             loath
             to
             awaken
             him
             ,
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             stay
             a
             long
             while
             ;
             at
             last
             being
             awaken'd
             ,
             the
             other
             was
             called
             in
             ,
             but
             before
             he
             was
             come
             to
             the
             Chamber
             ,
             the
             Duke
             had
             began
             to
             Dance
             a
             Courante
             ▪
             and
             would
             not
             speak
             with
             him
             till
             he
             had
             Danced
             ;
             which
             the
             other
             being
             arnazed
             at
             and
             offended
             ,
             said
             to
             him
             afterwards
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             I
             was
             come
             to
             you
             upon
             such
             an
             Errand
             ;
             But
             said
             he
             ,
             by
             my
             so
             long
             waiting
             here
             ,
             the
             time
             and
             opportunity
             are
             lost
             ,
             therefore
             know
             that
             ,
             
               Co'l
               balare
               non
               se
               quadagnano
               li
               Regni
               ,
            
             Kingdoms
             are
             not
             gotten
             by
             Dancing
             :
             So
             he
             went
             to
             
             those
             who
             sent
             him
             ,
             and
             told
             them
             what
             he
             had
             seen
             ;
             so
             that
             every
             one
             went
             home
             ,
             and
             this
             person
             soon
             after
             forsook
             the
             Kingdom
             to
             avoid
             the
             punishment
             which
             the
             Spaniard
             would
             have
             inflicted
             upon
             him
             :
             If
             this
             be
             true
             ,
             how
             did
             he
             strangely
             miscarry
             in
             't
             ,
             for
             so
             he
             lost
             all
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             closed
             with
             the
             Spaniard
             .
          
           
             The
             City
             of
             Naples
             is
             great
             and
             populous
             ,
             they
             reckon
             ,
             that
             with
             the
             late
             Plague
             200000
             died
             in
             it
             .
             Churches
             there
             are
             a
             Sanctuary
             to
             Malefactors
             ,
             which
             hath
             been
             often
             an
             occasion
             of
             falling
             out
             between
             the
             Vice-Kings
             and
             Card.
             Filomarini
             late
             Arch-Bishop
             ,
             for
             some
             of
             those
             having
             upon
             occasion
             caused
             these
             Malefactors
             to
             be
             taken
             by
             force
             out
             of
             ;
             these
             Churches
             ;
             he
             threatned
             ,
             and
             did
             actually
             excommunicate
             some
             for
             breaking
             ,
             as
             he
             pretended
             ,
             the
             priviledges
             of
             those
             Churches
             ,
             as
             if
             the
             House
             of
             God
             (
             if
             such
             a
             name
             may
             be
             given
             to
             such
             places
             )
             was
             to
             be
             a
             Sanctuary
             to
             ,
             and
             a
             den
             of
             Thieves
             .
             There
             are
             three
             Castles
             in
             this
             City
             ,
             one
             is
             St.
             Elme
             upon
             a
             Mountain
             ,
             built
             by
             King
             Robert
             the
             first
             ;
             the
             other
             is
             
               Castel
               Novo
            
             ,
             in
             the
             Port
             which
             keeps
             
             communication
             with
             the
             Palace
             of
             the
             Vice-Kings
             nigh
             to
             it
             ,
             this
             was
             built
             by
             Charles
             ,
             brother
             to
             Lewis
             the
             9th
             .
             of
             France
             ;
             the
             third
             is
             ,
             Dell-Ovo
             ,
             which
             is
             upon
             a
             Rock
             in
             the
             Sea
             ,
             William
             the
             third
             of
             Normandy
             built
             it
             .
             There
             are
             also
             several
             fair
             Churches
             embelished
             with
             rare
             Pictures
             ,
             and
             other
             ornaments
             ,
             so
             ther
             are
             two
             Cabinets
             worth
             seeing
             .
             At
             the
             end
             of
             one
             of
             the
             Suburbs
             ,
             in
             the
             way
             to
             Puzzuola
             ,
             is
             ,
             
               la
               Grotta
               di
               Lucullo
            
             ;
             a
             way
             made
             through
             the
             Rock
             of
             almost
             a
             mile
             in
             lenth
             ,
             and
             broad
             enough
             for
             three
             Coaches
             when
             they
             are
             gotten
             in
             't
             :
             I
             shall
             not
             mention
             all
             the
             relicks
             of
             Antiquity
             which
             are
             seen
             in
             the
             way
             to
             Puzzuola
             ,
             when
             one
             is
             at
             it
             ,
             and
             at
             Baya
             ,
             as
             the
             Elysian
             fields
             ,
             and
             those
             other
             things
             so
             often
             mentioned
             in
             the
             Poets
             ;
             nor
             the
             mount
             Vesuvius
             ,
             now
             
               la
               Montagne
               di
               Somma
            
             ,
             these
             things
             are
             out
             of
             my
             purpose
             .
             I
             return
             to
             Naples
             ,
             and
             say
             ,
             that
             the
             Virtuosi
             there
             are
             called
             some
             Ardenni
             ,
             others
             Intronati
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             to
             be
             observed
             ,
             that
             when
             these
             Societies
             take
             a
             name
             ,
             't
             is
             either
             a
             Title
             of
             imperfection
             ,
             which
             betokens
             a
             privation
             ,
             or
             of
             a
             moral
             Virtue
             ,
             or
             of
             some
             habit
             of
             the
             Intellect
             ,
             
             and
             all
             this
             to
             shew
             that
             they
             esteem
             and
             study
             the
             perfection
             ,
             contrary
             to
             the
             defect
             signified
             by
             the
             name
             .
          
           
             Their
             great
             Offices
             of
             the
             Kingdome
             are
             either
             given
             or
             sold
             according
             to
             the
             Kings
             pleasure
             ,
             but
             the
             last
             rather
             than
             the
             first
             ;
             and
             this
             for
             life
             :
             They
             are
             the
             High-Constable
             now
             a
             
               Rom
               an
            
             Prince
             ,
             of
             the
             Family
             Colonna
             ,
             the
             high
             Judge
             ,
             high
             Admiral
             ,
             high-Chamberlain
             ,
             
               Gran
               Pronotario
            
             ,
             a
             kind
             of
             a
             Principal
             Secretary
             ,
             
               Gran
               Sinisculco
            
             ,
             or
             high-Steward
             ,
             and
             high-Chancellour
             ,
             all
             which
             are
             given
             some
             to
             Italians
             ,
             some
             to
             Spaniards
             .
          
           
             All
             the
             High-Courts
             do
             sit
             in
             the
             City
             of
             Naples
             ,
             for
             there
             are
             the
             Seggi
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             Assemblies
             of
             the
             Nobility
             of
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             ,
             divided
             into
             five
             Classes
             :
             The
             first
             is
             
               Seggio
               Capoano
            
             .
             The
             second
             ,
             
               Di
               Nido
            
             ;
             the
             third
             ,
             
               Di
               Montagna
            
             ;
             The
             fourth
             ,
             
               Di
               Porta
            
             :
             and
             the
             fifth
             ,
             
               Di
               Porta
               nuova
            
             ,
             so
             that
             except
             one
             be
             admitted
             into
             one
             of
             those
             Seats
             ,
             he
             cannot
             pass
             for
             a
             Nobleman
             or
             Gentleman
             ;
             the
             Nobility
             and
             Gentry
             there
             differing
             only
             in
             Degree
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             Order
             ;
             now
             some
             enter
             into
             several
             Seggi
             ,
             so
             that
             to
             be
             admited
             in
             ,
             he
             must
             be
             past
             20
             years
             of
             age
             ,
             
             and
             have
             the
             greater
             part
             of
             the
             Votes
             of
             all
             the
             Nobles
             of
             the
             Seggio
             .
          
           
             Out
             of
             these
             3
             Seggi
             are
             chosen
             3
             Gentlemen
             ,
             who
             with
             one
             chosen
             by
             the
             people
             ,
             make
             up
             the
             Body
             ,
             called
             the
             Magistrate
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             through
             whose
             hands
             do
             pass
             all
             manner
             of
             Taxes
             and
             Impositions
             which
             the
             Vice-Roy
             hath
             a
             mind
             to
             lay
             upon
             City
             and
             whole
             Kingdom
             :
             they
             also
             finde
             out
             means
             how
             to
             bring
             it
             about
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             also
             in
             Naples
             that
             Tribunal
             so
             much
             talked
             of
             ,
             called
             ,
             
               La
               Vicaria
            
             ,
             which
             matters
             of
             the
             greatest
             importance
             are
             brought
             unto
             ,
             and
             receive
             ;
             appeals
             from
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
             The
             greatest
             of
             all
             is
             also
             kept
             there
             ,
             called
             it
             Collaterale
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Consigliere
             ,
             or
             Counsellors
             have
             the
             Title
             of
             Regenti
             ,
             and
             for
             distinction-sake
             ,
             they
             wear
             a
             long
             gown
             ,
             this
             under
             the
             King
             is
             the
             Supreme
             Court
             of
             Justice
             ,
             treating
             of
             several
             important
             matters
             ;
             these
             Regenti
             are
             chosen
             by
             the
             King
             ,
             part
             Napolitans
             ,
             and
             part
             Spaniards
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             for
             life
             .
          
           
             It
             also
             hath
             a
             Councel
             of
             State
             ,
             which
             judges
             of
             things
             concerning
             War
             composed
             ,
             of
             six
             persons
             ,
             whereof
             three
             are
             
             Spaniards
             ,
             and
             three
             Italians
             ,
             half
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             half
             gown-men
             ,
             chosen
             by
             the
             King
             ;
             over
             this
             as
             all
             the
             rest
             is
             the
             Vice-King
             ,
             whose
             authority
             is
             very
             great
             ,
             and
             the
             profit
             arbitrary
             .
          
           
             I
             am
             loath
             to
             omit
             speaking
             of
             a
             custome
             of
             the
             Napolitans
             ,
             for
             all
             their
             reserved
             temper
             once
             a
             year
             ,
             at
             Vintage-time
             ,
             they
             allow
             themselves
             a
             very
             great
             liberty
             of
             jesting
             one
             with
             another
             ;
             the
             meanest
             person
             is
             then
             allowed
             to
             jear
             the
             Noblest
             man
             of
             the
             Land
             ,
             who
             use
             to
             begin
             with
             them
             :
             they
             give
             one
             another
             all
             the
             bad
             names
             which
             their
             Language
             doth
             afford
             ,
             whereof
             the
             least
             at
             another
             time
             would
             cause
             murthers
             and
             stabbings
             .
             This
             calls
             to
             my
             mind
             a
             singular
             custome
             they
             have
             at
             Rome
             ,
             when
             there
             is
             fallen
             some
             snow
             ,
             at
             which
             time
             the
             most
             reserved
             and
             vertuous
             men
             and
             women
             throw
             Balls
             one
             at
             another
             ;
             the
             Princes
             and
             their
             Wives
             practise
             it
             one
             with
             another
             within
             their
             Palaces
             :
             Neighbours
             throw
             it
             through
             the
             windows
             into
             the
             Chambers
             one
             of
             another
             ;
             if
             one
             hath
             any
             kindness
             for
             another
             ,
             't
             is
             the
             fashion
             to
             go
             under
             the
             window
             ,
             and
             throw
             in
             some
             ,
             as
             they
             receive
             some
             ,
             if
             they
             go
             by
             the
             
             door
             of
             any
             of
             their
             acquaintances
             ;
             and
             this
             is
             amongst
             them
             a
             token
             of
             civility
             and
             favour
             ,
             and
             so
             much
             observed
             ,
             that
             if
             any
             Gentleman
             or
             friend
             of
             mine
             comes
             to
             me
             ,
             the
             most
             vertuous
             woman
             that
             happens
             to
             be
             my
             Neighbour
             ,
             can
             shew
             me
             no
             greater
             respect
             nor
             kindness
             ,
             than
             to
             throw
             at
             him
             snow
             balls
             .
          
           
             Before
             I
             speak
             of
             the
             secrets
             of
             State
             ,
             which
             the
             Spaniards
             have
             in
             relation
             to
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             't
             will
             not
             be
             amiss
             to
             speak
             few
             words
             of
             some
             Maximes
             they
             have
             in
             general
             ;
             relating
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             their
             State-Dominions
             in
             Italy
             .
             At
             Madrid
             for
             the
             affairs
             of
             Italy
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             particular
             Council
             consisting
             of
             six
             Counsellours
             ,
             whereof
             two
             are
             Napolitans
             ,
             two
             Sicilians
             ,
             and
             two
             of
             Milan
             ,
             besides
             the
             President
             ,
             who
             ever
             is
             a
             Spaniard
             ,
             and
             now
             the
             Marquess
             of
             Vellada
             by
             name
             ;
             This
             Council
             was
             instituted
             by
             Philip
             the
             Second
             ,
             no
             other
             affairs
             but
             those
             of
             Italy
             are
             treated
             of
             in
             it
             ,
             which
             formerly
             belonged
             to
             the
             congnizance
             of
             the
             Council
             of
             Aragon
             .
             When
             first
             of
             all
             the
             Spaniards
             came
             to
             Italy
             ,
             and
             had
             gotten
             footing
             in
             it
             ,
             they
             went
             about
             by
             fair
             means
             to
             insinuate
             themselves
             into
             the
             affection
             
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             to
             turn
             it
             upon
             occasion
             to
             their
             own
             advantage
             ;
             but
             the
             Italians
             ,
             who
             ,
             as
             they
             say
             of
             themselves
             ,
             
               Dormono
               Co'll
               Occhio
               aperto
            
             ,
             who
             are
             constantly
             awake
             ,
             stood
             upon
             their
             guards
             ,
             and
             observed
             the
             Spanish
             motion
             ,
             which
             being
             taken
             notice
             of
             by
             the
             House
             of
             
               Austria
               ,
               Charls
            
             the
             5th
             ,
             &
             then
             the
             Council
             I
             spake
             of
             just
             now
             under
             his
             Son
             Philip
             the
             second
             ,
             took
             another
             course
             ,
             and
             went
             about
             to
             terrifie
             them
             with
             their
             Arms
             ,
             to
             draw
             some
             to
             them
             with
             fair
             promises
             ,
             to
             threaten
             others
             ,
             to
             sow
             divisions
             amongst
             them
             ,
             but
             above
             all
             they
             lookt
             upon
             the
             Republick
             of
             Venice
             as
             a
             great
             let
             to
             their
             designs
             ,
             having
             ever
             appeared
             to
             be
             the
             Champion
             of
             the
             Liberties
             of
             Italy
             ;
             the
             troubles
             which
             this
             raised
             in
             those
             parts
             sometimes
             against
             Mantoa
             ,
             other
             times
             ,
             against
             
               Savoy
               ,
               &c.
            
             are
             well
             known
             ;
             but
             now
             a
             constant
             maxime
             they
             hold
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             get
             at
             Rome
             as
             many
             Cardinals
             as
             they
             can
             to
             be
             their
             friends
             ,
             that
             if
             possible
             they
             may
             every
             time
             have
             a
             friend
             of
             theirs
             chosen
             Pope
             ,
             the
             truth
             is
             ,
             they
             are
             potent
             in
             the
             Conclave
             ,
             because
             of
             several
             Napolitans
             ,
             and
             Milaneses
             who
             are
             in
             it
             ,
             the
             several
             means
             they
             have
             to
             gratifie
             
             Church-men
             ,
             by
             conferring
             Benefices
             on
             them
             within
             their
             Dominions
             in
             Italy
             ,
             and
             by
             selling
             Lands
             and
             States
             to
             others
             within
             the
             same
             ,
             besides
             the
             many
             pensions
             which
             they
             allow
             to
             several
             of
             them
             :
             so
             that
             whilst
             the
             French
             hath
             but
             eight
             or
             ten
             of
             his
             side
             ,
             namely
             ,
             
               D'
               Este
               ,
               Ursini
               ,
               Antonio
               ,
               Grimaldi
               ,
               Mancini
               ,
               Maldachini
               ,
               de
               Rets
               ,
               Bouillon
               ,
            
             the
             greater
             number
             of
             them
             are
             for
             the
             Spaniard
             ;
             't
             is
             true
             ,
             't
             is
             very
             chargeable
             for
             them
             to
             keep
             this
             party
             ,
             and
             a
             Spanish
             States-Man
             had
             reason
             to
             say
             ,
             
               It
               were
               better
               for
               his
               King
               to
               buy
               Popes
               ready
               made
               ,
               than
               to
               make
               them
               .
            
          
           
             But
             now
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             Spaniards
             do
             govern
             Naples
             with
             these
             few
             rules
             ;
             the
             first
             is
             ,
             to
             hold
             good
             correspondencie
             with
             the
             Pope
             ,
             not
             only
             because
             they
             do
             him
             homage
             for
             it
             ,
             but
             because
             he
             is
             a
             next
             neighbour
             ,
             much
             able
             to
             trouble
             it
             ,
             and
             to
             foment
             and
             assist
             Insurrections
             in
             it
             .
             The
             second
             is
             ,
             to
             foment
             Divisions
             between
             the
             Nobility
             and
             the
             people
             ,
             and
             between
             the
             Nobility
             themselves
             who
             being
             all
             together
             united
             ,
             could
             for
             certain
             drive
             them
             out
             ;
             and
             though
             the
             Napolitans
             Horse's
             back
             be
             much
             
             gall'd
             ,
             if
             he
             could
             gather
             his
             strength
             together
             ,
             he
             would
             be
             able
             to
             shake
             off
             the
             Rider
             .
             The
             third
             Maxime
             is
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             they
             can
             doe
             to
             make
             great
             States
             fall
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             women
             ,
             whom
             they
             marry
             afterwards
             to
             Spanish
             Noble-Men
             .
          
           
             The
             Chief
             Families
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             are
             at
             present
             Caraccioli
             ,
             where
             of
             the
             Duke
             of
             Auelina
             is
             the
             Head
             ;
             Caraffa
             ,
             of
             which
             Family
             is
             the
             Duke
             
               Matalone
               ;
               Pignatelle
            
             ,
             who
             had
             the
             title
             of
             Duke
             of
             
               Monteleone
               ,
               Monaldesqui
               ,
               Aquaviva
               ,
               Brancaccio
               ,
            
             and
             several
             others
             who
             have
             the
             name
             of
             Princes
             ,
             as
             ,
             
               Marana
               ,
               &c.
            
             
             The
             antient
             family
             of
             the
             Princes
             of
             Salerno
             is
             extinct
             as
             to
             the
             name
             ,
             and
             their
             Palace
             at
             Naples
             ;
             which
             was
             very
             stately
             ,
             hath
             these
             several
             years
             been
             possessed
             by
             the
             Jesuites
             .
          
           
             I
             shall
             not
             say
             much
             of
             Sicily
             ,
             't
             is
             governed
             by
             a
             Vice-King
             at
             present
             ;
             the
             Duke
             of
             Albuquerque
             ,
             as
             
               Don
               Pedro
               d'
               Arragon
            
             is
             he
             of
             Naples
             :
             This
             Island
             is
             known
             to
             be
             plentiful
             ;
             and
             as
             formerly
             it
             was
             the
             Granary
             of
             Italy
             ,
             so
             't
             is
             still
             of
             part
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             specially
             of
             Maltha
             ,
             for
             the
             Gallies
             of
             the
             Order
             come
             almost
             every
             
             week
             to
             transport
             Corn
             cut
             of
             it
             .
             Messina
             drives
             a
             great
             Trade
             of
             Silks
             ;
             the
             Inhabitants
             have
             still
             their
             
               est
               &
               non
               est
            
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             when
             any
             thing
             is
             proposed
             by
             the
             Vice-King
             or
             his
             Order
             ,
             after
             a
             debate
             had
             thereupon
             to
             satisfie
             the
             people
             ,
             they
             cry
             out
             
               non
               est
            
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             not
             contrary
             to
             their
             Priviledges
             ;
             if
             it
             be
             ,
             they
             say
             ,
             est
             ,
             then
             every
             one
             gets
             to
             his
             Arms.
             This
             City
             hath
             several
             priviledges
             ,
             but
             cannot
             get
             them
             confirmed
             at
             Madrid
             ;
             neither
             do
             the
             Vice-Kings
             dare
             to
             trust
             themselves
             amongst
             them
             ;
             therefore
             they
             reside
             at
             Palermo
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             landing
             place
             of
             
               Don
               Pedro
               d'
               Arragon
            
             ,
             when
             the
             moneys
             he
             had
             received
             from
             Lewis
             the
             9th
             of
             France
             ,
             to
             make
             war
             against
             the
             Infidels
             in
             Affrica
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             drive
             
               Charles
               d'
               Anjou
            
             ,
             Lewis's
             Brother
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdome
             whereof
             he
             was
             lawful
             Sovereign
             .
             The
             peoople
             of
             this
             Island
             speak
             a
             very
             corrupt
             Italian
             Language
             ,
             mixed
             with
             some
             words
             of
             corrupt
             Greek
             ;
             &
             as
             their
             Luanguage
             is
             ,
             so
             are
             their
             manners
             ,
             and
             nature
             ,
             which
             how
             treacherous
             it
             is
             let
             the
             
               Sicilian
               Vesspers
            
             bear
             witness
             ;
             by
             which
             action
             they
             are
             become
             not
             only
             odious
             ,
             but
             also
             a
             proverb
             to
             Italy
             ,
             having
             thereby
             been
             the
             
             author
             of
             all
             the
             disturbances
             where-with
             the
             Spanish
             Nation
             have
             since
             afflicted
             those
             parts
             of
             the
             world
             ;
             it
             had
             been
             something
             in
             withdrawing
             from
             the
             subjection
             of
             one
             (
             who
             though
             he
             was
             their
             lawful
             Prince
             ,
             yet
             he
             was
             of
             a
             Forein
             Nation
             )
             they
             had
             gotten
             their
             liberty
             ;
             yet
             Princes
             may
             see
             of
             how
             dangerous
             a
             consequence
             is
             this
             president
             :
             but
             to
             leave
             the
             bad
             for
             the
             worse
             ,
             't
             is
             to
             find
             a
             pain
             ,
             wherein
             they
             look't
             for
             a
             pleasure
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             to
             be
             no
             more
             reasonable
             than
             were
             the
             Frogs
             ,
             who
             rejected
             the
             Reed
             ,
             to
             have
             the
             Stork
             to
             rule
             over
             them
             ;
             they
             should
             have
             learned
             of
             the
             Fish
             ,
             how
             it
             is
             better
             to
             keep
             in
             the
             Pan
             ,
             though
             amidst
             boyling
             water
             ,
             than
             to
             leap
             out
             and
             fall
             into
             the
             burning
             flames
             and
             fire
             .
          
           
             
               Mount
               Aetna
            
             ,
             now
             Gibello
             ,
             with
             some
             of
             his
             flames
             ,
             is
             still
             to
             be
             seen
             ;
             its
             horrid
             late
             casting
             up
             stones
             ,
             flames
             ,
             cinders
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             Catania
             ,
             and
             the
             running
             of
             Rivers
             as
             it
             were
             of
             fire
             and
             brimstone
             ,
             are
             known
             to
             all
             Europe
             ;
             Such
             as
             we
             cannot
             read
             ever
             there
             was
             the
             like
             .
             Syracusa
             is
             not
             very
             far
             from
             it
             ,
             which
             is
             much
             decay'd
             ,
             they
             shew
             some
             old
             standing
             ruines
             of
             a
             
             Castle
             ,
             as
             they
             say
             of
             Dyonisius
             ;
             they
             affirm
             't
             was
             in
             the
             shape
             of
             a
             shell
             ;
             in
             the
             Centre
             of
             which
             was
             the
             Tyrants
             Closet
             ,
             whence
             by
             the
             means
             of
             some
             pipes
             ,
             which
             conveyed
             the
             voice
             ,
             he
             heard
             (
             if
             we
             believe
             the
             Tradition
             )
             every
             word
             spoken
             by
             the
             prisoners
             ;
             't
             is
             probable
             that
             such
             a
             thing
             may
             be
             ,
             there
             being
             things
             of
             that
             nature
             in
             several
             parts
             ;
             though
             these
             prisoners
             were
             at
             a
             great
             distance
             from
             the
             Closet
             .
          
           
             The
             Spaniards
             govern
             this
             Land
             almost
             by
             the
             same
             Maximes
             which
             they
             use
             in
             Naples
             ,
             only
             they
             let
             them
             have
             some
             few
             Priviledges
             ,
             in
             consideration
             of
             their
             withdrawing
             from
             the
             French
             ,
             and
             giving
             themselves
             up
             to
             them
             ;
             nevertheless
             ,
             the
             Spaniards
             are
             much
             odious
             to
             them
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             great
             and
             many
             oppressions
             they
             suffer
             from
             them
             ,
             for
             the
             which
             no
             body
             pities
             them
             ,
             since
             they
             brought
             it
             upon
             themselves
             ;
             however
             ,
             't
             is
             the
             division
             of
             the
             two
             Chief
             Cities
             Messina
             and
             Palermo
             about
             precedencie
             and
             other
             things
             ,
             which
             upholds
             the
             Spaniards
             authority
             in
             the
             Island
             ;
             for
             when
             one
             of
             these
             Cities
             stands
             up
             ,
             the
             
             other
             stoops
             ,
             and
             they
             do
             every
             thing
             in
             opposition
             one
             to
             another
             ;
             the
             Spaniard
             therefore
             knoweth
             how
             much
             it
             imports
             to
             his
             interest
             to
             see
             these
             differences
             continue
             ,
             he
             foments
             it
             with
             the
             best
             of
             his
             skill
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             utmost
             of
             his
             power
             .
          
           
             It
             were
             in
             vain
             to
             speak
             of
             Sardegna
             ,
             seeing
             the
             people
             in
             it
             are
             become
             Spaniards
             in
             every
             thing
             .
             There
             hapned
             in
             it
             not
             long
             since
             a
             great
             division
             caused
             by
             falling
             out
             between
             two
             of
             the
             Chief
             persons
             of
             the
             Island
             ,
             but
             having
             been
             both
             transported
             into
             Spain
             ,
             the
             Factions
             were
             dispersed
             ,
             and
             gave
             way
             to
             a
             general
             tranquility
             .
             This
             is
             a
             Kingdome
             ,
             and
             therefore
             is
             Governed
             by
             a
             Vice-King
             ,
             who
             was
             lately
             Prince
             Ludovisio
             .
             Of
             late
             they
             have
             stirred
             very
             much
             ,
             having
             killed
             a
             Vice-Roy
             ;
             for
             which
             act
             some
             have
             been
             executed
             ,
             which
             their
             Friends
             and
             Relations
             highly
             rescenting
             ,
             are
             causing
             new
             Disturbances
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             present
             Vice-King
             not
             thinking
             himself
             strong
             enough
             ,
             hath
             desired
             more
             Forces
             out
             of
             Spain
             ,
             specially
             his
             Enemies
             being
             potent
             in
             Cagliari
             ,
             hereby
             are
             laid
             the
             foundations
             of
             an
             eternal
             hatred
             ,
             for
             their
             Children
             inherit
             of
             the
             quarrels
             ,
             and
             desire
             of
             vengeance
             ,
             
             as
             of
             the
             states
             of
             their
             parents
             ,
             this
             had
             been
             a
             fair
             occasion
             for
             any
             forrein
             Enemy
             of
             the
             Spaniard
             .
             This
             Island
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Sicily
             and
             Naples
             ,
             maintain
             a
             number
             of
             Gallies
             ,
             which
             of
             late
             is
             much
             diminished
             ,
             for
             put
             them
             altogether
             with
             the
             squadron
             of
             the
             Duke
             of
             Tursi
             ,
             they
             do
             not
             come
             to
             above
             twenty
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               The
               state
               of
            
             Milan
             .
          
           
             VVEsterly
             it
             borders
             with
             Piemont
             and
             
               Monferrat
               ,
               Sur
            
             Southerly
             with
             the
             Republick
             of
             Genoa
             ,
             Westerly
             with
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             ,
             with
             the
             Republick
             of
             Venice
             and
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             and
             Northerly
             with
             the
             Valtoline
             .
             The
             Dukedome
             of
             Milan
             is
             as
             good
             and
             as
             plentiful
             a
             Countrey
             as
             any
             in
             Italy
             ,
             full
             300
             miles
             about
             ,
             plain
             and
             even
             ground
             ;
             in
             it
             are
             many
             Lakes
             full
             of
             Fish
             ,
             and
             is
             watered
             by
             considerable
             Rivers
             ,
             which
             make
             it
             pleasant
             ,
             plentiful
             and
             strong
             ;
             Po
             runs
             by
             Cremona
             ,
             the
             Tanaro
             by
             Alessandria
             ,
             and
             the
             Bormia
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             little
             one
             not
             far
             off
             .
             Adda
             ,
             nigh
             to
             Lodi
             and
             Ticcino
             by
             the
             walls
             
             of
             Pavia
             ,
             by
             Milan
             run
             two
             Channels
             ,
             one
             of
             which
             is
             of
             great
             use
             (
             and
             this
             goes
             through
             it
             )
             and
             both
             for
             watering
             of
             grounds
             ,
             whence
             it
             is
             that
             they
             have
             so
             good
             pastures
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             that
             this
             Dukedom
             doth
             furnish
             with
             Cheese
             all
             Italy
             ,
             and
             other
             places
             ;
             the
             best
             sort
             of
             that
             which
             goes
             under
             the
             name
             of
             Parmesan
             is
             made
             at
             Lodi
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Cities
             of
             the
             Dukedome
             ,
             and
             its
             Territory
             .
             This
             Countrey
             doth
             also
             produce
             abundance
             of
             all
             manner
             of
             Corn
             ,
             good
             Fruits
             ,
             and
             good
             Wines
             ;
             this
             goodness
             of
             the
             Soyle
             ,
             joyned
             to
             the
             industry
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             makes
             it
             very
             rich
             ;
             it
             contains
             many
             Cities
             ,
             as
             
               Milano
               ,
               Pavia
               ,
               Tortona
               ,
               Alessandria
               ,
               Della
               Paglia
               ,
               Novarra
               ,
               Mortara
               ,
               Vigevana
               Cremona
               ,
               Lodi
               ,
               Como
            
             and
             Lomellina
             ,
             every
             one
             strong
             ,
             and
             except
             Mortara
             ,
             the
             head
             of
             a
             Territory
             ,
             which
             borrows
             its
             name
             from
             the
             Town
             .
             This
             Dukedome
             is
             Governed
             by
             one
             sent
             from
             Spain
             ,
             and
             hath
             the
             name
             of
             Governour
             ,
             who
             was
             
               Don
               Lewis
               de
               Gusman
               ponce
               de
               Leon
               :
            
             And
             now
             the
             Marquess
             
               de
               Los
               Balbases
            
             :
             These
             Governours
             improve
             well
             their
             time
             ,
             which
             ,
             as
             I
             said
             in
             the
             case
             of
             Naples
             ,
             is
             for
             three
             years
             ,
             or
             thereabouts
             ,
             
             except
             they
             be
             confirmed
             ;
             and
             this
             makes
             part
             of
             the
             misery
             of
             that
             people
             ,
             that
             every
             three
             years
             they
             have
             new
             and
             greedy
             Ministers
             ,
             who
             make
             haste
             to
             be
             rich
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             begin
             to
             be
             full
             ,
             they
             are
             gone
             to
             give
             place
             to
             one
             who
             is
             as
             hungry
             as
             they
             were
             .
             The
             King
             of
             Spain
             raises
             here
             one
             Millions
             ofCrowns
             a
             year
             ,
             but
             it
             goes
             all
             for
             the
             necessities
             of
             the
             State.
             In
             time
             of
             peace
             there
             are
             kept
             5000
             men
             ;
             there
             was
             a
             strong
             hold
             ,
             called
             the
             Fort
             Sandoval
             ,
             which
             commanded
             the
             way
             into
             one
             of
             the
             Gates
             of
             Vercelli
             ,
             which
             is
             but
             a
             Cannon-shot
             off
             ,
             and
             't
             was
             raised
             to
             bridle
             that
             place
             ;
             but
             the
             Spaniards
             after
             the
             taking
             of
             Vercelli
             demolished
             it
             not
             long
             since
             as
             a
             thing
             chargeable
             ,
             and
             nor
             necessary
             ;
             but
             by
             the
             late
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             with
             France
             ,
             they
             restored
             Vercelli
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             .
          
           
             The
             City
             of
             Milan
             is
             called
             the
             great
             ,
             for
             't
             is
             of
             a
             large
             circumference
             ,
             full
             of
             people
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             about
             300000
             ,
             and
             of
             handy-craft-men
             ,
             almost
             of
             all
             fort
             ,
             in
             so
             good
             repute
             amongst
             the
             Italians
             ,
             that
             when
             any
             sumptuous
             clothes
             or
             furnitures
             are
             to
             be
             bought
             ,
             or
             any
             considerable
             equipage
             is
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             to
             the
             
             very
             Liveries
             ,
             they
             send
             thither
             to
             have
             it
             done
             :
             They
             work
             much
             in
             Silks
             ,
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             thread
             ,
             and
             make
             admirable
             good
             Gun-barils
             ;
             all
             this
             maintains
             abundance
             of
             weak
             and
             poor
             people
             .
             In
             this
             place
             is
             a
             Castle
             ,
             esteemed
             one
             of
             the
             strongest
             in
             Europe
             ,
             well
             provided
             with
             Ammunition
             and
             Artillery
             ;
             there
             is
             a
             particular
             Governour
             of
             it
             ,
             who
             doth
             not
             depend
             upon
             the
             Governor
             of
             the
             Dukedome
             ,
             but
             hath
             his
             Orders
             immediately
             from
             Spain
             .
             In
             this
             City
             is
             a
             very
             great
             number
             of
             stately
             Churches
             ,
             specially
             the
             Domo
             ,
             all
             built
             with
             white
             Marble
             ;
             they
             say
             ,
             about
             it
             are
             600
             Statues
             ,
             which
             cost
             1000
             Crowns
             a
             piece
             :
             if
             this
             Church
             be
             once
             finished
             according
             to
             the
             design
             ;
             none
             but
             St.
             Peter
             in
             Rome
             will
             be
             able
             to
             compare
             to
             it
             ;
             till
             then
             ,
             this
             last
             will
             be
             the
             fairest
             in
             Europe
             ,
             and
             I
             believe
             ,
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             for
             all
             the
             great
             commendations
             given
             to
             that
             of
             
               Santa
               Sophia
            
             in
             Constantinople
             .
             I
             returnto
             Milan
             ,
             and
             say
             ,
             not
             only
             there
             are
             in
             't
             fair
             Churches
             ,
             but
             also
             sumptuous
             Cloysters
             ,
             Hospitals
             ,
             Palaces
             ,
             and
             other
             Noble
             Buildings
             :
             A
             Church-man
             there
             hath
             a
             fine
             Cabinet
             full
             of
             Rarities
             ,
             most
             of
             his
             own
             invention
             and
             
             making
             .
             Virtuosi
             in
             Milan
             have
             the
             name
             of
             Nascosti
             ;
             but
             I
             must
             not
             omit
             to
             say
             that
             the
             house
             which
             the
             Cartusians
             have
             fifteen
             miles
             from
             Milan
             ,
             and
             five
             from
             Pavia
             ,
             is
             the
             best
             of
             their
             Order
             .
          
           
             Notwithstanding
             the
             Proverb
             tha●
             the
             King
             of
             Spain
             governs
             Sicily
             in
             meekness
             ,
             or
             
               Dolcezza
               Naples
            
             by
             fraud
             ,
             or
             
               con
               Inganno
            
             ,
             and
             Milan
             by
             Authority
             ,
             
               con
               Authorita
            
             (
             which
             may
             be
             understood
             in
             relation
             to
             the
             strong
             holds
             he
             hath
             in
             it
             :
             )
             'T
             is
             his
             maxime
             of
             State
             ,
             to
             Rule
             this
             Dukedome
             with
             more
             gentleness
             ,
             than
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Dominions
             in
             Italy
             ;
             This
             practice
             is
             inforced
             by
             the
             temper
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             who
             are
             nor
             so
             willing
             nor
             so
             apt
             as
             others
             to
             suffer
             abuses
             ,
             burthens
             exceedingly
             heavy
             ,
             nor
             other
             great
             opresfions
             ,
             their
             spirits
             can
             hardly
             bear
             it
             ;
             they
             are
             of
             an
             humour
             free
             ,
             open
             ,
             plain
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ,
             Rozzo
             ,
             being
             usually
             called
             the
             
               Lombarad's
               temper
            
             :
             That
             which
             makes
             further
             the
             Spaniards
             more
             circumspect
             in
             this
             ,
             is
             that
             many
             Neighbour
             Princes
             would
             willingly
             receive
             and
             assist
             them
             ,
             if
             they
             came
             to
             have
             a
             pull
             for
             their
             liberty
             ,
             for
             they
             joyn
             with
             the
             Duke
             ,
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             with
             Parma
             ,
             
             
               Genoa
               ,
               Piemont
            
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             Grisons
             ,
             by
             the
             Ualteline
             ;
             therefore
             the
             Spaniards
             ,
             who
             knew
             the
             importance
             of
             that
             passage
             to
             them
             ,
             struggled
             so
             hard
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             set
             all
             Europe
             in
             an
             uproar
             about
             it
             :
             yet
             for
             all
             this
             gentleness
             of
             theirs
             used
             to
             the
             Milenesi
             ,
             that
             people
             is
             not
             free
             from
             grievances
             and
             oppressions
             .
             That
             Countrey
             which
             for
             a
             long
             while
             together
             hath
             been
             the
             seat
             of
             War
             ,
             hath
             been
             obliged
             to
             maintain
             in
             a
             good
             measure
             the
             
               Spanish
               ,
               Germans
               ,
               French
               ,
               Savoy
               ,
               Modena
               ,
            
             and
             Mantoan
             Forces
             ,
             the
             perpetual
             lodging
             ,
             quartering
             ,
             and
             contributing
             ,
             for
             the
             Souldiers
             hath
             wasted
             them
             ;
             and
             all
             this
             hath
             been
             a
             pretence
             for
             the
             Spanish
             Ministers
             to
             oppress
             them
             :
             The
             Italian
             Proverb
             saith
             ,
             that
             the
             Spanish
             Ministers
             in
             
               Sicily
               Rodono
            
             they
             Gnaw
             ,
             in
             
               Naples
               Mangiano
            
             they
             eat
             ,
             but
             in
             
               Milan
               Divorano
            
             they
             devour
             :
             but
             they
             bear
             it
             ,
             seeing
             that
             excepting
             the
             Republicks
             ,
             the
             Subjects
             of
             other
             Princes
             are
             used
             no
             better
             than
             they
             .
          
           
             At
             first
             the
             Sforzi
             got
             this
             Countrey
             from
             the
             Visconti
             ,
             and
             the
             House
             of
             Austria
             
             hath
             gotten
             it
             from
             these
             ,
             yet
             the
             Venetians
             have
             of
             it
             
               Brescia
               ,
               Bergamo
            
             ,
             and
             Crema
             :
             I
             will
             not
             shew
             whose
             right
             it
             is
             to
             have
             it
             ,
             if
             the
             Heirs
             of
             Valentina
             have
             it
             not
             .
             The
             Chief
             Families
             of
             it
             are
             now
             
               Borromeo
               ,
               Trivultio
               ,
               Stampa
               ,
               Trotti
               ,
               Sforza
               ,
               Homodei
               ,
               Litta
               ,
               &c.
               
            
          
           
             Finale
             is
             a
             Town
             well
             fortisied
             ,
             of
             great
             concernment
             to
             the
             Spaniard
             ,
             for
             't
             is
             the
             only
             door
             they
             have
             to
             get
             into
             Milan
             from
             
               Spain
               ,
               Naples
               ,
               Sicily
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             It
             is
             also
             a
             bridle
             to
             the
             
               Genoesi
               .
               Portolongone
            
             and
             Orbitelle
             are
             also
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             ,
             the
             one
             on
             the
             Continent
             ,
             the
             other
             close
             by
             upon
             a
             Rock
             in
             the
             Sea
             ,
             of
             great
             importance
             to
             bridle
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             ,
             Viareggio
             belonging
             to
             Luea
             and
             the
             Genaesi
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               state
               of
               the
               Duke
               of
            
             Savoy
             .
          
           
             THe
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             is
             the
             most
             considerable
             Prince
             of
             Italy
             ,
             after
             the
             Crowned
             Heads
             ;
             He
             comes
             from
             Humbert
             ,
             a
             younger
             Brother
             of
             Saxony
             ,
             and
             a
             man
             of
             fortune
             :
             Amede
             the
             great
             ,
             or
             ,
             
               le
               Comte
               Verd
            
             ,
             or
             
               Green
               Earl
            
             ,
             so
             called
             ,
             because
             usually
             his
             Clothes
             were
             of
             that
             colour
             ,
             as
             were
             those
             of
             his
             Followers
             ;
             by
             his
             merits
             and
             good
             fortune
             raised
             himself
             to
             a
             great
             credit
             ;
             he
             did
             great
             Services
             against
             Infidels
             ,
             specially
             at
             the
             taking
             of
             Rhodes
             from
             the
             Infidels
             ,
             and
             then
             he
             took
             the
             Motto
             about
             the
             Coat
             of
             Arms
             which
             to
             this
             day
             that
             Family
             retains
             ;
             
               F.
               E.
               R.
               T.
            
             signifying
             ,
             
               Fortitudo
               ,
               Ejus
               ,
               Rhodum
               Tenuit
               .
            
             His
             History
             is
             in
             Fresco
             at
             the
             pleasure-house
             of
             the
             Dukes
             at
             Rivoli
             .
             This
             Family
             was
             first
             Earls
             of
             Moriene
             ,
             then
             by
             Marriage
             and
             favour
             of
             some
             Emperour
             ,
             Princes
             of
             Piemont
             ,
             and
             Dukes
             of
             Savoy
             ;
             and
             of
             late
             from
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             they
             have
             gotten
             Trin
             and
             Alba
             in
             
               Monferr
               at
            
             by
             the
             Treaty
             of
             Chierasco
             ,
             so
             that
             besides
             Piemont
             
             with
             its
             Vallies
             ,
             and
             Savoy
             ,
             the
             Duke
             hath
             upon
             the
             Sea-coasts
             ,
             
               Villa
               Franca
               ,
               Oneglia
            
             ,
             and
             
               Nizza
               di
               provinza
            
             ,
             with
             as
             strong
             a
             Castle
             as
             any
             in
             Europe
             ,
             his
             Dominions
             indeed
             are
             large
             ,
             though
             to
             speak
             the
             truth
             ,
             Savoy
             is
             a
             barren
             and
             a
             mountainous
             Countrey
             ,
             which
             defect
             is
             somewhat
             made
             up
             by
             the
             indefatigable
             laboriousness
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             populousness
             and
             plenty
             of
             Piemont
             .
          
