Plus ultra, or, The progress and advancement of knowledge since the days of Aristotle in an account of some of the most remarkable late improvements of practical, useful learning, to encourage philosophical endeavours : occasioned by a conference with one of the notional way / by Jos. Glanvill.
         Glanvill, Joseph, 1636-1680.
      
       
         
           1668
        
      
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             Plus ultra, or, The progress and advancement of knowledge since the days of Aristotle in an account of some of the most remarkable late improvements of practical, useful learning, to encourage philosophical endeavours : occasioned by a conference with one of the notional way / by Jos. Glanvill.
             Glanvill, Joseph, 1636-1680.
          
           [36], 149, [6] p.
           
             Printed for James Collins ...,
             London :
             1668.
          
           
             Errata: p. [1] at end.
             Advertisements: p. [6] at end.
             Reproduction of original in Yale University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Imprimatur
           ,
        
         
           
             Tho.
             Tomkyns
          
           ,
           RR
           mo
           in
           Christo
           Patriac
           Domino
           D
           no
           Gilberto
           Divinâ
           Providentiâ
           Archiepisc
           .
           
           Cant.
           à
           Sacr.
           Dom.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           
             PLUS
             ULTRA
          
           :
           OR
           ,
           THE
           Progress
           and
           Advancement
           OF
           KNOWLEDGE
           Since
           the
           Days
           of
           ARISTOTLE
           .
           In
           an
           ACCOUNT
           of
           some
           of
           the
           most
           Remarkable
           LATE
           IMPROVEMENTS
           OF
           
             Practical
             ,
             Useful
          
           Learning
           :
           To
           Encourage
           PHILOSOPHICAL
           ENDEAVOURS
           .
           OCCASIONED
           By
           a
           Conference
           with
           one
           of
           the
           NOTIONAL
           Way
           .
        
         
           By
           Ios.
           GLANVILL
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           
             Printed
             for
          
           Iames
           Collins
           
             at
             the
          
           Kings-Head
           in
           Westminster-Hall
           .
           1668.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TO
           THE
           Right
           Reverned
           Father
           in
           GOD
           ,
           WILLIAM
           Lord
           Bishop
           of
           Bathe
           and
           Wells
           .
        
         
           
             MY
             LORD
             ,
          
        
         
           T
           Is
           a
           common
           ,
           and
           vain
           pretence
           in
           Dedications
           ,
           That
           the
           Name
           of
           the
           Great
           Person
           is
           prefixed
           to
           keep
           off
           Censure
           :
           And
           if
           it
           would
           do
           so
           in
           earnest
           ,
           the
           Author
           might
           secure
           himself
           upon
           easie
           terms
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           write
           Books
           ,
           need
           not
           complain
           so
           much
           of
           the
           
           Tongues
           of
           the
           Envious
           ,
           and
           the
           Ignorant
           :
           But
           the
           worst
           on
           't
           is
           ,
           they
           that
           use
           the
           
             Courtship
             ,
             intend
          
           it
           for
           
             no
             other
          
           ;
           and
           know
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           no
           more
           secure
           under
           the
           Title
           of
           their
           Patron
           ,
           than
           a
           Man
           in
           Battle
           is
           behind
           a
           Target
           made
           with
           a
           Paper-Picture
           of
           St.
           George
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           my
           Lord
           ,
           though
           I
           contemn
           those
           
             silly
             ,
             Romantick
          
           kinds
           of
           Flatteries
           ,
           yet
           I
           have
           a
           
             real
             need
          
           of
           your
           
             Lordship's
             Name
          
           ,
           which
           ,
           without
           this
           Vanity
           ,
           I
           may
           use
           in
           my
           defence
           :
           since
           the
           