           
             His
             Court
             is
             for
             certain
             the
             Ornament
             of
             Italy
             ,
             not
             composed
             of
             a
             vast
             number
             of
             persons
             ,
             nor
             solitary
             neither
             ;
             there
             is
             in
             it
             a
             variety
             without
             confusion
             ,
             well
             compacted
             ,
             consisting
             of
             choice
             persons
             ,
             well
             qualified
             for
             a
             Court
             in
             a
             handsome
             and
             orderly
             way
             ;
             In
             it
             the
             French
             and
             Italian
             languages
             are
             commonly
             spoken
             ,
             and
             the
             free
             French
             manner
             of
             life
             is
             practised
             in
             it
             .
             These
             Princes
             have
             been
             ,
             and
             are
             still
             very
             Honourable
             in
             Europe
             ;
             for
             this
             long
             while
             Emperors
             and
             Kings
             have
             given
             them
             the
             Title
             of
             Serenissime
             ,
             when
             some
             other
             Princes
             of
             Italy
             did
             not
             so
             much
             as
             pretend
             to
             it
             :
             but
             it
             happened
             in
             the
             days
             of
             
               Pope
               Urban
            
             the
             8th
             ,
             that
             he
             (
             it
             may
             be
             to
             please
             his
             Nephews
             )
             
             gave
             a
             higher
             title
             to
             Cardinals
             than
             they
             had
             before
             ,
             the
             title
             of
             Illustrissime
             was
             changed
             into
             that
             of
             Eminentissime
             ;
             this
             obliged
             some
             Princes
             to
             take
             the
             title
             Serenissime
             and
             of
             Highness
             ;
             upon
             which
             account
             still
             to
             keep
             a
             distinction
             between
             them
             and
             other
             Princes
             ,
             the
             Dukes
             of
             Savoy
             added
             Reale
             to
             Altezza
             to
             make
             up
             
               Royal
               Highness
            
             ,
             which
             they
             pretend
             to
             ,
             as
             being
             Titular
             Kings
             of
             Cyprus
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             vertue
             of
             a
             match
             with
             France
             ,
             the
             French
             did
             not
             oppose
             it
             ;
             and
             this
             Duke
             is
             now
             in
             hopes
             that
             the
             King
             or
             Prince
             Regent
             of
             Portugal
             (
             being
             now
             himself
             own'd
             to
             be
             a
             Crowned
             Head
             )
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             late
             Marriage
             ,
             or
             that
             which
             is
             to
             be
             made
             with
             that
             Prince
             Regent
             ,
             and
             the
             Dutchesse's
             Sister
             ,
             will
             approve
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             upon
             what
             grounds
             I
             dispute
             not
             .
          
           
             This
             Duke
             is
             Vicar
             of
             the
             Empire
             in
             Italy
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             yet
             obtain
             from
             the
             Emperour
             the
             Investiture
             of
             what
             he
             hath
             in
             Montferrat
             ;
             however
             of
             late
             the
             Electoral
             Colledge
             at
             the
             Sollicitation
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Bavaria
             ,
             whose
             present
             Elector
             married
             his
             Sister
             ,
             did
             something
             on
             his
             behalf
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             made
             a
             Decree
             ,
             
             that
             his
             not
             being
             invested
             by
             the
             Emperour
             shall
             be
             no
             prejudice
             to
             his
             Right
             ,
             seeing
             he
             had
             used
             his
             diligence
             to
             obtain
             it
             .
             'T
             is
             a
             thing
             which
             raises
             much
             the
             Glory
             of
             this
             Prince
             ,
             that
             he
             hath
             several
             of
             his
             Subjects
             descended
             from
             Emperours
             of
             East
             and
             West
             Kings
             ,
             other
             Sovereign
             Princes
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Chief
             Families
             of
             Italy
             ;
             in
             Piemont
             alone
             are
             above
             fifty
             Earles
             ,
             fifteen
             Marquesses
             at
             least
             ;
             this
             makes
             him
             the
             more
             Considerable
             ,
             and
             adds
             something
             to
             his
             strength
             ,
             which
             on
             the
             other
             side
             doth
             consist
             in
             the
             largeness
             of
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             the
             Number
             ,
             Affection
             ,
             and
             Fidelity
             of
             his
             Subjects
             ;
             and
             in
             his
             strong
             places
             ,
             of
             which
             the
             Castle
             of
             Montmelian
             ,
             though
             taken
             by
             the
             French
             ,
             is
             one
             of
             the
             chief
             in
             Savoy
             ;
             they
             use
             to
             say
             ,
             that
             their
             Prince
             hath
             a
             City
             which
             is
             300
             miles
             about
             ,
             to
             shew
             how
             thick
             Towns
             are
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             how
             populous
             it
             is
             ;
             in
             Piemont
             alone
             are
             8
             Episcopal
             Cities
             ,
             and
             130
             very
             populous
             places
             .
             Another
             thing
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Duke
             is
             as
             absolute
             as
             any
             Prince
             in
             Europe
             .
             'T
             is
             said
             of
             
               Charles
               Emanuel
            
             ,
             this
             Dukes
             Grand-Father
             ,
             that
             one
             day
             discoursing
             with
             Henry
             the
             fourth
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             the
             King
             having
             
             asked
             which
             of
             the
             two
             Pistols
             (
             pieces
             of
             Gold
             )
             the
             French
             or
             Spanish
             he
             accounted
             the
             heaviest
             ;
             his
             answer
             was
             ,
             That
             which
             I
             shall
             give
             my
             grain
             to
             ,
             meaning
             that
             of
             the
             two
             Kings
             ,
             he
             whom
             he
             would
             assist
             should
             be
             the
             strongest
             .
          
           
             His
             Riches
             I
             will
             not
             mention
             ,
             his
             yearly
             income
             is
             said
             to
             amount
             to
             one
             Million
             ,
             and
             Eight
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Crowns
             ,
             out
             of
             which
             Savoy
             and
             the
             Vallies
             yeild
             him
             but
             Four
             Hundred
             Thousand
             ,
             all
             which
             is
             Nobly
             spent
             .
             I
             must
             say
             however
             ,
             that
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             are
             scarce
             in
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             which
             on
             the
             other
             side
             afford
             him
             a
             great
             plenty
             of
             all
             things
             ,
             whereby
             all
             manner
             of
             provisions
             are
             at
             a
             low
             rate
             .
             Upon
             consideration
             of
             this
             ,
             two
             several
             proposals
             were
             made
             to
             the
             present
             Duke
             by
             a
             judicious
             person
             ;
             the
             first
             and
             less
             important
             ,
             was
             to
             settle
             a
             fixed
             and
             a
             constant
             Office
             for
             the
             conveniencie
             of
             Travellers
             ,
             so
             that
             giving
             so
             much
             ,
             they
             should
             be
             defrayed
             for
             their
             Diet
             ,
             and
             should
             be
             provided
             with
             Horses
             ;
             to
             this
             effect
             a
             Correspondencie
             was
             to
             be
             setled
             at
             Lyon
             ,
             as
             this
             had
             been
             convenient
             for
             strangers
             and
             safe
             ,
             so
             it
             had
             made
             the
             moneys
             of
             all
             those
             who
             enter
             
             Italy
             that
             ways
             to
             pass
             through
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Dukes
             Officers
             ;
             and
             these
             sums
             had
             been
             very
             considerable
             ,
             seeing
             all
             those
             ,
             who
             go
             by
             land
             into
             Italy
             out
             of
             Spain
             ,
             in
             time
             of
             peace
             out
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             pats
             of
             Germany
             ,
             come
             by
             the
             way
             of
             Lyon
             ,
             this
             would
             have
             encouraged
             many
             to
             go
             that
             way
             who
             do
             not
             ,
             helpt
             the
             sale
             of
             provisions
             ,
             and
             brought
             Moneys
             into
             the
             Countrey
             :
             but
             this
             Proposal
             ,
             though
             approved
             ,
             yet
             wanting
             a
             further
             encouragement
             came
             to
             nothing
             .
             The
             second
             is
             to
             make
             Nizza
             ,
             or
             
               Villa
               Franca
            
             a
             Free
             port
             ,
             any
             of
             these
             lies
             convenient
             for
             ships
             ,
             this
             would
             bring
             in
             Trade
             ,
             and
             consequently
             Moneys
             ,
             and
             would
             help
             the
             sale
             of
             the
             Lands
             Commodities
             :
             but
             I
             omit
             the
             reasons
             which
             are
             given
             to
             inforce
             this
             proposal
             ,
             for
             I
             must
             come
             to
             other
             things
             .
          
           
             Turin
             is
             the
             Metropolis
             of
             Piemont
             ,
             and
             the
             ordinary
             place
             of
             the
             Dukes
             Residence
             ,
             when
             he
             is
             not
             at
             his
             houses
             of
             pleasure
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             hath
             as
             great
             a
             number
             of
             fine
             and
             convenient
             ones
             ,
             as
             any
             other
             Prince
             :
             This
             City
             is
             well
             seated
             in
             a
             plain
             ,
             the
             Rivers
             Po
             and
             Doire
             running
             not
             far
             from
             it
             ;
             in
             the
             Court
             is
             an
             Office
             of
             
             the
             Admiralty
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             of
             the
             Po
             ,
             which
             is
             more
             for
             formality-sake
             ,
             than
             for
             any
             benefit
             .
             In
             Turin
             are
             to
             be
             seen
             the
             Old
             and
             New
             Palaces
             ,
             with
             the
             Garden
             ,
             from
             the
             place
             to
             the
             New
             Palace
             to
             that
             of
             St.
             Garloe
             ,
             is
             on
             both
             sides
             a
             row
             of
             fine
             Houses
             all
             uniform
             .
             I
             shall
             say
             nothing
             of
             Churches
             there
             ,
             nor
             of
             the
             Countrey-houses
             ,
             as
             
               Rivoli
               ,
               Moncallier
               ,
               le
               Valentin
               ,
               Millefleur
               ,
            
             and
             
               la
               Venerea
            
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             present
             Dukes
             delight
             :
             but
             I
             must
             take
             notice
             that
             there
             is
             as
             good
             a
             Citadel
             as
             any
             in
             Europe
             ,
             in
             which
             there
             is
             a
             Well
             ,
             into
             which
             one
             may
             go
             down
             to
             water
             a
             Horse
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             one
             can
             come
             up
             thence
             and
             not
             see
             one
             another
             .
             There
             are
             also
             Armes
             for
             40000
             men
             .
          
           
             Many
             things
             I
             omit
             here
             to
             tell
             ,
             that
             
               Carlo
               Emanuele
            
             ,
             the
             present
             Duke
             ,
             is
             a
             Prince
             well
             made
             of
             his
             person
             ,
             of
             a
             middle
             stature
             ,
             full
             face
             ,
             with
             that
             natural
             red
             ,
             which
             only
             doth
             embelish
             it
             ;
             his
             sight
             is
             none
             of
             the
             best
             ,
             as
             may
             be
             observed
             when
             he
             eats
             or
             reads
             ;
             he
             loves
             hunting
             with
             some
             kinde
             of
             excess
             ,
             the
             scorching
             heat
             ,
             nor
             the
             foulness
             of
             weather
             ,
             being
             not
             able
             to
             divert
             him
             from
             
             it
             :
             and
             by
             this
             constant
             course
             he
             hath
             brought
             himself
             into
             a
             capacity
             to
             endure
             any
             hardship
             ;
             yet
             this
             passion
             doth
             not
             take
             him
             off
             his
             important
             businesses
             ,
             which
             he
             is
             vigorous
             in
             ,
             and
             follows
             it
             very
             close
             :
             He
             hath
             set
             days
             to
             give
             Publick
             Audience
             ,
             at
             which
             time
             the
             least
             of
             his
             Subjects
             may
             speak
             to
             him
             without
             any
             disturbance
             at
             all
             ,
             and
             he
             hears
             them
             very
             patiently
             ,
             as
             he
             is
             an
             active
             man
             ,
             so
             he
             takes
             cognizance
             of
             every
             thing
             ,
             and
             imparts
             all
             to
             his
             Lady
             ,
             who
             being
             a
             judicious
             Princess
             ,
             and
             exceedingly
             complying
             with
             his
             Highness
             ,
             she
             ever
             hath
             a
             place
             in
             his
             Closet
             ,
             as
             in
             his
             Bed.
             
          
           
             He
             is
             a
             Prince
             very
             civil
             to
             Strangers
             ,
             and
             now
             frugal
             at
             home
             ,
             for
             he
             finds
             his
             Ancestors
             have
             been
             too
             free
             so
             he
             hath
             been
             himself
             ,
             but
             now
             says
             for
             a
             reason
             of
             his
             alteration
             ,
             that
             as
             to
             Frugality
             he
             cannot
             imitate
             a
             greater
             Monarch
             than
             the
             ,
             King
             of
             France
             ,
             with
             whom
             he
             hath
             a
             conformity
             of
             temper
             ,
             joyned
             to
             a
             natural
             affection
             .
             His
             inclination
             to
             Women
             hath
             been
             discovered
             by
             his
             actings
             with
             the
             Marchioness
             of
             Cahours
             ,
             and
             is
             daily
             observed
             by
             those
             who
             follow
             his
             Court.
             His
             first
             Minister
             of
             State
             is
             the
             Marquess
             
             of
             Pianezza
             ,
             of
             the
             Family
             
               d'
               Allie
            
             ,
             and
             Brother
             to
             
               Count
               Philip
            
             ;
             a
             great
             Polititian
             he
             is
             ,
             and
             a
             greater
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Protestants
             of
             the
             Vallies
             of
             Piemont
             :
             His
             Son
             the
             Marquess
             of
             Livorno
             ,
             kept
             the
             place
             when
             he
             was
             lately
             retired
             for
             some
             distasts
             ,
             though
             under
             pretence
             of
             Devotion
             .
             The
             Marquess
             
               San
               Germano
            
             Governour
             of
             Turin
             ,
             is
             of
             the
             same
             Family
             ;
             The
             Marquess
             Palavesin
             (
             Successor
             to
             the
             Marquess
             
               de
               Fleury
            
             ,
             who
             was
             turned
             out
             for
             his
             privacies
             with
             the
             Marchioness
             
               de
               Cabours
            
             )
             Captain
             of
             the
             Guards
             ,
             is
             also
             much
             in
             favour
             ;
             so
             is
             the
             Old
             Marquess
             of
             Voghera
             ,
             whose
             Lady
             hath
             the
             oversight
             of
             the
             Maids
             of
             Honour
             ,
             but
             none
             can
             boast
             of
             being
             his
             special
             Favourite
             .
             The
             Princes
             of
             the
             Blood
             are
             few
             ,
             the
             Young
             Prince
             of
             Piemont
             ,
             Son
             to
             the
             Duke
             by
             this
             Wife
             ,
             and
             Prince
             Philibert
             ,
             with
             the
             Earl
             of
             Soissons
             ,
             Sons
             to
             the
             late
             Prince
             Thomas
             .
             There
             is
             at
             Court
             a
             Princess
             ,
             the
             Dukes
             Sister
             unmarried
             :
             there
             is
             a
             Natural
             Uncle
             of
             the
             Dukes
             ,
             
               Don
               Antonio
            
             ,
             Governour
             of
             
               Villa
               Franca
            
             ,
             and
             a
             Natural
             Son
             of
             the
             late
             
               Victor
               Amedeo
            
             ,
             who
             lives
             privately
             in
             France
             .
          
           
           
             This
             Princes
             Countrey
             is
             much
             exposed
             to
             the
             French
             power
             ,
             whereby
             they
             have
             been
             stript
             twice
             ,
             and
             therefore
             his
             interest
             is
             to
             agree
             with
             France
             ,
             for
             fear
             of
             bringing
             himself
             into
             the
             sad
             condition
             which
             the
             Duke
             of
             Lorrain
             is
             in
             ,
             for
             the
             18
             or
             20000
             men
             ,
             which
             without
             any
             great
             inconveniencie
             he
             can
             keep
             on
             foot
             ,
             could
             hardly
             save
             him
             ;
             he
             is
             withal
             as
             handsomely
             as
             he
             can
             to
             prevent
             the
             French
             from
             setling
             in
             Milan
             ,
             for
             then
             he
             would
             be
             shut
             up
             by
             them
             every
             way
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               The
               State
               of
               the
            
             Grand
             Duke
             .
          
           
             THe
             Family
             of
             Medici
             ,
             of
             which
             are
             the
             Grand
             Dukes
             of
             Toscany
             ,
             hath
             not
             been
             very
             long
             possessed
             of
             that
             Dignity
             ,
             neither
             is
             it
             so
             antient
             as
             are
             many
             others
             in
             Italy
             ;
             when
             Florence
             was
             a
             Republick
             ,
             't
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Chief
             ,
             but
             no
             more
             than
             the
             
               Strozzi
               ,
               Pitty
            
             ,
             and
             some
             others
             were
             .
             Alexander
             began
             the
             work
             ,
             but
             was
             quickly
             dispatched
             by
             his
             Cousin
             Lorenzo
             :
             then
             came
             Cosmo
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             first
             named
             &
             Crowned
             Grand
             Duke
             by
             Pope
             
             
               Pio
               Quinto
            
             of
             his
             Family
             ,
             Ferdinand
             who
             left
             off
             the
             Cardinals
             Cap
             after
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Elder
             Brother
             ,
             
               Cosmo
               2d
            
             .
             and
             
               Ferdinand
               2d
            
             .
             who
             is
             the
             present
             Grand
             Duke
             ,
             who
             married
             
               Donna
               Vittoria
               della
               Rovere
            
             ,
             last
             heir
             of
             the
             late
             Duke
             of
             Urbino
             .
             Some
             say
             a
             Physician
             was
             the
             first
             who
             raised
             that
             Family
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             token
             of
             it
             ,
             they
             took
             the
             Pile
             (
             but
             't
             is
             the
             Balls
             or
             Globes
             )
             for
             their
             Armes
             ;
             they
             were
             raised
             by
             Charles
             the
             5th
             .
             the
             Emperor
             ,
             who
             gave
             Margarita
             his
             Natural
             Daughter
             to
             Alessandro
             ,
             and
             so
             forced
             the
             Florentines
             to
             submit
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             The
             Grand
             Dukes
             are
             Creatures
             of
             Clement
             the
             7th
             .
             and
             of
             Charles
             the
             5th
             .
             Emperour
             ,
             with
             whose
             arms
             and
             countenancing
             ,
             they
             became
             Masters
             of
             Florence
             ;
             at
             present
             they
             are
             in
             possession
             of
             three
             formerly
             potent
             Republicks
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             
               Florence
               ,
               Pisa
            
             ,
             and
             Siena
             ;
             they
             have
             all
             antient
             Toscany
             ,
             except
             Luca
             and
             Sarzana
             ;
             hence
             is
             the
             Proverb
             ,
             which
             saith
             ,
             If
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             had
             Luca
             ,
             and
             
               Sarzana
               ,
               Sarebbe
               ,
               Re
               di
               Toscana
               ,
            
             for
             he
             hath
             also
             the
             Cities
             of
             
               Pistoias
               Volterra
               ,
               Cortona
               ,
               Arezzo
               ,
               Montepulciano
               ,
            
             and
             several
             other
             lands
             and
             Castles
             of
             a
             
             lesser
             importance
             ,
             besides
             part
             of
             the
             Island
             Alba
             ,
             where
             is
             Cosmopoli
             ,
             and
             
               Porto
               Ferrario
            
             .
             When
             the
             Dukes
             came
             to
             the
             Government
             ,
             the
             Florentines
             had
             subdued
             Pisa
             ,
             wherefore
             the
             condition
             of
             that
             City
             is
             the
             worst
             of
             the
             three
             ,
             for
             being
             a
             conquer'd
             Countrey
             they
             are
             under
             the
             Jurisdiction
             of
             Florence
             ;
             but
             Siena
             is
             Governed
             in
             the
             same
             way
             ,
             as
             when
             it
             was
             a
             Republick
             ,
             owning
             none
             but
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             ,
             or
             the
             Governour
             sent
             by
             him
             ;
             thus
             they
             have
             nothing
             to
             do
             at
             Florence
             ,
             even
             they
             are
             used
             better
             than
             the
             Florentines
             ,
             who
             being
             look't
             upon
             at
             sactiout
             men
             ,
             and
             desirous
             of
             liberty
             ,
             are
             not
             only
             disarmed
             ,
             as
             all
             other
             Subjects
             are
             ,
             but
             are
             more
             bridled
             too
             :
             A
             further
             reason
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Duke
             doth
             homage
             for
             it
             to
             the
             Crown
             of
             Spain
             (
             as
             he
             doth
             for
             Radicofany
             to
             the
             Pope
             )
             therefore
             he
             dares
             not
             take
             altogether
             the
             same
             liberty
             there
             ,
             which
             he
             uses
             in
             other
             places
             .
             Pisa
             is
             void
             of
             inhabitants
             ,
             but
             well
             seated
             ,
             and
             hath
             in
             it
             several
             things
             worthy
             to
             be
             seen
             ;
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             delights
             to
             be
             in
             't
             ,
             therefore
             he
             comes
             to
             it
             ,
             having
             the
             conveniencie
             of
             a
             Forrest
             ,
             which
             lies
             not
             far
             from
             it
             .
             Siena
             is
             a
             fineCity
             ,
             in
             a
             good
             Air
             ,
             with
             good
             store
             of
             people
             in
             it
             ,
             the
             Italian
             
             tongue
             is
             well
             spoken
             ,
             the
             Virtuosi
             that
             are
             there
             ,
             are
             called
             Intronati
             .
          
           
             Florence
             ,
             the
             place
             of
             the
             Courts
             ordinary
             residence
             ,
             is
             a
             stately
             City
             ,
             and
             very
             populous
             ,
             there
             being
             accounted
             to
             be
             100000
             souls
             in
             it
             ;
             the
             Gentry
             in
             it
             doth
             not
             think
             it
             below
             themselves
             to
             follow
             trade
             ,
             which
             is
             specially
             of
             Silks
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             may
             pass
             for
             a
             rich
             town
             ;
             there
             are
             in
             it
             10
             or
             12
             Families
             ,
             accounted
             to
             be
             worth
             one
             Million
             of
             Crowns
             .
             There
             are
             three
             Castles
             ,
             fine
             Churches
             ,
             specially
             the
             Domo
             ,
             which
             on
             the
             outside
             is
             all
             of
             white
             and
             black
             Marble
             ,
             and
             that
             incomparable
             Chapel
             of
             
               San
               Lorenzo
            
             ,
             for
             the
             which
             Marble
             is
             not
             rich
             enough
             to
             enter
             ,
             as
             one
             of
             the
             Materials
             ,
             but
             
               Jasper
               ,
               Agatha
               ,
               Porphiry
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             There
             are
             further
             rare
             Palaces
             ,
             and
             the
             Dukes
             Galleries
             exceedingly
             rich
             ,
             the
             River
             Arno
             runs
             through
             it
             ,
             there
             is
             that
             learned
             Society
             ,
             called
             
               la
               Crusca
            
             .
          
           
             The
             Grand
             Duke
             trading
             much
             underhand
             ,
             as
             its
             thought
             ,
             and
             being
             very
             frugal
             ,
             must
             be
             very
             rich
             ;
             not
             to
             mention
             those
             rich
             Galleries
             of
             his
             esteemed
             worth
             above
             three
             Millions
             ,
             but
             he
             draws
             to
             himself
             the
             best
             of
             his
             Dominion
             ,
             there
             being
             
             hardly
             in
             the
             World
             a
             Countrey
             more
             oppressed
             with
             Customes
             and
             Taxes
             than
             this
             is
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             except
             Florence
             ,
             where
             trade
             doth
             flourish
             ,
             and
             Siena
             ,
             where
             is
             still
             some
             rest
             of
             liberty
             the
             whole
             Country
             is
             the
             Grand
             Dukes
             ,
             very
             little
             inhabited
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             poverty
             ,
             and
             this
             for
             fear
             those
             Toscan
             active
             wits
             should
             cause
             some
             disturbance
             ;
             therefore
             he
             hath
             several
             strong
             holds
             ,
             with
             a
             1000
             horse
             commanded
             by
             strangers
             ,
             and
             about
             4000
             foot
             ,
             besides
             the
             Militia's
             ,
             which
             upon
             occasion
             ought
             to
             be
             ready
             .
             'T
             is
             a
             priviledge
             of
             the
             Horse-men
             ,
             that
             they
             may
             not
             be
             arrested
             for
             any
             debt
             whatsoever
             ;
             so
             that
             any
             one
             that
             's
             affraid
             and
             in
             danger
             of
             it
             ,
             uses
             all
             possible
             means
             to
             get
             in
             amongst
             them
             .
          
           
             This
             Prince
             for
             his
             person
             is
             a
             judicious
             man
             ,
             and
             upon
             all
             occasions
             carries
             himself
             very
             politickly
             ,
             besides
             the
             general
             genius
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             the
             particular
             one
             of
             the
             Florentines
             ,
             which
             goes
             beyond
             others
             ,
             and
             his
             own
             natural
             parts
             ;
             Having
             ruled
             these
             many
             years
             ,
             he
             hath
             gotten
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             experience
             ;
             therefore
             he
             knows
             admirably
             well
             how
             to
             
               far
               fatti
               Suoi
            
             ,
             to
             mind
             and
             do
             his
             businesses
             ,
             
             whereat
             he
             is
             as
             a
             
               Cervellone
               ,
               Italiians
            
             call
             it
             .
             He
             carries
             his
             whole
             Council
             along
             with
             him
             ,
             for
             he
             hath
             no
             constant
             nor
             fixed
             Councellours
             ,
             but
             upon
             occasson
             he
             sends
             for
             whom
             he
             pleases
             to
             have
             their
             advice
             ,
             but
             all
             resolutions
             do
             absolutely
             depend
             upon
             him
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             whole
             manner
             of
             his
             Government
             is
             to
             be
             attributed
             to
             him
             alone
             .
             He
             is
             extraordinary
             civil
             to
             strangers
             ,
             specially
             if
             they
             be
             persons
             of
             Quality
             ,
             and
             after
             they
             have
             had
             the
             Honour
             of
             waiting
             on
             him
             ,
             he
             sends
             them
             a
             Regale
             ,
             or
             a
             present
             of
             Fruits
             ,
             Wines
             ,
             &c.
             
             But
             of
             all
             Nations
             ,
             Germans
             are
             those
             who
             have
             the
             greatest
             priviledges
             about
             his
             person
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             strangers
             of
             other
             Nations
             having
             any
             thing
             to
             do
             with
             his
             Searchers
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             Officers
             ,
             do
             free
             themselves
             of
             toyl
             and
             trouble
             ,
             by
             saying
             they
             are
             Germans
             ;
             and
             at
             present
             ,
             amongst
             those
             many
             of
             that
             Nation
             who
             are
             at
             his
             service
             ,
             there
             is
             one
             who
             is
             much
             in
             favour
             with
             him
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             very
             careful
             to
             know
             the
             affairs
             of
             other
             States
             ,
             to
             be
             able
             the
             better
             to
             rule
             his
             own
             ,
             to
             that
             end
             he
             spares
             no
             charges
             that
             he
             may
             be
             well
             informed
             of
             it
             ,
             
             knowing
             it
             is
             the
             deepest
             policie
             of
             Princes
             to
             dive
             into
             the
             affairs
             of
             others
             :
             so
             every
             year
             he
             spends
             great
             sums
             of
             moneys
             to
             maintain
             the
             Spies
             he
             keeps
             abroad
             ,
             there
             being
             no
             Court
             ,
             and
             hardly
             any
             considerable
             City
             ,
             but
             he
             hath
             some
             to
             give
             him
             intelligences
             of
             what
             passes
             in
             't
             .
          
           
             He
             will
             have
             an
             exact
             knowledge
             of
             the
             state
             of
             every
             thing
             within
             his
             dominions
             ,
             therefore
             in
             1645
             ,
             having
             a
             mind
             to
             know
             the
             yearly
             Income
             of
             his
             Clergy
             ,
             he
             caused
             an
             account
             to
             be
             made
             of
             it
             ;
             't
             was
             found
             to
             amount
             to
             765000
             Crowns
             ,
             whence
             one
             may
             guess
             he
             doth
             not
             neglect
             to
             know
             his
             own
             ,
             which
             is
             thought
             to
             be
             of
             half
             a
             Million
             of
             English
             pounds
             ,
             besides
             Casualities
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             hardly
             spends
             the
             half
             ;
             so
             that
             he
             must
             needs
             have
             many
             a
             Million
             in
             his
             Coffer
             ;
             Indeed
             Legorn
             alone
             is
             worth
             a
             treasure
             to
             him
             ,
             it
             being
             the
             most
             noted
             Store-house
             of
             all
             the
             Mediterranean
             ,
             there
             being
             at
             it
             an
             extraordinary
             concourse
             of
             Ships
             from
             all
             parts
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             a
             place
             well
             fortified
             ;
             there
             is
             in
             it
             the
             Statue
             of
             Ferdinand
             the
             first
             ,
             with
             four
             slaves
             in
             Brass
             ,
             then
             the
             which
             nothing
             better
             can
             be
             seen
             in
             that
             
             kind
             .
             But
             to
             return
             to
             the
             Grand
             Dukes
             riches
             ,
             he
             daily
             improves
             them
             with
             his
             frugality
             ,
             for
             to
             save
             charges
             he
             hath
             lessened
             the
             number
             of
             his
             Gallies
             ,
             having
             now
             but
             four
             ,
             two
             of
             which
             are
             unfit
             for
             service
             ;
             and
             to
             get
             monies
             he
             hires
             the
             others
             to
             Merchants
             to
             transport
             their
             Wares
             ;
             formerly
             his
             Gallies
             lay
             along
             the
             Coasts
             to
             secure
             them
             from
             Pyrates
             ;
             now
             they
             have
             Towers
             along
             the
             Sea
             shore
             ,
             where
             they
             use
             tolight
             fires
             when
             any
             Enemies
             or
             Pyrates
             appear
             ,
             which
             gives
             a
             warning
             where
             the
             danger
             is
             .
             This
             Prince
             gathers
             monies
             on
             all
             hands
             ,
             for
             at
             
               Florenee
               ,
               Legorn
            
             ,
             and
             other
             places
             ,
             he
             receives
             Contribution
             from
             the
             Cortegiane
             ,
             or
             prostitute
             women
             ,
             for
             the
             tolleration
             and
             protection
             he
             gives
             them
             ;
             so
             that
             an
             injury
             done
             to
             any
             of
             those
             Infamous
             persons
             shall
             be
             punished
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             had
             been
             done
             to
             the
             most
             virtuous
             in
             the
             world
             .
             But
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             is
             not
             satisfied
             to
             be
             frugal
             himself
             ,
             he
             hath
             often
             exhorted
             the
             Grand
             Prince
             his
             Son
             to
             the
             practice
             of
             it
             ;
             Son
             ,
             saith
             he
             ,
             
               Non
               spender
               '
               quell
               '
               che
               tu
               hai
               perche
               ,
               chi
               non
               ha
               none
            
             ;
             Do
             not
             spend
             what
             thou
             hast
             ,
             for
             he
             who
             hath
             nothing
             ,
             is
             nothing
             .
          
           
           
             Another
             way
             of
             this
             Grand
             Duke
             to
             get
             monies
             ,
             and
             wherein
             lies
             his
             great
             maxime
             of
             policy
             at
             home
             ,
             is
             to
             keep
             his
             Subjects
             low
             ;
             no
             people
             in
             the
             world
             lye
             under
             heavier
             Taxes
             and
             burthens
             than
             this
             doth
             ;
             every
             house
             that
             is
             Let
             out
             ,
             payes
             him
             the
             tenth
             part
             of
             the
             rent
             ;
             every
             Contract
             of
             Marriage
             ,
             Eight
             by
             the
             hundred
             of
             the
             portion
             ;
             and
             every
             one
             who
             will
             goe
             to
             Law
             ,
             afore
             he
             begins
             must
             pay
             two
             for
             the
             hundred
             ,
             out
             of
             this
             one
             may
             judge
             of
             the
             rest
             ;
             this
             usage
             makes
             that
             Prince
             to
             mistrust
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             who
             are
             active
             ,
             stirring
             ,
             and
             men
             of
             pregnant
             parts
             ,
             exceedingly
             desirous
             of
             ,
             and
             breathing
             after
             liberty
             ,
             for
             't
             is
             very
             hard
             for
             a
             people
             who
             lived
             a
             long
             while
             in
             a
             way
             of
             Republick
             ,
             to
             bring
             themselves
             to
             live
             under
             a
             Monarch
             ,
             so
             absolute
             and
             so
             hard
             as
             this
             is
             ;
             so
             that
             upon
             this
             account
             the
             Grand
             Dukes
             strong
             places
             are
             all
             well
             furnished
             with
             Armes
             ,
             Ammunition
             ,
             and
             Provision
             ,
             not
             only
             to
             resist
             a
             forreign
             Enemy
             upon
             occasion
             ,
             but
             to
             bridle
             his
             own
             Subjects
             ;
             which
             is
             indeed
             a
             sad
             case
             ,
             when
             a
             Prince
             hath
             as
             many
             Enemies
             as
             he
             hath
             Subjects
             ;
             how
             can
             he
             think
             himself
             sure
             with
             those
             who
             hate
             and
             fear
             
             fear
             him
             ,
             seeing
             any
             one
             who
             out
             of
             despair
             caresnot
             for
             his
             life
             ,
             is
             ever
             the
             Master
             of
             anothers
             ,
             specially
             in
             those
             parts
             where
             't
             is
             so
             much
             used
             ,
             and
             where
             men
             are
             so
             skill'd
             at
             it
             ;
             and
             the
             Devil
             who
             is
             a
             murtherer
             from
             the
             beginning
             ,
             omits
             no
             occasion
             to
             infuse
             bloody
             motions
             into
             his
             Hirelings
             .
             Happy
             is
             that
             Prince
             whose
             strongest
             fortress
             consists
             in
             the
             love
             of
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             who
             hath
             not
             only
             their
             hands
             but
             their
             hearts
             along
             with
             him
             ;
             't
             is
             certain
             that
             of
             all
             Enemies
             the
             Domestick
             is
             the
             most
             dangerous
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             to
             be
             feared
             .
             
               Oderint
               dum
               metuant
            
             ,
             was
             a
             fit
             expression
             for
             such
             a
             man
             as
             Tyberius
             .
             Yet
             though
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             keeps
             his
             people
             so
             low
             ,
             he
             hath
             left
             them
             a
             shaddow
             of
             liberty
             ,
             whereat
             they
             be
             somewhat
             satisfied
             ,
             it
             consists
             in
             the
             use
             of
             those
             common
             Laws
             of
             Justice
             which
             they
             had
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             republick
             .
          
           
             Now
             to
             the
             maximes
             of
             State
             of
             this
             Prince
             in
             Relation
             to
             his
             Neighbours
             ,
             the
             first
             is
             apparently
             to
             be
             united
             with
             Spain
             ,
             yet
             in
             private
             to
             keep
             friendship
             and
             correspondency
             with
             France
             ,
             which
             the
             Spaniards
             often
             times
             have
             been
             much
             displeased
             at
             ,
             and
             had
             some
             thoughts
             to
             resent
             it
             ,
             but
             
             fearing
             least
             the
             remedy
             might
             prove
             worse
             than
             the
             disease
             ,
             they
             have
             chosen
             to
             sit
             still
             .
             What
             he
             doth
             in
             France
             ,
             the
             same
             he
             practises
             with
             the
             Republick
             of
             Venice
             :
             but
             that
             which
             he
             minds
             most
             of
             all
             ,
             is
             to
             have
             a
             good
             number
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             and
             other
             useful
             persons
             of
             Quality
             his
             pentioners
             at
             Rome
             ,
             to
             have
             none
             but
             those
             who
             be
             his
             friends
             chosen
             Popes
             ,
             for
             the
             great'st
             stormes
             he
             is
             afraid
             of
             are
             from
             thence
             ,
             for
             knowing
             how
             matter
             is
             combustible
             at
             home
             ,
             he
             fears
             least
             Popes
             would
             encourage
             and
             assist
             his
             people
             to
             recover
             that
             liberty
             which
             they
             are
             so
             much
             longing
             after
             ;
             and
             there
             hath
             been
             some
             Popes
             who
             were
             born
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             as
             one
             of
             the
             Clements
             ,
             and
             lately
             Urban
             the
             8th
             .
             who
             have
             given
             him
             or
             his
             Ancestours
             trouble
             enough
             .
          
           
             Of
             his
             Family
             ,
             Prince
             Matthias
             his
             Brother
             died
             lately
             ,
             Governour
             of
             Siena
             ,
             and
             now
             Prince
             Leopold
             is
             created
             Cardinal
             ,
             his
             Son
             the
             
               Grand
               Prince
            
             his
             Heir
             Apparent
             is
             called
             Cosmo
             ,
             who
             hath
             married
             the
             Princess
             of
             Voalis
             ,
             of
             the
             French
             Royal
             blood
             :
             for
             a
             long
             while
             there
             hath
             been
             an
             unhappy
             falling
             
             out
             between
             them
             ,
             but
             now
             all
             differences
             are
             composed
             ;
             by
             some
             the
             fault
             was
             laid
             upon
             one
             ,
             and
             by
             others
             upon
             the
             other
             ;
             't
             is
             not
             fit
             for
             men
             to
             search
             into
             the
             causes
             of
             falling
             out
             between
             Husband
             and
             Wife
             ,
             specially
             when
             they
             are
             Princes
             ;
             some
             particular
             ones
             I
             heard
             ,
             which
             I
             doe
             not
             minde
             ,
             onely
             one
             may
             say
             that
             the
             retired
             manner
             of
             life
             practised
             in
             Florence
             differs
             very
             much
             from
             that
             which
             is
             lead
             at
             Paris
             ,
             so
             that
             an
             Italian
             may
             happen
             to
             require
             a
             thing
             which
             a
             French
             Woman
             will
             have
             no
             mind
             to
             grant
             :
             I
             know
             in
             Toscany
             there
             are
             still
             some
             Noble
             and
             Ancient
             Families
             ,
             but
             as
             the
             
               Grand
               Dukes
            
             have
             been
             very
             jealous
             of
             their
             Aurhority
             ,
             they
             have
             either
             rooted
             out
             ,
             or
             brought
             very
             low
             the
             Chief
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             whom
             they
             were
             the
             most
             jealous
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               state
               of
            
             Mantoa
             .
          
           
             THe
             Family
             Gonzaga
             hath
             possessed
             the
             State
             of
             Mantoa
             since
             the
             year
             1328.
             at
             which
             time
             
               Roberto
               Gonzaga
            
             having
             expelled
             some
             petty
             Usurpers
             ,
             he
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             it
             ;
             they
             enjoyed
             it
             without
             any
             Title
             till
             the
             year
             1432.
             when
             the
             Emperour
             Sigismond
             Created
             
               Giovanni
               Francesco
            
             Marquesse
             ,
             and
             Charles
             the
             5th
             .
             in
             the
             year
             1530.
             made
             Federico
             Duke
             of
             it
             ;
             this
             Married
             
               Margarita
               Paleologa
            
             Heir
             to
             the
             Marquesate
             of
             Monferrat
             .
             The
             Titles
             of
             this
             Prince
             are
             these
             ,
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             Marquess
             of
             Monferrat
             ,
             Prince
             ,
             and
             perpetual
             Vicar
             of
             the
             Empire
             in
             Italy
             ,
             Marquess
             of
             
               Gonzaga
               ,
               Viadane
               ,
               Gozzolo
               ,
               Dozzolo
               ,
            
             Earle
             of
             Rodiga
             ,
             and
             Lord
             of
             Luzara
             .
          
           
             These
             Dukes
             could
             formerly
             live
             in
             as
             great
             a
             splendour
             as
             any
             Prince
             in
             Italy
             ,
             their
             equal
             ,
             specially
             since
             Monferrat
             was
             united
             to
             their
             State
             ,
             but
             since
             the
             late
             Warre
             made
             against
             the
             
               Duke
               Charles
            
             the
             first
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             1630.
             by
             the
             House
             of
             Austria
             ,
             under
             pretence
             
             that
             he
             had
             not
             done
             homage
             to
             the
             Emperour
             ,
             nor
             acknowledged
             him
             for
             his
             Soveraign
             ,
             though
             the
             true
             reason
             was
             ,
             because
             being
             born
             in
             France
             ,
             he
             was
             by
             them
             suspected
             to
             be
             wholly
             inclined
             that
             way
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             ,
             who
             would
             have
             stript
             him
             of
             Monferrat
             ,
             which
             is
             joyning
             to
             Piemont
             :
             their
             Strength
             is
             so
             weakned
             ,
             and
             their
             Revenue
             ,
             and
             yearly
             Income
             so
             lessened
             ,
             that
             without
             the
             help
             of
             other
             Princes
             they
             cannot
             maintain
             their
             Garisons
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             in
             the
             case
             of
             Cazal
             that
             strong
             place
             ,
             so
             that
             from
             above
             300000
             Crowns
             they
             had
             a
             year
             ,
             they
             are
             brought
             to
             80000.
             which
             yet
             are
             not
             clear
             .
             Mantoa
             ,
             formerly
             a
             most
             flourishing
             and
             very
             populous
             City
             ,
             hath
             at
             present
             but
             few
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             is
             full
             of
             misery
             ,
             not
             caused
             by
             their
             Princes
             who
             have
             been
             the
             meekest
             of
             all
             Italy
             ,
             but
             they
             could
             not
             rise
             up
             again
             since
             they
             were
             taken
             and
             plundered
             by
             the
             Imperial
             Army
             .
             The
             best
             Ornament
             of
             that
             City
             was
             ,
             and
             is
             ,
             still
             the
             
               Dukes
               Palace
            
             ,
             where
             they
             reckon
             at
             least
             550.
             
             Chambers
             very
             richly
             furnished
             with
             hangings
             and
             bedding
             ,
             there
             are
             1000.
             
             Beds
             ,
             and
             many
             rich
             Statues
             ;
             but
             before
             
             the
             taking
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             't
             was
             as
             they
             say
             ,
             more
             stately
             and
             rich
             ,
             then
             the
             Mills
             only
             of
             the
             City
             were
             worth
             10000.
             
             Sterling
             a
             year
             .
             Upon
             occasion
             this
             Duke
             can
             raise
             10000.
             
             Foot
             ,
             but
             not
             to
             keep
             them
             very
             long
             ,
             and
             800.
             
             Horse
             :
             now
             the
             Mantoan
             Horse
             is
             esteemed
             the
             best
             of
             Italy
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             more
             Sovereign
             Princes
             of
             this
             Family
             ,
             than
             of
             any
             other
             in
             Italy
             ,
             because
             Duke
             Alfonso
             having
             many
             Sons
             ,
             would
             make
             every
             one
             of
             them
             a
             Sovereign
             ;
             therefore
             by
             the
             Emperours
             consent
             ,
             some
             Lands
             he
             separated
             from
             the
             Jurisdiction
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             and
             others
             he
             bought
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Eldest
             Sonne
             was
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             another
             Prince
             of
             Bozzolo
             ,
             a
             third
             Prince
             of
             Sabionetta
             ,
             another
             Duke
             
               di
               Guastalda
            
             ,
             a
             fifth
             Duke
             
               of
               Novellara
            
             ,
             and
             a
             sixth
             Marquesse
             of
             
               Castiglione
               della
               Stivere
            
             :
             but
             now
             Sabionetta
             as
             a
             Doury
             hath
             been
             alienated
             by
             a
             Marriage
             to
             the
             House
             Caraffa
             in
             Naples
             ,
             and
             since
             ,
             the
             Princess
             of
             Stigliano
             of
             this
             last
             Family
             being
             married
             to
             the
             Duke
             
               Medina
               de
               las
               torres
               los
               Velez
               ,
            
             brought
             this
             State
             into
             his
             Family
             .
          
           
           
             The
             late
             Duke
             Charles
             the
             2d
             .
             to
             unite
             himself
             the
             more
             to
             the
             House
             of
             Austria
             ,
             (
             for
             the
             late
             Emperour
             had
             already
             married
             a
             Princess
             of
             his
             Family
             )
             took
             one
             of
             the
             Princesses
             of
             Insprack
             to
             his
             Wife
             ,
             but
             for
             all
             this
             he
             neither
             was
             much
             trusted
             to
             ,
             or
             rewarded
             ;
             the
             truth
             is
             ,
             he
             was
             affected
             to
             France
             ,
             whose
             interests
             he
             would
             not
             have
             separated
             from
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             not
             thought
             himselfe
             slighted
             at
             Paris
             ,
             and
             less
             respected
             then
             was
             the
             Duke
             Francis
             of
             Modena
             .
             This
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             died
             not
             long
             since
             in
             the
             flower
             of
             his
             Age
             ,
             leaving
             only
             a
             Son
             of
             12
             ,
             or
             13.
             years
             old
             ,
             who
             hath
             succeeded
             him
             .
             He
             was
             generally
             inclined
             to
             Women
             ,
             but
             in
             particular
             to
             the
             Countess
             
               Margarita
               di
               Cazale
            
             :
             He
             was
             a
             great
             Gamester
             ,
             and
             lost
             much
             money
             at
             Venice
             :
             Upon
             all
             occasions
             he
             was
             supplyed
             by
             a
             Jew
             of
             Mantua
             ,
             who
             almost
             ruled
             the
             Dukes
             Affairs
             to
             his
             own
             advantage
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             
             Princ's
             loss
             .
             Jews
             are
             tollerated
             in
             Mantoa
             to
             the
             number
             of
             above
             5000.
             for
             which
             they
             pay
             20000.
             crowns
             ,
             or
             5000.
             
             Sterling
             a
             year
             ,
             the
             more
             willingly
             because
             they
             are
             obliged
             to
             no
             marks
             of
             distinction
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             in
             
             all
             other
             places
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             as
             all
             others
             that
             are
             consideralile
             in
             Italy
             hath
             some
             Virtuosi
             called
             Invaghiti
             ,
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             a
             maxime
             of
             State
             of
             these
             Princes
             to
             be
             united
             to
             France
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             the
             Dukedoms
             of
             
               Nevers
               ,
               Rethel
            
             ,
             and
             Mayene
             which
             Cardinal
             Mazarine
             bought
             ,
             the
             last
             for
             himself
             ,
             the
             other
             two
             for
             one
             of
             his
             Nepews
             ,
             and
             also
             to
             be
             united
             to
             the
             Venetians
             ;
             to
             the
             first
             ,
             because
             that
             King
             could
             fall
             heavy
             upon
             the
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             ,
             the
             perpetual
             and
             unreconcileable
             Enemy
             of
             his
             Family
             ;
             to
             the
             last
             ,
             because
             being
             his
             next
             Neighbours
             ,
             they
             could
             assist
             him
             upon
             any
             occasion
             .
             The
             Friendship
             which
             seems
             to
             be
             between
             this
             Duke
             and
             those
             of
             Parma
             and
             Modena
             is
             not
             real
             ,
             by
             reason
             some
             State-differences
             which
             happened
             formerly
             between
             them
             :
             With
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             he
             hath
             had
             fallings
             out
             about
             the
             Precedency
             of
             their
             Ministers
             :
             though
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             hath
             larger
             dominions
             ,
             the
             others
             Family
             hath
             been
             more
             Noble
             ,
             and
             is
             more
             Antient
             ;
             besides
             the
             other
             reason
             of
             the
             enmity
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             hath
             several
             Goods
             of
             his
             for
             the
             portion
             of
             the
             Princess
             
               Catharina
               di
            
             
             Medici
             ,
             married
             to
             
               Duke
               Ferdinando
            
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             greatest
             Enmity
             of
             this
             House
             ,
             is
             ,
             against
             that
             of
             Savoy
             about
             Monferrat
             ,
             and
             other
             things
             ;
             their
             differences
             are
             so
             great
             ,
             that
             no
             means
             can
             be
             found
             out
             to
             compose
             them
             :
             and
             here
             I
             must
             not
             omit
             to
             speak
             of
             the
             Treaty
             of
             Chierasco
             in
             reference
             to
             these
             differences
             :
             thereby
             the
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             is
             put
             in
             possession
             of
             two
             good
             Cities
             of
             Monferrat
             ,
             but
             some
             satisfaction
             is
             to
             be
             given
             for
             them
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             therefore
             the
             French
             doth
             oblige
             himself
             to
             pay
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             494000.
             
             Crowns
             of
             Gold
             pretended
             by
             that
             House
             from
             Savoy
             for
             portions
             ;
             but
             for
             the
             forenamed
             Summe
             ,
             the
             French
             is
             put
             in
             possession
             of
             Pinarolo
             ,
             and
             yet
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             never
             asked
             those
             Monies
             ,
             protesting
             against
             that
             Treaty
             ;
             so
             that
             upon
             occasion
             this
             may
             happen
             to
             be
             a
             ground
             of
             troubles
             in
             Italy
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               State
               of
               the
               Duke
               of
            
             Parma
             .
          
           
             THe
             Dukedoms
             of
             Parma
             and
             Piacenze
             ,
             two
             of
             the
             best
             Cities
             of
             Italy
             ,
             have
             been
             possessed
             by
             the
             Family
             Farneze
             above
             these
             122.
             years
             ,
             after
             several
             revolutions
             they
             fell
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             and
             were
             at
             last
             by
             
               Pope
               Paolo
               tertio
            
             ,
             given
             to
             
               Pietro
               Luigi
               Farneze
            
             his
             Son
             born
             afore
             he
             was
             a
             Church-man
             .
             Charles
             the
             5th
             Emperour
             opposed
             it
             at
             first
             ,
             but
             after
             the
             marriage
             of
             
               Ottavio
               2d
               Duke
            
             with
             his
             Natural
             Daughter
             he
             approved
             of
             it
             ;
             besides
             the
             Dukedoms
             of
             Parma
             and
             Piacenza
             in
             Lombardy
             ,
             he
             hath
             the
             Dukedome
             of
             Castro
             ,
             and
             County
             of
             Roncigliont
             within
             the
             Sate
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             which
             the
             first
             was
             pawned
             to
             ,
             and
             for
             want
             of
             paying
             the
             monies
             in
             the
             prefixed
             time
             ,
             it
             was
             united
             and
             entailed
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             worst
             that
             a
             Turk
             or
             a
             Jew
             can
             do
             a
             Christian
             :
             yet
             notwithstanding
             the
             sufficient
             reasons
             to
             the
             contrary
             given
             by
             
             the
             Duke
             ,
             that
             pretended
             Father
             of
             Christians
             played
             this
             unmerciful
             trick
             ;
             and
             though
             of
             late
             by
             the
             means
             of
             the
             French
             King
             ,
             this
             Entail
             was
             cut
             off
             ,
             as
             yet
             they
             could
             not
             bring
             the
             Pope
             to
             part
             with
             it
             ,
             as
             he
             is
             obliged
             by
             the
             Treaty
             of
             Pisa
             ;
             so
             well
             these
             Popes
             agree
             ,
             the
             one
             to
             get
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             to
             keep
             .
             Besides
             this
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             hath
             some
             Lands
             in
             the
             Kingdome
             of
             Naples
             for
             the
             Doury
             of
             Margarita
             of
             Austria
             married
             to
             Prince
             Ottavio
             .
          
           
             This
             Prince
             is
             perpetual
             Standard
             bearer
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             to
             which
             his
             State
             is
             to
             fall
             incase
             he
             should
             die
             without
             Male
             Issue
             .
             Although
             he
             doth
             homage
             to
             the
             Church
             for
             the
             whole
             ,
             he
             is
             nevertheless
             absolute
             for
             that
             ;
             after
             the
             homage
             received
             ,
             Popes
             having
             nothing
             to
             do
             in
             his
             dominions
             .
             Urban
             the
             8th
             was
             a
             great
             enemy
             to
             this
             Family
             ;
             he
             took
             Castro
             ,
             and
             had
             it
             demolished
             ;
             he
             would
             have
             ruinated
             Odoardo
             then
             Duke
             ,
             and
             Father
             to
             this
             present
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             wise
             and
             a
             valiant
             Prince
             ;
             but
             Italian
             Princes
             expressing
             to
             be
             dissatisfied
             at
             it
             ,
             he
             was
             obliged
             to
             be
             quiet
             ,
             having
             raised
             upon
             the
             Frontires
             of
             Parma
             ,
             that
             strong
             place
             called
             
             
               la
               Fortezza
               Urbana
            
             .
             This
             Family
             hath
             given
             the
             world
             some
             men
             of
             great
             repute
             ,
             specially
             him
             who
             was
             Governour
             of
             the
             Low-Countries
             ;
             the
             loss
             of
             Castro
             hath
             been
             a
             great
             prejudice
             to
             the
             Duke
             ,
             yet
             he
             hath
             still
             a
             matter
             of
             400000.
             
             Crowns
             a
             year
             :
             the
             Apennini
             are
             as
             a
             Wall
             to
             his
             State
             ,
             which
             joyned
             to
             many
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             some
             strong
             Holds
             ,
             makes
             his
             Countrey
             considerable
             ;
             he
             keeps
             nigh
             upon
             5000.
             men
             ,
             but
             in
             case
             of
             necessity
             he
             could
             bring
             into
             the
             field
             20000.
             
             Foot
             ,
             and
             1000.
             
             Horse
             ,
             the
             half
             he
             can
             bring
             forth
             without
             inconveniency
             ;
             he
             hath
             much
             Nobility
             in
             his
             dominions
             ,
             and
             he
             is
             very
             jealous
             of
             them
             ,
             specially
             of
             those
             of
             Piacenza
             ,
             because
             the
             first
             Duke
             was
             kill'd
             there
             .
          
           
             What
             manner
             of
             Cities
             are
             Parma
             and
             Piacenza
             I
             will
             not
             describe
             ,
             nor
             the
             curiosities
             to
             be
             seen
             in
             them
             ;
             I
             name
             nothing
             ,
             only
             let
             this
             general
             rule
             be
             taken
             ;
             in
             every
             good
             City
             of
             Italy
             ,
             one
             is
             to
             see
             the
             Churches
             wherein
             consists
             their
             Glory
             ,
             their
             Palaces
             ,
             Gardens
             .
             Houses
             of
             pleasure
             ,
             Cabinets
             ,
             &c.
             all
             which
             are
             embelished
             with
             Statues
             ,
             Pictures
             in
             Oleo
             ,
             in
             Fresco
             ,
             and
             Mosaick
             works
             ,
             wherein
             
             Porphiry
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             and
             such
             rich
             materials
             are
             often
             used
             ;
             this
             I
             say
             to
             free
             my self
             from
             making
             descriptions
             which
             might
             make
             up
             a
             great
             Volume
             ,
             I
             only
             take
             notice
             that
             in
             Parma
             are
             some
             Academists
             ,
             called
             Innominati
             .
          
           
             The
             present
             
               Duke
               Ranuccio
            
             ,
             a
             man
             of
             a
             fat
             complexion
             ,
             as
             yet
             hath
             no
             children
             ,
             his
             first
             Wife
             being-dead
             ,
             he
             is
             again
             married
             to
             the
             Sister
             of
             the
             late
             Duke
             of
             Modena
             ,
             he
             hath
             Prince
             
               Alessandro
               Farnese
            
             his
             Brother
             ,
             who
             hath
             been
             in
             the
             service
             of
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             and
             came
             off
             with
             some
             discontent
             ;
             at
             present
             he
             serves
             in
             Spain
             .
             There
             is
             now
             at
             Rome
             Cardinal
             Farneze
             ,
             but
             he
             is
             not
             very
             nigh
             Kinsman
             ,
             I
             am
             sure
             he
             did
             not
             act
             the
             part
             of
             a
             good
             Kinsman
             ,
             when
             he
             found
             out
             some
             ways
             to
             sell
             his
             Principality
             of
             Farneze
             to
             the
             Pope
             for
             
               Don
               Mario
            
             for
             80000
             Crowns
             ,
             and
             a
             Cardinals
             Cap
             ,
             excluding
             thereby
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             from
             that
             Succession
             ,
             in
             case
             the
             Branch
             should
             fail
             ;
             but
             an
             Entail
             having
             afterwards
             been
             found
             out
             ,
             the
             Pope
             called
             for
             his
             monies
             ,
             and
             restored
             the
             Principality
             ,
             however
             he
             is
             Cardinal
             by
             the
             bargain
             ;
             the
             best
             Palace
             in
             Rome
             is
             Farneze
             ,
             built
             after
             the
             direction
             of
             
             
               Michel
               Angelo
               Buonarotta
            
             ;
             and
             one
             of
             the
             best
             Countrey-pleasure-houses
             of
             Italy
             ,
             is
             Caprarola
             in
             the
             County
             of
             Ronciglione
             ,
             belonging
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             .
          
           
             Till
             of
             late
             ,
             since
             the
             dayes
             of
             Charles
             the
             5th
             ,
             't
             was
             a
             constant
             maxime
             of
             State
             of
             these
             Princes
             to
             keep
             close
             to
             the
             House
             of
             Austria
             ;
             but
             Odoardo
             the
             late
             Duke
             being
             unsatisfied
             with
             the
             Earl
             and
             Duke
             of
             Olivares
             ,
             he
             left
             that
             Union
             ,
             and
             they
             have
             since
             sided
             with
             France
             ,
             as
             the
             fittest
             power
             to
             uphold
             them
             in
             their
             Quarrels
             against
             the
             Pope
             ,
             which
             will
             be
             a
             continual
             ground
             of
             troubles
             in
             Italy
             ,
             and
             an
             occasion
             of
             bringing
             the
             French
             into
             it
             .
             One
             thing
             more
             is
             ,
             that
             these
             Dukes
             do
             more
             willingly
             make
             use
             of
             Strangers
             to
             be
             their
             Ministers
             when
             they
             find
             them
             qualified
             for
             it
             ,
             than
             of
             their
             own
             Subjects
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               state
               of
               the
               Duke
               of
            
             Modena
             .
          
           
             THe
             Family
             D'Este
             ,
             though
             we
             put
             it
             here
             last
             ,
             is
             much
             more
             Antient
             and
             Richer
             than
             the
             two
             former
             ,
             yet
             according
             to
             that
             period
             which
             is
             set
             to
             Families
             of
             Princes
             ,
             and
             their
             Dominions
             ,
             this
             hath
             lost
             something
             of
             its
             Antient
             Greatness
             .
             They
             derive
             their
             Pedigree
             from
             Atto
             Marquess
             of
             Este
             ,
             who
             took
             the
             Surname
             ,
             which
             now
             his
             Family
             keeps
             ,
             from
             the
             City
             Este
             ,
             which
             doth
             still
             belong
             to
             it
             :
             This
             Married
             Alda
             ,
             Daughter
             to
             the
             Emperour
             Othon
             the
             First
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             ,
             1000.
             and
             had
             with
             her
             ,
             Modena
             and
             
               Reggio
               .
               Theobaldo
               d'
               Este
            
             Othon's
             Grand-Child
             ,
             had
             in
             the
             year
             1055.
             
             Ferrara
             from
             
               Pope
               John
            
             the
             12th
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             the
             Year
             ,
             1598.
             taken
             from
             them
             by
             Clement
             the
             8th
             ,
             after
             the
             death
             of
             Alfonso
             the
             2d
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             Lawful
             Heirs
             Males
             :
             yet
             there
             was
             
               Cesare
               d'
               Este
            
             whom
             Alfonso
             had
             from
             
               Laura
               Ferrarese
            
             who
             would
             have
             proved
             that
             his
             Father
             had
             Married
             his
             Mother
             ,
             and
             so
             that
             he
             was
             a
             Lawful
             Heir
             ,
             but
             the
             proofs
             of
             the
             Pope
             
             who
             had
             already
             taken
             possession
             of
             the
             place
             ,
             were
             the
             strongest
             :
             Yet
             that
             Family
             still
             pretends
             to
             it
             ,
             affirming
             they
             come
             from
             a
             Lawful
             Heir
             ,
             though
             Popes
             will
             have
             him
             to
             have
             been
             a
             Natural
             Son
             ;
             and
             this
             as
             to
             precedency
             wrongs
             that
             Family
             ,
             for
             other
             Princes
             will
             not
             grant
             them
             as
             Dukes
             of
             Modena
             only
             ,
             what
             they
             had
             as
             Dukes
             of
             Ferrara
             ,
             although
             their
             standing
             Dukes
             of
             Modena
             be
             from
             
               Barso
               d'
               Este
            
             ,
             who
             had
             the
             title
             given
             him
             by
             Frederick
             the
             3d
             Emperour
             in
             the
             year
             1460.
             
             The
             City
             hath
             been
             a
             great
             looser
             by
             this
             change
             ,
             for
             instead
             of
             the
             Seat
             of
             a
             Court
             ,
             't
             is
             now
             made
             a
             City
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             of
             80000.
             soules
             that
             were
             in
             it
             under
             the
             Dukes
             ,
             there
             's
             now
             hardly
             20000.
             
          
           
             However
             this
             Duke
             is
             still
             in
             possession
             of
             the
             Dukedomes
             of
             Modena
             and
             Reggio
             ,
             the
             Principalities
             of
             Carpi
             and
             Correggio
             ,
             the
             Earldome
             of
             Roli
             ,
             and
             the
             Lordships
             of
             
               Sassevil
               ,
               Garfagna
            
             and
             Frignano
             ,
             by
             the
             late
             Treaty
             of
             Pisa
             ;
             his
             dispute
             with
             the
             Pope
             about
             the
             Vallies
             of
             Gommachio
             was
             decided
             ,
             being
             to
             receive
             as
             he
             did
             400000.
             
             Crowns
             for
             them
             ,
             40000.
             more
             of
             damages
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             advantagious
             ,
             
             conditions
             :
             all
             these
             lands
             with
             others
             which
             he
             hath
             still
             in
             the
             Dukedom
             of
             Ferrara
             ,
             yield
             him
             every
             year
             full
             500000.
             
             Crowns
             ;
             all
             his
             Dominions
             joyning
             one
             to
             another
             ,
             makes
             him
             the
             more
             considerable
             ;
             his
             strength
             therefore
             consists
             in
             the
             number
             of
             his
             people
             ;
             the
             only
             Province
             Carfagnana
             is
             said
             to
             contain
             80.
             places
             walled
             about
             ;
             he
             hath
             also
             several
             strong
             Holds
             ;
             upon
             extraordinary
             Occasions
             he
             is
             able
             to
             bring
             into
             the
             field
             20000.
             
             Foot
             ,
             and
             1000.
             
             Horse
             ,
             and
             he
             can
             without
             inconveniency
             keep
             the
             halfe
             of
             the
             number
             ,
             however
             his
             Country
             lies
             somewhat
             open
             to
             several
             neighbouring
             Princes
             ,
             not
             for
             want
             of
             good
             places
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             hath
             many
             ,
             seated
             at
             a
             proportionable
             and
             convenient
             distance
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             but
             because
             that
             Country
             lies
             upon
             an
             even
             ground
             ;
             in
             his
             Citadel
             of
             Modena
             ,
             are
             as
             they
             say
             ,
             Armes
             for
             40000.
             men
             ;
             this
             City
             is
             not
             in
             repute
             with
             other
             Italians
             ,
             who
             call
             it
             
               Modena
               la
               pazza
            
             .
          
           
             These
             Princes
             observe
             the
             general
             maximes
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             ,
             to
             have
             a
             good
             correspondency
             with
             Venice
             ,
             
             which
             was
             ever
             lookt
             upon
             as
             the
             Protectour
             of
             the
             liberties
             of
             Italy
             :
             Since
             the
             loss
             of
             Ferrara
             they
             kept
             close
             to
             the
             Spaniards
             ,
             but
             of
             late
             their
             Interest
             made
             them
             change
             their
             affections
             ,
             for
             Duke
             Francis
             was
             in
             the
             late
             Italian
             War
             ,
             made
             General
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             and
             
             Mazarine's
             Neece
             married
             to
             Prince
             Almerigo
             his
             Son
             ,
             who
             hath
             left
             a
             young
             Prince
             to
             succeed
             him
             .
             At
             present
             all
             things
             are
             done
             after
             the
             advice
             of
             Cardinal
             D'Este
             ,
             Protector
             of
             the
             French
             Interest
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             the
             promoter
             of
             the
             late
             Union
             of
             his
             Family
             to
             France
             ;
             He
             is
             a
             Prince
             very
             active
             and
             stirring
             ,
             who
             lives
             at
             Rome
             ,
             when
             he
             comes
             there
             ,
             with
             greater
             pomp
             ,
             and
             more
             splendour
             then
             any
             other
             Cardinal
             whatsoever
             ;
             he
             is
             zealous
             for
             the
             French
             ,
             by
             whose
             Friendship
             his
             family
             is
             much
             better
             with
             monies
             ,
             being
             enriched
             with
             the
             late
             Generalship
             :
             So
             is
             the
             Country
             ,
             for
             in
             winter
             the
             Head
             Quarters
             were
             in
             Modena
             ,
             whereto
             resorted
             all
             the
             great
             Officers
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             number
             of
             inferiour
             ones
             ;
             this
             somwhat
             helped
             the
             poor
             people
             to
             pay
             those
             Taxes
             that
             are
             laid
             so
             heavy
             upon
             them
             ;
             at
             present
             there
             is
             one
             of
             their
             name
             ,
             and
             kinsman
             afar
             of
             ,
             Don
             
             
               Carlo
               D'Este
            
             ,
             if
             I
             mistake
             not
             ,
             a
             Subject
             born
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             ,
             who
             is
             a
             Knight
             of
             the
             Order
             of
             the
             Fleece
             ,
             whom
             I
             have
             seen
             attending
             on
             the
             Empress
             at
             
               Alexandria
               ,
               Pavio
               ,
               &c.
            
             
          
           
             The
             Duke
             of
             Modena
             hath
             this
             advantage
             above
             most
             Princes
             in
             Italy
             ,
             that
             he
             hath
             some
             of
             his
             Subjects
             who
             have
             
               Feudi
               Fiefs
            
             of
             the
             Empire
             ;
             we
             find
             many
             great
             Families
             in
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             as
             the
             rich
             Earls
             ,
             
               di
               San
               Paolo
            
             ,
             the
             
               Bentivogli-Ragoni
               ,
               Buoncompagni
            
             ,
             the
             Marquesses
             
               Spilimbergo
               ,
               Peppoli
               ;
               Gualengo
               ,
               di
               Vignola
            
             and
             Gualteri
             .
             The
             Earls
             
               Caprari
               ,
               San
               Martino
               ,
               di
               Molsa
               ,
               di
               Maluisia
               ,
               Montecuculi
               ,
               Tassoni
               Ferrarese
               di
               Conoscia
               ,
            
             and
             few
             others
             ;
             the
             present
             Duke
             being
             very
             young
             ,
             we
             have
             nothing
             to
             say
             as
             to
             his
             person
             ;
             and
             though
             he
             were
             older
             ,
             we
             could
             say
             of
             him
             that
             which
             must
             be
             spoken
             of
             some
             others
             ,
             they
             are
             reserved
             ,
             and
             live
             retiredly
             ;
             so
             that
             strangers
             ,
             for
             any
             long
             while
             have
             not
             free
             excess
             to
             their
             Courts
             and
             Persons
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               The
               state
               of
            
             Venice
             .
          
           
             NOw
             to
             go
             on
             ,
             I
             must
             say
             something
             of
             the
             Republicks
             .
             I
             do
             confess
             I
             am
             much
             at
             a
             stand
             when
             I
             see
             my self
             obliged
             to
             speak
             of
             Venice
             ;
             the
             abundance
             of
             matter
             is
             often
             to
             a
             man
             a
             greater
             hindrance
             then
             help
             ,
             when
             he
             must
             pick
             out
             that
             which
             is
             onely
             fit
             for
             his
             purpose
             ;
             to
             speak
             well
             of
             a
             Republick
             esteemed
             a
             miracle
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             a
             Prodigy
             of
             Art
             ,
             the
             tongue
             of
             an
             Angel
             is
             necessary
             :
             'T
             were
             too
             trivial
             to
             say
             ,
             that
             this
             Republick
             was
             founded
             above
             1246
             years
             ago
             ,
             by
             those
             who
             from
             
               Aqueleia
               ,
               Padoa
               ,
               &c.
            
             fled
             from
             the
             cruelty
             of
             Attila
             :
             they
             were
             governed
             by
             Tribunes
             till
             the
             year
             ,
             697.
             at
             which
             time
             they
             made
             a
             Head
             called
             Doge
             ,
             and
             they
             chose
             
               San
               Marco
            
             to
             be
             their
             Protectour
             ;
             wherefore
             a
             Lyon
             holding
             a
             Book
             ,
             is
             their
             Arms
             ,
             with
             this
             Motto
             ,
             
               Pax
               tibi
               Marce
               Evangelista
            
             .
          
           
             The
             Government
             was
             part
             Aristocracy
             ,
             and
             part
             Democracy
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             time
             when
             
               Pietro
               Gradenigo
            
             was
             Doge
             in
             the
             
             year
             ,
             1280.
             
             It
             was
             resolved
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             the
             Government
             should
             hereafter
             belong
             to
             the
             Nobility
             alone
             ;
             and
             to
             avoid
             oppositions
             ,
             all
             the
             Families
             that
             were
             in
             some
             esteem
             amongst
             the
             people
             ,
             were
             declared
             Nobles
             ,
             as
             it
             hath
             been
             practised
             afterwards
             upon
             urging
             occasions
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Wars
             against
             Genoa
             ,
             and
             lately
             in
             the
             Wars
             against
             the
             Turk
             ,
             100000.
             
             Crowns
             being
             paid
             by
             every
             one
             who
             is
             made
             such
             ,
             besides
             that
             he
             must
             be
             otherwise
             qualified
             for
             it
             .
             In
             the
             Majesty
             and
             perpetuity
             of
             the
             Duke
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             shadow
             of
             Monarchy
             ,
             but
             the
             strength
             and
             the
             Authority
             resides
             in
             the
             Senate
             ;
             their
             Dominion
             is
             of
             a
             great
             extent
             .
             In
             
               terra
               ferma
            
             they
             have
             Dogado
             ,
             La
             
               Marca
               Trevigiana
               ,
               Padoano
               ,
               Vicentino
               ,
               Veronese
               ,
               Feltrino
               ,
               Bellunese
               ,
               Bresciano
               ,
               Beragamasco
               ,
               Cremasco
               ,
            
             &c.
             there
             is
             further
             
               il
               Fruili
            
             ,
             with
             many
             considerable
             Cities
             in
             it
             ,
             as
             
               Udine
               ,
               Palma
            
             ,
             and
             that
             strong
             hold
             
               Palma
               Nova
               .
               Istria
            
             with
             four
             good
             Cities
             ,
             and
             many
             Lands
             and
             places
             .
             Out
             of
             Italy
             they
             have
             Dalmatia
             ,
             with
             the
             Islands
             thereto
             belonging
             ,
             and
             the
             chief
             Cities
             of
             
               Zara
               ,
               Clissa
               :
               Cataro
            
             ,
             and
             few
             other
             places
             in
             Albania
             ;
             
             in
             the
             
               Levante
               ,
               Corfu
               ,
               Cefalonia
               ,
               Cerigo
               ,
               Zante
               ,
            
             and
             some
             other
             Islands
             in
             the
             Arcipelago
             ;
             and
             the
             Sovereignty
             of
             all
             the
             Golfo
             from
             Venice
             to
             Otranto
             ,
             and
             to
             
               la
               Vallona
            
             ,
             which
             is
             seven
             hundred
             miles
             in
             length
             ;
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Candia
             ,
             they
             have
             nothing
             but
             the
             City
             .
          
           
             It
             would
             require
             whole
             Volumes
             ,
             if
             one
             would
             insist
             upon
             the
             manner
             of
             their
             Government
             in
             general
             ,
             seeing
             they
             have
             been
             curious
             to
             gather
             the
             quintessence
             of
             all
             the
             good
             Laws
             and
             Statutes
             which
             antient
             and
             modern
             Republicks
             had
             ,
             which
             they
             make
             use
             of
             upon
             occasion
             :
             they
             have
             above
             60.
             
             Courts
             of
             Judicature
             ,
             such
             a
             diversity
             being
             necessary
             for
             them
             to
             employ
             so
             many
             Noblemen
             they
             have
             .
             I
             will
             hardly
             mention
             the
             
               Gran
               '
               Consiglio
            
             ,
             wherein
             are
             usually
             1500.
             
             Votes
             ,
             besides
             other
             500.
             
             Nobles
             who
             are
             in
             Offices
             else-where
             ,
             either
             by
             Land
             or
             Sea
             ;
             nor
             the
             Pregadi
             composed
             of
             '
             200.
             or
             thereabouts
             ,
             or
             the
             Collegio
             ,
             or
             the
             
               Consiglio
               di
               Dieci
            
             ,
             nor
             what
             manner
             of
             bus●inesses
             they
             treat
             of
             :
             Why
             should
             I
             tell
             who
             are
             the
             
               Procuratori
               di
               San
               Marco
               ,
               Sesteri
               ,
               tre
               capi
               di
               Quaranta
               Savi
               di
               Mare
               ,
               Savi
               di
               terra
               ,
               Savi
               grandi
               ,
            
             
             and
             so
             many
             Officers
             ;
             this
             with
             an
             exact
             description
             of
             that
             Republick
             ,
             and
             of
             all
             her
             dependencies
             I
             could
             undertake
             ,
             if
             I
             saw
             occasion
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             a
             thing
             that
             deserves
             to
             be
             by
             it self
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             account
             of
             the
             Forces
             ,
             and
             Riches
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             and
             wherein
             they
             consist
             ;
             I
             shall
             not
             speak
             of
             the
             City
             which
             is
             full
             of
             wonders
             with
             antient
             and
             modern
             curiosities
             ,
             only
             I
             shall
             name
             the
             Arsenal
             ,
             which
             is
             certainly
             the
             best
             in
             Europe
             ,
             and
             the
             Treasure
             hath
             many
             rich
             and
             precious
             stones
             ,
             however
             I
             will
             not
             omit
             to
             say
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             City
             are
             two
             sorts
             of
             Virtuosi
             ,
             one
             is
             called
             Discordanti
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Gussoni
             .
          
           
             I
             must
             come
             to
             something
             of
             the
             political
             part
             of
             that
             Government
             ,
             but
             before
             ,
             I
             must
             name
             some
             of
             the
             Chief
             Families
             of
             that
             Republick
             .
             I
             believe
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Nobles
             exceeds
             that
             of
             3500.
             though
             40.
             or
             50.
             
             Families
             with
             their
             friends
             and
             relations
             ,
             whose
             leaders
             they
             are
             do
             govern
             the
             whole
             ,
             the
             most
             considerable
             of
             these
             are
             Contarini
             ,
             now
             
               Doge
               ,
               Sagredo
               ,
               Corraro
               ,
               Capello
               ,
               Moccenigo
               Morosini
               ,
               Cornaro
               ,
               Gradenigo
               ,
               Grimani
               ,
               Querini
               ,
               Loredano
               ,
               Marcello
               ,
               Pesaro
               ,
            
             
             
               Giustiniano
               ,
               Foscari
               ,
               Bembo
               ,
               Delfini
               ,
            
             &c.
             
             Now
             I
             proceed
             ,
             the
             Venetians
             take
             a
             great
             care
             to
             have
             their
             young
             men
             instructed
             in
             those
             things
             which
             concern
             their
             Republick
             ;
             in
             part
             to
             this
             effect
             they
             have
             found
             out
             such
             a
             variety
             of
             employments
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             applying
             themselves
             to
             these
             ,
             they
             may
             in
             time
             be
             fitter
             to
             administer
             those
             of
             a
             higher
             nature
             ,
             so
             that
             there
             is
             hardly
             any
             one
             without
             some
             employment
             suitable
             to
             his
             Genius
             and
             Capacity
             ;
             they
             also
             have
             an
             usual
             way
             to
             speak
             familiarly
             of
             policy
             ,
             so
             that
             after
             a
             long
             use
             ,
             and
             earnest
             application
             ,
             and
             an
             often
             hearing
             of
             those
             who
             understand
             things
             well
             ,
             they
             must
             needs
             make
             improvement
             in
             it
             .
             The
             Venetians
             also
             most
             of
             any
             Italians
             do
             travel
             abroad
             ,
             and
             hardly
             an
             Ambassadour
             ever
             goes
             to
             any
             place
             ,
             but
             he
             is
             attended
             by
             some
             of
             the
             young
             Nobles
             ,
             who
             go
             to
             learn
             the
             politick
             part
             of
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Countrey
             which
             the
             Ambassadour
             is
             sent
             to
             ;
             and
             that
             which
             is
             the
             chief
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             the
             Senate
             may
             be
             instructed
             of
             the
             present
             state
             of
             affairs
             of
             any
             Court
             ,
             we
             may
             observe
             that
             almost
             everywhere
             they
             have
             Ambassadours
             (
             not
             
             mattering
             what
             charges
             they
             come
             to
             )
             who
             all
             the
             time
             of
             their
             residence
             ,
             by
             a
             constant
             Intelligence
             do
             acquaint
             the
             council
             with
             every
             particular
             thing
             that
             falls
             out
             in
             the
             Court
             they
             live
             at
             ;
             who
             not
             only
             leave
             instructions
             to
             those
             who
             succeed
             them
             in
             the
             place
             ,
             but
             who
             also
             when
             they
             come
             home
             ,
             are
             obliged
             to
             make
             in
             Pregadi
             ,
             a
             full
             relation
             of
             the
             state
             wherein
             stands
             the
             Court
             whence
             they
             come
             .
          
           
             One
             thing
             above
             all
             ,
             which
             I
             find
             extraordinary
             ,
             is
             that
             secresie
             so
             inviolably
             observed
             amongst
             them
             ,
             that
             amongst
             so
             many
             heads
             there
             should
             be
             no
             tongue
             ,
             nay
             there
             have
             been
             those
             who
             were
             present
             at
             the
             Council
             ,
             when
             violent
             resolutions
             were
             taken
             against
             some
             friend
             or
             relation
             of
             theirs
             ;
             they
             have
             conversed
             with
             them
             after
             that
             ,
             and
             yet
             never
             discovered
             any
             thing
             .
             Publick
             Ministers
             of
             Princes
             who
             reside
             there
             ,
             do
             confess
             it
             is
             more
             difficult
             to
             penetrate
             into
             those
             results
             made
             sometimes
             by
             above
             1500.
             men
             ,
             than
             into
             those
             which
             are
             made
             by
             three
             or
             four
             :
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             this
             is
             look't
             upon
             as
             a
             part
             of
             their
             wisdome
             ,
             that
             publick
             affairs
             are
             
             communicated
             to
             all
             ,
             for
             then
             when
             the
             resolutions
             they
             have
             taken
             ,
             require
             secresie
             ,
             they
             think
             themselves
             obliged
             to
             observe
             it
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             only
             upon
             this
             account
             that
             they
             are
             true
             and
             faithful
             to
             themselves
             .
             Thus
             their
             general
             aime
             is
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             their
             Laws
             tend
             to
             maintain
             peace
             ,
             union
             ,
             and
             liberty
             .
             We
             must
             not
             wonder
             therefore
             if
             this
             Republick
             is
             come
             to
             such
             a
             height
             ,
             and
             maintains
             herself
             in
             it
             ,
             with
             the
             excellency
             of
             her
             Counsil
             ,
             the
             observation
             of
             the
             Laws
             ,
             the
             gravity
             of
             manners
             and
             customes
             ,
             and
             the
             common
             desire
             of
             maintaining
             liberty
             with
             a
             severe
             punishment
             of
             all
             innovations
             which
             could
             disturb
             the
             publick
             peace
             .
          
           
             Laws
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             Despotick
             or
             Arbitrary
             ,
             nor
             after
             the
             suggestions
             of
             sycophants
             ,
             and
             the
             byassed
             parasites
             ,
             but
             inconformity
             to
             those
             of
             the
             great
             Law
             giver
             (
             who
             though
             he
             have
             an
             absolute
             and
             unlimitable
             right
             and
             power
             over
             all
             ,
             yet
             he
             is
             often
             times
             graciously
             pleased
             to
             give
             reasons
             of
             what
             he
             doth
             )
             they
             ought
             to
             be
             grounded
             upon
             Justice
             ,
             Reason
             ,
             and
             Equity
             ,
             and
             to
             tend
             to
             the
             publick
             good
             ,
             which
             should
             be
             the
             
             end
             of
             all
             civil
             and
             municipal
             laws
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             be
             turned
             into
             private
             Channels
             ,
             to
             run
             to
             particular
             ends
             ,
             which
             hapning
             ,
             
               let
               him
               look
               to
               't
               who
               bears
               not
               the
               Sword
               without
               cause
               ,
            
             for
             all
             private
             ends
             ought
             to
             be
             subservient
             to
             the
             publick
             interest
             :
             to
             this
             effect
             ,
             when
             first
             all
             men
             contracted
             Societies
             ,
             and
             united
             themselves
             in
             Corporations
             ,
             they
             knew
             well
             they
             could
             not
             subsist
             without
             order
             ,
             which
             can
             never
             be
             observed
             without
             Laws
             ,
             tending
             to
             protect
             the
             good
             in
             the
             enjoyment
             of
             that
             peace
             and
             quietness
             they
             desire
             ,
             &
             to
             terrifie
             the
             evil
             with
             those
             punishments
             threatned
             them
             ,
             in
             case
             the
             ,
             go
             about
             to
             disturb
             it
             .
             And
             the
             truth
             is
             ,
             that
             such
             Laws
             being
             enacted
             ,
             they
             look
             to
             future
             ages
             more
             than
             to
             that
             time
             wherein
             they
             are
             made
             ,
             because
             those
             who
             made
             them
             being
             free
             agents
             ,
             and
             entring
             willingly
             ;
             and
             with
             their
             own
             accord
             into
             such
             Societies
             as
             every
             one
             of
             them
             had
             a
             hand
             in
             the
             passing
             of
             the
             Laws
             ,
             if
             not
             in
             the
             framing
             ,
             at
             least
             in
             the
             approving
             and
             confirming
             of
             the
             same
             ;
             for
             that
             which
             is
             to
             be
             above
             all
             ,
             as
             Laws
             are
             ,
             is
             to
             be
             made
             by
             the
             consent
             of
             all
             ;
             So
             't
             is
             to
             be
             supposed
             they
             would
             
             not
             break
             the
             Lawes
             which
             they
             made
             themselves
             ,
             upon
             grounds
             of
             Reason
             and
             Justice
             ;
             Hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             as
             they
             have
             made
             use
             of
             the
             Legislative
             Power
             they
             had
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             have
             bound
             themselves
             to
             the
             execution
             of
             them
             ,
             which
             being
             once
             done
             ,
             the
             bond
             cannot
             be
             loose
             or
             untied
             but
             by
             the
             general
             consent
             ,
             and
             in
             such
             a
             case
             it
             may
             be
             done
             according
             to
             the
             maxime
             ,
             that
             he
             who
             makes
             the
             Law
             ,
             can
             disanul
             it
             ;
             (
             but
             it
             must
             be
             the
             whole
             Legislative
             Power
             )
             for
             as
             grounds
             and
             reasons
             sometimes
             do
             alter
             ,
             so
             may
             the
             Laws
             accordingly
             ,
             because
             as
             a
             Law
             doth
             not
             sute
             in
             all
             places
             ,
             so
             neither
             at
             all
             times
             ,
             neither
             may
             they
             be
             allowed
             ,
             but
             as
             much
             as
             they
             conduce
             to
             the
             publick
             good
             ,
             which
             as
             I
             said
             ,
             before
             is
             the
             end
             for
             the
             which
             they
             were
             roade
             ;
             but
             if
             they
             turn
             to
             be
             destructive
             to
             these
             ends
             for
             the
             which
             they
             were
             made
             ,
             they
             ought
             certainly
             to
             be
             abrogated
             and
             made
             void
             ;
             and
             this
             shews
             that
             every
             Law
             is
             not
             of
             the
             nature
             of
             those
             of
             the
             Persisians
             and
             Medians
             ,
             which
             might
             not
             be
             altered
             ;
             but
             because
             the
             life
             of
             the
             Law
             doth
             not
             so
             much
             consist
             in
             the
             Legislative
             Act
             ,
             but
             specially
             in
             the
             executive
             part
             ,
             
             not
             only
             in
             wisdome
             ,
             but
             also
             in
             powers
             therefore
             they
             who
             made
             the
             Lawe
             do
             appoint
             those
             who
             are
             to
             see
             them
             executed
             ;
             and
             because
             at
             first
             Law-givers
             could
             not
             foresee
             all
             cases
             and
             accidents
             which
             might
             fall
             out
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             certain
             power
             reserved
             to
             interpret
             ,
             to
             explain
             and
             to
             amplifie
             those
             Laws
             ,
             yet
             upon
             this
             condition
             that
             sense
             shall
             be
             given
             to
             the
             words
             of
             the
             Law
             which
             is
             most
             conducing
             to
             the
             end
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             to
             the
             publick
             good
             :
             For
             those
             rules
             that
             are
             imposed
             by
             Conquerours
             as
             such
             ,
             and
             do
             deserve
             the
             name
             of
             Laws
             ,
             but
             are
             only
             despotick
             orders
             and
             commands
             ;
             the
             Conquerour
             after
             his
             Victory
             imposes
             what
             he
             pleaseth
             upon
             the
             Conquered
             ;
             sometimes
             nothing
             but
             Martial
             and
             Arbitrary
             Laws
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             this
             day
             practised
             in
             the
             Turkish
             Empire
             ,
             for
             as
             he
             hath
             gotten
             it
             ,
             so
             he
             must
             keep
             it
             either
             by
             force
             or
             fraud
             ;
             this
             is
             by
             virtue
             of
             a
             right
             used
             between
             wild
             beasts
             ,
             who
             will
             tear
             or
             spare
             those
             that
             are
             weaker
             than
             themselves
             .
          