             Angry
             Gentleman
             ,
          
           that
           gave
           occasion
           to
           the
           following
           Discourse
           ,
           
           hath
           usurp'd
           it
           to
           give
           colour
           to
           his
           Reproaches
           .
           What
           are
           the
           Particulars
           ,
           I
           have
           told
           your
           Lordship
           ,
           and
           have
           mentioned
           them
           in
           some
           of
           the
           nearest
           ensuing
           Leaves
           .
           And
           since
           the
           Man
           of
           Disputations
           hath
           accused
           me
           for
           an
           Infidel
           ,
           and
           framed
           a
           Story
           concerning
           your
           Lordship
           to
           confirm
           it
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           not
           sufficient
           to
           confute
           the
           Charge
           ,
           but
           must
           also
           shame
           the
           Legend
           :
           which
           ,
           no
           doubt
           ,
           your
           Name
           here
           prefixt
           ,
           and
           the
           Assurance
           you
           were
           pleased
           to
           give
           me
           that
           it
           was
           not
           true
           ,
           will
           do
           effectually
           .
        
         
         
           It
           becomes
           not
           me
           ,
           my
           Lord
           ,
           to
           suggest
           any
           Reflections
           to
           kindle
           your
           displeasure
           for
           this
           Invention
           ,
           to
           which
           certainly
           your
           Lordship
           owes
           no
           great
           Acknowledgments
           :
           But
           to
           decline
           all
           things
           that
           look
           like
           Envy
           or
           Revenge
           ,
           I
           humbly
           implore
           on
           his
           behalf
           ,
           your
           Pardon
           of
           the
           Forgery
           ;
           and
           on
           
             my
             own
          
           ,
           your
           Permission
           to
           deal
           with
           this
           
             Disputer
             .
             This
          
           perhaps
           some
           may
           judge
           a
           bold
           Offer
           ,
           in
           one
           that
           pretends
           not
           great
           Matters
           ,
           to
           undertake
           the
           Man
           of
           Gath
           ;
           but
           I
           have
           no
           dread
           of
           the
           
             formidable
             bulk
          
           of
           his
           Name
           and
           Arms
           
           (
           and
           some
           think
           ,
           
             Most
             of
             the
             famed
             Giants
             ,
             were
             indeed
             but
             Men
             of
             ordinary
          
           stature
           .
           )
           For
           the
           Reputation
           of
           a
           
             great
             Disputant
          
           ,
           which
           my
           Assailant
           hath
           in
           this
           Country
           ,
           it
           signifies
           no
           more
           with
           me
           ,
           than
           that
           of
           a
           good
           Cudgel-player
           ,
           or
           Master
           of
           Fence
           :
           and
           what
           this
           
             Doughty
             Man
             
               's
               Art
            
          
           and
           Force
           is
           ,
           I
           have
           seen
           so
           much
           ,
           as
           instructs
           me
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           no
           great
           reason
           to
           apprehend
           
             mighty
             Dangers
          
           from
           his
           Puissance
           .
           My
           Lord
           ,
           I
           have
           no
           contempt
           of
           any
           Mans
           Parts
           or
           Person
           ,
           that
           keeps
           himself
           within
           the
           
           bounds
           of
           Modesty
           and
           Civility
           :
           but
           for
           those
           that
           are
           
             confident
             ,
             imperious
             ,
             abusive
          
           ,
           and
           assuming
           ,
           I
           confess
           't
           is
           hard
           for
           me
           to
           speak
           of
           them
           with
           much
           Complement
           or
           respect
           .
        