           
             The
             Laws
             of
             Venice
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             occasion
             of
             this
             discourse
             ,
             abhor
             these
             last
             ,
             and
             are
             of
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             former
             ,
             the
             happiness
             which
             they
             have
             enjoyn'd
             under
             them
             ,
             
             do
             highly
             declare
             the
             wisdome
             of
             their
             Law-givers
             .
             I
             believe
             it
             were
             of
             no
             little
             use
             ,
             if
             every
             Countrey
             were
             acquainted
             with
             the
             same
             ;
             I
             altogether
             for
             bear
             speaking
             of
             them
             that
             are
             common
             and
             ordinary
             ,
             one
             kind
             excepted
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             beneficial
             ,
             and
             might
             prove
             so
             to
             other
             Countries
             ,
             being
             introduced
             therein
             ,
             I
             mean
             the
             sumptuary
             Laws
             against
             excess
             in
             Clothes
             ,
             Jewels
             ,
             Equipage
             ,
             &c.
             which
             though
             vain
             and
             superficial
             things
             do
             consume
             &
             wast
             the
             state
             &
             substance
             of
             many
             ;
             the
             servant
             is
             not
             to
             be
             known
             by
             his
             cloaths
             from
             his
             Master
             ;
             and
             of
             these
             how
             many
             have
             we
             who
             are
             more
             sollicitous
             of
             getting
             Perriwigs
             ,
             gaudy
             Cloathes
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             than
             careful
             to
             acquire
             knowledge
             ,
             virtue
             and
             experience
             ,
             not
             knowing
             that
             those
             things
             are
             borrowed
             ,
             and
             not
             their
             own
             ,
             which
             make
             no
             difference
             between
             an
             honest
             man
             and
             the
             vilest
             wretch
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             however
             they
             are
             satisfi'd
             with
             the
             shew
             ,
             and
             are
             like
             those
             Apples
             that
             grow
             about
             the
             Lake
             of
             Sodom
             ,
             which
             have
             a
             fair
             shew
             ,
             but
             have
             nothing
             within
             ,
             blow
             upon
             them
             and
             they
             fly
             into
             dust
             and
             ashes
             .
             As
             there
             is
             a
             difference
             of
             quality
             in
             persons
             ,
             so
             there
             
             should
             be
             some
             distinction
             in
             cloathes
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             ;
             the
             very
             Stars
             shew
             greater
             brightness
             some
             than
             others
             .
             Men
             should
             strive
             to
             goe
             one
             beyond
             another
             ,
             not
             in
             clothes
             but
             in
             virtue
             ,
             and
             good
             quality
             .
             But
             I
             'le
             leave
             this
             discourse
             ,
             not
             for
             want
             of
             matter
             ,
             one
             who
             hath
             but
             common
             sense
             and
             reason
             could
             have
             much
             to
             say
             upon
             't
             ,
             but
             because
             I
             avoid
             to
             be
             accounted
             too
             censorious
             and
             critical
             ,
             and
             that
             some
             times
             every
             truth
             must
             not
             be
             spoken
             ,
             or
             when
             it
             is
             
               odium
               parit
            
             :
             but
             to
             come
             to
             my
             subject
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             't
             is
             not
             so
             in
             Venice
             ,
             they
             minde
             more
             solid
             and
             substantial
             things
             than
             these
             ,
             and
             they
             practise
             certain
             refined
             maximes
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             observed
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             their
             Doges
             may
             not
             ally
             themselves
             to
             any
             forreign
             Princes
             ,
             to
             preveni
             receiving
             from
             abroad
             Councils
             tending
             to
             the
             destruction
             of
             liberty
             at
             home
             .
             Neither
             is
             it
             lawful
             for
             any
             of
             the
             Nobles
             to
             converse
             with
             any
             forreign
             Ministers
             ,
             or
             any
             one
             that
             hath
             any
             relation
             to
             them
             ,
             or
             to
             keep
             communication
             with
             them
             by
             way
             of
             letters
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             direct
             or
             indirect
             way
             ,
             to
             remove
             all
             occasions
             of
             being
             bribed
             ,
             and
             so
             of
             betraying
             the
             State
             or
             
             their
             Councils
             ;
             for
             this
             cause
             12.
             or
             13.
             years
             agoe
             was
             put
             to
             death
             one
             of
             the
             Family
             of
             Carnaro
             ,
             it
             being
             found
             out
             that
             he
             had
             been
             several
             times
             at
             the
             lodging
             of
             the
             Spanish
             Ambassadour
             .
             Further
             ,
             as
             they
             know
             that
             the
             greatness
             of
             the
             Republick
             comes
             from
             their
             power
             upon
             the
             Seas
             ;
             so
             all
             the
             Nobles
             apply
             themselves
             specially
             to
             Sea
             Affairs
             :
             as
             for
             Land
             service
             they
             usually
             take
             strangers
             of
             known
             valour
             and
             experience
             out
             of
             
               Germany
               ,
               Italy
            
             ,
             and
             other
             places
             .
             To
             preserve
             union
             between
             the
             Nobles
             and
             the
             people
             ,
             and
             that
             these
             may
             have
             where
             to
             apply
             themselves
             ;
             the
             Noble
             ;
             do
             not
             roeddle
             with
             publick
             Schools
             ,
             or
             ruling
             of
             Parochial
             Churches
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             ;
             and
             more
             than
             this
             ,
             the
             direction
             of
             the
             Chancery
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             high
             dignity
             that
             hath
             the
             ordering
             of
             all
             publick
             expeditions
             ,
             and
             the
             Secretaries
             places
             are
             ever
             given
             to
             some
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             to
             whom
             also
             they
             allow
             liberty
             of
             fishing
             ,
             coursing
             ,
             shooting
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             there
             being
             no
             propriety
             in
             things
             of
             this
             nature
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             may
             yet
             the
             more
             get
             the
             love
             and
             affection
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             they
             converse
             together
             in
             Walks
             ,
             Play-houses
             ,
             Gaming-places
             ,
             
             and
             upon
             all
             occasions
             and
             meetings
             ;
             so
             also
             they
             take
             Citizens
             Daughters
             to
             be
             their
             Wives
             :
             yet
             for
             all
             this
             the
             Nobles
             are
             so
             far
             from
             hindring
             ,
             that
             rather
             they
             encourage
             the
             divisions
             which
             are
             in
             the
             City
             of
             Venice
             of
             one
             part
             against
             another
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             between
             the
             Castellani
             and
             Nicolotti
             ,
             who
             use
             to
             meet
             specially
             in
             the
             Month
             of
             September
             ,
             upon
             the
             Bridge
             of
             St.
             Barnabas
             ,
             which
             they
             flock
             to
             in
             great
             numbers
             ,
             and
             the
             Nobles
             who
             happen
             to
             be
             there
             do
             encourage
             every
             one
             of
             those
             of
             his
             side
             ;
             there
             they
             Kick
             and
             Cuff
             one
             another
             ,
             but
             have
             no
             Armes
             :
             this
             to
             some
             is
             an
             eff●ct
             of
             animosity
             ,
             to
             others
             '
             a
             sport
             ,
             to
             others
             a
             shew
             ,
             and
             to
             all
             a
             diversion
             from
             other
             things
             .
             Upon
             this
             account
             ,
             they
             suffer
             the
             insolencies
             of
             Scholars
             at
             Padoa
             with
             their
             
               Chi
               va
               li
            
             at
             night
             to
             keep
             a
             division
             between
             them
             and
             the
             Citizens
             ,
             who
             also
             are
             looked
             upon
             as
             a
             factious
             people
             .
          
           
             Another
             maxime
             which
             they
             have
             ,
             is
             to
             keep
             the
             scales
             even
             between
             warring
             Princes
             ,
             specially
             in
             Italy
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             done
             in
             the
             wars
             of
             Milan
             ,
             to
             preserve
             the
             Publick
             Liberty
             ,
             that
             one
             Prince
             do
             not
             grow
             
             too
             potent
             by
             the
             loss
             of
             another
             ;
             but
             a
             thing
             which
             they
             study
             most
             of
             all
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             know
             the
             Genius
             ,
             Customes
             ,
             Strength
             ,
             and
             to
             find
             out
             the
             Designes
             of
             all
             Princes
             and
             Republicks
             ,
             by
             which
             diligence
             many
             a
             time
             they
             have
             found
             out
             and
             avoided
             great
             dangers
             impending
             over
             themselves
             and
             others
             .
             But
             a
             very
             useful
             maxime
             they
             have
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             very
             wise
             ,
             it
             is
             ever
             to
             hearken
             after
             peace
             ,
             and
             fit
             themselves
             constantly
             for
             war
             :
             Afore
             they
             were
             involved
             in
             this
             last
             with
             the
             Turk
             ,
             their
             policicy
             was
             by
             all
             means
             to
             avoid
             a
             falling
             out
             with
             so
             dreadful
             an
             Enemy
             ;
             but
             it
             seems
             at
             this
             time
             providence
             hath
             made
             use
             of
             the
             perfidiousness
             of
             those
             of
             Candia
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Turks
             ambition
             ,
             to
             make
             this
             maxime
             to
             be
             null
             and
             void
             .
             But
             to
             withdraw
             from
             this
             Ocean
             ,
             I
             will
             say
             ,
             that
             out
             of
             policy
             they
             suffer
             the
             delayes
             of
             doing
             Justice
             ,
             and
             the
             tedious
             proceedings
             at
             Law
             ,
             to
             keep
             people
             in
             exercise
             ,
             and
             the
             Courts
             of
             Justice
             in
             credit
             :
             By
             the
             same
             reason
             they
             are
             so
             severe
             in
             punishing
             faults
             against
             the
             State
             upon
             all
             sorts
             of
             persons
             ;
             and
             to
             avoid
             Innovations
             and
             Disorders
             ;
             contrariwise
             ,
             they
             be
             very
             remiss
             to
             those
             which
             proceed
             
             from
             humane
             frailty
             :
             So
             't
             is
             to
             punish
             more
             rigourously
             the
             faults
             of
             the
             Nobles
             ,
             than
             those
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             the
             former
             do
             not
             grow
             insolent
             ,
             nor
             these
             last
             discontented
             .
             Further
             they
             are
             careful
             to
             maintain
             their
             priviledges
             to
             Provinces
             and
             Cities
             ,
             that
             they
             may
             continue
             in
             their
             Loyalty
             and
             affection
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             't
             is
             a
             part
             of
             their
             Justice
             ,
             as
             of
             their
             policy
             ,
             not
             to
             punish
             the
             crime
             of
             the
             Fathers
             upon
             the
             Children
             ,
             nor
             
               e
               Converso
            
             ,
             the
             person
             only
             which
             is
             guilty
             suffering
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             one
             thing
             more
             to
             say
             before
             I
             leave
             it
             :
             Of
             all
             States
             in
             Italy
             this
             of
             Venice
             hangs
             loose
             from
             the
             Pope
             most
             of
             all
             ,
             therefore
             they
             meddle
             not
             in
             the
             Court
             of
             Rome
             ,
             neither
             do
             they
             care
             to
             bestow
             Pensions
             upon
             Cardinals
             to
             have
             a
             favourable
             Election
             ,
             &
             indeed
             't
             is
             not
             much
             material
             to
             them
             ,
             seeing
             they
             extend
             their
             Jurisdiction
             upon
             all
             Regular
             &
             Ecclesiastical
             persons
             within
             their
             Dominions
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             endeavours
             of
             several
             Popes
             to
             the
             contrary
             :
             and
             they
             have
             good
             Laws
             to
             bridle
             the
             power
             of
             Popes
             within
             their
             State
             ,
             as
             I
             will
             instance
             only
             in
             two
             Cases
             ;
             the
             first
             is
             ,
             though
             the
             Inquisition
             be
             amongst
             them
             ,
             yet
             they
             have
             taken
             away
             
             
             
             
             
             its
             sting
             ,
             there
             being
             constantly
             three
             of
             the
             wisest
             and
             more
             moderate
             Senators
             named
             to
             be
             present
             at
             their
             Consultations
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             further
             ordered
             ,
             that
             nothing
             shall
             be
             resolved
             in
             it
             ,
             except
             there
             be
             present
             one
             of
             these
             Senators
             ,
             who
             qualifies
             things
             ,
             reduces
             them
             to
             moderation
             ,
             and
             in
             case
             of
             extremity
             telling
             ,
             the
             Senate
             must
             be
             acquainted
             with
             such
             and
             such
             things
             .
             The
             Second
             Case
             is
             ,
             the
             nomination
             which
             Popes
             make
             ,
             of
             whom
             they
             think
             fit
             to
             some
             ,
             Church-livings
             and
             benefices
             within
             their
             State
             ,
             the
             Pope
             pretends
             he
             hath
             right
             so
             to
             do
             ,
             which
             they
             deny
             ;
             however
             because
             they
             will
             not
             openly
             cross
             him
             ,
             they
             have
             found
             out
             an
             indirect
             way
             ,
             which
             is
             this
             ,
             there
             is
             an
             Order
             ,
             that
             no
             man
             whosoever
             shall
             be
             put
             in
             possession
             of
             any
             Benefice
             by
             virtue
             of
             any
             Grant
             or
             Nomination
             from
             the
             Pope
             ,
             except
             the
             same
             be
             first
             approved
             of
             by
             the
             Council
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Patent
             being
             brought
             to
             the
             Council
             ,
             there
             it
             lies
             till
             either
             the
             person
             who
             had
             it
             ,
             or
             the
             Pope
             who
             granted
             it
             ,
             be
             dead
             ,
             which
             maxime
             now
             being
             known
             ,
             none
             of
             their
             Subjects
             will
             be
             at
             the
             charges
             and
             trouble
             to
             Sue
             at
             Rone
             for
             any
             such
             thing
             .
          
           
           
             The
             wisest
             amongst
             them
             laugh
             at
             the
             pretended
             Authority
             and
             Jurisdiction
             which
             Popes
             arrogate
             to
             themselves
             within
             the
             limits
             of
             their
             Republick
             :
             he
             may
             (
             say
             they
             )
             play
             Rex
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             have
             his
             Patriarchal
             Churches
             ,
             namely
             St.
             Peter
             representing
             the
             Patriarch
             of
             Constantinople
             ;
             St.
             Paul
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             St.
             Mary
             the
             greater
             of
             Antiochia
             ,
             St.
             Laurance
             without
             the
             walls
             of
             Jerusalem
             ,
             and
             set
             over
             these
             four
             ,
             St.
             John
             of
             Lateran
             ,
             representing
             the
             Pope
             ,
             who
             is
             over
             all
             ;
             but
             say
             they
             ,
             such
             liberty
             is
             not
             allowed
             him
             in
             the
             States
             of
             other
             Princes
             .
             From
             time
             to
             time
             there
             hath
             been
             Quarrels
             between
             Popes
             and
             this
             Republick
             ;
             Paul
             the
             fifth's
             Excommunication
             is
             not
             yet
             forgotten
             there
             ,
             nor
             the
             Principles
             of
             
               padre
               Paolo
            
             ,
             and
             
               padre
               Fulgentio
            
             rooted
             out
             ;
             though
             the
             Gospel
             be
             not
             taught
             there
             in
             publick
             ,
             one
             may
             hear
             it
             sometimes
             in
             private
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             of
             late
             the
             Jesuites
             were
             re-admitted
             there
             ,
             but
             meer
             necessity
             of
             State
             obliged
             them
             to
             it
             ,
             though
             their
             re-admission
             was
             carried
             on
             but
             by
             few
             Balls
             or
             Votes
             ,
             the
             late
             Popes
             Letter
             earnestly
             entreating
             them
             to
             do
             it
             ,
             and
             saying
             ,
             that
             if
             he
             could
             
             have
             gone
             in
             person
             to
             ask
             it
             ,
             he
             would
             have
             done
             it
             ,
             was
             not
             so
             efficacious
             as
             the
             promise
             of
             keeping
             3000
             men
             at
             his
             own
             charges
             in
             Dalmatia
             ,
             for
             theservice
             of
             the
             Republick
             ;
             and
             upon
             occasion
             the
             use
             of
             his
             Gallies
             ,
             with
             some
             other
             advantages
             :
             however
             ,
             they
             are
             still
             odious
             in
             that
             City
             to
             all
             sorts
             of
             people
             ,
             and
             a
             small
             matter
             will
             send
             them
             out
             again
             :
             In
             a
             private
             Conversation
             between
             the
             late
             Popes
             and
             a
             Venetian
             Ambassadour
             then
             at
             Rome
             ,
             upon
             the
             question
             moved
             by
             the
             
               Pope
               ,
               Where
               was
               their
               Title
               to
               the
               Soveraignty
               of
               the
               Gulf
               ?
            
             the
             other
             answered
             him
             smartly
             ,
             
               'T
               is
               upon
               the
               back
               of
               Constamines
               donation
            
             ;
             this
             shews
             somthing
             in
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Venetian
             hearts
             not
             favourable
             to
             Rome
             ,
             whence
             they
             have
             received
             so
             many
             grounds
             of
             displeasure
             ;
             We
             have
             seen
             of
             late
             how
             much
             trouble
             a
             Nuncio
             of
             the
             Popes
             at
             Venice
             was
             like
             to
             have
             raised
             between
             the
             Duke
             and
             Senate
             about
             the
             Barigello
             ,
             who
             had
             seized
             certain
             of
             the
             Nuncio's
             Servants
             when
             they
             had
             done
             some
             insolencies
             ,
             though
             he
             said
             he
             knew
             not
             they
             were
             his
             Servants
             ,
             and
             though
             things
             had
             been
             composed
             so
             ,
             that
             the
             Barigello
             should
             not
             
             appear
             in
             the
             Church
             of
             St.
             Mary
             ,
             where
             the
             Nuncio
             was
             to
             be
             till
             the
             last
             holy
             day
             of
             Christmass
             ,
             yet
             upon
             that
             very
             day
             against
             the
             agreement
             ,
             within
             the
             Church
             the
             Nuncio
             prevailed
             with
             the
             Duke
             to
             order
             him
             to
             go
             out
             ,
             whereat
             the
             whole
             Senate
             were
             highly
             incensed
             that
             the
             Duke
             would
             do
             such
             a
             thing
             without
             their
             advice
             :
             and
             now
             the
             late
             grudge
             about
             the
             turning
             of
             the
             Channel
             of
             the
             Po
             another
             way
             ,
             might
             produce
             somthing
             ,
             were
             it
             not
             for
             the
             War
             of
             Candia
             ,
             however
             there
             remains
             a
             cause
             of
             falling
             out
             hereafter
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               The
               state
               of
            
             Genoa
             .
          
           
             BUt
             't
             is
             time
             to
             speak
             of
             Genoa
             ,
             formerly
             the
             dangerous
             Rivall
             of
             Veuice
             ;
             History
             shews
             us
             the
             several
             &
             great
             Revolutions
             of
             Government
             in
             this
             City
             ;
             it
             was
             by
             Charles
             the
             Great
             made
             an
             Earldom
             ,
             and
             under
             one
             of
             their
             Earls
             won
             the
             Island
             Corfica
             from
             the
             
               Saracens
               '
            
             ,
             afterwards
             they
             became
             a
             Republick
             ,
             they
             asked
             the
             Protection
             of
             Charles
             the
             sixth
             King
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             having
             rejected
             this
             ,
             
             they
             submitted
             to
             the
             Duke
             of
             Millan
             ,
             and
             then
             would
             have
             withdrawn
             from
             his
             Obedience
             ,
             but
             he
             being
             too
             hard
             for
             them
             ,
             they
             were
             kept
             under
             till
             the
             days
             of
             
               Andrea
               Doria
            
             ,
             who
             having
             pacified
             the
             intestine
             divisions
             ,
             instead
             of
             making
             himself
             Prince
             of
             it
             ,
             as
             some
             think
             he
             might
             have
             done
             ,
             he
             got
             them
             the
             liberty
             wherein
             they
             stand
             at
             present
             :
             This
             Republick
             is
             no
             more
             now
             what
             it
             hath
             been
             ,
             that
             Genoa
             which
             hath
             formerly
             been
             so
             potent
             at
             Sea
             ,
             as
             to
             beat
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             take
             one
             of
             their
             Dukes
             prisoners
             ,
             as
             they
             did
             in
             1258.
             run
             victorious
             up
             and
             down
             ,
             taking
             several
             Cities
             belonging
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             block
             up
             Venice
             it self
             .
             Furthermore
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             1337.
             they
             Conquered
             the
             Kingdome
             of
             Cyprus
             ,
             took
             the
             King
             and
             Queen
             prisoners
             ,
             but
             restored
             them
             upon
             certain
             conditions
             ;
             the
             reason
             is
             ,
             because
             though
             the
             Countrey
             be
             the
             same
             ,
             yet
             that
             people
             hath
             exceedingly
             degenerated
             ;
             in
             those
             days
             every
             one
             minded
             the
             publick
             good
             ,
             and
             the
             honour
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             but
             now
             every
             one
             seeks
             his
             private
             ends
             and
             interests
             ,
             let
             what
             will
             become
             of
             the
             publick
             ,
             which
             
             is
             a
             meer
             folly
             ,
             for
             when
             the
             publick
             goes
             to
             wrack
             ,
             particular
             men
             cannot
             thrive
             very
             long
             ;
             but
             if
             all
             particular
             men
             strive
             together
             to
             promote
             the
             publick
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             members
             of
             that
             body
             ,
             so
             they
             will
             find
             the
             benefit
             of
             it
             ;
             when
             we
             have
             seen
             in
             the
             Roman
             Commonwealth
             men
             sacirfice
             States
             ,
             Friends
             ,
             Relations
             and
             Lives
             for
             the
             Republick
             ,
             when
             nothing
             was
             so
             dear
             to
             them
             ,
             but
             they
             could
             part
             with
             it
             for
             the
             good
             and
             safety
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             then
             were
             all
             things
             in
             a
             flourishing
             condition
             ,
             but
             when
             they
             began
             to
             seek
             their
             own
             ,
             and
             every
             one
             to
             set
             up
             for
             himself
             ,
             all
             things
             began
             to
             totter
             :
             How
             can
             the
             parts
             be
             saved
             ,
             if
             the
             whole
             perish
             ?
             The
             Bees
             and
             the
             Ants
             natural
             instinct
             goes
             beyond
             some
             Mens
             reason
             ,
             they
             may
             be
             Hyerogliphicks
             to
             us
             ,
             and
             their
             example
             teach
             us
             to
             be
             publick
             spirited
             Men
             ,
             but
             it
             seems
             the
             Genoesi
             are
             not
             so
             .
          
           
             This
             Republick
             is
             in
             possession
             of
             what
             was
             formerly
             called
             Liguria
             ,
             now
             't
             is
             
               Riviera
               di
               Genoa
            
             ,
             from
             the
             City
             of
             Genoa
             to
             
               Porto
               di
               Luna
            
             ,
             is
             called
             ,
             
               la
               Riviera
               di
               Levante
            
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             East
             ,
             and
             from
             Genoa
             to
             Monaco
             't
             is
             Rivieradiponente
             of
             the
             West
             ,
             
             
             
             
             
             which
             makes
             150.
             miles
             in
             length
             ,
             though
             the
             breadth
             is
             hardly
             above
             25.
             in
             any
             place
             :
             't
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             ponente
             is
             Finale
             belonging
             to
             the
             Spaniarols
             ,
             and
             three
             places
             to
             Savoy
             ,
             but
             withal
             beyond
             Monaco
             it
             hath
             St.
             Remy
             and
             Ventimiglia
             ;
             towards
             Milan
             they
             have
             Gavi
             with
             a
             strong
             Castle
             ,
             and
             Novi
             not
             so
             good
             as
             the
             other
             ;
             they
             have
             also
             the
             Island
             Corsiea
             :
             Formerly
             Trade
             did
             much
             flourish
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             but
             now
             Legorn
             hath
             spoiled
             it
             ,
             as
             Genoa
             had
             spoiled
             that
             of
             Savona
             ,
             they
             suffered
             extreamly
             by
             the
             late
             great
             plague
             that
             was
             there
             ;
             so
             that
             to
             make
             themselves
             amends
             ,
             and
             to
             keep
             up
             Trade
             ,
             they
             have
             thought
             fit
             to
             bring
             in
             the
             Jews
             ,
             by
             whose
             means
             they
             hope
             in
             time
             to
             bring
             Trading
             back
             again
             from
             Legorn
             ;
             but
             others
             are
             in
             expectation
             to
             hear
             how
             they
             will
             agree
             ,
             for
             between
             a
             Jew
             and
             a
             Genoese
             (
             setting
             aside
             baptism
             )
             there
             's
             no
             difference
             ;
             and
             if
             they
             do
             't
             will
             pass
             for
             a
             wonder
             .
          
           
             But
             not
             to
             be
             tedious
             upon
             this
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             although
             the
             City
             be
             very
             fair
             ,
             and
             the
             Palaces
             stately
             ,
             it
             is
             inhabited
             by
             men
             ,
             then
             whom
             (
             few
             excepted
             )
             there
             cannot
             be
             worse
             ,
             this
             is
             the
             opinion
             which
             
             all
             other
             Italians
             have
             of
             them
             :
             There
             goes
             a
             story
             ,
             (
             which
             how
             true
             't
             is
             I
             will
             not
             dispute
             )
             that
             when
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             first
             of
             all
             made
             Livorno
             a
             free
             Port
             ,
             he
             gave
             leave
             of
             
               Trading
               in
               't
            
             to
             all
             Nations
             ,
             as
             
               English
               ,
               French
            
             ,
             and
             to
             all
             Merchants
             ,
             even
             out
             of
             
               Turkey
               ,
               Anch
               '
               ai
               Genoesi
               ,
            
             having
             named
             several
             Nations
             ,
             amongst
             whom
             there
             were
             Infidels
             ;
             those
             of
             Genoa
             are
             put
             the
             last
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             worst
             of
             all
             .
             Indeed
             they
             are
             proud
             ,
             revengeful
             in
             an
             extraordinary
             way
             ,
             and
             enemies
             to
             strangers
             ,
             though
             out
             of
             that
             City
             they
             goe
             almost
             into
             all
             parts
             .
             I
             do
             not
             think
             there
             is
             a
             City
             in
             Italy
             where
             more
             mischief
             is
             done
             than
             in
             this
             ,
             one
             hears
             of
             it
             almost
             every
             day
             :
             In
             the
             way
             of
             Trade
             they
             are
             very
             skilful
             ,
             yet
             so
             interessed
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             those
             in
             it
             who
             could
             prefer
             one
             5
             s.
             to
             twenty
             lives
             ;
             their
             temper
             is
             such
             ,
             that
             they
             cannot
             agree
             with
             any
             sort
             of
             people
             ,
             nay
             ,
             not
             so
             much
             as
             amongst
             themselves
             ;
             their
             unsettledness
             appears
             in
             this
             :
             from
             Earles
             they
             came
             to
             Consuli
             ,
             from
             these
             to
             Potesta
             ,
             then
             to
             Capitani
             ,
             to
             
               Governatori
               ,
               Luoghitenenti
               Rettori
               di
               populo
               ,
               Abbati
               di
               populo
               ,
               reformatori
               ,
               protectori
               ,
               duchi
               Nobili
               ,
            
             and
             
               duchi
               Popolari
            
             .
             
             Civil
             Divisions
             ever
             regarded
             amongst
             them
             ,
             for
             they
             are
             no
             sooner
             come
             under
             one
             sort
             of
             Government
             ,
             but
             they
             wished
             for
             another
             .
             When
             Francis
             the
             first
             heard
             they
             would
             desire
             his
             Protection
             ;
             
               Let
               them
               go
               to
               Hell
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               for
               I
               am
               not
               willing
               to
               needdle
               with
               such
               people
               .
            
             The
             Italian
             Proverb
             of
             them
             is
             ,
             
               Mare
               senzapesci
            
             ,
             they
             have
             Seas
             without
             Fish
             ,
             
               Montagne
               senzalegno
            
             ,
             Mountains
             and
             no
             Woods
             ,
             
               Huomini
               senza
               fede
            
             ,
             Men
             without
             faith
             ,
             and
             
               Donne
               senza
               vergogna
            
             ,
             women
             without
             shame
             ;
             yet
             some
             brave
             men
             are
             come
             out
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Government
             is
             Aristocratical
             ,
             with
             a
             Doge
             ,
             only
             for
             two
             years
             ,
             who
             with
             the
             8
             Governatori
             ,
             is
             called
             the
             Signoria
             ,
             then
             the
             little
             Council
             of
             100
             men
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             of
             400.
             they
             have
             also
             the
             Sindici
             Over-seers
             of
             the
             actions
             of
             Governours
             ,
             as
             Censors
             were
             at
             Rome
             :
             the
             Doge
             hath
             a
             Guard
             ,
             which
             he
             of
             Venice
             hath
             not
             ;
             their
             Forces
             are
             much
             decayed
             from
             what
             they
             were
             ,
             when
             they
             reduced
             Venice
             to
             an
             extremity
             ;
             still
             they
             continue
             to
             be
             good
             Sea-Souldiers
             ,
             and
             keep
             eight
             Gallies
             ,
             which
             do
             dispute
             the
             hand
             with
             those
             of
             Maltha
             ,
             but
             they
             
             are
             not
             esteemed
             by
             Land.
             'T
             is
             a
             thing
             which
             will
             seem
             an
             extravagancy
             ,
             yet
             't
             is
             a
             truth
             ,
             that
             there
             hath
             been
             persons
             ,
             and
             there
             are
             now
             Families
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             more
             esteemed
             abroad
             than
             is
             the
             Republick
             it self
             ,
             and
             some
             are
             as
             rich
             ,
             if
             not
             richer
             ,
             who
             keep
             Gallies
             of
             their
             own
             .
             The
             Republick
             hath
             not
             above
             200000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             ,
             because
             part
             of
             the
             Dominion
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Revenue
             ,
             doth
             belong
             to
             the
             company
             of
             St.
             George
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             another
             Republick
             within
             that
             ;
             yet
             some
             make
             the
             yearly
             Income
             greater
             ;
             but
             confess
             that
             it
             doth
             not
             exceed
             the
             Charges
             .
             Silks
             are
             the
             Staple
             Commodity
             ,
             which
             they
             work
             very
             well
             in
             Velvet
             ,
             Plush
             ,
             Satin
             ,
             Taby
             ,
             Taffitie
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             Silk-works
             ,
             which
             they
             send
             into
             all
             the
             Northern
             parts
             of
             Europe
             .
             St.
             George
             is
             their
             Champion
             ,
             and
             the
             Red
             Cross
             is
             their
             Coat
             of
             Armes
             .
             The
             City
             as
             't
             is
             usual
             with
             Republicks
             ,
             draws
             the
             best
             of
             the
             Land
             to
             it self
             ,
             and
             hath
             destroyed
             the
             trading
             of
             other
             places
             ,
             as
             Savona
             to
             advance
             its
             own
             ;
             In
             it
             are
             a
             sort
             of
             Virtuosi
             ,
             who
             call
             themselves
             Addormentatis
             the
             City
             is
             not
             strong
             .
          
           
             The
             great
             secret
             of
             State
             of
             this
             Republick
             
             hath
             been
             to
             keep
             Herself
             United
             to
             ,
             and
             depend
             upon
             Spain
             since
             Charles
             the
             fifth
             ;
             and
             Philip
             the
             2d
             of
             Spain
             to
             keep
             them
             to
             her self
             ,
             hath
             borrowed
             vast
             sums
             of
             monies
             ,
             and
             assigned
             Lands
             in
             Naples
             and
             Milan
             for
             the
             payment
             ;
             so
             that
             they
             must
             keep
             fair
             with
             the
             Spaniard
             ,
             for
             fear
             of
             loosing
             the
             Principal
             ;
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             as
             the
             King
             of
             Spain
             hath
             occasion
             of
             them
             ,
             in
             relation
             to
             Finale
             and
             Milan
             not
             to
             loose
             them
             ,
             he
             allows
             very
             great
             use
             for
             this
             money
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             are
             even
             ,
             and
             think
             to
             have
             over-reached
             one
             another
             ;
             most
             of
             the
             monies
             which
             are
             currant
             being
             Spanish
             Coine
             ,
             it
             shews
             there
             hath
             been
             very
             great
             dealings
             between
             them
             .
             However
             now
             the
             Spaniard
             hath
             much
             lost
             the
             Great
             Authority
             he
             had
             first
             amongst
             them
             ,
             for
             formerly
             they
             so
             far
             depended
             upon
             him
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             not
             receive
             within
             their
             City
             the
             Embassadour
             of
             any
             Prince
             but
             his
             own
             ,
             who
             might
             come
             as
             he
             did
             often
             into
             the
             Consultations
             of
             the
             Senate
             ;
             but
             now
             there
             is
             no
             such
             matter
             ;
             they
             being
             exposed
             to
             so
             many
             alterations
             ,
             there
             are
             no
             fixed
             nor
             constant
             maximes
             of
             policy
             among
             
             them
             .
             I
             think
             't
             is
             a
             Republick
             great
             by
             Name
             ,
             but
             small
             in
             Srtength
             ,
             despised
             by
             her
             Superiors
             ,
             hated
             of
             her
             Equals
             ,
             and
             envied
             by
             her
             Inferiors
             ,
             which
             doth
             subsist
             only
             because
             one
             Neighbour
             would
             not
             have
             another
             to
             get
             it
             ,
             the
             Interest
             of
             every
             one
             being
             to
             have
             it
             remain
             in
             a
             third
             hand
             ;
             Genoa
             is
             very
             jealous
             of
             two
             of
             her
             Neighbours
             ,
             Savoy
             and
             Toscany
             ,
             of
             the
             former
             ,
             who
             hath
             aimed
             and
             attempted
             to
             bring
             her
             under
             his
             Yoake
             ;
             of
             the
             latter
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             pretentions
             to
             Sarzana
             ,
             which
             formerly
             belonged
             to
             Florence
             ,
             and
             of
             both
             ,
             because
             she
             is
             odious
             to
             both
             ,
             and
             that
             upon
             the
             account
             of
             State
             ,
             and
             of
             private
             interest
             ,
             they
             wish
             to
             see
             her
             brooght
             low
             .
             In
             it
             are
             many
             Noble
             and
             Rich
             Families
             ,
             as
             Doria
             ,
             of
             which
             are
             the
             Marquess
             of
             Toreglia
             ,
             Prince
             of
             Melfy
             ,
             of
             the
             branch
             of
             
               Andre
               Doria
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Duke
             of
             
               Tursi
               ;
               Spinola
            
             the
             Marquess
             ,
             and
             
               de
               Duke
            
             of
             Sestri
             ,
             Marquess
             
               de
               los
               Balbases
            
             ,
             a
             Spanish
             Title
             ,
             because
             a
             Grandee
             of
             Spain
             ;
             other
             Families
             are
             
               Fieschi
               ,
               Grimaldi
               ,
               Giustiniani
               ,
               Pallavicini
               ,
               Cibo
               ,
               Carrieri
               ,
               Imperiale
               ,
            
             and
             some
             others
             .
             
             Now
             the
             Marquess
             
               Hyppolito
               Centurione
            
             with
             his
             Ships
             and
             Gallies
             ,
             is
             entred
             into
             the
             French
             service
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               the
               state
               of
            
             Luca.
             
          
           
             I
             See
             I
             do
             fall
             from
             an
             Ocean
             into
             Rivers
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             water
             enough
             for
             me
             to
             swim
             in
             ,
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             if
             not
             every
             where
             .
             You
             will
             not
             be
             troubled
             with
             hearing
             a
             long
             enumeration
             of
             places
             and
             Dominions
             ;
             yet
             't
             is
             to
             be
             admired
             of
             the
             places
             I
             am
             now
             to
             speak
             of
             ,
             not
             how
             they
             can
             preserve
             themselves
             ;
             this
             the
             jealousie
             between
             ,
             and
             the
             interest
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             ,
             joyned
             with
             watchfulness
             on
             their
             side
             ,
             doth
             for
             them
             ;
             but
             how
             formerly
             in
             times
             of
             conquest
             they
             could
             free
             their
             necks
             from
             the
             yoke
             of
             their
             potent
             Neighbours
             .
             Luca
             is
             one
             of
             these
             places
             which
             hath
             sometimes
             been
             possessed
             by
             the
             Goths
             ,
             the
             Emperours
             of
             Constantinople
             ,
             the
             
               Faseoli
               ,
               Castrucci
               ,
               Spinoli
            
             ,
             by
             the
             Family
             
               Della
               Scala
            
             ,
             by
             the
             
               Fiorentini
               ,
               Pisani
            
             ,
             and
             by
             one
             Carlo
             of
             Bohemia
             ,
             who
             having
             made
             a
             Bishop
             Governour
             of
             it
             ,
             this
             Bishop
             received
             25000
             
             Crowns
             ,
             and
             left
             them
             the
             liberty
             they
             are
             now
             in
             ,
             their
             Dominion
             is
             extended
             upon
             few
             Mountains
             ,
             not
             much
             inhabited
             ,
             upon
             the
             top
             of
             which
             they
             have
             some
             strong
             holds
             ,
             as
             
               Monte
               Ignoso
               ,
               Castiglione
               ,
               Minuoiano
               ,
            
             with
             Camagiore
             and
             
               Via
               Reggio
            
             upon
             the
             Sea
             ;
             but
             the
             best
             they
             have
             is
             the
             City
             well
             seated
             ,
             people'd
             ,
             and
             fortified
             with
             the
             territory
             belonging
             to
             it
             ,
             which
             produces
             abundance
             of
             Olives
             ,
             the
             best
             of
             Italy
             ;
             and
             the
             industry
             of
             the
             Inha
             bitants
             about
             Silk-works
             makes
             the
             City
             flourish
             and
             grow
             rich
             ,
             every
             one
             in
             it
             hath
             something
             to
             live
             upon
             ;
             there
             are
             in
             it
             a
             matter
             of
             10
             Families
             esteemed
             at
             least
             worth
             20000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             ;
             others
             to
             the
             number
             of
             30
             have
             some
             15000
             ,
             some
             10000
             a
             year
             ,
             and
             above
             60
             have
             been
             between
             4
             and
             5000
             ;
             the
             yearly
             Income
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             comes
             to
             not
             much
             above
             100000
             Crowns
             ,
             with
             a
             treasure
             they
             have
             esteemed
             a
             Million
             ,
             with
             certain
             Plate
             and
             Jewels
             ,
             which
             upon
             occasion
             might
             bring
             in
             some
             monies
             .
          
           
             They
             are
             governed
             by
             a
             Council
             of
             150
             of
             the
             chief
             Citizens
             ,
             the
             City
             is
             divided
             into
             three
             parts
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             Tertieri
             ,
             
             out
             of
             every
             one
             of
             which
             the
             General
             Council
             doth
             Elect
             three
             men
             ,
             in
             all
             ,
             Nine
             ,
             called
             Senators
             ,
             who
             joyned
             with
             the
             Gonfaloniero
             their
             head
             are
             called
             
               la
               Signoria
            
             :
             The
             Senators
             do
             command
             by
             turns
             every
             three
             dayes
             ,
             the
             Gonfaloniero
             hath
             a
             bare
             Title
             ,
             and
             nothing
             but
             the
             precedency
             above
             the
             rest
             ,
             he
             is
             himself
             commanded
             by
             the
             Senators
             ;
             he
             keeps
             his
             place
             but
             two
             months
             ,
             then
             another
             is
             chosen
             ,
             but
             within
             that
             time
             he
             may
             not
             go
             out
             of
             the
             Palace
             under
             pain
             of
             death
             :
             As
             for
             Warlike
             affairs
             they
             are
             in
             a
             good
             condition
             upon
             the
             defensive
             ,
             their
             listed
             Militia's
             are
             of
             18000
             men
             ,
             besides
             the
             City
             contains
             30000
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             is
             constantly
             Guarded
             by
             300
             good
             Souldiers
             ,
             whereof
             200
             are
             born
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             have
             the
             keeping
             of
             the
             Gates
             ,
             Walls
             ,
             and
             other
             places
             ,
             the
             other
             100
             are
             all
             strangers
             ,
             born
             50
             miles
             at
             least
             from
             the
             City
             ;
             amongst
             them
             they
             admit
             no
             Florentine
             ;
             their
             Captain
             is
             a
             Stranger
             too
             ,
             the
             Palace
             is
             committed
             to
             their
             Guard
             ,
             and
             under
             pain
             of
             death
             they
             may
             not
             come
             nigh
             the
             Walls
             .
             The
             City
             keeps
             a
             constant
             provision
             of
             mouth
             ,
             and
             ammunition
             of
             War
             for
             whole
             7.
             
             years
             ;
             their
             few
             strong
             Holds
             are
             well
             provided
             ,
             and
             their
             Souldiers
             well
             paid
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             onely
             way
             to
             keep
             them
             upon
             duty
             and
             obedience
             ;
             so
             that
             their
             care
             ,
             and
             the
             plenty
             of
             their
             Territory
             about
             the
             City
             do
             supply
             the
             narrowness
             and
             littleness
             of
             it
             :
             In
             a
             word
             ,
             if
             they
             come
             short
             of
             other
             Princes
             and
             Republicks
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             extent
             of
             dominions
             they
             have
             great
             advantages
             above
             them
             another
             way
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             revengeful
             ,
             as
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             Italians
             are
             ,
             they
             casily
             forgive
             offences
             received
             ,
             which
             doth
             argue
             the
             goodness
             of
             their
             nature
             ,
             upon
             this
             account
             they
             are
             a
             proverb
             to
             other
             
               Italians
               ,
               Riceve
               gli
               affronti
               come
               un
               '
               lucbese
               .
               2dly
               ,
            
             their
             women
             are
             very
             modest
             ,
             and
             inclined
             to
             chastity
             ,
             and
             their
             young
             men
             sober
             and
             temperate
             ,
             some
             out
             of
             a
             Natural
             inclination
             ,
             and
             others
             by
             virtue
             of
             the
             good
             order
             kept
             amongst
             them
             :
             for
             24
             men
             ,
             known
             to
             be
             of
             a
             good
             Life
             and
             Conversation
             are
             chosen
             out
             of
             the
             Council
             to
             be
             inspectors
             over
             the
             manners
             of
             Youth
             ,
             (
             this
             they
             call
             
               consigliodi
               discoli
            
             )
             specially
             of
             deboist
             persons
             ,
             and
             every
             time
             they
             meet
             ,
             which
             happens
             once
             a
             year
             ,
             every
             one
             puts
             in
             his
             Bill
             with
             the
             names
             
             of
             those
             whom
             he
             hath
             found
             and
             observed
             to
             be
             unruly
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             name
             of
             one
             be
             put
             in
             the
             little
             Box
             by
             the
             two
             thirds
             ,
             that
             is
             by
             sixteen
             ;
             herein
             is
             his
             sentence
             conteined
             of
             3
             years
             banishment
             ,
             he
             must
             go
             out
             of
             the
             City
             the
             next
             day
             after
             he
             hath
             had
             warning
             ,
             and
             within
             3
             dayes
             after
             out
             of
             the
             State
             :
             So
             that
             by
             the
             observation
             of
             these
             good
             Orders
             ,
             God
             fits
             them
             the
             better
             for
             conversion
             and
             reformation
             ,
             after
             the
             reading
             of
             Scriptures
             ,
             which
             they
             are
             much
             inclined
             to
             :
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             we
             have
             seen
             so
             many
             families
             leave
             Luca
             and
             go
             to
             Geneva
             to
             enjoy
             the
             liberty
             of
             the
             Gospel
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             an
             open
             profession
             of
             the
             truth
             :
             after
             these
             commendations
             't
             were
             superfluous
             to
             say
             ,
             they
             have
             also
             amongst
             them
             two
             sorts
             of
             Virtuosi
             ,
             the
             one
             called
             Oscari
             and
             the
             other
             Freddi
             .
          
           
             They
             might
             boast
             of
             the
             antiquity
             of
             their
             City
             ,
             which
             was
             built
             by
             Lucamon
             King
             of
             Toscany
             ,
             but
             they
             have
             a
             greater
             advantage
             which
             they
             glory
             in
             ,
             that
             this
             is
             the
             first
             City
             of
             Toscany
             ,
             which
             received
             the
             Christian
             Faith
             ;
             though
             they
             be
             united
             amongst
             themselves
             ,
             
             they
             are
             not
             sometimes
             without
             troubles
             at
             home
             ,
             caused
             by
             the
             pride
             of
             their
             Clergy
             which
             is
             so
             far
             protected
             by
             Popes
             ,
             that
             Urban
             the
             8th
             for
             their
             sake
             excommunicated
             the
             Republick
             .
             This
             people
             is
             Civil
             to
             Strangers
             ,
             and
             very
             courteous
             to
             those
             who
             come
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             yet
             so
             watchful
             over
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             the
             council
             
               Della
               Vigilanza
            
             to
             know
             what
             they
             come
             for
             ,
             whence
             they
             come
             ,
             and
             whether
             they
             go
             ,
             not
             allowing
             them
             to
             wear
             swords
             in
             the
             streets
             without
             a
             special
             leave
             ,
             yet
             they
             give
             them
             liberty
             to
             walk
             upon
             the
             Moat
             ,
             by
             the
             Walls
             ,
             and
             to
             view
             the
             same
             ;
             in
             this
             City
             ,
             the
             tongue
             is
             spoken
             in
             the
             purity
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             All
             their
             maximes
             of
             State
             are
             onley
             about
             the
             defensive
             part
             ,
             and
             how
             to
             preserve
             themselves
             from
             their
             great
             Neighbour
             the
             
               Gran
               '
               Duke
            
             ,
             who
             would
             be
             glad
             to
             bring
             Toscany
             to
             her
             old
             limits
             that
             way
             ,
             wherefore
             the
             Republick
             hath
             a
             strict
             correspondency
             with
             Genoa
             ,
             which
             fears
             the
             same
             ;
             however
             as
             I
             have
             observed
             ,
             one
             Neighbour
             would
             cross
             another
             ,
             if
             any
             thing
             was
             design'd
             against
             Luca
             :
             their
             care
             hath
             provided
             against
             open
             attempts
             ,
             they
             being
             
             in
             a
             readiness
             to
             oppose
             them
             ,
             all
             what
             they
             must
             do
             ,
             is
             to
             take
             heed
             of
             surprisals
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               The
               state
               of
            
             San
             Marino
             .
          
           
             
               SAn
               Marino
            
             is
             ,
             I
             believe
             ,
             the
             least
             Republick
             of
             Europe
             ,
             when
             the
             Empire
             was
             transferred
             out
             of
             Italy
             into
             Germany
             ;
             this
             City
             ,
             with
             some
             others
             made
             her self
             a
             Republick
             ;
             it
             lies
             on
             the
             West
             of
             the
             Dukedome
             of
             Urbino
             ,
             under
             whose
             Dukes
             protection
             it
             remained
             ,
             till
             this
             State
             fell
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             so
             that
             now
             it
             is
             shut
             up
             within
             the
             Popes
             Lands
             ,
             and
             under
             their
             protection
             ,
             yet
             some
             of
             them
             ,
             specially
             the
             late
             Alexander
             the
             7th
             ,
             have
             done
             what
             they
             could
             by
             promises
             and
             fair
             means
             to
             make
             their
             Nephews
             Princes
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             she
             would
             not
             part
             with
             her
             liberty
             ;
             and
             though
             the
             Pope
             could
             easily
             force
             them
             to
             it
             ,
             yet
             he
             dares
             not
             ,
             it
             being
             certain
             that
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             would
             oppose
             him
             in
             it
             ,
             specially
             now
             when
             Italian
             Princes
             do
             dislike
             Novelities
             and
             Innovations
             :
             
             when
             this
             Republick
             hath
             written
             to
             Venice
             ,
             she
             hath
             called
             her
             
               Carissima
               Sorella
            
             ,
             very
             dear
             Sister
             ,
             a
             weak
             one
             indeed
             ,
             for
             having
             but
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             two
             or
             three
             Villages
             besides
             ,
             her
             strength
             and
             riches
             are
             but
             small
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             supplyed
             with
             their
             care
             of
             themselves
             ,
             and
             watchfulness
             over
             their
             Neighbours
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Petty
             Principalities
          
           
             THis
             is
             all
             as
             I
             think
             ,
             that
             needs
             be
             said
             upon
             the
             subject
             of
             great
             Princes
             ,
             and
             Republicks
             of
             
               Italy
               .
               I
            
             must
             therefore
             now
             speak
             to
             the
             
               Petty
               Princes
            
             ,
             or
             rather
             continue
             it
             ,
             for
             the
             last
             Republick
             I
             have
             mentioned
             may
             have
             her
             place
             amongst
             these
             ,
             rather
             than
             amongst
             the
             great
             ones
             :
             But
             I
             desire
             not
             to
             be
             mistaken
             ,
             when
             I
             call
             some
             
               petty
               Princes
            
             ,
             't
             is
             not
             to
             be
             understood
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             depended
             from
             others
             ,
             and
             were
             not
             Sovereignes
             ,
             for
             every
             way
             they
             act
             as
             such
             :
             In
             their
             Lands
             there
             is
             no
             appeal
             from
             their
             sentence
             ,
             they
             dispose
             of
             Life
             and
             Death
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             greatest
             Princes
             ,
             they
             Coyn
             ,
             or
             may
             Coyn
             monies
             ,
             Elect
             Officers
             ,
             make
             Laws
             ,
             
             and
             when
             there
             is
             occasion
             for
             it
             ,
             they
             treat
             of
             Peace
             and
             Warre
             .
             I
             call
             them
             
               Petty
               Princes
            
             ,
             because
             their
             States
             are
             but
             small
             in
             comparison
             of
             those
             whom
             I
             call
             great
             ones
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             very
             many
             who
             have
             the
             name
             of
             Princes
             ,
             who
             are
             not
             Sovereigns
             ,
             but
             are
             Subjects
             to
             others
             ;
             the
             number
             of
             these
             all
             Italy
             over
             is
             between
             75
             and
             80
             ;
             between
             90
             and
             100
             have
             the
             titles
             of
             Dukes
             ,
             and
             of
             Marquesses
             and
             Earls
             ,
             there
             are
             above
             500
             ;
             but
             I
             speak
             onely
             of
             Sovereigns
             .
          
           
             The
             Duke
             of
             
               Della
               Mirandola
            
             is
             one
             of
             this
             sort
             ;
             the
             City
             
               La
               Mirandola
            
             is
             seated
             upon
             the
             confines
             of
             Modena
             towards
             the
             River
             Po
             ;
             the
             family
             Pico
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             most
             antient
             and
             famous
             of
             Italy
             ,
             have
             been
             Lords
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             of
             Concordia
             since
             the
             year
             ,
             1110
             till
             now
             ;
             that
             line
             failed
             in
             the
             year
             ,
             1637
             ,
             and
             therefore
             another
             was
             invested
             of
             it
             by
             the
             Emperour
             .
          
           
             Of
             this
             sort
             are
             also
             the
             Princes
             of
             Bozzolo
             ,
             and
             of
             Sabionetta
             ,
             the
             Dukes
             of
             Guastalda
             ,
             and
             of
             Novellara
             ,
             and
             the
             Marquess
             of
             Castiglione
             ;
             all
             within
             the
             State
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             as
             we
             said
             before
             ,
             they
             have
             been
             such
             for
             these
             100
             years
             past
             ,
             and
             
             are
             all
             of
             the
             family
             Gonzaga
             ,
             he
             of
             Sahionetta
             excepted
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             year
             1540
             was
             given
             with
             a
             Daughter
             ,
             and
             Heir
             to
             General
             Caraffa
             ,
             and
             now
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             a
             Spaniard
             .
          
           
             The
             principality
             of
             Monaco
             is
             another
             ,
             this
             is
             a
             strong
             City
             by
             Nature
             ,
             seated
             upon
             the
             Mediterranean
             ,
             between
             
               Nizzadi
               ,
               Provenza
            
             and
             Genoa
             ,
             this
             makes
             the
             Prince
             more
             considerable
             than
             any
             other
             of
             his
             sort
             ;
             there
             is
             an
             indifferent
             harbour
             ;
             the
             way
             up
             to
             it
             is
             very
             steep
             and
             difficult
             ,
             and
             several
             Guards
             to
             speak
             with
             ,
             before
             one
             can
             get
             to
             it
             .
             At
             the
             comming
             in
             there
             is
             a
             broad
             place
             with
             a
             prospect
             as
             pleasant
             as
             can
             be
             ;
             within
             few
             miles
             from
             it
             ,
             is
             another
             place
             ,
             good
             enough
             ,
             called
             Menton
             ,
             depending
             from
             the
             said
             principality
             :
             there
             was
             in
             Monaco
             a
             Spanish
             Garrison
             ,
             but
             the
             late
             Prince
             having
             partly
             by
             a
             stratagem
             ,
             and
             partly
             with
             help
             from
             the
             French
             driven
             it
             out
             ,
             he
             desired
             the
             French
             protection
             ,
             and
             now
             there
             is
             in
             it
             a
             French
             Garrison
             ,
             he
             is
             Duke
             
               de
               Valentionis
            
             ,
             and
             Peer
             of
             France
             ,
             whose
             coin
             is
             currant
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             .
             This
             Princes
             family
             is
             Grimaldi
             ,
             who
             derive
             their
             pedegree
             from
             Grimald
             ,
             
             Son
             of
             Pipin
             King
             of
             Austrasia
             ,
             and
             Brother
             to
             
               Charles
               Martel
            
             :
             this
             Pipin
             as
             they
             say
             ,
             gave
             the
             Lordship
             to
             Grimald
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             713.
             but
             they
             were
             declared
             Princes
             in
             the
             year
             ,
             1411.
             
             Cardinal
             Grimaldi
             yet
             living
             ,
             and
             brother
             to
             the
             late
             Duke
             ,
             was
             in
             great
             part
             the
             occasion
             of
             the
             admitting
             in
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             induced
             to
             it
             by
             the
             persecution
             which
             the
             Barberini
             suffered
             from
             the
             Pope
             at
             the
             secret
             instigations
             of
             Spain
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             protection
             which
             the
             French
             gave
             to
             that
             family
             ,
             whose
             passionate
             creature
             this
             Grimaldi
             is
             ,
             and
             also
             by
             the
             interest
             he
             hath
             gotten
             in
             France
             ,
             to
             be
             Arch-bishop
             of
             Aix
             ,
             and
             other
             good
             benefices
             he
             enjoys
             :
             He
             is
             of
             an
             active
             spirit
             ,
             therefore
             he
             hath
             been
             much
             spoken
             of
             at
             Rome
             ;
             their
             family
             ,
             or
             a
             branch
             of
             it
             is
             named
             amongst
             the
             greatest
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             where
             some
             of
             the
             name
             are
             admitted
             to
             the
             highest
             charges
             :
             the
             present
             Prince
             of
             Monaco
             is
             not
             much
             passed
             twenty
             five
             ,
             he
             hath
             married
             Marshall
             Grammonts
             Daughter
             ,
             who
             prefers
             the
             pleasure
             of
             Paris
             ,
             to
             the
             Soveraignty
             of
             Monaco
             .
          
           
             Massa
             is
             in
             Toscany
             ,
             seated
             part
             '
             of
             it
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             a
             great
             Mountain
             ,
             part
             
             upon
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             and
             highest
             of
             all
             is
             the
             Princes
             Castle
             ,
             yet
             he
             is
             a
             building
             a
             Palace
             in
             the
             lower
             Town
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             almost
             finished
             ;
             this
             is
             but
             a
             Post
             from
             Sarzana
             :
             The
             family
             Malaspina
             possessed
             it
             along
             while
             ,
             till
             by
             the
             marriage
             of
             
               Ricarda
               Malaspina
            
             ,
             with
             
               Lorenzo
               Cibo
            
             ,
             it
             came
             to
             this
             family
             ,
             because
             she
             was
             the
             Heir
             of
             it
             :
             They
             were
             Marquesses
             till
             the
             year
             ,
             1499.
             at
             which
             time
             Innocent
             the
             8th
             of
             the
             same
             family
             being
             
               Pope
               ,
               Alberico
               Cibo
            
             ,
             was
             by
             the
             Emperour
             Maximilian
             made
             Prince
             of
             the
             Empire
             .
             Bonifacius
             the
             9th
             was
             of
             the
             same
             family
             ,
             which
             coming
             from
             Grecia
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             possessed
             some
             Islands
             ,
             Principalities
             ,
             and
             other
             Territories
             ,
             they
             seated
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             Cardinal
             of
             the
             name
             and
             family
             .
          
           
             Massarana
             is
             in
             Monferrat
             ,
             not
             far
             from
             Veroelli
             ,
             this
             Principality
             hath
             been
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             family
             Scala
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             1568.
             't
             was
             bought
             from
             them
             by
             the
             Ferreri
             ,
             who
             are
             at
             present
             in
             possession
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             Upon
             15
             miles
             from
             Genoa
             is
             another
             Sovereignty
             ,
             the
             Marquesate
             of
             Torreglia
             ,
             it
             was
             given
             by
             Charles
             the
             5th
             to
             Andrea
             
             Doria
             ,
             who
             had
             left
             the
             service
             of
             Frances
             the
             first
             King
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             done
             many
             eminent
             services
             to
             the
             Emperour
             ;
             the
             same
             family
             doth
             also
             enjoy
             the
             principality
             of
             Melfey
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             ,
             but
             not
             in
             Sovereignty
             :
             This
             family
             Doria
             hath
             for
             500
             years
             been
             esteerned
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             most
             noble
             ,
             if
             not
             the
             first
             of
             that
             Republick
             :
             The
             head
             of
             the
             family
             is
             young
             at
             present
             there
             are
             two
             branches
             of
             it
             flourishing
             in
             Genoa
             ,
             who
             hath
             each
             of
             them
             a
             stately
             Palace
             ,
             though
             one
             is
             more
             antient
             and
             more
             sumptuous
             than
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             Another
             principality
             is
             ,
             Piombine
             ,
             in
             the
             Island
             Alba
             ,
             whereof
             part
             belongs
             to
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             ,
             as
             Cosmopoli
             ,
             &c.
             
             Prince
             Ludoviso
             hath
             it
             now
             ,
             it
             was
             bought
             for
             his
             Father
             by
             his
             Uncle
             Gregory
             the
             15th
             of
             the
             same
             family
             ;
             not
             long
             since
             the
             Princes
             Father
             died
             in
             Sardegna
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             Vice-King
             for
             Spain
             ,
             having
             layed
             before
             noble
             and
             stately
             foundations
             of
             a
             Palace
             in
             
               Piazza
               Colonna
            
             at
             Rome
             .
             This
             Prince
             underwent
             his
             Fathers
             displeasure
             unto
             the
             time
             of
             his
             death
             by
             reason
             of
             a
             strong
             passion
             he
             had
             
             for
             a
             mean
             person
             in
             the
             Island
             :
             At
             present
             there
             is
             Cardinal
             Ludoviso
             great
             Penitentiere
             of
             the
             Roman
             Church
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             of
             the
             most
             eminent
             dignities
             of
             it
             :
             he
             is
             of
             Bologna
             of
             this
             Family
             by
             the
             side
             of
             late
             Prince
             
             Ludovisio's
             Mother
             ;
             he
             is
             a
             man
             of
             no
             considerable
             parts
             .
          
           
             Speaking
             of
             this
             sort
             of
             Princes
             ,
             I
             say
             nothing
             of
             Strength
             ,
             Riches
             and
             Policy
             ,
             things
             so
             inconsiderable
             with
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             to
             be
             not
             so
             much
             as
             mentioned
             ;
             all
             are
             under
             the
             protection
             of
             those
             within
             whose
             dominions
             their
             principalities
             stand
             ,
             or
             of
             some
             other
             ;
             the
             inconsiderableness
             of
             others
             ,
             and
             the
             affection
             of
             their
             few
             Subjects
             are
             a
             security
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             happy
             are
             they
             if
             satisfied
             with
             their
             condition
             ;
             they
             are
             free
             of
             fears
             and
             of
             ambition
             ;
             as
             they
             have
             little
             ,
             so
             they
             have
             little
             to
             care
             and
             to
             answer
             for
             ;
             they
             have
             the
             satisfaction
             to
             command
             ,
             and
             not
             be
             commanded
             ,
             and
             enjoy
             what
             sweetness
             there
             is
             ,
             giving
             Law
             ,
             without
             being
             exposed
             to
             the
             inconveniencies
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             But
             now
             we
             must
             come
             to
             those
             principalities
             which
             are
             seated
             within
             the
             state
             of
             the
             Church
             ,
             and
             first
             to
             those
             which
             belong
             to
             the
             family
             Colonna
             ,
             now
             divided
             
             into
             two
             branches
             ,
             one
             of
             which
             hath
             the
             Principality
             of
             Carbognana
             ,
             whose
             eldest
             Son
             hath
             married
             his
             Sister
             ,
             who
             is
             at
             present
             the
             head
             of
             the
             other
             branch
             ,
             whereof
             however
             the
             late
             Cardinal
             Colonna
             ,
             who
             died
             at
             Finale
             ,
             attending
             on
             the
             Empress
             ,
             and
             who
             was
             Protector
             of
             the
             Empire
             ,
             was
             the
             chief
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             frugality
             acquitted
             the
             debts
             ,
             and
             cleared
             the
             state
             of
             his
             family
             :
             his
             Nephew
             
               Don
               Lorenzo
               Colonna
            
             (
             who
             hath
             married
             the
             Mancini
             ,
             one
             of
             Mazarins
             Neeces
             )
             commonly
             called
             
               Contestabila
               Colonna
            
             ,
             because
             he
             is
             High
             Constable
             of
             the
             Kingdome
             of
             Naples
             ,
             is
             now
             the
             head
             of
             that
             branch
             ,
             a
             man
             whose
             Inclination
             agrees
             better
             with
             the
             French
             than
             with
             the
             Spanish
             temper
             ;
             yet
             he
             must
             keep
             fair
             with
             these
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             place
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Land
             he
             hath
             in
             Naples
             :
             his
             free
             and
             frequent
             conversation
             with
             the
             Duke
             of
             Crequi
             Ambassadour
             to
             Rome
             ,
             gave
             the
             Spaniards
             much
             jealousie
             ,
             some
             think
             he
             left
             Rome
             in
             part
             upon
             this
             account
             but
             the
             aversion
             he
             had
             for
             the
             late
             Popes
             family
             by
             reason
             of
             some
             discontents
             he
             had
             received
             from
             them
             ,
             was
             a
             sufficient
             ground
             to
             oblige
             him
             to
             leave
             Rome
             
             for
             two
             years
             time
             ,
             as
             he
             did
             lately
             ;
             he
             is
             a
             man
             who
             lives
             in
             his
             pleasure
             ,
             yet
             he
             hath
             so
             High
             and
             so
             Noble
             a
             spirit
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             not
             stoop
             to
             the
             Popes
             Kinsmen
             ,
             as
             few
             others
             did
             ;
             he
             hath
             a
             brother
             called
             
               Don
               Domenico
               Colonna
            
             ,
             and
             is
             Sovereign
             of
             Pagliano
             and
             Prince
             of
             Marini
             ,
             the
             antiquity
             of
             his
             family
             is
             well
             known
             :
             their
             Arms
             are
             a
             Colonna
             ,
             or
             a
             Pillar
             ,
             crowned
             because
             
               Stefano
               Colonna
            
             the
             Roman
             Senator
             did
             crown
             Lewis
             of
             Bavaria
             Emperour
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             1260.
             they
             say
             they
             come
             from
             Columnius
             an
             antient
             Roman
             .
          
           
             The
             Rival
             ,
             and
             antient
             Enemy
             of
             this
             family
             hath
             been
             
               Casa
               Ursini
            
             ,
             most
             Noble
             and
             very
             antient
             ,
             of
             which
             was
             that
             proud
             Nicholas
             the
             
               3
               d
            
             ;
             this
             family
             hath
             been
             much
             decayed
             in
             her
             state
             ,
             though
             of
             late
             't
             was
             somewhat
             restored
             by
             the
             means
             of
             some
             rich
             Matches
             made
             with
             other
             families
             ,
             which
             yet
             for
             want
             of
             Children
             may
             at
             last
             prove
             disadvantagious
             :
             Their
             Palace
             at
             Rome
             in
             
               Monte
               Jordano
            
             is
             very
             antient
             :
             the
             eldest
             of
             the
             family
             is
             now
             Cardinal
             Ursini
             Protector
             of
             
               Poland
               ,
               Portugal
            
             ,
             and
             Com-protector
             of
             the
             French
             Interest
             at
             the
             Court
             of
             Rome
             ;
             a
             man
             of
             no
             extraordinary
             
             parts
             ,
             who
             not
             long
             since
             was
             obliged
             to
             take
             a
             journey
             to
             Paris
             to
             pacifie
             that
             Court
             ,
             angry
             with
             him
             for
             not
             acting
             according
             to
             directions
             in
             the
             business
             of
             Crequi
             at
             Rome
             ;
             and
             therefore
             had
             taken
             from
             him
             his
             pension
             of
             5000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             ,
             and
             bestowed
             it
             upon
             Cardinal
             Aldobrandini
             ,
             who
             being
             dead
             ,
             Ursini
             posts
             away
             to
             Paris
             ,
             and
             obtains
             his
             desire
             ,
             the
             head
             of
             this
             family
             is
             now
             the
             Duke
             of
             Bracciano
             ,
             who
             is
             also
             
               Conte
               di
               Petiglione
            
             ,
             two
             Soveraignties
             belonging
             to
             the
             family
             by
             an
             antient
             gift
             of
             some
             Popes
             for
             services
             done
             to
             the
             Church
             ;
             this
             Duke
             is
             the
             head
             of
             the
             antient
             Nobility
             of
             Rome
             ,
             as
             all
             other
             Roman
             Princes
             do
             ,
             he
             stands
             much
             upon
             the
             points
             or
             punctillio's
             of
             ceremonies
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             lately
             he
             had
             a
             kind
             of
             a
             Broglio
             ,
             or
             falling
             out
             with
             Cadinal
             Sforza
             ,
             though
             some
             think
             it
             was
             not
             so
             much
             his
             fault
             as
             the
             Cardinals
             ;
             he
             hath
             a
             younger
             Brother
             ,
             called
             
               Don
               lelio
               Ursini
            
             Prince
             of
             Vic●varo
             .
          
           
             Another
             antient
             family
             is
             that
             of
             Cezarini
             Duke
             of
             the
             name
             ,
             and
             Prince
             of
             Fansano
             ,
             and
             of
             Ardea
             he
             derives
             his
             pedigree
             from
             the
             Cezars
             ,
             the
             family
             ,
             as
             to
             a
             
             Male
             Issue
             ,
             is
             like
             to
             be
             extinct
             :
             the
             late
             Duke
             ,
             a
             man
             of
             50000
             crowns
             a
             year
             could
             afford
             his
             Cook
             4Giulius
             ,
             two
             shillings
             for
             his
             dinner
             ,
             and
             no
             more
             .
             He
             appeared
             so
             high
             for
             the
             French
             in
             the
             business
             of
             Crequi
             ,
             out
             of
             an
             enmity
             he
             had
             for
             the
             Popes
             Relations
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             obliged
             to
             retire
             into
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             till
             the
             peace
             was
             made
             ;
             he
             was
             one
             of
             those
             whom
             Italians
             call
             
               Matti
               porta
               a
               casa
            
             ,
             he
             died
             lately
             ,
             and
             left
             three
             or
             four
             Daughters
             in
             Monasteries
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             no
             profession
             ;
             his
             brother
             the
             Abbot
             Cezarini
             hath
             succeeded
             him
             ,
             a
             man
             of
             a
             most
             loose
             and
             dissolute
             life
             ;
             when
             I
             came
             from
             Rome
             he
             was
             upon
             marrying
             a
             Lady
             of
             Milan
             ,
             without
             hopes
             on
             his
             side
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             former
             deboistness
             of
             having
             any
             Children
             ;
             yet
             with
             what
             he
             had
             before
             he
             is
             worth
             60000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             .
             Rignano
             is
             a
             Principality
             belonging
             to
             the
             Duke
             Muti
             ,
             of
             a
             very
             antient
             family
             ,
             for
             they
             derive
             themselves
             from
             
               Mutius
               Scevola
            
             ,
             and
             a
             proof
             of
             it
             is
             the
             possession
             of
             
               Campi
               Mutii
            
             ,
             wherein
             Porsenna
             was
             encamped
             ,
             given
             by
             the
             Senate
             to
             Mutius
             and
             his
             posterity
             :
             The
             present
             Duke
             is
             not
             married
             ,
             though
             he
             begins
             to
             
             be
             antient
             ,
             he
             hath
             much
             squandered
             his
             state
             with
             Gaming
             and
             Women
             ,
             he
             hath
             a
             brother
             a
             Prelate
             ,
             and
             another
             called
             Marquess
             Muti
             ,
             a
             very
             ingenious
             person
             to
             my
             knowledge
             ,
             and
             of
             good
             parts
             ,
             their
             Palace
             as
             that
             of
             the
             forenamed
             family
             is
             in
             Rome
             .
          
           
             I
             will
             make
             no
             further
             mention
             of
             the
             Sovereignty
             of
             
               Farneze
               ,
               I
            
             said
             what
             was
             fit
             to
             be
             known
             of
             it
             speaking
             of
             the
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             ,
             the
             Cardinal
             of
             that
             name
             is
             Prince
             of
             it
             .
             I
             will
             only
             name
             the
             Marquess
             
               di
               Monte
            
             another
             Sovereign
             ,
             and
             the
             Noble
             Family
             of
             Caetani
             who
             have
             a
             stately
             Palace
             at
             Rome
             .
             Of
             this
             Family
             is
             the
             Prince
             of
             Caserta
             ,
             who
             for
             an
             unhappy
             business
             was
             obliged
             to
             fly
             from
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             lookt
             upon
             as
             the
             best
             qualified
             of
             all
             other
             Princes
             ,
             as
             to
             his
             personal
             worth
             .
          
           
             
               Pope
               Clement
            
             the
             8th
             a
             Florentine
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             ,
             1595
             ,
             bought
             the
             Marquesate
             of
             Meldola
             ,
             and
             gave
             it
             to
             his
             Nephew
             
               Ottavio
               Aldobrandini
            
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             Sovereignty
             ;
             this
             family
             hath
             lived
             at
             Rome
             with
             great
             pomp
             ,
             and
             much
             splendour
             ,
             where
             they
             have
             three
             or
             four
             fair
             Palaces
             :
             now
             there
             being
             no
             Males
             ,
             the
             great
             
             Heir
             of
             that
             family
             is
             the
             Princess
             of
             Rossano
             married
             first
             to
             the
             late
             Prince
             Borghese
             his
             Father
             that
             now
             is
             ,
             and
             after
             to
             Prince
             Panfilio
             ,
             Nephew
             to
             Innocent
             the
             10th
             ,
             of
             which
             she
             is
             now
             a
             widow
             ;
             this
             match
             with
             those
             two
             families
             is
             like
             in
             time
             to
             cause
             great
             clashings
             between
             them
             ,
             about
             a
             clause
             in
             the
             contract
             of
             marriage
             with
             the
             former
             ;
             both
             are
             very
             potent
             ,
             for
             Borghese
             hath
             300000
             Crowns
             a
             year
             ,
             and
             Pansilio
             little
             less
             :
             So
             we
             are
             now
             come
             to
             late
             families
             raised
             at
             Rome
             by
             Popes
             .
          
           
             Urbanus
             the
             8th
             ,
             subject
             born
             to
             the
             
               Grand
               Duke
            
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             his
             long
             Reign
             :
             had
             time
             enough
             to
             settle
             his
             family
             Barberini
             ;
             he
             had
             three
             Nephews
             ,
             Francesco
             ,
             whom
             he
             made
             Cardinal
             Padrone
             ,
             that
             is
             Master
             ,
             Antonio
             who
             for
             a
             while
             was
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Family
             ,
             but
             desired
             at
             last
             to
             be
             made
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             and
             
               Don
               Thaddeo
               :
               Francesco
            
             was
             made
             Arciprete
             of
             St.
             Peters
             Church
             .
             Antonio
             of
             St.
             Mary
             the
             greater
             ,
             and
             High
             Chamberlain
             ,
             and
             
               Don
               Thaddeo
               Prefetto
            
             ,
             or
             General
             of
             the
             Church
             ;
             this
             last
             being
             made
             the
             head
             of
             the
             family
             ,
             they
             bought
             him
             the
             principality
             of
             Palestrina
             ,
             formerly
             
             Praeneste
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             his
             younger
             Son
             ,
             the
             eldest
             having
             voluntarily
             resigned
             his
             Birth
             right
             to
             his
             brother
             to
             be
             made
             a
             Cardinal
             ,
             who
             at
             present
             is
             called
             Cardinal
             
               Carlo
               Barberini
            
             ,
             he
             is
             the
             third
             of
             the
             family
             who
             hath
             that
             Dignity
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             rare
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ;
             and
             that
             which
             is
             the
             more
             to
             be
             admired
             is
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             Elected
             by
             Innocent
             the
             10th
             ,
             who
             made
             it
             his
             task
             to
             persecute
             and
             destroy
             this
             family
             ;
             but
             this
             was
             the
             work
             of
             
               Donna
               Olympia
            
             ,
             who
             recollecting
             her self
             ,
             and
             being
             affraid
             least
             the
             next
             Pope
             might
             prove
             a
             friend
             of
             the
             Barbarines
             ,
             whose
             faction
             was
             then
             potent
             ,
             and
             so
             retaliate
             the
             Panfilio's
             what
             they
             had
             done
             to
             the
             Barbarines
             ,
             she
             thought
             it
             fit
             to
             reconcile
             both
             families
             ,
             and
             this
             Cardinals
             Cap
             was
             the
             Seal
             of
             that
             Reconciliation
             ;
             though
             this
             family
             was
             persecuted
             by
             Innocent
             ,
             it
             is
             still
             flourishing
             ;
             the
             Prince
             of
             Palestrina
             being
             already
             in
             possession
             of
             a
             vast
             Estate
             ,
             and
             in
             expectation
             of
             a
             great
             addition
             to
             it
             ,
             after
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Uncle
             Francesco
             ,
             who
             is
             very
             rich
             ,
             and
             at
             present
             the
             Dean
             of
             the
             Colledge
             of
             Cardinals
             ,
             and
             titular
             Protectour
             
             of
             the
             English
             Interest
             at
             Rome
             ;
             but
             how
             much
             more
             would
             he
             get
             if
             he
             were
             made
             a
             Pope
             ,
             as
             he
             pretends
             to
             it
             in
             case
             of
             a
             
               Sede
               Vacante
            
             :
             this
             Princes
             Palace
             is
             in
             as
             good
             air
             ,
             and
             as
             pleasant
             a
             seat
             as
             any
             in
             Rome
             nigh
             to
             
               Monte
               Cavallo
            
             ,
             which
             Innocent
             was
             upon
             taking
             from
             them
             ,
             had
             not
             Cardinal
             Grimaldi
             prevented
             it
             by
             setting
             the
             Armes
             of
             France
             over
             the
             Gate
             .
          
           
             But
             we
             must
             come
             to
             the
             late
             reignning
             family
             of
             the
             Ghigi's
             ,
             that
             Pope
             at
             first
             was
             seemingly
             unwilling
             to
             do
             any
             thing
             for
             his
             relations
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             he
             was
             as
             busie
             as
             any
             of
             his
             Predecessours
             had
             been
             ,
             to
             raise
             them
             up
             ;
             to
             this
             purpose
             he
             bought
             ,
             as
             we
             said
             before
             ,
             the
             Principality
             Farneze
             ,
             but
             afterwards
             he
             parted
             with
             it
             for
             the
             reasons
             before
             expressed
             .
             He
             perswaded
             
               Father
               Oliva
            
             ,
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Jesuites
             ,
             to
             enduce
             those
             of
             their
             Colledge
             who
             had
             Authority
             to
             sell
             him
             the
             best
             land
             belonging
             to
             it
             ,
             to
             the
             summ
             of
             100000
             Crowns
             ,
             under
             pretence
             of
             getting
             monies
             to
             pay
             their
             debts
             ;
             and
             this
             was
             bought
             for
             
               Don
               Augustino
            
             ,
             whereat
             the
             Jesuites
             were
             much
             grieved
             ,
             when
             they
             saw
             their
             fault
             at
             a
             distance
             ;
             then
             did
             he
             secretly
             tamper
             to
             get
             those
             of
             San
             
             Marino
             to
             receive
             a
             Prince
             over
             them
             ;
             then
             did
             he
             proffer
             to
             Duke
             Muti
             for
             his
             principality
             of
             Rignano
             a
             Cardinals
             Cap
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             summe
             of
             money
             ;
             and
             after
             the
             death
             of
             Duke
             Cezarini
             ,
             he
             offered
             the
             Cardinals
             Cap
             to
             his
             brother
             and
             heir
             with
             200000
             Crown
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             give
             one
             of
             his
             Neeces
             that
             are
             in
             the
             Cloister
             to
             
               Don
               Sigismond
            
             the
             youngest
             of
             his
             Nephews
             ,
             and
             resign
             the
             principality
             ,
             but
             he
             not
             willing
             to
             marry
             ,
             nothing
             of
             this
             could
             take
             effect
             ;
             however
             the
             head
             of
             his
             family
             is
             provided
             for
             ,
             because
             the
             Noble
             Family
             of
             Prince
             Savelli
             being
             exceedingly
             decayed
             ,
             want
             of
             monies
             obliged
             him
             ,
             who
             now
             is
             to
             hearken
             after
             the
             proposals
             ,
             made
             by
             the
             Popes
             Agents
             ,
             to
             sell
             his
             principality
             of
             
               la
               Rizza
            
             and
             Albano
             ,
             which
             he
             did
             not
             absolutely
             ,
             reserving
             for
             many
             years
             to
             come
             for
             himself
             and
             his
             heirs
             (
             having
             already
             a
             fine
             young
             Son
             )
             to
             enter
             again
             into
             his
             right
             and
             possession
             ,
             paying
             the
             summe
             received
             ,
             which
             there
             is
             no
             great
             probability
             as
             yet
             to
             effect
             ,
             except
             in
             case
             of
             some
             very
             great
             match
             ,
             or
             of
             a
             Popedom
             in
             their
             family
             ,
             which
             yet
             is
             not
             very
             probable
             ,
             though
             at
             present
             there
             be
             a
             Cardinal
             of
             the
             family
             ,
             
             who
             had
             some
             things
             left
             him
             by
             Cardinal
             
               Mont
               '
               alto
            
             :
             however
             the
             Pope
             is
             dead
             ,
             and
             
               Don
               Maria
            
             ,
             who
             at
             Rome
             ruled
             the
             rost
             ,
             hath
             soon
             followed
             him
             ,
             and
             a
             spend-thrist
             of
             no
             parts
             is
             left
             after
             them
             ;
             the
             prsent
             Pope
             as
             yet
             hath
             gotten
             no
             principality
             for
             his
             Nephews
             ,
             and
             he
             hath
             hardly
             had
             time
             to
             do
             it
             ;
             what
             he
             will
             do
             hereafter
             time
             will
             reveal
             .
          
           
             All
             Princes
             and
             Republicks
             in
             Italy
             do
             homage
             ,
             or
             pay
             tribute
             either
             to
             the
             Pope
             or
             to
             the
             Emperour
             ,
             except
             the
             Venetians
             ,
             who
             yet
             for
             some
             Islands
             pay
             a
             tribute
             to
             the
             Turk
             .
             Namely
             ,
             first
             ,
             the
             King
             of
             Spain
             is
             Feudatario
             of
             the
             Pope
             for
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Emperour
             for
             the
             Dukedom
             of
             Milan
             .
             The
             Duke
             of
             Savoy
             depends
             from
             the
             Emperour
             of
             Piemont
             and
             Monferrat
             ,
             by
             virtue
             of
             which
             last
             he
             is
             Vicar
             of
             the
             Empire
             .
             The
             Grand
             Duke
             acknowledges
             the
             Pope
             for
             Radicosans
             ,
             the
             King
             of
             Spain
             ;
             for
             Siena
             ,
             and
             the
             Emperour
             for
             Florence
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             .
             The
             Republick
             of
             Genoa
             doth
             homage
             to
             the
             Emperour
             for
             her
             whole
             state
             ;
             the
             Duke
             of
             Mantoa
             ,
             who
             is
             also
             Vicar
             of
             the
             Empire
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             Monferrat
             to
             the
             Emperour
             ,
             for
             what
             he
             hath
             of
             
             Moferrat
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             Mantoan
             .
             The
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             to
             the
             Pope
             for
             
               Parmas
               Piacenza
               ,
               Castro
            
             and
             Riociglione
             .
             The
             Duke
             of
             Modena
             to
             the
             Emperour
             for
             his
             whole
             state
             ;
             so
             doth
             the
             Republick
             of
             Luca.
             
          
           
             The
             Prince
             of
             Monaco
             doth
             homage
             to
             the
             French
             King
             for
             what
             he
             hath
             in
             Fance
             .
             The
             Duke
             
               Della
               Mirandola
            
             ,
             the
             Princes
             
               di
               Piorulino
            
             ,
             and
             all
             those
             of
             the
             family
             Gonzaga
             ,
             with
             the
             Marquesses
             
               di
               Massa
            
             and
             Torreglia
             ,
             depend
             from
             the
             Empire
             ,
             as
             due
             from
             the
             Pope
             ,
             the
             Republick
             of
             
               San
               Marino
            
             ,
             the
             Prince
             
               di
               Massarano
            
             ,
             the
             Duke
             
               di
               Itracciano
            
             ,
             and
             Earl
             
               di
               Petigliano
            
             ,
             the
             Marquesses
             
               di
               Moldota
            
             and
             
               di
               Monte
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Princes
             
               di
               Palestrina
               ,
               di
               Pagliano
            
             ,
             and
             
               di
               Farneze
            
             .
          
           
             Now
             the
             difference
             of
             those
             Papal
             and
             Imperial
             Fiefs
             or
             Feudi
             ,
             consists
             in
             this
             chiefly
             ,
             that
             most
             of
             the
             last
             pass
             by
             succession
             from
             the
             line
             male
             ,
             to
             the
             female
             ,
             but
             't
             is
             not
             so
             off
             the
             others
             ,
             for
             the
             lawful
             masculine
             line
             hapning
             to
             faile
             ,
             't
             is
             presently
             devolved
             to
             the
             Church
             ,
             as
             in
             cases
             of
             Ferrara
             and
             Urbino
             .
          