         
           And
           having
           taken
           the
           boldness
           to
           say
           all
           this
           ,
           some
           perhaps
           may
           expect
           that
           I
           should
           have
           the
           Duty
           and
           Justice
           to
           say
           a
           great
           deal
           more
           ;
           and
           that
           I
           should
           celebrate
           your
           Lordship
           after
           the
           manner
           of
           Dedications
           :
           But
           I
           began
           with
           reproving
           one
           of
           those
           
             usual
             Vanities
          
           ,
           and
           shall
           not
           end
           in
           the
           practice
           of
           another
           .
           Those
           
             Epistolary
             
             Praises
          
           are
           mostly
           intended
           for
           little
           ,
           and
           go
           for
           nothing
           ;
           For
           Flattery
           and
           
             Poetick
             Youth
          
           have
           strain●d
           them
           to
           such
           a
           
             ridiculous
             height
          
           ,
           that
           
             Wise
             men
          
           judge
           of
           them
           by
           the
           same
           measures
           ,
           as
           they
           do
           the
           Courtships
           of
           
             Common
             Amours
          
           .
           I
           dare
           not
           therefore
           offer
           your
           Gravity
           and
           Wisdom
           such
           vulgar●
           and
           
             obnoxious
             Trifles
          
           ;
           but
           instead
           of
           those
           Fooleries
           ,
           I
           give
           your
           Lordship
           the
           serious
           assurance
           of
           my
           affectionate
           Duty
           ,
           with
           the
           most
           grateful
           acknowledgment
           of
           your
           Favours
           .
           And
           that
           your
           aged
           
           Head
           may
           be
           Crowned
           with
           all
           the
           Blessings
           of
           a
           
             long
             Time
          
           ,
           and
           after
           that
           ,
           with
           the
           full
           Glories
           of
           an
           
             happy
             Eternity
          
           ,
           shall
           ever
           be
           the
           Prayer
           of
           ,
        
         
           
             My
             Lord
             ,
          
           
             Your
             Lordships
             obliged
             and
             dutiful
             Servant
             ,
             Jos.
             GLANVILL
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           PREFACE
           TO
           THE
           REVEREND
           CLERGY
           OF
           THE
           Diocess
           of
           B.
           and
           W.
           
        
         
           
             FATHERS
             and
             BRETHREN
             ,
          
        
         
           THE
           Respect
           I
           owe
           you
           ,
           and
           the
           Relation
           the
           following
           Discourse
           hath
           to
           a
           
             Reverend
             Man
          
           of
           your
           Number
           ,
           make
           me
           reckon
           my self
           obliged
           ,
           in
           point
           of
           Civility
           and
           Decorum
           ,
           to
           give
           you
           an
           Account
           of
           this
           Engagement
           ;
           Not
           that
           I
           think
           so
           meanly
           of
           YOU
           ,
           or
           of
           my
           Cause
           ,
           as
           to
           endeavour
           to
           bribe
           or
           
             flatter
             You
          
           into
           any
           partiality
           of
           judgment
           in
           
           my
           favour
           ,
           which
           no
           doubt
           You
           would
           disclaim
           ,
           and
           ,
           I
           hope
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           need
           :
           But
           I
           judge
           an
           Information
           in
           some
           Particulars
           ,
           may
           be
           necessary
           to
           a
           free
           and
           
             unprejudiced
             Examination
          
           of
           the
           things
           contained
           in
           these
           Papers
           .
           And
           I
           begin
           with
           the
           desire
           ,
           That
           you
           would
           consider
           me
           as
           a
           Person
           that
           contemns
           all
           Wranglings
           ,
           and
           vehemencies
           of
           Dispute
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           somewhat
           of
           Hell
           in
           all
           Wars
           :
           Especially
           I
           dislike
           and
           lament
           all
           
             Publick
             Controversies
          
           among
           those
           of
           the
           Sacred
           Function
           ,
           by
           which
           ,
           great
           disrepute
           and
           reproach
           have
           been
           brought
           both
           upon
           Them
           and
           It
           ;
           besides
           the
           other
           numerous
           Mischiefs
           they
           have
           done
           Religion
           ,
           and
           the
           Peace
           of
           Men.
           And
           in
           those
           Differences
           ,
           in
           which
           
             eager
             Theologues
          
           have
           been
           engaged
           ,
           I
           have
           much
           pitied
           the
           meanness
           and
           disorders
           of
           their
           Spirits
           ,
           in
           the