           
             Thus
             far
             have
             we
             spoken
             in
             particular
             of
             the
             several
             Princes
             and
             Republicks
             of
             Italy
             ;
             now
             I
             have
             some
             few
             things
             to
             observe
             
             in
             general
             ,
             relating
             to
             the
             whole
             Nation
             :
             First
             ,
             their
             Language
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             corruption
             of
             the
             Latin
             ,
             caused
             by
             the
             irruption
             of
             the
             
               Goths
               ,
               Huns
               ,
               Vandals
            
             and
             Lombards
             ,
             who
             setling
             in
             it
             for
             a
             while
             ,
             and
             using
             their
             own
             Languages
             ,
             the
             Countrey
             Tongue
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             Latin
             ,
             came
             to
             grow
             corrupt
             by
             degres
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             somewhat
             forgotten
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             a
             mixture
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             the
             Spanish
             ,
             because
             these
             Nations
             have
             been
             there
             with
             their
             Armies
             ,
             and
             have
             ruled
             over
             parts
             of
             it
             for
             a
             long
             while
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             about
             
               Piemont
               ,
               Milan
            
             ,
             and
             Genoa
             ,
             they
             speak
             a
             corrupt
             Italian
             ,
             which
             hath
             most
             of
             the
             Provenzal
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             except
             in
             part
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             in
             Toscany
             and
             at
             Leuca
             ,
             the
             right
             Italian
             is
             spoken
             no
             where
             else
             ;
             I
             do
             not
             speak
             as
             to
             the
             pronunciation
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             different
             ,
             at
             Genoa
             't
             is
             pronounced
             much
             with
             the
             lips
             ,
             in
             Naples
             with
             the
             teeth
             ,
             in
             Venice
             with
             the
             palat
             ;
             and
             the
             Florentine
             pronunciation
             is
             well
             enough
             known
             ,
             how
             ever
             the
             right
             Italian
             language
             ,
             or
             Toscan
             ,
             as
             they
             usually
             call
             it
             ,
             is
             very
             Sententious
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             Judicious
             and
             Significative
             proverbs
             ;
             't
             is
             very
             sweet
             ,
             and
             doth
             abound
             
             in
             fine
             and
             civil
             expressions
             ,
             as
             for
             instance
             ,
             if
             I
             desire
             to
             speak
             with
             one
             ,
             the
             first
             words
             he
             will
             say
             to
             me
             will
             be
             these
             ,
             
               Che
               commanda
               US
            
             ,
             what
             are
             you
             pleased
             to
             command
             me
             ;
             if
             they
             answer
             to
             a
             question
             ,
             't
             is
             in
             these
             words
             ,
             
               Daservitore
               non
               lo
               so
            
             ,
             as
             I
             am
             your
             Servant
             I
             cannot
             tell
             ;
             If
             I
             desire
             one
             to
             do
             any
             thing
             for
             me
             ,
             he
             will
             say
             ,
             
               Sara
               Servito
            
             ,
             I
             will
             do
             it
             ;
             or
             if
             I
             buy
             any
             thing
             ,
             and
             we
             cannot
             ag●ee
             about
             the
             price
             ,
             the
             parting
             words
             will
             be
             to
             me
             ,
             
               Mispiace
               di
               non
               poter
               servirla
            
             ,
             I
             am
             sorry
             I
             cannot
             afford
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             all
             which
             expressions
             in
             their
             Original
             ,
             have
             more
             of
             civility
             then
             in
             any
             other
             Language
             .
             I
             need
             not
             to
             penetrate
             into
             the
             sincerity
             of
             their
             discourses
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             material
             to
             the
             purpose
             .
             I
             know
             the
             saying
             ,
             The
             French
             
               do
               not
               speak
               as
               they
               write
               ,
               nor
               the
            
             Italians
             
               as
               they
               think
            
             :
             I
             speak
             only
             as
             to
             the
             sweetness
             of
             the
             Language
             ,
             whereupon
             one
             said
             ,
             
               If
               I
               was
               to
               speak
               to
               Senators
               or
               Ambassadors
               ,
            
             I
             
               would
               do
               it
               in
            
             Spanish
             ,
             
               if
               to
               Souldiers
               in
            
             High
             Dutch
             ,
             
               to
               Courtiers
               in
            
             French
             ,
             
               but
               to
               Ladies
               in
            
             Italian
             .
             There
             is
             indeed
             a
             kind
             of
             excess
             in
             their
             civil
             expressions
             ,
             for
             they
             use
             to
             say
             ,
             
               Schiavo
               di
               V.
               Sigria
            
             ,
             I
             am
             your
             slave
             instead
             
             of
             your
             servant
             ;
             and
             the
             word
             Vosignoria
             ,
             your
             Lordship
             is
             ordinary
             with
             them
             ;
             so
             is
             the
             title
             of
             
               Molto
               magnifico
            
             given
             to
             inferiour
             persons
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Illustrissimo
             to
             those
             of
             a
             higher
             quality
             ,
             yet
             't
             is
             given
             to
             many
             who
             are
             no
             great
             matter
             :
             a
             stranger
             with
             them
             is
             presently
             
               Sigre
               Conte
            
             ,
             or
             Barone
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             
               Sigre
               Cavaliere
            
             ;
             they
             call
             men
             by
             the
             Christian
             name
             ,
             
               Sigre
               Francesco
               ,
               Giouanni
               ,
               Francis
               ,
               John
               ,
            
             when
             they
             speak
             to
             them
             ,
             onely
             adding
             the
             word
             Don
             ,
             to
             those
             of
             the
             highest
             quality
             ,
             as
             
               Don
               Domenico
               ,
               Don
               Lelio
            
             ,
             yet
             they
             speak
             in
             the
             third
             person
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             with
             one
             whom
             they
             will
             shew
             respect
             to
             ,
             thus
             ,
             
               Dove
               vanno
               loro
               sigri
            
             ,
             but
             in
             Naples
             't
             is
             usual
             with
             men
             of
             the
             highest
             quality
             to
             do
             't
             in
             the
             second
             person
             of
             the
             singular
             ,
             thou
             ,
             as
             
               Che
               fai
               ,
               sei
               tu
               stato
               ,
            
             which
             with
             other
             Nations
             is
             a
             sign
             either
             of
             great
             familiarity
             ,
             or
             of
             much
             contempt
             .
             Neither
             must
             I
             omit
             here
             how
             fit
             and
             proper
             Epithets
             they
             give
             to
             things
             and
             places
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             case
             of
             every
             one
             of
             their
             Chief
             Cities
             ,
             so
             they
             call
             
               Roma
               la
               santa
            
             ,
             the
             holy
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             opinion
             ,
             
               Venice
               ,
               la
               Ricca
            
             the
             rich
             ,
             
               Padoa
               ,
               la
               Dotta
            
             the
             learned
             ,
             
               Ravenna
               ,
               l'
               Anticha
            
             the
             antient
             ,
             Fiorenzala
             
             bella
             ,
             the
             fair
             ,
             
               Milan
               la
               grande
            
             the
             great
             ,
             
               Genoa
               la
               superba
            
             the
             proud
             or
             stately
             ,
             
               Bologna
               la
               grassa
            
             the
             fat
             ,
             
               Naples
               ,
               la
               Gentile
            
             the
             Gentile
             ,
             
               Capua
               la
               deliciosa
            
             ,
             the
             delicious
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             I
             will
             not
             insist
             upon
             their
             customes
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             subject
             of
             which
             many
             have
             treated
             ,
             however
             by
             the
             by
             let
             me
             say
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             that
             in
             their
             division
             of
             the
             artificial
             day
             ,
             they
             differ
             from
             the
             general
             practice
             of
             Europe
             ,
             excepting
             only
             (
             as
             far
             as
             I
             could
             observe
             )
             Prague
             in
             Bohemia
             ,
             instead
             of
             our
             reckoning
             from
             12
             to
             12
             hours
             ,
             they
             reckon
             from
             24
             till
             24
             ,
             and
             their
             first
             hour
             begins
             at
             night
             an
             hour
             after
             Sun
             setting
             ,
             wherein
             they
             imitate
             the
             Jews
             ,
             who
             after
             the
             method
             of
             the
             creation
             reckoned
             the
             night
             afore
             the
             day
             ,
             for
             saith
             scripture
             ,
             
               The
               Evening
               and
               the
               Morning
               was
               the
               first
               day
               ,
               the
               second
               day
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             Another
             custome
             of
             Italians
             wherein
             they
             differ
             from
             us
             ,
             is
             in
             the
             sign
             we
             use
             to
             make
             with
             the
             hand
             to
             those
             whom
             we
             call
             ,
             for
             here
             we
             do
             it
             with
             our
             fingers
             upwards
             ,
             but
             there
             it
             would
             be
             taken
             for
             an
             affront
             ,
             my
             hand
             must
             be
             downwards
             ,
             and
             move
             gently
             when
             I
             make
             a
             sign
             with
             it
             ;
             here
             we
             take
             that
             to
             be
             the
             
             upperhand
             which
             is
             next
             to
             the
             wall
             ,
             but
             there
             they
             judge
             of
             it
             by
             the
             hand
             it self
             ,
             the
             right
             hand
             though
             next
             to
             the
             Chanel
             is
             with
             them
             the
             upper
             hand
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             case
             of
             riding
             in
             a
             Coach
             ,
             a
             place
             in
             the
             Boot
             in
             their
             way
             ,
             is
             before
             one
             in
             riding
             backwards
             ,
             but
             in
             Venice
             the
             left
             hand
             in
             the
             Gondola
             is
             the
             upper
             hand
             ;
             but
             when
             three
             walk
             together
             ,
             the
             middle
             is
             the
             most
             honourable
             ,
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             walk
             upon
             a
             place
             to
             and
             fro
             ,
             they
             are
             careful
             to
             let
             every
             one
             take
             his
             turn
             in
             the
             middle
             :
             A
             strange
             way
             they
             have
             to
             retort
             affronts
             upon
             others
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             to
             break
             a
             bottle
             of
             Ink
             upon
             one
             ,
             specially
             women
             ,
             or
             else
             over
             the
             door
             of
             the
             house
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             remains
             spotted
             with
             it
             ,
             't
             is
             the
             greatest
             note
             of
             infamy
             that
             can
             be
             laid
             upon
             any
             one
             .
             Italians
             ,
             both
             men
             and
             women
             ,
             have
             a
             general
             and
             a
             natural
             inclination
             to
             play
             upon
             the
             Gittar
             ;
             and
             I
             admired
             sometimes
             to
             hear
             those
             play
             who
             never
             learned
             at
             all
             ;
             the
             very
             inferiour
             sort
             of
             people
             without
             any
             direction
             ,
             only
             with
             a
             constant
             application
             do
             get
             it
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             so
             taken
             with
             it
             ,
             that
             as
             they
             travel
             upon
             the
             high
             way
             from
             town
             to
             town
             ,
             they
             play
             upon
             it
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             same
             
             time
             to
             play
             ,
             to
             sing
             and
             to
             dance
             ,
             is
             usual
             with
             them
             .
          
           
             I
             cannot
             well
             omit
             to
             speak
             some
             few
             words
             about
             their
             temper
             and
             manners
             ,
             but
             before
             I
             do
             't
             ,
             some
             passage
             I
             observed
             somwhere
             there
             (
             for
             in
             things
             of
             this
             nature
             I
             name
             no
             places
             nor
             persons
             )
             which
             gave
             occasion
             to
             my
             following
             reflection
             ,
             how
             fit
             it
             is
             for
             Princes
             to
             be
             careful
             what
             manner
             of
             men
             they
             bring
             about
             their
             persons
             in
             private
             .
             When
             a
             Prince
             comes
             into
             a
             place
             of
             retirement
             ,
             he
             puts
             off
             that
             Majesty
             and
             Gravity
             which
             he
             hath
             when
             he
             appears
             abroad
             ;
             they
             are
             but
             men
             ,
             and
             so
             they
             must
             allow
             '
             themselves
             some
             liberty
             in
             ther
             Chambers
             when
             they
             are
             withdrawn
             from
             the
             croud
             of
             men
             and
             business
             .
             Now
             if
             when
             they
             are
             thus
             retired
             to
             be
             private
             ,
             every
             action
             of
             theirs
             ,
             and
             every
             word
             they
             speak
             be
             vented
             abroad
             by
             those
             who
             are
             present
             ,
             in
             this
             the
             condition
             of
             Princes
             of
             all
             men
             in
             the
             world
             were
             the
             most
             miserable
             ,
             
               Quisque
               suos
               patitur
               naevos
            
             ,
             every
             one
             hath
             his
             failings
             ,
             and
             the
             feailties
             of
             humane
             nature
             ,
             so
             that
             Wisdom
             consists
             in
             the
             concealing
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             the
             not
             having
             of
             it
             ,
             besides
             that
             
               Nemo
               sapit
               omnibus
               horis
            
             :
             So
             that
             if
             
             standers
             by
             who
             see
             things
             ,
             spread
             them
             abroad
             ,
             then
             additions
             and
             glosses
             are
             made
             upon
             't
             ,
             and
             as
             the
             actions
             and
             words
             of
             Princes
             are
             exactly
             taken
             notice
             of
             ,
             so
             every
             one
             passes
             his
             judgment
             upon
             them
             .
             How
             necessary
             is
             it
             then
             for
             Princes
             to
             have
             no
             rash
             or
             giddy
             ,
             but
             wise
             ,
             sober
             and
             discreet
             men
             to
             wait
             on
             them
             in
             their
             retirements
             ,
             who
             without
             being
             told
             ,
             may
             know
             what
             's
             fit
             to
             be
             spoken
             ,
             and
             what
             to
             be
             concealed
             ,
             those
             things
             which
             may
             give
             a
             good
             opinion
             of
             a
             Prince
             must
             be
             published
             ,
             but
             not
             the
             contrary
             ,
             or
             else
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             those
             who
             have
             the
             honour
             to
             be
             admitted
             into
             the
             presence
             of
             Princes
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             be
             private
             to
             their
             retirement
             from
             the
             croud
             of
             affairs
             ,
             to
             ease
             ,
             chear
             up
             ,
             and
             refresh
             their
             spirits
             ,
             if
             they
             allow
             their
             tongue
             as
             much
             liberty
             as
             they
             do
             to
             their
             ears
             and
             eyes
             ,
             they
             are
             very
             unfaithful
             or
             very
             imprudent
             ,
             and
             so
             not
             fit
             to
             be
             in
             such
             places
             .
             Certainly
             Domitian
             himself
             never
             told
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             was
             in
             his
             Closet
             ,
             he
             was
             busie
             about
             killing
             of
             flies
             ;
             the
             first
             report
             of
             it
             came
             undoubtedly
             from
             some
             other
             hands
             ,
             which
             brought
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             disparagement
             upon
             him
             ;
             I
             know
             in
             this
             he
             took
             his
             pleasure
             ,
             as
             Nero
             ,
             and
             other
             Emperours
             
             took
             it
             ,
             in
             the
             company
             of
             Buffoons
             ,
             and
             things
             of
             that
             nature
             ;
             but
             they
             forgot
             that
             their
             honour
             was
             to
             have
             been
             to
             them
             dearer
             then
             their
             pleasure
             .
             I
             do
             not
             deny
             however
             ,
             but
             that
             one
             friend
             may
             sometimes
             whisper
             in
             the
             ear
             of
             another
             private
             things
             of
             this
             nature
             ,
             and
             impart
             in
             secret
             some
             such
             things
             to
             them
             as
             they
             have
             seen
             ,
             for
             this
             manner
             of
             reposing
             confidence
             in
             the
             discreetness
             of
             another
             is
             a
             strict
             bond
             of
             friendship
             :
             I
             disapprove
             here
             those
             who
             speak
             at
             random
             ,
             before
             those
             whom
             they
             scarce
             ever
             saw
             ,
             whom
             they
             do
             not
             know
             well
             ,
             or
             when
             they
             speak
             it
             unseasonably
             ,
             for
             there
             is
             a
             time
             for
             all
             things
             ,
             and
             to
             know
             it
             is
             not
             the
             least
             part
             of
             wisdom
             .
          
           
             But
             upon
             the
             subject
             of
             the
             nature
             of
             Italians
             ,
             I
             must
             observe
             that
             the
             people
             of
             those
             parts
             which
             are
             on
             this
             side
             the
             Appennini
             Mountains
             ,
             as
             
               Piemont
               ,
               Monferrat
            
             ;
             all
             Lombardy
             ,
             part
             of
             the
             state
             of
             Venice
             ,
             and
             
               la
               Romagna
            
             ,
             have
             some
             things
             of
             the
             French
             humour
             ,
             but
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             as
             the
             
               Gonoeses
               ,
               Toscans
               ,
               Romans
            
             and
             Napolitans
             ,
             they
             have
             much
             of
             the
             Spanish
             temper
             ,
             however
             they
             are
             all
             in
             General
             ,
             dextrous
             ,
             subtil
             and
             prudent
             ,
             those
             who
             
             are
             good
             ,
             know
             all
             the
             tricks
             that
             are
             put
             upon
             men
             ;
             there
             is
             no
             leading
             of
             them
             by
             the
             nose
             ,
             neither
             will
             they
             be
             easily
             cheated
             ,
             but
             they
             who
             are
             bad
             apply
             their
             whole
             wit
             to
             hide
             it
             ;
             so
             that
             one
             is
             easily
             mistaken
             in
             them
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             very
             difficult
             to
             know
             them
             well
             ,
             but
             after
             a
             long
             dealing
             and
             conversing
             with
             them
             .
          
           
             Italy
             the
             Mother
             of
             Arts
             and
             Sciences
             ,
             I
             look
             upon
             as
             a
             nurse
             ,
             who
             hath
             vertue
             in
             one
             breast
             ,
             and
             vice
             in
             another
             ,
             and
             as
             ever
             one
             extream
             joyns
             with
             another
             ,
             so
             best
             and
             worst
             are
             to
             be
             learned
             there
             ;
             this
             is
             according
             to
             the
             constitution
             of
             the
             people
             ,
             who
             when
             they
             be
             good
             they
             are
             very
             good
             ,
             when
             bad
             extraordinarily
             bad
             ,
             
               Corruptio
               optimi
               est
               pessima
            
             ;
             however
             a
             judicious
             man
             will
             benefit
             himself
             by
             the
             good
             which
             there
             he
             will
             meet
             withall
             ,
             but
             also
             like
             an
             experienc'd
             Artist
             he
             will
             extract
             wholesome
             cordials
             out
             of
             the
             worst
             of
             poisons
             ;
             though
             the
             corruption
             of
             humane
             nature
             is
             so
             strong
             ,
             that
             it
             inclines
             and
             draws
             us
             to
             evil
             ,
             rather
             then
             to
             good
             ,
             but
             the
             beams
             of
             grace
             ,
             the
             light
             of
             nature
             ,
             and
             the
             testimony
             of
             ones
             conscience
             ,
             may
             teach
             us
             the
             right
             way
             .
          
           
             However
             ,
             to
             speak
             first
             of
             the
             best
             ,
             I
             
             say
             the
             conversation
             of
             Italians
             is
             not
             easie
             to
             be
             had
             ,
             but
             when
             it
             is
             ,
             't
             will
             be
             found
             sweet
             ,
             civil
             and
             obliging
             ,
             very
             circumspect
             not
             to
             give
             offences
             to
             any
             one
             in
             the
             Company
             ,
             or
             any
             one
             else
             that
             hath
             a
             relation
             to
             it
             ,
             ever
             respectful
             one
             to
             another
             ;
             the
             greatest
             familiarity
             doth
             not
             make
             them
             recede
             from
             a
             courteous
             carriage
             ,
             so
             that
             such
             persons
             have
             one
             of
             the
             best
             qualifications
             to
             make
             friends
             ,
             for
             friendship
             without
             respect
             is
             not
             to
             be
             cared
             for
             :
             Furthermore
             a
             thing
             very
             commendable
             in
             point
             of
             conversation
             is
             ,
             that
             though
             they
             be
             many
             in
             company
             ,
             they
             never
             speak
             together
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Vice
             of
             some
             other
             Nations
             ,
             and
             fit
             only
             for
             Children
             ;
             let
             a
             man
             make
             a
             discourse
             never
             so
             long
             ;
             they
             will
             hear
             him
             quietly
             ,
             and
             not
             interrupt
             him
             ,
             as
             they
             will
             not
             be
             interrupted
             when
             it
             is
             their
             turn
             to
             speak
             ;
             't
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             most
             of
             them
             speak
             rationally
             and
             juditiously
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             are
             a
             people
             who
             love
             exceedingly
             their
             liberty
             ,
             for
             which
             cause
             their
             Princes
             ,
             to
             keep
             them
             under
             ,
             have
             built
             so
             many
             strong
             Holds
             and
             Castles
             ,
             so
             the
             ordinary
             subject
             of
             their
             discourses
             are
             affairs
             of
             state
             ,
             which
             by
             a
             constant
             custome
             of
             speaking
             
             and
             hearing
             of
             ,
             they
             have
             brought
             themselves
             to
             an
             ordinary
             knowledge
             in
             ,
             as
             the
             example
             of
             that
             poor
             Fisherman
             at
             
               Naples
               ,
               Mas
               '
               Anello
            
             so
             cunningly
             blowing
             up
             the
             fire
             of
             that
             Insurrection
             ,
             which
             made
             so
             much
             noise
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             doth
             demonstrate
             ;
             upon
             this
             account
             ,
             Books
             treating
             of
             any
             state
             revolutions
             are
             so
             strictly
             forbidden
             them
             ,
             knowing
             that
             this
             is
             to
             add
             fewell
             to
             the
             fire
             ;
             and
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             where
             most
             of
             all
             Princes
             are
             jealous
             of
             their
             Authority
             ,
             as
             in
             Naples
             ,
             discourses
             of
             this
             nature
             ,
             if
             known
             ,
             are
             severely
             punished
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             are
             two
             extremities
             upon
             this
             subject
             ,
             some
             Princes
             of
             the
             East
             and
             
               North
               east
            
             parts
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             namely
             the
             Tartars
             and
             Muscovites
             ,
             keep
             their
             people
             in
             a
             beastly
             ignorance
             ,
             and
             have
             exiled
             all
             manner
             of
             Arts
             and
             Sciences
             out
             of
             their
             Dominions
             ,
             and
             this
             under
             pretence
             ,
             that
             hereby
             having
             not
             so
             much
             the
             use
             of
             reason
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             apt
             to
             cavil
             at
             ,
             or
             to
             disobey
             the
             orders
             of
             their
             Superiours
             ,
             as
             do
             other
             Nations
             ,
             who
             have
             more
             knowledge
             and
             understanding
             ;
             but
             this
             hath
             no
             more
             consequence
             ,
             then
             if
             one
             should
             say
             ,
             meat
             and
             drink
             are
             not
             to
             be
             used
             ,
             because
             
             there
             are
             gluttons
             and
             drunkards
             ;
             because
             there
             are
             somtimes
             knowing
             and
             judicious
             subjects
             ,
             who
             are
             disobedient
             ,
             't
             is
             not
             to
             be
             concluded
             ,
             that
             knowledge
             and
             judiciousness
             are
             the
             cause
             of
             disobedience
             ,
             so
             far
             from
             it
             ,
             that
             these
             letting
             a
             man
             know
             of
             his
             duty
             ,
             do
             fence
             against
             any
             thing
             that
             goes
             about
             to
             withdraw
             him
             from
             it
             :
             Pride
             ,
             Ambition
             ,
             Discontents
             ,
             Covet
             ousness
             ,
             Cruelty
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             are
             the
             caufes
             of
             Risings
             against
             Lawful
             Authority
             ,
             and
             not
             Wisdom
             and
             Understanding
             ,
             so
             far
             from
             it
             ,
             that
             where
             they
             are
             not
             ,
             the
             use
             of
             reason
             is
             suspended
             ,
             and
             men
             act
             onely
             out
             of
             a
             natural
             impetuosity
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             a
             sensitive
             principle
             ,
             wherein
             they
             differ
             nothing
             from
             beasts
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             same
             ignorance
             and
             violent
             motion
             which
             leads
             them
             to
             obedience
             upon
             the
             lesse
             shadow
             and
             fancy
             ,
             will
             spur
             them
             to
             disobedience
             ;
             and
             one
             alone
             ,
             if
             not
             quickly
             taken
             off
             ,
             is
             enough
             to
             turn
             away
             whole
             thousands
             ,
             for
             who
             can
             more
             easily
             be
             mislead
             ,
             then
             he
             who
             receives
             falsehoods
             for
             truths
             ,
             and
             who
             hath
             not
             a
             spirit
             to
             discern
             good
             from
             evil
             ;
             these
             are
             Mules
             ,
             which
             will
             as
             soon
             kick
             their
             Master
             as
             a
             stranger
             ;
             or
             like
             those
             Elephants
             ,
             
             who
             having
             once
             felt
             the
             smart
             of
             a
             wound
             ,
             in
             spite
             of
             their
             Rider
             turned
             from
             upon
             the
             Enemyes
             ,
             and
             fell
             foul
             upon
             their
             own
             Army
             :
             I
             am
             further
             of
             the
             mind
             ,
             that
             ignorance
             is
             the
             great
             prop
             of
             Rebellion
             ;
             for
             as
             there
             is
             nothing
             so
             natural
             to
             men
             as
             the
             desire
             of
             liberty
             ,
             and
             that
             there
             is
             nothing
             in
             men
             to
             oppose
             the
             motions
             and
             desires
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             seeing
             they
             obey
             onely
             out
             of
             fear
             of
             punishment
             ,
             upon
             all
             occasions
             ,
             they
             will
             embrace
             any
             means
             let
             them
             be
             never
             so
             wrong
             ,
             to
             attain
             it
             :
             Like
             Lyons
             and
             Tygers
             used
             to
             be
             chained
             up
             ,
             when
             they
             break
             loose
             they
             tear
             and
             devour
             any
             thing
             that
             lies
             in
             their
             way
             ,
             and
             like
             violent
             torrents
             they
             over-flow
             all
             ;
             from
             the
             fury
             of
             such
             people
             ,
             
               Libera
               nos
               Domine
            
             .
             As
             to
             those
             barbarous
             Countries
             where
             they
             have
             such
             Erronious
             principles
             ,
             contrary
             not
             only
             to
             reason
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             common
             sense
             ,
             they
             bear
             the
             punishment
             of
             this
             fault
             ,
             for
             all
             their
             subjects
             are
             generally
             incapable
             to
             do
             them
             service
             ,
             having
             neither
             parts
             nor
             abilities
             to
             effect
             it
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             managing
             of
             their
             Warres
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             chief
             thing
             they
             minde
             ,
             they
             are
             obliged
             ,
             specially
             in
             Muscovite
             ,
             to
             
             get
             Officers
             of
             other
             Nations
             to
             carry
             it
             on
             ,
             their
             own
             Subjects
             ,
             few
             excepted
             ,
             wanting
             knowledge
             and
             experience
             in
             it
             .
             Arts
             and
             Sciences
             ,
             not
             only
             make
             a
             Kingdom
             flourishing
             ,
             but
             also
             do
             fit
             Subjects
             to
             obey
             and
             to
             command
             ;
             over-rules
             with
             the
             use
             of
             reason
             ,
             that
             bruitish
             impetuosity
             which
             is
             in
             some
             men
             ,
             not
             only
             teaching
             them
             their
             duty
             ,
             but
             also
             strengthning
             it
             in
             them
             with
             reasons
             &
             examples
             .
          
           
             But
             't
             is
             not
             enough
             to
             disapprove
             this
             singular
             errour
             ,
             for
             there
             is
             another
             extream
             to
             be
             condemned
             ;
             't
             is
             the
             too
             great
             curiosity
             of
             private
             men
             .
             I
             know
             particular
             persons
             are
             concern'd
             in
             publick
             transactions
             ,
             as
             being
             members
             of
             that
             politick
             body
             ,
             which
             can
             never
             fare
             well
             or
             suffer
             ,
             but
             they
             must
             be
             sensible
             of
             it
             :
             yet
             some
             more
             and
             some
             less
             ,
             according
             as
             they
             are
             eminent
             in
             their
             places
             ,
             and
             called
             to
             it
             by
             the
             favour
             of
             their
             Prince
             ,
             for
             every
             one
             must
             know
             his
             station
             ,
             and
             act
             within
             that
             sphear
             ,
             
               Ne
               ultra
               crepidem
            
             ;
             for
             if
             every
             one
             were
             his
             own
             carver
             ,
             and
             had
             that
             share
             which
             he
             wishes
             in
             the
             Government
             ,
             then
             all
             would
             command
             ,
             and
             there
             would
             be
             none
             to
             obey
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             would
             degenerate
             into
             a
             confusion
             and
             Anarchy
             .
             
             Men
             ought
             to
             refer
             themselves
             to
             their
             Rulers
             ,
             for
             the
             direction
             and
             steering
             of
             publick
             Affairs
             ,
             knowing
             that
             God
             who
             hath
             called
             them
             to
             it
             ,
             hath
             not
             been
             wanting
             to
             endue
             them
             with
             necessary
             abilities
             :
             Therefore
             those
             subjects
             are
             to
             be
             blamed
             ,
             who
             would
             penetrate
             into
             the
             secrets
             of
             Princes
             ,
             and
             dive
             into
             their
             Coucils
             ,
             and
             consequently
             cavil
             at
             their
             actions
             ,
             and
             censure
             their
             proceedings
             :
             they
             see
             indeed
             the
             effects
             ,
             but
             know
             not
             the
             causes
             ,
             which
             if
             they
             knew
             ,
             they
             would
             be
             satisfied
             and
             approve
             of
             them
             ,
             if
             they
             were
             capable
             to
             understand
             them
             ,
             but
             oftentimes
             they
             will
             judge
             of
             an
             undertaking
             by
             the
             event
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             great
             mistake
             ;
             as
             we
             could
             give
             examples
             of
             designs
             ,
             which
             were
             as
             rationally
             grounded
             as
             could
             be
             ,
             carried
             on
             with
             all
             imaginable
             dexterity
             and
             secresie
             ,
             yet
             miscarried
             upon
             the
             point
             of
             execution
             ;
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             rash
             attempts
             managed
             with
             the
             greatest
             imprudence
             in
             the
             world
             have
             proved
             successful
             :
             What
             then
             ?
             were
             the
             former
             to
             be
             blamed
             ,
             or
             the
             latter
             commended
             ?
             No
             ,
             we
             must
             look
             upon
             men
             to
             be
             no
             more
             than
             instruments
             ,
             if
             according
             to
             the
             reason
             they
             have
             ,
             they
             
             make
             use
             of
             the
             means
             afforded
             them
             ,
             't
             is
             all
             that
             may
             justly
             be
             required
             from
             them
             ,
             for
             success
             of
             things
             depends
             upon
             the
             over-ruling
             hand
             of
             providence
             ,
             which
             disposes
             of
             all
             things
             as
             it
             seems
             good
             unto
             her
             :
             It
             is
             true
             ,
             't
             is
             said
             a
             successful
             man
             was
             never
             a
             fool
             ,
             nor
             an
             unfortunate
             a
             wise
             man
             ;
             but
             this
             is
             a
             vulgar
             errour
             as
             well
             as
             this
             other
             ,
             the
             strongest
             is
             never
             the
             traytour
             .
             Out
             of
             this
             I
             deduce
             ,
             that
             for
             the
             most
             part
             't
             is
             beyond
             the
             sphear
             and
             capacity
             of
             subjects
             ,
             specially
             those
             of
             an
             inferiour
             Orb
             ,
             to
             judge
             aright
             of
             the
             actions
             of
             Princes
             ;
             they
             have
             certaine
             motions
             whereby
             they
             act
             ,
             which
             are
             invisible
             to
             particular
             men
             ,
             they
             are
             acted
             by
             an
             intelligence
             which
             is
             hidden
             from
             the
             eyes
             of
             the
             commonalty
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             stand
             nearer
             to
             God
             ,
             so
             they
             receive
             more
             of
             his
             influences
             :
             But
             some
             sort
             of
             people
             do
             proceed
             to
             an
             excess
             of
             unreasonableness
             ,
             in
             that
             as
             much
             as
             in
             them
             lies
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             give
             Princes
             that
             liberty
             which
             they
             allow
             themselves
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             were
             Servants
             more
             then
             Masters
             of
             the
             Sate
             ;
             't
             is
             true
             ,
             certain
             faults
             of
             Princes
             are
             more
             unexcusable
             than
             those
             of
             private
             men
             ,
             because
             by
             these
             last
             ,
             none
             
             but
             themselves
             or
             few
             else
             do
             suffer
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             former
             ,
             whole
             Nations
             are
             sometimes
             the
             worse
             ,
             and
             share
             not
             only
             in
             the
             disgrace
             before
             men
             ,
             but
             also
             in
             the
             punishment
             from
             God
             ;
             however
             a
             distinction
             is
             to
             be
             made
             ;
             some
             failings
             are
             natural
             to
             them
             as
             men
             ,
             and
             others
             as
             they
             are
             Princes
             ,
             and
             neither
             are
             to
             be
             examined
             by
             subjects
             ,
             for
             to
             their
             
               great
               Master
            
             they
             must
             fall
             or
             stand
             .
          
           
             Now
             I
             must
             return
             to
             my
             principal
             subject
             ,
             to
             some
             other
             virtues
             practised
             by
             Italians
             ,
             which
             are
             sobriety
             ,
             and
             frugality
             ;
             I
             will
             joyn
             them
             together
             ,
             for
             they
             have
             a
             great
             dependancy
             one
             upon
             another
             ,
             only
             the
             latter
             is
             of
             a
             larger
             extent
             :
             Sobriety
             is
             a
             thing
             so
             much
             in
             request
             amongst
             them
             ,
             that
             with
             them
             't
             is
             accounted
             to
             be
             ,
             as
             indeed
             it
             is
             ,
             a
             great
             shame
             to
             practise
             any
             thing
             contary
             to
             it
             ,
             specially
             in
             point
             of
             drinking
             ;
             so
             that
             to
             call
             one
             there
             Imbrioco
             ,
             a
             drunkard
             ,
             't
             is
             to
             give
             him
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             affronts
             he
             can
             receive
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             a
             certain
             truth
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             very
             temperate
             in
             their
             meat
             and
             drink
             ,
             and
             whole
             diet
             ,
             as
             I
             will
             give
             some
             particulars
             by
             and
             by
             upon
             the
             point
             of
             their
             frugality
             ;
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             some
             
             make
             a
             doubt
             ,
             whether
             their
             Sobriety
             bean
             effect
             of
             their
             temper
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             Climate
             :
             I
             confess
             in
             hot
             Countries
             ,
             such
             as
             this
             is
             ,
             men
             have
             no
             such
             stomack
             to
             their
             meat
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             in
             those
             which
             are
             colder
             ,
             and
             though
             they
             had
             ,
             the
             stomack
             could
             not
             have
             the
             facility
             to
             digest
             much
             of
             their
             aliments
             ,
             which
             are
             very
             nourishing
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             a
             hard
             concoction
             ;
             however
             this
             argues
             nothing
             at
             all
             against
             Italians
             sobriety
             in
             matter
             of
             drink
             ,
             for
             the
             hotter
             the
             Climate
             is
             ,
             the
             more
             apt
             men
             are
             to
             drink
             ,
             and
             no
             Nation
             hath
             more
             enticements
             to
             it
             than
             they
             ,
             if
             by
             nature
             they
             were
             inclined
             to
             it
             ,
             they
             having
             as
             rare
             and
             excellent
             Wines
             as
             Europe
             can
             afford
             ;
             but
             since
             they
             forbear
             ,
             I
             will
             not
             deprive
             them
             of
             that
             praise
             which
             they
             deserve
             for
             this
             virtue
             ;
             as
             for
             eating
             ,
             they
             have
             as
             delicious
             meats
             as
             can
             be
             wished
             for
             ,
             which
             are
             both
             pleasant
             to
             the
             palate
             ,
             and
             light
             to
             the
             stomack
             ,
             in
             the
             use
             of
             which
             they
             forbear
             all
             excesses
             .
          
           
             This
             will
             better
             appear
             by
             their
             frugality
             ,
             which
             yet
             some
             who
             are
             used
             to
             misname
             every
             thing
             ,
             and
             give
             the
             worst
             construction
             to
             all
             ,
             do
             call
             covetousness
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             known
             ,
             that
             in
             certain
             things
             no
             
             Nation
             is
             more
             Noble
             and
             more
             splendid
             than
             they
             are
             ;
             this
             frugality
             is
             extended
             to
             their
             cloaths
             and
             diet
             ,
             they
             go
             very
             plain
             ,
             men
             of
             vast
             Estates
             ,
             yea
             ,
             their
             very
             Princes
             ,
             except
             upon
             extraordinary
             occasions
             ,
             very
             seldom
             exceed
             10.
             ponunds
             in
             a
             Sute
             of
             Clothes
             .
             I
             know
             Princes
             and
             Cardinals
             ,
             who
             when
             they
             have
             received
             a
             present
             of
             sweet
             Meats
             ,
             Fowls
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             send
             it
             to
             their
             Confectioners
             ,
             Poulterers
             ,
             &c.
             who
             by
             it
             of
             them
             ;
             this
             here
             would
             be
             look't
             upon
             as
             the
             effect
             of
             a
             miserable
             and
             covetous
             nature
             ,
             but
             there
             't
             is
             their
             way
             ;
             from
             the
             highest
             to
             the
             lowest
             they
             are
             very
             private
             in
             their
             diet
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             coming
             to
             them
             at
             such
             hours
             ,
             and
             the
             meanest
             of
             the
             people
             would
             not
             be
             interrupted
             by
             the
             best
             man
             in
             the
             Land
             :
             the
             most
             part
             of
             Noblemens
             Servants
             do
             not
             diet
             in
             their
             houses
             ,
             but
             are
             allowed
             bord
             wages
             instead
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             But
             Italians
             delight
             in
             rich
             and
             fine
             Coaches
             drawn
             by
             stately
             horses
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             attended
             by
             a
             number
             of
             Staffieri
             ,
             or
             men
             in
             Liveries
             ;
             Coaches
             of
             800
             or
             1000
             pounds
             are
             not
             rare
             there
             ,
             and
             there
             is
             never
             a
             King
             in
             Europe
             that
             hath
             Coaches
             so
             rich
             as
             hath
             the
             Grand
             Duke
             ,
             and
             the
             
             Duke
             of
             Parma
             ,
             the
             formers
             Coat
             of
             Armes
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             six
             Balls
             ,
             are
             set
             over
             head
             in
             his
             Coach
             ,
             for
             every
             Ball
             a
             precious
             Stone
             ,
             valued
             at
             10000
             
               l.
               Sterl
            
             .
             and
             if
             we
             will
             believe
             them
             ,
             the
             whole
             Coach
             comes
             to
             40000
             l.
             Further
             they
             delight
             in
             buildings
             ,
             and
             stately
             Palaces
             built
             up
             after
             the
             Symmetry
             ,
             and
             exact
             Architecture
             ;
             So
             in
             Gardens
             and
             Water
             houses
             ,
             Ornaments
             and
             Furnitures
             of
             Houses
             ,
             as
             Statues
             and
             Pictures
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             that
             they
             are
             so
             passionately
             in
             love
             with
             Pictures
             ,
             that
             they
             will
             give
             any
             thing
             for
             one
             when
             they
             like
             it
             ,
             4
             or
             500
             l
             for
             one
             Picture
             is
             no
             extraordinary
             rate
             amongst
             them
             ;
             there
             hath
             been
             some
             Princes
             who
             have
             offered
             in
             Siver
             the
             weight
             of
             some
             Statues
             ,
             and
             could
             not
             have
             them
             ;
             in
             a
             word
             ,
             Italians
             delight
             in
             those
             things
             which
             make
             a
             shew
             .
             'T
             is
             not
             to
             be
             admired
             that
             in
             Italy
             they
             are
             such
             lovers
             of
             Pictures
             ,
             for
             that
             Art
             is
             there
             brought
             to
             the
             height
             of
             its
             perfection
             ,
             and
             that
             Country
             is
             absolutely
             the
             best
             ,
             if
             not
             the
             only
             Shcool
             of
             it
             ,
             where
             within
             this
             age
             or
             thereabouts
             ,
             have
             flourished
             those
             Eminent
             Picture-drawers
             who
             have
             filled
             Europe
             with
             their
             Names
             ,
             but
             most
             of
             their
             
             Works
             are
             safely
             and
             dearly
             kept
             there
             ,
             whether
             they
             be
             in
             Fresco
             or
             in
             Oleo
             :
             what
             excellent
             Artists
             have
             been
             
               Bassano
               ,
               Ticiano
               ,
               Michel
               Angelo
               ,
               Rafaele
               di
               Urbino
               ,
               Tintoretto
               ,
               all
               the
               Caracci
               ,
               Coregio
               ,
               Paola
               Veronese
               ,
               Dominichino
               ,
               Lan
               Franco
               Guarcini
               ,
               Guido
               Reny
               ,
            
             and
             a
             great
             number
             of
             others
             ,
             who
             excelled
             ,
             almost
             every
             one
             in
             something
             ;
             some
             in
             invention
             ,
             others
             in
             the
             mixture
             of
             Colours
             ,
             in
             the
             proportions
             ,
             exactness
             of
             Features
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             natural
             ;
             and
             in
             designing
             ,
             drawing
             and
             touching
             or
             perfecting
             :
             in
             great
             or
             short
             ,
             in
             Mignatura
             with
             the
             Pen
             or
             Pencil
             ,
             or
             otherwise
             ,
             Fights
             ,
             Land-skips
             ,
             Flowers
             ,
             Perspectives
             ,
             Sea-prospects
             ,
             great
             and
             small
             Figures
             ,
             and
             in
             other
             wayes
             and
             things
             depending
             upon
             that
             curious
             profession
             ;
             in
             this
             ,
             for
             certain
             Italy
             goes
             beyond
             all
             the
             World.
             
          
           
             Now
             we
             will
             come
             to
             what
             is
             worst
             in
             them
             ,
             but
             we
             must
             premise
             this
             ,
             that
             their
             youth
             is
             very
             fiery
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             Murthers
             and
             other
             mischiefs
             committed
             in
             those
             parts
             ;
             however
             this
             heat
             doth
             not
             last
             usually
             after
             they
             are
             passed
             25
             years
             of
             age
             ,
             or
             a
             little
             more
             :
             as
             for
             the
             meanest
             sort
             of
             people
             ,
             they
             are
             generally
             civil
             
             in
             their
             carriage
             ,
             if
             one
             be
             so
             to
             them
             ,
             but
             if
             a
             stranger
             speaks
             a
             hard
             word
             to
             them
             ,
             they
             take
             fire
             and
             grow
             very
             insolent
             ,
             yet
             so
             ,
             that
             if
             they
             see
             themselves
             the
             weaker
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             a
             place
             convenient
             for
             them
             ,
             they
             hold
             their
             peace
             and
             for
             bear
             till
             they
             have
             opportunity
             of
             time
             and
             place
             ;
             but
             let
             's
             come
             to
             their
             Vices
             .
          
           
             As
             the
             natural
             propension
             of
             men
             is
             to
             evil
             more
             than
             good
             ,
             so
             many
             who
             travel
             into
             Italy
             do
             quickly
             take
             notice
             of
             their
             Vices
             ,
             but
             do
             not
             minde
             their
             Virtues
             ;
             so
             when
             they
             come
             from
             thence
             ,
             all
             that
             they
             can
             say
             for
             it
             is
             ,
             they
             are
             given
             to
             such
             and
             such
             evil
             courses
             ,
             and
             are
             so
             and
             so
             qualified
             ,
             but
             Virtue
             and
             Vice
             with
             Nations
             are
             as
             Corn
             and
             Tares
             in
             the
             Field
             ,
             and
             like
             Wheat
             and
             Chaff
             in
             the
             Barn
             ,
             one
             must
             have
             skill
             to
             pick
             out
             the
             right
             and
             leave
             the
             wrong
             :
             Some
             Vices
             as
             the
             Apostle
             speaks
             ,
             are
             not
             so
             much
             as
             to
             be
             named
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             saith
             in
             another
             place
             ,
             
               It
               is
               even
               a
               shame
               to
               speak
               of
               those
               things
               which
               are
               done
               of
               them
               in
               secret
            
             ;
             a
             certain
             modesty
             in
             speaking
             is
             required
             ,
             which
             if
             a
             man
             doth
             not
             observe
             ,
             I
             judge
             him
             to
             be
             disposed
             to
             evil
             doing
             ;
             some
             Vices
             there
             are
             so
             odious
             in
             themselves
             ,
             
             that
             they
             defile
             the
             tongue
             of
             the
             speaker
             ,
             the
             ear
             of
             the
             hearer
             ,
             the
             pen
             of
             the
             writer
             ,
             and
             the
             eye
             of
             the
             reader
             ,
             yea
             ,
             the
             very
             thoughts
             ;
             this
             consideration
             obliges
             me
             to
             pass
             by
             some
             things
             to
             come
             to
             others
             .
          
           
             Some
             will
             tell
             me
             ,
             't
             were
             well
             also
             to
             omit
             speaking
             of
             jealousie
             ,
             which
             both
             Sexes
             there
             are
             subject
             unto
             ,
             though
             that
             of
             the
             men
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             strongest
             ,
             doth
             produce
             the
             saddest
             effects
             ;
             I
             confess
             't
             is
             a
             very
             unpleasant
             subject
             ,
             which
             I
             leave
             after
             few
             words
             speaking
             ;
             this
             extravagant
             passion
             which
             is
             caused
             by
             love
             ,
             but
             destroys
             it
             ,
             and
             which
             as
             Solomon
             saith
             ,
             
               The
               rage
               of
               a
               Man
            
             ,
             doth
             so
             blind
             ,
             possess
             and
             alter
             men
             in
             Italy
             ,
             that
             from
             Husbands
             it
             turns
             them
             into
             Goalers
             and
             Tyrants
             ,
             and
             Murtherers
             of
             their
             Wives
             ,
             who
             become
             thereby
             their
             prisoners
             and
             slaves
             upon
             this
             consideration
             ,
             Ariosto
             one
             of
             their
             most
             eminent
             Poets
             ,
             hath
             the
             expressions
             here
             inserted
             :
          
           
             
               Che
               dolce
               piu
               ,
               che
               piu
               giocondo
               stato
            
             
               Saria
               di
               quel
               '
               d'un
               amoroso
               cuore
               ?
            
             
               Che
               viver
               '
               più
               felice
               ,
               e
               più
               beato
            
             
               Che
               ritrovarsi
               in
               servitu
               d'
               amore
               .
            
             
               Se
               non
               fosse
               l'
               huomo
               sempre
               stimolato
            
             
             
               Da
               quel
               '
               sospetto
               rio
               ,
               da
               quel
               '
               timore
               ,
            
             
               Da
               qvel
               '
               furor
               '
               ,
               da
               quella
               frenesia
               ,
            
             
               Da
               quella
               rabia
               detta
               gelosia
               .
            
          
           
             Another
             Vice
             of
             Italians
             which
             I
             am
             more
             free
             to
             speak
             of
             ,
             is
             that
             desire
             of
             revenge
             ,
             which
             is
             so
             strongly
             seated
             in
             them
             ;
             they
             are
             certainly
             of
             a
             most
             revengeful
             nature
             ,
             and
             therefore
             't
             is
             very
             dangerous
             to
             offend
             them
             ,
             they
             profanely
             say
             ,
             that
             Vengeance
             is
             so
             sweet
             a
             thing
             ,
             and
             so
             great
             a
             good
             ,
             that
             upon
             that
             account
             God
             doth
             reserve
             it
             to
             himself
             ,
             as
             a
             thing
             wherein
             he
             will
             not
             have
             men
             to
             share
             with
             him
             ;
             and
             as
             Italians
             to
             attain
             it
             ,
             use
             all
             possible
             means
             ,
             let
             them
             be
             lawful
             or
             unlawful
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             carries
             them
             to
             the
             utmost
             extremities
             ;
             so
             I
             am
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             a
             cruelty
             in
             that
             nature
             which
             is
             so
             bent
             to
             the
             execution
             of
             it
             ;
             out
             of
             this
             principle
             ,
             I
             mean
             of
             cruelty
             ,
             Pope
             
               Sixtus
               Quintus
            
             used
             to
             say
             ,
             upon
             the
             occasion
             of
             a
             great
             Princess
             ,
             who
             in
             his
             dayes
             was
             brought
             upon
             the
             Scaffold
             ,
             
               Che
               Gusto
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               di
               tagliar
               teste
               coronate
            
             what
             a
             pleasure
             is
             it
             to
             cut
             off
             Crowned
             Heads
             !
             Northerly
             people
             do
             blame
             the
             wayes
             which
             they
             use
             to
             be
             avenged
             ,
             as
             poysoning
             ,
             stabbing
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             but
             they
             and
             
             the
             Spaniards
             too
             laugh
             at
             us
             ,
             and
             call
             
               Germans
               ,
               French
            
             and
             other
             Nations
             ,
             fools
             ,
             who
             use
             to
             challenge
             and
             fight
             duels
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             for
             so
             doing
             ;
             for
             say
             they
             ,
             if
             one
             hath
             been
             offended
             ,
             is
             he
             not
             a
             fool
             to
             take
             the
             way
             ,
             perhaps
             of
             receiving
             a
             greater
             offence
             ,
             instead
             of
             a
             satisfaction
             ,
             and
             to
             venture
             his
             life
             upon
             such
             an
             account
             ,
             but
             men
             ought
             to
             take
             their
             advantage
             :
             the
             truth
             is
             ,
             the
             Italian
             is
             a
             dangerous
             person
             upon
             this
             account
             ,
             for
             he
             appears
             cold
             in
             his
             anger
             ,
             constantly
             thinking
             upon
             the
             means
             how
             to
             be
             avenged
             ,
             he
             keeps
             the
             injury
             in
             the
             bottom
             of
             his
             heart
             ,
             and
             the
             worst
             is
             ,
             that
             he
             dissembles
             and
             conceals
             his
             desire
             of
             revenge
             ,
             which
             aims
             at
             no
             less
             than
             the
             death
             of
             the
             offendor
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             poison
             ,
             dagger
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             way
             ,
             leaving
             nothing
             unattempted
             to
             bring
             his
             design
             to
             pass
             .
          
           
             Neither
             will
             they
             hearken
             sincerely
             after
             a
             reconciliation
             ;
             for
             their
             proverb
             ,
             saith
             ,
             
               Amicitie
               reconciliate
               ,
               eminestre
               riscaldate
               non
               furono
               mai
               grate
               ,
            
             there
             was
             never
             any
             pleasure
             in
             reconciled
             friendships
             ,
             nor
             in
             warmed
             pottage
             ;
             and
             this
             is
             so
             deeply
             fixed
             in
             their
             hearts
             ,
             that
             many
             die
             obstinate
             in
             that
             resolution
             .
             Upon
             this
             subject
             there
             
             is
             a
             very
             notable
             passage
             of
             an
             Italian
             Gentleman
             ,
             who
             being
             strongly
             exhorted
             by
             a
             
               Franciscan
               Fryar
            
             ,
             to
             be
             reconciled
             to
             his
             Enemy
             ,
             answered
             him
             in
             these
             words
             ,
             
               You
               exhort
               me
               to
               forgive
               as
               a
               Christian
               ,
               and
               I
               cannot
               do
               't
               being
               a
               Gentleman
               ;
               I
               was
               born
               a
               Gentleman
               before
               I
               was
               a
               Christian
               ,
               for
               I
               am
               the
               one
               by
               nature
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               by
               virtue
               of
               my
               baptisme
               ;
               therefore
               I
               will
               first
               be
               avenged
               as
               a
               Gentleman
               ,
               before
               I
               forgive
               as
               a
               Christian.
               
            
          
           
             From
             what
             hath
             been
             said
             ,
             we
             make
             some
             few
             general
             observations
             ,
             namely
             that
             the
             Italian
             Nation
             is
             not
             only
             fallen
             from
             that
             great
             power
             it
             had
             formerly
             ,
             but
             also
             it
             hath
             much
             degenerated
             from
             that
             heroick
             virtue
             and
             martial
             spirit
             it
             had
             before
             ;
             for
             a
             thousand
             eminent
             men
             it
             produced
             formerly
             ,
             there
             is
             hardly
             one
             now
             ;
             and
             that
             generosity
             of
             the
             Lion
             which
             they
             had
             heretofore
             ,
             is
             turned
             into
             the
             cunning
             of
             the
             Fox
             ;
             so
             their
             businesses
             are
             mannaged
             with
             dexterity
             ,
             (
             not
             to
             speak
             worst
             ,
             )
             more
             than
             with
             strength
             :
             hence
             it
             may
             be
             concluded
             ,
             that
             virtues
             ,
             though
             but
             moral
             ones
             ,
             make
             glorious
             States
             ,
             Kingdomes
             and
             Republicks
             ,
             and
             Vices
             are
             the
             cause
             of
             their
             decay
             ,
             as
             it
             
             hath
             happened
             to
             the
             
               Roman
               Empire
            
             ;
             Virtue
             gets
             honour
             ,
             strength
             and
             riches
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             best
             things
             are
             apt
             to
             be
             corrupted
             in
             their
             use
             ,
             so
             these
             produce
             pride
             ,
             ambition
             ,
             idleness
             ,
             covetousness
             ,
             and
             other
             vices
             ,
             which
             causes
             destruction
             one
             time
             or
             other
             .
          
           
             It
             appears
             also
             from
             hence
             ,
             how
             unfortunate
             the
             condition
             of
             those
             petty
             Princes
             are
             ,
             who
             depend
             upon
             others
             ,
             for
             their
             preservation
             ,
             their
             protectors
             do
             often
             turn
             to
             be
             their
             oppressors
             ,
             and
             yet
             they
             dare
             not
             camplain
             of
             it
             ;
             how
             watchful
             must
             those
             be
             who
             have
             ambitious
             ,
             and
             much
             more
             potent
             Neighbours
             than
             themselves
             ,
             't
             is
             a
             sad
             case
             to
             think
             what
             straights
             they
             are
             sometimes
             brought
             to
             ,
             to
             provide
             for
             their
             safety
             ,
             and
             how
             many
             real
             evils
             they
             are
             exposed
             unto
             ,
             to
             maintain
             that
             vain
             shadow
             of
             liberty
             which
             they
             are
             so
             taken
             with
             ,
             and
             that
             dream
             of
             a
             Sovereign
             Authority
             ,
             of
             which
             they
             be
             so
             fond
             of
             ;
             they
             waste
             and
             consume
             themselves
             in
             charges
             for
             their
             preservation
             ,
             and
             are
             besides
             obliged
             to
             observe
             the
             humours
             of
             friends
             and
             foes
             ;
             and
             what
             is
             this
             to
             the
             odium
             and
             disaffectedness
             of
             their
             Subjects
             which
             they
             often
             bring
             upon
             themselves
             ,
             who
             must
             bear
             the
             burthens
             ,
             and
             be
             at
             the
             
             charges
             of
             upholding
             this
             Authority
             ,
             which
             makes
             also
             the
             condition
             unhappy
             of
             the
             people
             who
             lives
             under
             such
             Princes
             as
             have
             no
             power
             to
             protect
             them
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             right
             use
             of
             these
             two
             Princely
             virtues
             ,
             Valour
             and
             Prudence
             ,
             do
             consist
             in
             these
             two
             things
             ,
             to
             free
             his
             States
             from
             forreign
             ,
             and
             to
             avoid
             civil
             wars
             ;
             certainly
             if
             they
             can
             prevent
             neither
             ,
             but
             with
             much
             difficulty
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             weakness
             and
             discontents
             ,
             they
             must
             needs
             be
             constantly
             offended
             with
             dangers
             and
             fears
             ,
             which
             makes
             to
             them
             their
             life
             uncomfortable
             ;
             and
             let
             things
             fall
             out
             how
             they
             will
             ,
             if
             ever
             they
             be
             engaged
             in
             any
             troubles
             at
             home
             or
             abroad
             ,
             what
             success
             and
             advantage
             can
             they
             get
             either
             from
             those
             who
             are
             much
             more
             potent
             then
             they
             ,
             or
             from
             those
             in
             whom
             their
             strength
             ought
             to
             lie
             ;
             by
             this
             last
             they
             act
             against
             their
             own
             interest
             ,
             and
             do
             as
             it
             were
             tear
             themselves
             in
             pieces
             ,
             for
             't
             is
             not
             enough
             for
             a
             war
             to
             be
             just
             ,
             't
             is
             necessary
             it
             should
             also
             be
             beneficial
             and
             advantagious
             .
          
           
             I
             must
             make
             one
             observation
             more
             ,
             that
             the
             number
             of
             petty
             Princes
             (
             such
             are
             all
             Italian
             ones
             ,
             in
             comparison
             of
             potent
             Kings
             and
             Kingdoms
             ,
             as
             
               England
               ,
               France
            
             and
             
             Spain
             )
             doth
             much
             contribute
             to
             their
             common
             safety
             and
             preservation
             ,
             for
             every
             Prince
             watches
             constantly
             the
             design
             of
             another
             ,
             not
             only
             upon
             his
             own
             States
             ,
             but
             upon
             that
             also
             of
             his
             Neighbour
             ,
             for
             he
             is
             much
             concerned
             that
             the
             dominions
             of
             one
             of
             his
             neighbours
             should
             not
             fall
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             another
             ,
             who
             would
             thereby
             grow
             too
             potent
             for
             him
             ,
             and
             one
             time
             or
             other
             bring
             him
             upon
             the
             Stage
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             a
             necessary
             maxime
             ,
             not
             only
             to
             remove
             the
             will
             and
             inclination
             he
             hath
             to
             do
             him
             hurt
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             hinder
             and
             prevent
             his
             being
             able
             to
             do
             it
             ;
             So
             then
             ,
             that
             mutual
             jealousie
             which
             they
             have
             one
             of
             another
             ,
             keeps
             the
             scales
             even
             between
             them
             ;
             and
             if
             a
             single
             one
             would
             attempt
             something
             upon
             him
             who
             is
             weaker
             ,
             then
             the
             others
             whuld
             not
             fail
             directly
             or
             indirectly
             to
             assist
             the
             weakest
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Prince
             should
             happen
             to
             be
             stronger
             than
             all
             the
             other
             together
             ,
             rather
             than
             be
             made
             a
             prey
             to
             such
             a
             one
             ,
             they
             would
             call
             in
             a
             forreign
             power
             to
             ballance
             him
             ,
             as
             it
             hath
             been
             of
             late
             done
             in
             Germany
             ,
             for
             Princes
             there
             being
             grown
             very
             jealous
             ,
             and
             not
             without
             cause
             ,
             much
             affraid
             of
             the
             Emperours
             power
             ,
             they
             brought
             in
             the
             French
             and
             the
             
             Swedes
             ,
             who
             having
             gotten
             an
             interest
             in
             the
             Empire
             ,
             the
             one
             in
             Alsatia
             ,
             the
             others
             in
             Pomerania
             and
             Bremen
             ,
             and
             are
             now
             concern'd
             to
             curb
             the
             Imperial
             Authority
             if
             it
             would
             over-flow
             the
             banks
             of
             its
             just
             and
             limited
             power
             :
             this
             is
             also
             the
             case
             of
             Italy
             ,
             where
             the
             French
             and
             the
             Spaniard
             have
             each
             some
             interest
             ,
             though
             the
             former
             not
             comparable
             to
             the
             latter
             ,
             as
             to
             possession
             of
             Lands
             ,
             but
             when
             he
             pleases
             he
             can
             pour
             thousands
             of
             his
             Subjects
             into
             it
             ,
             having
             in
             his
             hand
             a
             door
             into
             it
             ,
             then
             the
             differences
             between
             the
             houses
             of
             Savoy
             and
             Mantoa
             ,
             and
             of
             Parma
             and
             Modena
             with
             the
             Pope
             ,
             will
             be
             now
             and
             then
             an
             occasion
             for
             the
             French
             to
             meddle
             in
             Italy
             .
             And
             although
             the
             Princes
             of
             Italy
             care
             neither
             for
             French
             nor
             Spaniard
             ,
             yet
             they
             care
             for
             their
             interest
             ,
             which
             is
             ever
             to
             make
             use
             of
             one
             to
             oppose
             the
             designs
             of
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             publick
             persons
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             private
             men
             ,
             may
             learn
             from
             Italians
             ,
             the
             rules
             and
             practise
             of
             Oeconomy
             and
             Policy
             ;
             the
             greatest
             of
             Princes
             ,
             as
             the
             meanest
             of
             Subjects
             ,
             need
             to
             be
             frugal
             and
             saving
             ,
             for
             let
             their
             Incomes
             be
             never
             so
             great
             ,
             the
             charges
             of
             the
             State
             ,
             and
             their
             own
             ,
             are
             sometimes
             greater
             :
             often
             there
             
             happens
             extraordinary
             ,
             and
             undispensible
             occasions
             and
             necessities
             to
             be
             supplyed
             ,
             or
             else
             the
             State
             will
             run
             into
             a
             palpable
             danger
             .
             Men
             from
             the
             highest
             to
             the
             lowest
             ,
             have
             nothing
             but
             what
             they
             save
             and
             spare
             ,
             and
             let
             them
             receive
             never
             so
             much
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             want
             unnecessary
             occasions
             of
             laying
             out
             more
             then
             that
             comes
             to
             .
             Monies
             are
             the
             sinews
             ,
             not
             only
             of
             war
             ,
             but
             really
             there
             cannot
             be
             any
             politick
             motion
             without
             it
             ,
             wherefore
             we
             use
             to
             see
             that
             of
             Princes
             ,
             he
             is
             the
             strongest
             who
             is
             the
             richest
             ,
             if
             he
             knows
             how
             to
             make
             use
             of
             that
             advantage
             :
             by
             these
             means
             he
             will
             draw
             the
             greatest
             and
             the
             best
             Armies
             into
             the
             field
             ,
             and
             will
             keep
             them
             upon
             duty
             and
             in
             obedience
             ,
             and
             so
             in
             a
             fit
             posture
             for
             service
             ;
             the
             best
             experienced
             Officers
             ,
             and
             the
             stoutest
             and
             most
             undaunted
             Souldiers
             ,
             will
             ever
             follow
             an
             exact
             and
             a
             good
             pay
             ;
             he
             will
             not
             only
             secure
             his
             own
             places
             ,
             but
             also
             work
             within
             the
             Garisons
             of
             his
             Neighbours
             ,
             and
             even
             have
             influences
             upon
             their
             very
             Councils
             ;
             The
             rich
             Prince
             will
             tire
             out
             and
             consume
             him
             who
             is
             poor
             ;
             how
             much
             then
             are
             they
             concerned
             ,
             when
             present
             occasions
             of
             State
             allow
             it
             ,
             to
             lay
             up
             in
             their
             Coffers
             
             that
             which
             may
             serve
             for
             the
             future
             necessities
             of
             it
             ;
             that
             Prince
             who
             is
             in
             this
             condition
             ,
             is
             feared
             ,
             respected
             ,
             and
             admired
             at
             home
             and
             abroad
             ,
             if
             he
             hath
             learned
             well
             how
             to
             improve
             this
             advantage
             .
          
           
             As
             to
             that
             part
             of
             a
             Princes
             policy
             ,
             which
             consists
             in
             this
             ,
             
               Not
               to
               discover
               the
               bottom
               of
               his
               heart
               ,
               nor
               the
               utmost
               of
               his
               Power
            
             ;
             we
             have
             it
             from
             Italians
             ,
             not
             the
             former
             ,
             for
             when
             the
             inclinations
             of
             a
             Prince
             come
             to
             be
             found
             out
             ,
             and
             his
             heart
             can
             be
             known
             ,
             then
             all
             his
             neighbor
             Princes
             will
             work
             upon
             him
             that
             way
             ;
             they
             will
             give
             him
             monies
             if
             he
             be
             covetous
             ,
             praises
             and
             flatteries
             if
             he
             be
             proud
             and
             vain
             ;
             they
             will
             go
             about
             to
             strike
             fear
             into
             him
             if
             he
             be
             umorous
             ,
             or
             in
             a
             contrary
             way
             to
             please
             him
             in
             that
             passion
             ,
             which
             they
             know
             to
             be
             predominant
             in
             him
             ;
             and
             hereby
             many
             a
             time
             he
             will
             be
             drawn
             to
             act
             or
             comply
             in
             those
             things
             which
             are
             contrary
             to
             his
             honour
             and
             interest
             :
             At
             home
             he
             is
             also
             exposed
             to
             the
             attempts
             of
             Parasites
             and
             Flatterers
             who
             for
             their
             own
             ends
             ;
             ever
             study
             to
             please
             him
             in
             that
             which
             they
             know
             him
             to
             be
             most
             of
             all
             prone
             and
             given
             to
             ,
             by
             which
             ,
             
             compliance
             with
             him
             ,
             he
             becomes
             a
             prey
             unto
             them
             :
             the
             latter
             part
             of
             this
             policy
             ,
             for
             a
             Prince
             not
             to
             
               discover
               the
               utmost
               of
               his
               power
               ,
            
             is
             to
             be
             learned
             from
             Italians
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             former
             .
             Some
             Princes
             and
             States
             do
             subsist
             and
             are
             upheld
             by
             credit
             and
             reputation
             more
             then
             by
             a
             real
             strength
             ;
             't
             is
             more
             by
             the
             opinion
             which
             others
             have
             of
             them
             ,
             then
             by
             any
             true
             cause
             in
             themselves
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             well
             for
             one
             never
             to
             do
             so
             much
             ,
             but
             to
             give
             others
             to
             think
             that
             he
             can
             do
             more
             ,
             for
             when
             't
             is
             once
             found
             out
             how
             far
             one
             may
             go
             ,
             others
             will
             be
             more
             apt
             to
             cross
             him
             ,
             and
             will
             take
             courses
             sutable
             to
             their
             designs
             against
             him
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             this
             a
             Prince
             lies
             open
             to
             the
             attempts
             of
             others
             .
          
           
             Another
             thing
             neecssary
             for
             publick
             and
             private
             persons
             to
             be
             learned
             from
             Italians
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             from
             any
             other
             Nation
             ,
             is
             ,
             
               Not
               to
               discover
               the
               utmost
               reach
               of
               ones
               capacity
               ,
            
             and
             of
             that
             faculty
             of
             the
             soul
             ,
             called
             understanding
             or
             intellect
             :
             this
             learned
             men
             do
             so
             observe
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             solution
             of
             questions
             ,
             though
             sometimes
             they
             have
             said
             as
             much
             as
             they
             are
             able
             ,
             yet
             they
             will
             tell
             one
             ,
             that
             much
             more
             might
             be
             said
             to
             that
             purpose
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             
             for
             above
             all
             things
             they
             would
             avoid
             to
             be
             suspected
             of
             ignorance
             by
             others
             ,
             seeing
             they
             make
             an
             open
             profession
             of
             learning
             .
             So
             't
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             high
             concernment
             to
             Princes
             to
             be
             accounted
             to
             be
             men
             of
             parts
             ,
             judicious
             and
             understanding
             ,
             which
             are
             qualifications
             necessary
             to
             those
             who
             rule
             Kingdomes
             and
             Nations
             ,
             therefore
             they
             are
             so
             careful
             not
             to
             give
             the
             least
             grounds
             to
             make
             people
             suspect
             they
             want
             ,
             abilities
             to
             govern
             ,
             seeing
             nothing
             can
             be
             so
             injurious
             and
             prejudicial
             to
             them
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             accounted
             soft
             and
             shallow
             heads
             .
             Solomon
             the
             wisest
             of
             Kings
             ,
             pronounces
             a
             woe
             to
             that
             land
             whose
             Princes
             are
             children
             ,
             not
             so
             much
             in
             years
             as
             in
             wisdom
             and
             understanding
             ,
             as
             was
             his
             son
             Rehoboam
             ,
             who
             was
             said
             to
             be
             young
             at
             40
             years
             of
             age
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             knowledge
             and
             experience
             :
             a
             wise
             Prince
             therefore
             will
             chuse
             not
             to
             speak
             at
             all
             ,
             rather
             then
             not
             to
             speak
             to
             the
             purpose
             upon
             a
             subject
             :
             hence
             it
             is
             also
             that
             he
             sits
             in
             Council
             ,
             not
             only
             to
             hear
             the
             several
             advices
             given
             him
             there
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             judge
             of
             them
             himself
             ,
             and
             having
             digested
             it
             in
             his
             mind
             ,
             to
             give
             them
             a
             form
             ,
             chuse
             the
             best
             ,
             and
             be
             himself
             the
             Author
             of
             his
             resolutions
             in
             consequence
             
             of
             Councils
             given
             him
             ,
             which
             thus
             he
             makes
             to
             be
             his
             own
             .
             It
             is
             then
             a
             great
             part
             of
             wisdom
             to
             conceal
             his
             ignorance
             ,
             and
             in
             capacity
             of
             any
             things
             ,
             specially
             of
             those
             which
             ought
             to
             be
             known
             ,
             and
             to
             give
             as
             good
             opinion
             as
             one
             can
             of
             his
             abilities
             ,
             and
             rather
             forbear
             speaking
             of
             a
             thing
             then
             not
             to
             do
             it
             well
             ,
             or
             instead
             of
             praises
             which
             every
             one
             is
             desirous
             of
             ,
             one
             brings
             himself
             into
             slight
             and
             contempt
             ,
             for
             I
             think
             that
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             discommendations
             of
             a
             man
             is
             this
             ,
             he
             was
             so
             put
             to
             it
             ,
             that
             he
             knew
             not
             what
             to
             say
             .
          
           
             Silence
             also
             ,
             and
             Secreste
             ,
             which
             are
             qualities
             so
             essentially
             necessary
             to
             all
             sorts
             of
             persons
             ,
             are
             to
             be
             learned
             from
             the
             same
             Nation
             ;
             as
             nothing
             makes
             a
             man
             so
             vile
             and
             so
             contemptible
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             be
             able
             to
             hold
             his
             peace
             (
             an
             imperfection
             and
             defect
             to
             be
             excused
             only
             in
             children
             ,
             fools
             and
             drunken
             persons
             )
             so
             nothing
             argues
             so
             much
             the
             infidelity
             and
             rashness
             of
             a
             publick
             person
             ,
             as
             the
             revealing
             of
             secrets
             ;
             as
             I
             am
             the
             Master
             of
             my
             own
             secret
             ,
             I
             may
             declare
             it
             to
             a
             friend
             ;
             but
             my
             friends
             secret
             I
             may
             not
             tell
             it
             to
             another
             ,
             because
             't
             is
             not
             my
             own
             ;
             much
             less
             
             may
             a
             publick
             Minister
             betray
             his
             masters
             secret
             ,
             wherein
             not
             only
             one
             or
             few
             persons
             ,
             but
             whole
             Nations
             for
             the
             most
             part
             are
             concerned
             .
             Many
             great
             designes
             have
             been
             obstructed
             ,
             and
             many
             great
             evils
             caused
             or
             prevented
             ,
             either
             by
             an
             yntimely
             discovery
             of
             resolutions
             ,
             or
             by
             some
             few
             words
             spoken
             unadvisedly
             ;
             one
             word
             dropt
             from
             a
             mans
             mouth
             is
             sufficient
             at
             least
             to
             breed
             a
             suspition
             ,
             which
             usually
             puts
             men
             upon
             further
             inquiries
             and
             discoveries
             ;
             therefore
             want
             of
             secresie
             is
             a
             great
             breach
             of
             prudence
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Salt
             ,
             the
             Spirit
             and
             the
             Life
             of
             Moral
             and
             Politick
             Vertues
             .
          
           
             One
             thing
             more
             to
             be
             learned
             is
             ,
             
               Constancy
               and
               Settleness
               of
               Mind
            
             ,
             so
             necessary
             to
             private
             men
             ,
             in
             both
             fortunes
             ,
             and
             to
             publick
             persons
             in
             times
             of
             troubles
             and
             difficulties
             .
             A
             skilful
             Pilot
             is
             not
             moved
             so
             ,
             as
             to
             despair
             amidst
             the
             roaring
             of
             the
             winds
             ,
             the
             tossing
             and
             tumbling
             of
             the
             waves
             ,
             and
             the
             raging
             of
             the
             storm
             ;
             contrariwise
             he
             sticks
             the
             closer
             to
             his
             work
             ,
             grows
             more
             careful
             ,
             and
             minds
             the
             more
             the
             safety
             of
             the
             Ship
             ,
             wherein
             his
             own
             and
             all
             others
             in
             it
             are
             included
             :
             So
             an
             experienced
             Minister
             of
             State
             ,
             amidst
             all
             troubles
             ,
             
             crosses
             and
             conspiracies
             against
             the
             State
             ,
             doth
             retain
             that
             soundness
             of
             mind
             ,
             and
             tranquility
             of
             soul
             ,
             which
             at
             last
             may
             bring
             him
             out
             of
             all
             dangers
             ,
             instead
             of
             falling
             into
             confusion
             and
             disorder
             ,
             or
             yielding
             to
             fear
             ,
             he
             uses
             those
             means
             which
             are
             lawful
             ,
             possible
             ,
             and
             likely
             to
             quiet
             and
             pacifie
             things
             ;
             he
             is
             not
             moved
             at
             different
             reports
             ,
             he
             is
             neither
             incredulous
             nor
             over
             credulous
             ,
             but
             hears
             every
             thing
             ,
             examines
             and
             weighs
             all
             ,
             receives
             that
             which
             to
             him
             appears
             to
             be
             the
             truest
             ,
             and
             resolves
             upon
             that
             which
             he
             thinks
             to
             be
             the
             best
             .
          
           
             That
             Italians
             have
             known
             and
             practised
             these
             things
             ,
             the
             history
             of
             antient
             Rome
             ,
             and
             the
             experience
             of
             these
             last
             times
             do
             justifie
             it
             ,
             and
             some
             able
             States-men
             ,
             and
             great
             Polititians
             ,
             whom
             that
             Nation
             hath
             afforded
             
               Germany
               ,
               France
               ,
               Spain
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Countries
             ,
             do
             clearly
             convince
             of
             this
             truth
             ,
             and
             are
             presidents
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             one
             single
             Proverb
             of
             theirs
             (
             to
             shew
             how
             solid
             and
             substantial
             they
             are
             )
             doth
             teach
             us
             all
             the
             Vertues
             aforesaid
             in
             these
             words
             ,
             
               Non
               spendor
               '
               cio
               che
               tu
               hoi
               ,
               non
            
             
             
               far
               '
               cio
               che
               tu
               puoi
               ,
               non
               creder
               '
               cio
               che
               tu
               udi
            
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             
               One
               must
               not
               spend
               all
               that
               he
               hath
               ,
               nor
               do
               all
               that
               he
               can
               ,
               nor
               tell
               all
               that
               he
               knows
               ,
               nor
               believe
               all
               that
               he
               hears
               .
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CHARACTER
           OF
           SPAIN
           .
        
         
           IN
           the
           South-west
           parts
           of
           Europe
           ,
           between
           the
           37.
           and
           42.
           degrees
           of
           latitude
           ,
           lies
           a
           potent
           Kingdome
           ,
           named
           Spain
           ,
           or
           Spains
           in
           the
           plural
           number
           ,
           for
           so
           Philip
           II.
           called
           himself
           ,
           
             Rex
             Hispaniarum
          
           ,
           after
           the
           acquisition
           he
           made
           of
           Portugal
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           1550.
           it
           fell
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           by
           the
           match
           of
           Philip
           the
           xi
           .
           first
           son
           to
           Maximilian
           of
           Austria
           ,
           with
           the
           daughter
           of
           Ferdinand
           of
           Aragon
           ,
           and
           Isabella
           of
           Castilla
           ,
           heir
           of
           those
           Countries
           ,
           united
           by
           the
           marriage
           of
           the
           said
           Ferdinand
           and
           Isabella
           .
           
           These
           dominions
           have
           in
           time
           been
           so
           enlarged
           by
           marriages
           and
           conquests
           ,
           as
           to
           reach
           some
           things
           in
           Africa
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Europe
           ,
           and
           almost
           all
           America
           ,
           which
           hath
           given
           occasion
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           the
           sun
           never
           shines
           out
           of
           the
           Spanish
           dominions
           .
        
         
           The
           struglings
           of
           this
           Nation
           after
           an
           Universal
           Monarchy
           ,
           have
           proved
           so
           lusty
           and
           so
           hard
           ,
           that
           at
           one
           time
           or
           other
           ,
           whole
           Europe
           hath
           been
           shaken
           with
           it
           :
           whereby
           the
           Spanish
           name
           is
           become
           so
           famous
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           not
           to
           be
           admired
           at
           ,
           if
           curiosity
           of
           seeing
           a
           Countrey
           where
           so
           great
           designs
           were
           continued
           ,
           hath
           put
           several
           men
           upon
           travelling
           into
           it
           .
        
         
           I
           confess
           ,
           with
           many
           others
           ,
           I
           have
           been
           taken
           with
           that
           itching
           desire
           ,
           in
           hope
           of
           seeing
           an
           extraordinary
           land
           ,
           peopled
           with
           none
           but
           Heroes
           ,
           but
           with
           what
           successe
           ,
           the
           following
           discourse
           shall
           witnesse
           ,
           being
           sure
           that
           no
           curiosity
           was
           ever
           more
           severely
           punished
           then
           mine
           ,
           nor
           pleasure
           more
           constantly
           attended
           with
           pain
           :
           if
           this
           be
           a
           sin
           ,
           I
           vow
           never
           again
           to
           fall
           into
           it
           ,
           and
           herein
           I
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           accounted
           singular
           ,
           for
           I
           protest
           I
           found
           all
           those
           whom
           I
           conversed
           with
           ,
           and
           who
           have
           been
           there
           ,
           to
           be
           of
           my
           opinion
           ;
           but
           patience
           .
           
           In
           this
           World
           one
           must
           see
           not
           only
           good
           but
           evil
           also
           ,
           things
           better
           judged
           of
           by
           their
           contraries
           ,
           yet
           to
           go
           thorough
           ,
           one
           must
           be
           stored
           with
           monies
           and
           patience
           .
        
         
           Let
           a
           man
           begin
           this
           Journey
           which
           way
           he
           pleases
           ,
           he
           will
           find
           it
           very
           tedious
           ,
           and
           must
           resolve
           to
           suffer
           many
           inconveniences
           :
           whither
           he
           goes
           from
           Bayone
           to
           
             Yrun
             ,
             San
             Sebastian
          
           ,
           and
           thence
           the
           straight
           way
           to
           
             Victoria
             ,
             Puerto
             de
             sant
             Adrian
             ,
          
           or
           on
           the
           left
           ,
           to
           Pamplona
           in
           Navarra
           by
           
             Estella
             de
             Navarra
          
           (
           where
           is
           an
           University
           )
           
             la
             Puente
             de
             la
             Reyna
          
           and
           Viana
           passing
           by
           Logrono
           ,
           whence
           some
           go
           to
           
             Santo
             Domingo
             de
             la
             Calcada
          
           ,
           in
           the
           Church
           whereof
           are
           seen
           a
           Cock
           and
           a
           Hen
           of
           the
           breed
           (
           as
           't
           is
           reported
           )
           of
           those
           which
           (
           if
           you
           will
           believe
           it
           )
           came
           to
           life
           again
           after
           they
           had
           been
           roasted
           ;
           and
           to
           be
           short
           ,
           thence
           to
           
             Burgos
             Valladolid
             ,
             Medina
             del
             Campo
             ,
             Salamanco
             Scyonia
             ,
             el
             puerto
             de
             guadarrama
             ,
             Iscuriale
             el
             Pardo
          
           and
           
             Madrid
             ,
             Alcula
             de
             trenares
             ,
             Aranjues
             ,
             Toledo
             ,
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           Or
           whether
           a
           man
           goes
           into
           Spain
           by
           
             Catalonia
             ,
             Valenza
             Murcia
             ,
             Grenada
             :
          
           one
           shall
           be
           ill
           horsed
           ,
           hardly
           used
           ,
           and
           
           have
           bad
           accommodation
           ;
           of
           which
           three
           things
           ,
           one
           alone
           is
           enough
           to
           vex
           a
           Traveller
           .
        
         
           Although
           Spanish
           Horses
           be
           very
           good
           ,
           there
           are
           so
           few
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           not
           employed
           in
           ordinary
           uses
           ,
           Mules
           must
           doe
           the
           worke
           ,
           which
           are
           very
           slow
           creatures
           ,
           very
           ill
           harnessed
           ,
           and
           very
           dangerous
           for
           biting
           kicking
           ;
           to
           these
           inconveniencies
           ,
           let
           a
           Spaniard
           be
           joyned
           as
           a
           guide
           ,
           who
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Mule
           ,
           keeps
           to
           his
           slow
           pace
           ,
           caused
           not
           only
           by
           his
           natural
           gravity
           ,
           but
           also
           (
           when
           they
           walk
           as
           many
           do
           )
           by
           shooes
           made
           of
           little
           cords
           ,
           which
           the
           generality
           of
           them
           doth
           wear
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           sand
           and
           drye
           ground
           they
           walk
           upon
           being
           already
           much
           heated
           by
           the
           Sun
           ,
           must
           needs
           gall
           and
           burn
           their
           Feet
           ,
           let
           them
           be
           never
           so
           used
           to
           't
           ,
           this
           must
           needs
           be
           very
           tedious
           to
           those
           who
           are
           used
           to
           ride
           good
           Horses
           .
        
         
           But
           there
           are
           other
           difficulties
           caused
           by
           the
           rudeness
           and
           barbarity
           of
           men
           ,
           all
           rational
           people
           will
           shew
           themselves
           civil
           to
           Strangers
           who
           pass
           thorough
           their
           ,
           Countrey
           ,
           to
           give
           them
           cause
           to
           commend
           the
           Inhabitants
           when
           they
           are
           
           out
           of
           it
           ;
           but
           here
           no
           such
           thing
           is
           thought
           upon
           ,
           they
           are
           called
           by
           the
           nick-name
           Gavachos
           ,
           and
           assoon
           as
           a
           man
           comes
           into
           Spain
           he
           must
           shew
           all
           the
           moneys
           he
           hath
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           every
           thing
           else
           ,
           and
           must
           pay
           for
           't
           according
           as
           he
           is
           taxed
           by
           those
           unreasonable
           men
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           a
           silver
           Sword
           ,
           a
           Watch
           ,
           a
           Ring
           ,
           silver
           Buttons
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           so
           that
           nothing
           goes
           free
           ;
           and
           then
           if
           any
           thing
           lyes
           in
           the
           way
           of
           these
           Searchers
           ,
           they
           will
           make
           conscience
           to
           take
           it
           as
           dexterously
           as
           they
           can
           ,
           and
           though
           one
           should
           take
           notice
           of
           it
           ,
           yet
           he
           dares
           hardly
           say
           any
           thing
           for
           fear
           of
           the
           worst
           ,
           because
           sometimes
           they
           send
           one
           or
           other
           upon
           the
           passage
           to
           rob
           or
           kill
           as
           they
           have
           a
           minde
           to
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           they
           give
           a
           note
           ,
           which
           some
           call
           Albaran
           ,
           and
           others
           Aluala
           ,
           to
           certifie
           to
           other
           searchers
           that
           the
           things
           have
           been
           payed
           for
           ;
           yet
           for
           all
           this
           ,
           others
           if
           they
           please
           (
           and
           they
           do
           't
           very
           often
           except
           monies
           be
           given
           them
           )
           they
           cause
           one
           to
           open
           all
           again
           ,
           they
           search
           all
           ,
           and
           make
           pay
           for
           all
           ;
           and
           the
           worst
           is
           ,
           that
           this
           sort
           of
           men
           ever
           lies
           at
           the
           coming
           in
           and
           going
           out
           of
           every
           Province
           ,
           
           which
           in
           those
           parts
           (
           for
           greatness
           sake
           )
           they
           call
           Kingdomes
           ,
           so
           that
           after
           this
           rate
           one
           is
           to
           pass
           thorough
           several
           Kingdoms
           before
           he
           can
           come
           to
           Madrid
           .
           At
           the
           coming
           out
           of
           Spain
           one
           meets
           with
           the
           like
           (
           or
           worse
           usage
           if
           it
           be
           possible
           )
           as
           he
           found
           at
           the
           going
           into
           't
           .
        
         
           But
           after
           all
           ,
           the
           worst
           is
           ,
           that
           one
           hath
           no
           accommodation
           by
           the
           way
           ,
           for
           sometimes
           you
           shall
           ride
           30.
           miles
           and
           not
           see
           a
           house
           ,
           nor
           meet
           with
           a
           man
           ,
           so
           that
           in
           some
           places
           one
           must
           carry
           for
           himself
           something
           to
           eat
           ,
           and
           Oats
           for
           the
           Mule
           ,
           and
           so
           lie
           sometimes
           under
           a
           Tree
           :
           how
           uncomfortable
           this
           is
           in
           Winter
           ,
           and
           the
           heat
           of
           Summer
           ,
           I
           leave
           every
           one
           to
           judge
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           misery
           is
           ,
           that
           when
           one
           comes
           to
           an
           Inn
           ,
           he
           is
           hardly
           the
           better
           for
           't
           ,
           for
           excepting
           some
           Alcoues
           which
           are
           used
           onely
           by
           persons
           of
           quality
           ,
           all
           the
           bed
           you
           can
           get
           ,
           is
           some
           formes
           or
           few
           boards
           lay'd
           close
           ,
           with
           straw
           or
           wooll
           at
           the
           most
           ,
           within
           a
           matteress
           upon
           't
           ,
           without
           Bed-steads
           or
           Curtains
           ,
           for
           they
           know
           not
           what
           such
           things
           mean
           ,
           and
           if
           one
           will
           have
           clean
           sheets
           ,
           
           the
           surest
           way
           is
           to
           carry
           some
           along
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           Yet
           this
           is
           but
           beginning
           of
           trouble
           ,
           for
           these
           Inns
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           call
           it
           )
           afford
           nothing
           to
           eat
           ,
           and
           if
           you
           will
           have
           bread
           ,
           you
           must
           send
           for
           't
           out
           of
           the
           house
           into
           one
           place
           ,
           for
           Wine
           into
           another
           ,
           for
           Meat
           into
           another
           ,
           for
           one
           can
           hardly
           find
           two
           such
           different
           things
           in
           one
           place
           ;
           after
           all
           ,
           if
           you
           will
           have
           it
           well
           dressed
           ,
           I
           advise
           you
           to
           have
           a
           Cook
           of
           your
           own
           .
        
         
           Now
           see
           whether
           or
           not
           I
           have
           reason
           to
           wish
           my self
           out
           of
           this
           Countrey
           ,
           but
           I
           must
           go
           throughout
           ,
           seeing
           I
           am
           so
           far
           engaged
           in
           't
           ,
           and
           give
           some
           observations
           I
           made
           of
           their
           nature
           ,
           and
           of
           some
           manners
           and
           customes
           of
           theirs
           .
        
         
           Though
           the
           Spaniard
           be
           not
           very
           sociable
           ,
           yet'tis
           easy
           for
           a
           man
           to
           know
           his
           natural
           Genius
           and
           Inclination
           as
           to
           the
           generality
           :
           I
           confess
           amongst
           the
           true
           Castillans
           ,
           some
           Generous
           and
           Gallant
           men
           are
           to
           be
           found
           ,
           but
           these
           are
           so
           scarce
           ,
           that
           we
           may
           say
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           of
           Bread
           ,
           the
           Countrey
           affords
           it
           very
           good
           ,
           but
           so
           little
           of
           it
           ,
           that
           though
           the
           Countrey
           
             (
             Catalonia
          
           excepted
           )
           be
           very
           void
           of
           Inhabitants
           ,
           
           there
           is
           hardly
           enough
           of
           it
           to
           serve
           3.
           months
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           so
           of
           10000.
           men
           ,
           hardly
           one
           will
           be
           found
           to
           have
           a
           right
           principle
           of
           honesty
           .
        
         
           If
           at
           any
           time
           a
           man
           hath
           offended
           them
           ,
           though
           it
           be
           an
           offence
           taken
           rather
           than
           given
           ,
           they
           will
           seem
           not
           to
           take
           notice
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           they
           will
           watch
           one
           so
           long
           ,
           and
           so
           well
           ,
           that
           at
           last
           he
           must
           fall
           into
           their
           Clutches
           ;
           then
           they
           give
           no
           quarter
           ,
           but
           one
           night
           or
           other
           as
           a
           man
           is
           going
           to
           his
           Lodging
           ,
           they
           will
           shoot
           him
           dead
           in
           a
           treacherous
           way
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           is
           not
           aware
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           Their
           Pride
           is
           known
           by
           the
           contempt
           they
           have
           for
           all
           other
           Nations
           ,
           therefore
           they
           say
           their
           King
           alone
           is
           
             El
             Roy
             de
             los
             hombres
          
           ;
           the
           same
           they
           affirme
           of
           their
           Language
           ,
           but
           most
           of
           all
           't
           is
           known
           by
           their
           carriage
           ;
           they
           have
           an
           affected
           gravity
           which
           goes
           beyond
           the
           natural
           ,
           and
           make
           themselves
           valiant
           with
           oftentation
           .
        
         
           They
           walk
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Streets
           like
           Peacocks
           and
           Turkies
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           pride
           ,
           staring
           upon
           others
           ,
           and
           looking
           on
           themselves
           from
           top
           to
           toe
           with
           a
           losty
           ,
           scornful
           and
           braving
           courtenance
           ;
           
           and
           yet
           when
           there
           is
           occasion
           to
           go
           to
           it
           ,
           except
           there
           be
           three
           or
           four
           against
           one
           ,
           
             Toman
             las
             oulcas
             de
             villa
             diego
             ,
          
           as
           they
           say
           ,
           that
           is
           in
           plain
           English
           ,
           they
           run
           away
           ,
           till
           they
           have
           an
           opportunity
           of
           being
           avenged
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           most
           of
           all
           practised
           in
           
             Valenza
             ,
             Arragona
             ,
             Catalonia
          
           ,
           &c.
           in
           Castilla
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           places
           ,
           there
           being
           more
           generosity
           than
           in
           others
           .
        
         
           In
           Summer
           ,
           they
           wear
           long
           Cloakes
           of
           black
           London
           Serge
           ,
           specially
           those
           who
           are
           of
           any
           fashion
           ,
           but
           I
           have
           seen
           some
           of
           Cloth
           and
           very
           heavy
           ,
           for
           they
           say
           ,
           that
           which
           keeps
           from
           cold
           ,
           preserves
           also
           from
           the
           heat
           ;
           their
           shooes
           for
           the
           most
           part
           have
           no
           heele
           ,
           or
           a
           very
           little
           one
           ;
           the
           clock
           of
           their
           stockings
           comes
           up
           to
           the
           fat
           of
           their
           legg
           .
        
         
           It
           were
           needless
           for
           me
           to
           make
           an
           exact
           description
           of
           their
           cloathes
           ,
           seeing
           they
           often
           have
           been
           seen
           in
           England
           ,
           specially
           in
           Eighty
           Eight
           .
           I
           shall
           not
           dispute
           whether
           they
           are
           becoming
           or
           not
           ,
           much
           of
           it
           depending
           upon
           custome
           and
           fancy
           ,
           yet
           they
           are
           so
           taken
           with
           it
           ,
           that
           still
           they
           keep
           to
           their
           fashion
           in
           most
           Countries
           where
           they
           live
           ,
           and
           very
           hardly
           can
           resolve
           
           upon
           changing
           in
           some
           Courts
           where
           they
           have
           Ambassadours
           ,
           for
           else
           they
           have
           so
           good
           opinion
           of
           their
           Countries
           that
           they
           scorn
           almost
           all
           others
           ,
           and
           account
           them
           not
           worthy
           to
           be
           seen
           ,
           except
           the
           low
           Countries
           ,
           
             Naples
             ,
             Sicily
             ,
             Milan
          
           ,
           the
           West-Indies
           ,
           &c.
           where
           they
           goe
           to
           feather
           their
           Nest
           and
           to
           grow
           rich
           ,
           and
           often
           they
           take
           such
           courses
           ,
           as
           makes
           them
           speed
           well
           in
           't
           in
           a
           very
           short
           time
           .
        
         
           They
           use
           to
           wear
           Sword
           and
           Dagger
           ,
           and
           though
           their
           Cloak
           be
           new
           ,
           very
           often
           they
           make
           a
           hole
           in
           it
           ,
           that
           the
           Dagger
           may
           be
           seen
           ;
           the
           lowest
           sort
           of
           tradesmen
           ,
           as
           Carpenters
           ,
           Shooe-makers
           ,
           &c.
           never
           sit
           at
           their
           work
           without
           a
           Dagger
           by
           their
           sides
           .
           Thus
           the
           Commonally
           is
           possessed
           with
           pride
           ,
           witness
           the
           story
           of
           the
           Woman
           ,
           who
           being
           a
           Begger
           ,
           yet
           would
           not
           have
           her
           son
           to
           serve
           an
           Ambassadour
           ;
           I
           will
           not
           said
           she
           (
           being
           spoken
           to
           about
           it
           )
           undervalue
           my
           son
           so
           much
           ,
           who
           knows
           whether
           one
           day
           he
           shall
           not
           be
           King
           of
           Spain
           .
           Hence
           it
           is
           that
           we
           do
           not
           see
           Spaniards
           to
           be
           servants
           of
           men
           of
           other
           Nations
           ,
           nor
           to
           travel
           but
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           necessity
           .
           Now
           this
           vanity
           follows
           them
           to
           their
           grave
           ,
           as
           we
           hear
           of
           
           the
           Cobler
           ,
           who
           being
           upon
           his
           death-bed
           ,
           having
           called
           his
           Children
           to
           him
           ,
           said
           to
           them
           ,
           Take
           heede
           you
           do
           nothing
           to
           disparage
           your selves
           ,
           or
           to
           dishonour
           your
           Family
           .
        
         
           To
           see
           the
           meanest
           of
           them
           in
           their
           cloathes
           ,
           and
           to
           act
           their
           gravity
           ,
           is
           a
           thing
           to
           make
           any
           Sranger
           mistake
           their
           quality
           ,
           insomuch
           ,
           that
           one
           day
           in
           their
           late
           Kings
           time
           ,
           a
           foreign
           Minister
           being
           private
           in
           his
           Lodging
           ,
           took
           one
           of
           them
           for
           a
           Grandee
           ,
           who
           (
           as
           he
           thought
           )
           came
           to
           give
           him
           a
           visit
           incognito
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           usual
           in
           those
           parts
           ,
           and
           received
           him
           with
           a
           great
           civility
           ,
           but
           at
           last
           this
           proved
           to
           be
           a
           Glasier
           ,
           who
           went
           to
           mend
           a
           window
           :
           and
           they
           so
           much
           affect
           gravity
           in
           their
           march
           ,
           that
           one
           of
           them
           being
           once
           whipped
           at
           Paris
           ,
           (
           you
           may
           conceive
           not
           for
           any
           good
           he
           had
           done
           )
           and
           being
           told
           by
           some
           spectators
           who
           pittyed
           him
           ,
           to
           mend
           his
           pace
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           sooner
           come
           out
           of
           his
           pains
           ,
           he
           turned
           about
           ,
           and
           with
           much
           gravity
           ,
           told
           them
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           not
           go
           an
           inch
           the
           faster
           ,
           though
           all
           the
           Hangmen
           of
           France
           were
           at
           his
           heels
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           goe
           on
           in
           telling
           of
           their
           good
           qualities
           ,
           I
           must
           not
           omit
           to
           say
           that
           idleness
           ,
           
           and
           lasiness
           are
           some
           of
           those
           which
           most
           of
           all
           they
           are
           subject
           to
           :
           I
           cannot
           tell
           whether
           it
           be
           meerly
           an
           effect
           of
           their
           natural
           disposition
           ,
           or
           a
           trust
           they
           put
           to
           the
           Harvest
           they
           receive
           from
           the
           Indies
           ;
           or
           ,
           as
           I
           believe
           ,
           of
           both
           ;
           but
           the
           matter
           is
           such
           ,
           that
           their
           Land
           which
           in
           many
           places
           is
           good
           ,
           and
           could
           be
           made
           fruitful
           ,
           nor
           only
           in
           Fruites
           and
           good
           Wines
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           other
           Necessaries
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           being
           manured
           ,
           is
           barren
           and
           useless
           .
           Now
           the
           Ground
           doth
           not
           produce
           without
           the
           care
           of
           man
           ;
           at
           present
           God
           doth
           not
           shew
           us
           such
           Miracles
           ,
           as
           he
           hath
           done
           sometimes
           in
           the
           dayes
           of
           old
           .
        
         
           If
           Tradsemen
           amongst
           them
           ,
           do
           work
           2
           or
           3
           hours
           in
           the
           day
           ,
           they
           will
           think
           themselves
           the
           greatest
           workmen
           in
           the
           world
           ;
           and
           they
           who
           set
           them
           at
           work
           ,
           must
           pay
           as
           dear
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           a
           whole
           day
           at
           it
           :
           when
           this
           is
           done
           ,
           they
           go
           to
           play
           or
           iport
           themselves
           one
           way
           or
           other
           ,
           but
           those
           that
           live
           in
           Sea-Towns
           never
           fail
           to
           walk
           by
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           to
           see
           Ships
           coming
           in
           ,
           to
           enquire
           what
           parts
           of
           the
           world
           they
           come
           from
           ,
           and
           what
           news
           they
           bring
           :
           and
           here
           Passenger
           :
           do
           find
           some
           office
           of
           the
           Inquisition
           summoning
           
           them
           to
           go
           and
           give
           an
           account
           of
           their
           Faith
           to
           the
           Office
           ,
           but
           their
           chief
           end
           is
           to
           get
           a
           piece
           of
           money
           ,
           and
           then
           they
           let
           people
           alone
           .
        
         
           Others
           there
           are
           in
           these
           Sea-Towns
           ,
           who
           drive
           another
           sort
           of
           Trade
           ,
           they
           come
           aboard
           and
           offer
           to
           Passengers
           wine
           and
           other
           provisions
           at
           a
           very
           low
           rate
           ,
           only
           to
           oblige
           them
           to
           go
           to
           their
           houses
           ,
           where
           they
           shew
           them
           Spanish
           flesh
           rather
           than
           Victuals
           .
        
         
           No
           Nation
           hath
           more
           ceremony
           ,
           and
           less
           reality
           than
           the
           Spanish
           ,
           when
           they
           think
           to
           cut
           one's
           throat
           ,
           then
           they
           make
           the
           greatest
           protestations
           of
           love
           and
           friendship
           :
           they
           stand
           so
           much
           upon
           titles
           and
           places
           ,
           that
           as
           Boccalini
           saith
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           particular
           custome
           of
           Spaniards
           ,
           to
           visit
           others
           more
           to
           affront
           ,
           than
           to
           honour
           them
           .
           Complements
           also
           are
           so
           mixed
           with
           their
           ordinary
           discourses
           ,
           that
           they
           wholly
           take
           away
           the
           pleasure
           of
           Society
           ,
           &
           banish
           Liberty
           ,
           wherein
           doth
           consist
           the
           sweetness
           of
           Conversation
           :
           An
           English
           Nobleman
           having
           often
           been
           troubled
           at
           Madrid
           with
           such
           a
           way
           of
           dealing
           ,
           by
           one
           of
           their
           Great
           men
           ,
           resolved
           one
           day
           to
           be
           avenged
           on
           him
           ,
           therefore
           once
           
           when
           the
           other
           was
           come
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           caused
           a
           great
           fire
           to
           be
           made
           ,
           and
           both
           being
           drawn
           near
           to
           it
           ,
           with
           their
           backs
           towards
           the
           Chimney
           ,
           the
           Nobleman
           engaged
           the
           Spaniard
           in
           discourses
           of
           Civility
           ,
           who
           many
           times
           bowed
           towards
           the
           fire
           ,
           which
           he
           did
           so
           often
           ,
           that
           at
           last
           feeling
           the
           heat
           ,
           he
           clapt
           his
           hand
           upon
           the
           back
           side
           ,
           and
           found
           the
           fire
           had
           burned
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           was
           as
           amazed
           ,
           as
           the
           other
           who
           sitting
           by
           a
           fire
           ,
           and
           feeling
           the
           heat
           thorough
           his
           Boots
           ,
           said
           ,
           I
           am
           a
           fraid
           of
           burning
           my
           Boots
           ,
           when
           another
           who
           stood
           by
           answered
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           do
           not
           mind
           your
           Boots
           ,
           for
           already
           they
           are
           gone
           ,
           onely
           look
           to
           the
           Spurs
           .
        
         
           They
           profess
           a
           new
           Divinity
           ,
           to
           allow
           of
           a
           certain
           evil
           ,
           that
           an
           uncertain
           may
           be
           avoided
           thereby
           ,
           that
           is
           to
           practice
           a
           Peccadillo
           as
           they
           call
           it
           ,
           a
           little
           sin
           ,
           to
           avoid
           falling
           into
           a
           greater
           ,
           and
           for
           fear
           of
           Sodomy
           ,
           to
           indulge
           themselves
           in
           their
           Leachery
           ;
           a
           thing
           so
           generally
           used
           amongst
           them
           ,
           that
           he
           who
           hath
           not
           his
           love
           in
           that
           kind
           ,
           is
           accounted
           a
           man
           without
           wit
           and
           merit
           ;
           and
           the
           generality
           of
           them
           goes
           as
           openly
           and
           freely
           into
           such
           places
           ,
           as
           here
           one
           will
           goe
           to
           a
           Tavern
           ,
           or
           an
           
           Ale-house
           :
           they
           
             consuetudo
             peccandi
             ,
             tollit
             sensum
             peccati
             ,
          
           the
           custom
           of
           Tinning
           ,
           takes
           away
           the
           sense
           of
           sin
           ;
           their
           Proverb
           is
           ,
           
             El
             fatigado
             con
             cosas
             deveres
             ,
             recreese
             con
             donagres
             ,
          
           he
           who
           is
           a
           weary
           of
           serious
           things
           ,
           must
           betake
           himself
           to
           his
           pleasures
           ;
           of
           which
           ,
           as
           of
           Wines
           they
           allow
           themselves
           a
           Calabrada
           ,
           a
           mixture
           and
           variety
           ,
           wherein
           they
           so
           much
           indulge
           themselves
           ,
           that
           rather
           than
           be
           deprived
           of
           the
           least
           ,
           they
           will
           loose
           any
           thing
           ;
           whereupon
           they
           use
           to
           say
           ,
           
             Siempre
             en
             las
             tardangas
             a'y
             peligro
             ,
             y.
             vale
             mas
             paxaro
             en
             mano
             que
             buy
             tre
             volando
             ,
          
           A
           bird
           in
           hand
           is
           better
           than
           two
           in
           the
           bush
           ;
           which
           they
           mean
           of
           their
           pleasures
           .
        
         
           Sometimes
           I
           have
           seen
           some
           of
           their
           Priests
           come
           to
           Strangers
           Lodgings
           (
           provided
           they
           be
           acquainted
           with
           the
           Landlord
           )
           to
           play
           with
           them
           ,
           in
           a
           disguise
           ,
           not
           out
           of
           any
           shame
           ,
           but
           only
           to
           have
           more
           liberty
           with
           those
           who
           know
           them
           not
           ,
           except
           a
           Landlord
           ,
           or
           some
           body
           else
           tells
           them
           what
           they
           are
           .
        
         
           There
           be
           also
           some
           Priests
           and
           Fryars
           carrying
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Streets
           ,
           the
           Image
           of
           one
           or
           other
           
             Nuestia
             Sennora
          
           ,
           as
           they
           call
           it
           ,
           for
           whom
           they
           beg
           ,
           &
           yet
           the
           
           poor
           Lady
           is
           never
           the
           better
           for
           it
           ;
           for
           most
           part
           of
           the
           time
           ,
           what
           they
           have
           gotten
           ,
           they
           bestow
           upon
           their
           own
           pleasures
           ,
           and
           other
           uses
           ;
           and
           once
           I
           saw
           at
           Alicant
           ,
           one
           of
           them
           ,
           who
           played
           at
           Cardes
           what
           monies
           he
           had
           then
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           lost
           it
           to
           an
           English
           Master
           of
           a
           Ship
           :
           whereby
           we
           see
           now
           ready
           they
           are
           to
           sacrifice
           their
           shew
           and
           pretence
           of
           Devotion
           ,
           to
           their
           pleasure
           or
           covetousness
           ;
           and
           sometimes
           they
           dispose
           of
           it
           another
           way
           ,
           which
           is
           ,
           to
           make
           a
           mock
           at
           what
           they
           call
           piety
           themselves
           ,
           and
           which
           we
           ,
           with
           a
           more
           proper
           word
           ,
           do
           name
           superstition
           .
        
         
           Many
           of
           these
           Secular
           ,
           and
           Regular
           Priests
           ,
           are
           very
           offensive
           to
           the
           Laity
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           great
           power
           theClergy
           hath
           in
           those
           parts
           ,
           who
           assert
           their
           priviledges
           with
           a
           great
           severity
           ,
           by
           the
           means
           of
           the
           Inquisition
           ,
           which
           is
           formidable
           to
           the
           greatest
           men
           in
           the
           Land
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           lowest
           ;
           so
           that
           under
           this
           shelter
           ,
           they
           commit
           many
           unjust
           and
           unlawful
           things
           .
        
         
           But
           in
           general
           ,
           to
           return
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           they
           are
           very
           singular
           in
           their
           Diet
           ,
           still
           making
           good
           the
           Proverb
           which
           saies
           ,
           
             A
             Spaniard
             is
             not
             sober
             when
             he
             lives
             at
          
           
           
             the
             costs
             of
             others
          
           :
           but
           else
           they
           are
           very
           sparing
           and
           I
           am
           very
           much
           of
           the
           opinion
           of
           one
           ,
           who
           thinks
           that
           in
           London
           ,
           there
           is
           more
           Meat
           eaten
           in
           one
           Month
           ,
           than
           in
           whole
           Spain
           in
           one
           Year
           .
           They
           do
           not
           roast
           whole
           Capons
           ,
           and
           Pullets
           ,
           but
           Leggs
           ,
           and
           Wings
           by
           themselves
           ,
           and
           then
           spread
           the
           feathers
           before
           their
           doors
           ,
           to
           make
           others
           think
           thatgood
           chear
           is
           made
           in
           that
           house
           ;
           a
           Crust
           ofBread
           rubbed
           with
           Garlick
           ,
           or
           an
           Onion
           ,
           is
           an
           ordinary
           and
           a
           good
           diet
           for
           them
           ,
           which
           ,
           if
           a
           Stranger
           sees
           them
           to
           eat
           ,
           they
           presently
           fall
           upon
           commending
           of
           Sobriety
           ,
           and
           how
           wholsom
           a
           thing
           it
           is
           :
           many
           a
           time
           I
           have
           seen
           numbers
           of
           them
           dine
           so
           ,
           close
           by
           a
           wall
           ,
           to
           enjoy
           the
           heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           which
           is
           their
           ordinary
           fire
           in
           those
           parts
           ,
           so
           saving
           they
           endeavour
           to
           be
           in
           every
           thing
           ;
           yet
           if
           any
           one
           will
           have
           the
           pleasure
           ,
           how
           well
           they
           can
           eat
           ,
           or
           rather
           devour
           ,
           let
           him
           treat
           them
           at
           his
           own
           charges
           .
        
         
           For
           certain
           flesh
           isvery
           nourishing
           there
           ,
           but
           this
           is
           not
           the
           onely
           reason
           of
           their
           sobriety
           ,
           't
           is
           also
           dear
           ,
           in
           part
           ,
           because
           't
           is
           scarce
           ,
           and
           also
           by
           reason
           of
           a
           great
           Tax
           laid
           upon
           Butchers
           :
           Fruits
           ,
           herbs
           and
           roots
           ,
           are
           things
           which
           they
           feed
           upon
           most
           of
           
           all
           ,
           and
           in
           every
           thing
           almost
           ,
           they
           use
           much
           Pimiento
           ,
           a
           kind
           of
           red
           Pepper
           which
           grows
           in
           the
           country
           ;
           but
           they
           are
           not
           used
           to
           see
           any
           quantity
           of
           meat
           upon
           a
           table
           ;
           this
           is
           the
           reason
           why
           Gondomour
           being
           gone
           back
           into
           Spain
           from
           his
           Ambassy
           in
           England
           ,
           and
           being
           asked
           by
           his
           Master
           about
           several
           fashions
           used
           here
           in
           the
           Court
           ,
           amongst
           the
           rest
           ,
           being
           very
           inquisitive
           to
           know
           what
           ceremonies
           were
           used
           here
           when
           the
           King
           was
           at
           table
           ;
           he
           answered
           ,
           for
           his
           part
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           well
           tell
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           been
           in
           the
           Dining
           Room
           when
           his
           Majesty
           was
           at
           Dinner
           ,
           because
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           he
           was
           hidden
           from
           him
           by
           a
           great
           piece
           of
           Beef
           which
           was
           laid
           upon
           the
           Table
           .
        
         
           They
           allow
           not
           their
           wives
           to
           sit
           at
           table
           with
           them
           ,
           those
           persons
           of
           quality
           are
           private
           in
           a
           chamber
           and
           by
           themselves
           ,
           but
           others
           of
           the
           common
           sort
           of
           people
           ,
           do
           usually
           keep
           in
           the
           same
           chamber
           where
           their
           husbands
           dine
           ,
           at
           a
           table
           with
           their
           children
           ,
           or
           else
           there
           is
           a
           place
           raised
           half
           a
           foot
           or
           thereabouts
           above
           the
           flower
           ,
           with
           a
           Carpet
           laid
           over
           it
           ,
           thereupon
           the
           wife
           ,
           and
           children
           either
           kneel
           or
           sit
           without
           Chairs
           ,
           and
           eat
           what
           the
           husband
           is
           
           pleased
           to
           send
           them
           from
           his
           Table
           ,
           so
           that
           to
           speak
           the
           truth
           ,
           they
           are
           deprived
           of
           their
           liberty
           and
           kept
           in
           great
           subjection
           ,
           little
           different
           from
           slavery
           .
        
         
           Which
           hard
           usage
           they
           are
           sensible
           of
           ,
           upon
           occasion
           doing
           them
           all
           the
           turns
           of
           unfaithfulness
           which
           they
           are
           able
           ,
           being
           naturally
           by
           the
           influences
           of
           the
           climate
           ,
           the
           hot
           things
           they
           eat
           and
           drink
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           a
           desire
           of
           the
           liberty
           they
           see
           themselves
           abridged
           off
           ,
           much
           inclined
           to
           luxury
           ;
           they
           take
           care
           to
           curle
           their
           hair
           ,
           keep
           their
           breast
           naked
           ,
           yet
           not
           so
           low
           as
           the
           shoulders
           ,
           they
           paint
           much
           with
           red
           their
           lips
           and
           cheeks
           ,
           a
           custom
           so
           general
           amongst
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           hide
           it
           not
           one
           from
           another
           ;
           they
           wear
           above
           their
           wast
           a
           fardingale
           ,
           or
           
             Guarda
             infanta
          
           ,
           as
           they
           call
           it
           ,
           which
           is
           like
           a
           circle
           of
           a
           good
           breadth
           ,
           and
           very
           fit
           to
           hide
           a
           big
           belly
           ;
           when
           they
           go
           thorough
           a
           narrow
           door
           they
           must
           strike
           it
           down
           of
           one
           side
           ;
           those
           of
           an
           inferiour
           quality
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           abroad
           ,
           do
           usually
           wear
           a
           black
           Hood
           which
           falls
           lower
           then
           their
           breast
           and
           shoulders
           ,
           and
           hides
           the
           whole
           face
           ,
           except
           one
           eye
           ,
           which
           is
           all
           one
           is
           able
           to
           see
           of
           it
           ,
           whereby
           they
           are
           so
           hard
           to
           be
           known
           ,
           that
           towards
           evening
           
           a
           husband
           going
           by
           his
           wife
           shall
           have
           much
           ado
           to
           know
           her
           ;
           though
           they
           be
           more
           civil
           to
           those
           strangers
           or
           others
           whom
           they
           intend
           to
           favour
           ,
           by
           uncovering
           the
           whole
           face
           when
           they
           come
           nigh
           to
           them
           :
           they
           improve
           the
           few
           moments
           they
           have
           of
           liberty
           ,
           and
           they
           endeavour
           to
           
             hazer
             su
             Agosto
          
           ,
           to
           speak
           in
           their
           own
           words
           ,
           or
           as
           we
           say
           ,
           Make
           Hay
           whilst
           the
           Sun
           shines
           ,
           and
           they
           do
           it
           
             de
             la
             buena
             gana
          
           ,
           with
           a
           good
           will.
           
        
         
           Men
           there
           ,
           are
           extraordinarily
           careful
           of
           their
           Beards
           ,
           which
           are
           black
           and
           thick
           with
           Mustacchio's
           〈◊〉
           Tusks
           ;
           to
           save
           them
           at
           night
           ,
           they
           have
           
             las
             bigotes
          
           ,
           that
           is
           a
           kind
           of
           a
           waxed
           Case
           which
           they
           lay
           upon
           it
           ,
           and
           which
           to
           one
           who
           knows
           not
           what
           it
           is
           ,
           seems
           very
           strange
           in
           a
           morning
           when
           they
           appear
           with
           it
           at
           a
           Window
           :
           they
           also
           make
           a
           Beard
           so
           essential
           to
           a
           man
           ,
           that
           if
           he
           be
           altogether
           shaven
           ,
           as
           now
           we
           are
           in
           England
           ,
           they
           will
           doubt
           whether
           or
           not
           he
           be
           an
           Eunuch
           :
           and
           in
           the
           streets
           of
           Madrid
           ,
           I
           have
           seen
           an
           outlandish
           man
           of
           about
           30
           years
           of
           age
           ,
           taken
           by
           the
           arme
           by
           a
           woman
           who
           never
           saw
           him
           before
           .
           and
           asked
           him
           very
           boldly
           ,
           
             tien
             los
             Cojones
             voste
          
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           are
           you
           a
           whole
           man
           ,
           because
           he
           was
           wholly
           shaven
           .
        
         
         
           A
           thing
           which
           most
           of
           all
           seemed
           strange
           to
           me
           in
           Spain
           ,
           is
           the
           custome
           of
           some
           to
           walk
           in
           the
           streets
           with
           Spectacles
           on
           their
           Noses
           ,
           which
           with
           a
           little
           thread
           they
           tye
           to
           both
           ears
           ,
           and
           there
           is
           a
           two-fold
           reason
           for
           it
           ;
           the
           one
           is
           the
           scorching
           heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           which
           heats
           so
           much
           the
           ground
           ,
           that
           the
           reverberation
           of
           it
           is
           hurtful
           to
           the
           eye
           ,
           but
           as
           in
           Winter
           the
           sun
           is
           not
           so
           hot
           as
           in
           Summer
           ,
           so
           methinks
           the
           use
           of
           these
           Spectacles
           should
           cease
           ;
           therefore
           besides
           the
           former
           there
           is
           an
           inward
           reason
           ,
           arising
           from
           the
           immoderate
           luxury
           which
           they
           are
           given
           to
           ,
           for
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           strict
           communication
           there
           is
           between
           those
           parts
           and
           the
           head
           ,
           specially
           the
           Opticks
           ,
           the
           Organ
           is
           much
           offended
           ,
           and
           consequently
           weakned
           ,
           so
           that
           this
           people
           becomes
           short
           sighted
           ;
           and
           I
           think
           that
           the
           fresh
           waters
           with
           Ice
           ,
           which
           they
           so
           much
           drink
           of
           in
           summer
           ,
           are
           used
           to
           cool
           their
           lust
           more
           then
           to
           quench
           their
           thirst
           .
        
         
           The
           extraordinry
           long
           swords
           they
           have
           must
           needs
           be
           very
           inconvenient
           ,
           specially
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           long
           cloaks
           they
           wear
           them
           under
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           most
           part
           of
           time
           they
           must
           turn
           up
           their
           cloaks
           of
           one
           side
           when
           they
           walk
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           hand
           
           they
           must
           lay
           upon
           the
           hilt
           of
           the
           sword
           ,
           that
           thereby
           the
           point
           of
           it
           be
           lifted
           up
           ,
           otherwise
           it
           would
           constantly
           trail
           upon
           the
           ground
           ,
           and
           often
           the
           crosse
           above
           the
           hilt
           being
           of
           one
           side
           turned
           upwards
           ,
           and
           downwards
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           seems
           at
           the
           same
           time
           threatning
           heaven
           and
           earth
           .
        
         
           Formerly
           they
           used
           to
           wear
           Ruffs
           about
           their
           necks
           ,
           which
           were
           forbidden
           ,
           because
           in
           Arragon
           a
           great
           man
           was
           strangled
           with
           it
           ,
           so
           that
           since
           that
           time
           they
           have
           been
           lookt
           upon
           as
           a
           halter
           about
           ones
           neck
           ,
           and
           instead
           of
           it
           ,
           they
           use
           a
           little
           band
           stretched
           and
           stiffned
           with
           a
           little
           wire
           .
        
         
           In
           their
           discourses
           they
           would
           be
           taken
           for
           Senators
           ,
           for
           upon
           every
           occasion
           they
           play
           the
           Statesmen
           ,
           they
           dispose
           of
           Crowns
           Scepters
           and
           Kingdoms
           ,
           just
           as
           if
           they
           were
           of
           Gods
           council
           ,
           they
           decide
           the
           fortune
           of
           Princes
           ,
           censure
           the
           actions
           and
           carriage
           of
           Ministers
           of
           state
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           are
           three
           or
           four
           together
           ,
           one
           would
           think
           that
           like
           so
           many
           Gods
           they
           sit
           in
           council
           to
           resolve
           upon
           the
           fare
           ,
           and
           dispose
           of
           all
           States
           and
           Empires
           of
           the
           world
           ,
           and
           this
           not
           by
           conjectures
           ,
           but
           out
           of
           a
           certain
           and
           infallible
           knowledge
           ,
           and
           whilest
           they
           fancy
           Mountains
           of
           Gold
           ,
           and
           think
           how
           to
           
           dispossesse
           other
           Nations
           of
           their
           Country
           ,
           they
           take
           no
           notice
           how
           void
           of
           people
           their
           own
           is
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           driving
           the
           Moores
           out
           of
           Granada
           ,
           of
           their
           Plantations
           in
           the
           Indies
           ,
           their
           wars
           in
           Flanders
           and
           Italy
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           many
           Garrisons
           they
           must
           keep
           in
           sundry
           places
           ;
           thus
           they
           make
           good
           their
           Proverb
           ,
           
             cada
             loco
             con
             su
             tema
          
           ,
           every
           fool
           hath
           his
           fancies
           .
        
         
           Benefit
           and
           pleasure
           are
           the
           two
           great
           ends
           of
           Travellers
           ,
           but
           in
           Spain
           neither
           is
           to
           be
           had
           ,
           the
           people
           of
           it
           not
           being
           sociable
           ,
           and
           there
           is
           hardly
           any
           thing
           worthy
           of
           a
           mans
           curiosity
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           the
           pains
           to
           go
           to
           see
           it
           ;
           all
           Spain
           doth
           not
           afford
           one
           noble
           and
           stately
           City
           .
           Pamplona
           in
           Navarra
           is
           noted
           for
           the
           Citadel
           in
           't
           ,
           Burgos
           the
           Metropolis
           of
           Castilla
           the
           old
           for
           the
           great
           Church
           ,
           and
           an
           inconsiderable
           Castle
           ;
           Valladolid
           where
           formerly
           the
           Court
           hath
           resided
           for
           a
           considerable
           time
           ,
           is
           a
           proverb
           ,
           
             Villa
             per
             villa
             ,
             Valladolid
             en
             Castilla
             ,
          
           but
           there
           are
           not
           so
           much
           as
           walls
           about
           it
           .
           Salamanca
           hath
           the
           famous
           University
           of
           Spain
           ,
           their
           is
           the
           Bridge
           built
           by
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           the
           Bull
           at
           one
           end
           of
           it
           ;
           Segovia
           hath
           without
           the
           Monasterie
           ,
           called
           Parral
           ,
           the
           Mint
           ,
           a
           Palace
           and
           the
           
           Aqueducts
           ,
           &
           the
           fine
           Cloth
           made
           there
           :
           Toledo
           the
           chief
           Arch-bishoprick
           of
           Spain
           hath
           a
           great
           Church
           &
           a
           thing
           called
           the
           Treasure
           within
           it
           ,
           &
           Water-works
           ;
           so
           at
           Granada
           is
           the
           Palace
           of
           the
           Palace
           of
           the
           Kings
           of
           the
           Moors
           ,
           the
           
             Altrambra
             :
             Cordova
          
           hath
           the
           Mosquea
           or
           Church
           of
           the
           
             Moors
             ,
             Sarragossa
          
           is
           a
           good
           place
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           short
           ,
           their
           Sevile
           the
           chief
           of
           Andaluzia
           ,
           of
           which
           their
           Proverb
           says
           ,
           
             El
             que
             non
             ha
             vista
             Sevilla
             ,
             non
             ha
             vista
             Maravilla
             :
          
           indeed
           about
           it
           grow
           good
           fruits
           ,
           the
           River
           Guadulquivin
           ,
           runs
           by
           ,
           and
           after
           falls
           into
           the
           Sea
           by
           
             San
             Iuan
             de
             Burrameda
          
           ,
           but
           certainly
           in
           other
           places
           are
           much
           better
           Churches
           ,
           Palaces
           .
           Bridges
           ,
           Universities
           ,
           &c.
           and
           I
           say
           that
           all
           these
           things
           together
           are
           not
           worth
           the
           pains
           and
           the
           charges
           of
           going
           so
           far
           to
           see
           them
           ,
           except
           a
           man
           hath
           absolutely
           a
           mind
           to
           be
           able
           to
           say
           ,
           I
           have
           seen
           ;
           neither
           is
           a
           good
           breeding
           to
           be
           gotten
           there
           .
        
         
           Indeed
           there
           are
           in
           Spain
           two
           things
           worth
           seeing
           ,
           and
           no
           more
           ,
           one
           is
           a
           work
           of
           nature
           ,
           the
           
             River
             Guadiana
          
           in
           Estramudara
           ,
           sinking
           under
           ground
           beyond
           
             Placio
             del
             Rey
          
           ,
           and
           then
           raising
           about
           Miajada
           nigh
           upon
           14
           short
           leagues
           off
           ;
           upon
           this
           account
           
           't
           is
           said
           they
           have
           the
           best
           bridge
           of
           Europe
           :
           the
           other
           is
           the
           Escurial
           ,
           the
           Master-piece
           of
           the
           great
           and
           wise
           King
           Philip
           11.
           though
           't
           was
           no
           part
           of
           wisdome
           in
           him
           to
           have
           at
           once
           3
           such
           great
           designs
           ,
           to
           conquer
           England
           ,
           uphold
           the
           league
           in
           France
           ,
           and
           to
           recover
           the
           Low-Countries
           ,
           all
           which
           came
           to
           nothing
           ,
           because
           as
           the
           Italian
           saith
           ,
           
             Chi
             troppo
             abraccia
             nulla
             stringe
          
           ;
           however
           he
           built
           the
           Iscuriale
           where
           the
           Courts
           ,
           the
           Kings
           and
           Queens
           Lodgings
           ,
           the
           Fryars
           Cloysters
           ,
           the
           water
           ,
           the
           Gardens
           ,
           the
           Library
           ,
           the
           Chappel
           ,
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           the
           whole
           is
           a
           rare
           thing
           ,
           but
           not
           so
           miraculous
           to
           those
           who
           have
           seen
           other
           parts
           of
           the
           world
           ;
           the
           
             Pardo
             ,
             buen
             retiro
          
           and
           Aranjuez
           ,
           I
           will
           hardly
           mention
           ,
           those
           forenamed
           are
           the
           best
           things
           in
           Spain
           ,
           but
           he
           who
           hath
           a
           mind
           to
           suffer
           so
           many
           inconveniences
           before
           he
           comes
           thither
           must
           do
           it
           by
           way
           of
           Penance
           ;
           as
           for
           Cities
           ,
           Barcelona
           is
           certainly
           the
           most
           populous
           of
           any
           in
           Spain
           .
        
         
           The
           rest
           of
           these
           towns
           are
           full
           of
           pride
           ,
           idleness
           ,
           misery
           ,
           cheats
           ,
           treachery
           murthers
           and
           other
           oppressions
           ,
           caused
           by
           their
           ambition
           ,
           animosities
           ,
           covetousness
           ,
           desire
           of
           revenge
           ,
           luxury
           and
           jealousies
           about
           
           Wives
           ,
           Concubines
           ,
           Daughters
           ,
           Sisters
           ,
           Neeces
           ,
           and
           what
           other
           relations
           they
           have
           of
           that
           Sex
           ,
           they
           account
           themselves
           obliged
           to
           be
           watchful
           over
           :
           yet
           for
           all
           their
           poverty
           they
           are
           taken
           with
           the
           vanity
           which
           is
           too
           common
           in
           other
           places
           ,
           nor
           to
           observe
           a
           distinction
           of
           cloaths
           according
           to
           the
           quality
           of
           persons
           ,
           for
           I
           have
           seen
           Carpenters
           and
           Shooemakers
           in
           Silver
           cloath
           doublets
           ,
           and
           in
           extraordinary
           fine
           cloath
           ;
           but
           I
           know
           it
           to
           be
           their
           humour
           ,
           that
           the
           poorer
           they
           are
           ,
           the
           more
           they
           indeavour
           to
           hide
           it
           ,
           the
           best
           countenance
           they
           put
           on
           ,
           and
           the
           greatest
           shew
           they
           make
           :
           their
           very
           Alguazils
           or
           Bailies
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           vilest
           sort
           of
           People
           ,
           think
           themselves
           as
           good
           as
           the
           best
           in
           the
           land
           ,
           and
           to
           see
           them
           walk
           with
           a
           switch
           lifted
           up
           in
           their
           hand
           ,
           one
           would
           perceive
           in
           them
           as
           much
           lostiness
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           high
           stewards
           ,
           or
           high
           chamberlains
           of
           the
           Kingdome
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           speak
           of
           somthing
           which
           is
           or
           ought
           to
           be
           the
           best
           in
           Spain
           ,
           we
           must
           come
           to
           Madrid
           ,
           the
           ordinary
           place
           of
           the
           Courts
           residence
           ,
           which
           is
           far
           from
           being
           numerous
           ,
           and
           their
           way
           is
           particular
           and
           different
           from
           others
           ;
           the
           generality
           
           of
           Women
           about
           it
           ,
           are
           antient
           and
           tanned
           ,
           but
           they
           use
           painting
           very
           much
           as
           a
           remedy
           to
           it
           :
           Yet
           I
           confess
           I
           have
           seen
           in
           Spain
           some
           with
           a
           very
           white
           skin
           ,
           (
           but
           these
           are
           scarce
           )
           a
           brown
           hair
           ,
           and
           a
           lively
           black
           eye
           ,
           but
           there
           is
           not
           that
           honest
           Society
           of
           both
           Sexes
           which
           is
           found
           in
           other
           places
           :
           and
           great
           men
           do
           so
           affect
           gravity
           ,
           and
           stand
           so
           much
           upon
           their
           formalities
           and
           points
           of
           honour
           ,
           that
           amongst
           them
           there
           can
           be
           no
           sincerity
           nor
           satisfaction
           .
        
         
           Coaches
           in
           Madrid
           are
           drawn
           by
           mules
           ,
           in
           them
           Ladies
           sit
           in
           the
           same
           Gravity
           which
           men
           do
           affect
           ,
           they
           are
           almost
           like
           Statues
           without
           motion
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           think
           fit
           to
           move
           the
           head
           ,
           't
           is
           done
           in
           so
           slowand
           so
           lingring
           a
           way
           ,
           that
           one
           who
           is
           not
           used
           to
           it
           ,
           would
           admire
           to
           see
           it
           ;
           for
           all
           this
           I
           believe
           if
           they
           had
           the
           liberty
           which
           others
           enjoy
           in
           other
           places
           ,
           some
           of
           them
           would
           prove
           the
           wittiest
           and
           most
           gallant
           Women
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           even
           as
           were
           the
           Moors
           in
           Granada
           ,
           but
           as
           things
           stand
           they
           must
           live
           a
           very
           retired
           manner
           of
           life
           .
        
         
           On
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           no
           greater
           prostitution
           in
           the
           world
           then
           there
           is
           in
           that
           Town
           ,
           for
           the
           generality
           of
           Women
           :
           mothers
           
           make
           no
           difficulties
           to
           sell
           their
           daughters
           maidenhèads
           four
           or
           five
           times
           ,
           and
           as
           often
           as
           they
           can
           to
           cheat
           men
           ;
           young
           girles
           begin
           to
           keep
           mens
           company
           when
           they
           are
           but
           ten
           ,
           eleven
           ,
           or
           at
           the
           most
           twelve
           years
           old
           ,
           this
           is
           the
           cause
           of
           so
           much
           infection
           there
           in
           that
           kind
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           a
           lamentable
           thing
           for
           any
           one
           who
           hath
           the
           curiosity
           to
           see
           their
           Hospitals
           of
           incurables
           ,
           besides
           that
           horrid
           sin
           which
           to
           punish
           sufficiently
           no
           pain
           was
           found
           upon
           earth
           ,
           but
           God
           was
           pleased
           to
           pour
           down
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           hell
           from
           heaven
           ,
           causing
           fire
           and
           brimstone
           to
           rain
           and
           shower
           down
           upon
           earth
           ;
           about
           this
           horrid
           sin
           they
           have
           this
           proverb
           in
           their
           language
           ,
           
             En
             Spania
             los
             Cavalleros
             ,
             en
             Francia
             los
             pedantos
             ,
             en
             Italia
             todos
             .
          
        
         
           A
           thing
           observable
           in
           the
           Court
           is
           the
           way
           of
           their
           Grandees
           ,
           who
           sit
           down
           and
           put
           on
           their
           hats
           in
           the
           Kings
           presence
           ;
           of
           these
           men
           there
           are
           three
           sorts
           ,
           some
           have
           it
           by
           a
           personal
           priviledge
           and
           special
           favour
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           others
           have
           it
           as
           an
           hereditary
           right
           and
           propriety
           derived
           from
           their
           parents
           ,
           and
           others
           in
           the
           third
           place
           ,
           have
           it
           by
           a
           right
           of
           their
           charge
           and
           place
           ,
           as
           namely
           the
           President
           of
           the
           Council
           of
           
           Castilla
           ,
           who
           though
           he
           be
           not
           a
           Grandee
           ,
           yet
           enjoys
           the
           same
           priviledge
           as
           they
           do
           .
           Charles
           the
           fifth
           was
           the
           Author
           of
           these
           Grandees
           ,
           to
           gratifie
           the
           Spanish
           Nation
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           kind
           make
           some
           of
           them
           equal
           with
           some
           German
           Princes
           who
           followed
           him
           in
           that
           voyage
           ,
           and
           who
           by
           their
           quality
           and
           extraction
           ,
           had
           the
           right
           of
           sitting
           and
           being
           covered
           in
           his
           presence
           ,
           a
           thing
           which
           other
           European
           Kings
           do
           not
           allow
           of
           ,
           Portugal
           excepted
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           at
           Madrid
           is
           to
           be
           seen
           that
           cruel
           Bull-fighting
           ,
           a
           remainder
           of
           those
           bloody
           spectacles
           used
           by
           the
           Romans
           for
           to
           give
           a
           pleasure
           to
           the
           spectators
           ,
           men
           as
           mad
           as
           the
           Bulls
           they
           fight
           against
           ,
           must
           encounter
           those
           wild
           creatures
           ,
           and
           hazard
           in
           a
           combate
           which
           hath
           proved
           fatal
           to
           the
           lives
           of
           so
           many
           .
        
         
           What
           shall
           I
           say
           of
           Madrid
           it self
           ,
           where
           are
           neither
           good
           streets
           nor
           stately
           buildings
           ,
           antient
           or
           Modern
           ,
           not
           considerable
           for
           the
           materials
           or
           for
           the
           rules
           of
           Architecture
           ;
           in
           winter
           there
           is
           nothing
           but
           dirt
           ,
           and
           dust
           in
           summer
           ,
           so
           that
           if
           for
           the
           space
           of
           three
           or
           four
           hours
           men
           have
           been
           to
           walk
           ,
           their
           cloaths
           shall
           be
           as
           white
           for
           dust
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           at
           the
           
           Mill
           ,
           so
           that
           't
           is
           no
           wonder
           if
           their
           cloaths
           and
           Taffity
           hats
           (
           that
           is
           overlaid
           with
           Taffita
           )
           grow
           greasie
           so
           soon
           .
           Above
           all
           ,
           let
           not
           one
           who
           is
           there
           walk
           abroad
           late
           at
           night
           ,
           nor
           very
           early
           in
           the
           morning
           ,
           for
           as
           they
           have
           no
           houses
           of
           office
           they
           fling
           it
           up
           and
           down
           the
           streets
           ,
           and
           how
           unpleasant
           these
           objects
           are
           to
           the
           Nose
           ,
           and
           the
           Eye
           ,
           let
           any
           one
           judge
           ,
           yet
           about
           9
           or
           10
           of
           the
           Clock
           there
           is
           nothing
           to
           be
           seen
           ,
           but
           all
           is
           dissolved
           into
           dust
           ,
           &
           as
           men
           say
           ,
           that
           one
           stench
           &
           poison
           drives
           away
           another
           ,
           so
           their
           use
           of
           Onions
           and
           Garlick
           is
           by
           them
           thought
           to
           be
           a
           sovereign
           remedy
           against
           these
           Spanish
           Perfumes
           we
           are
           now
           speaking
           of
           ;
           the
           Air
           indeed
           is
           the
           only
           good
           thing
           at
           Madrid
           ,
           for
           't
           is
           very
           pure
           and
           free
           from
           the
           Plague
           .
           But
           if
           for
           all
           this
           men
           have
           a
           mind
           to
           go
           to
           see
           that
           stinking
           place
           ,
           I
           will
           say
           to
           them
           in
           
             Spanish
             ,
             Sea
             con
             pie
             derecho
             ,
          
           that
           is
           in
           an
           English
           sence
           ,
           Much
           good
           may
           't
           do
           to
           them
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .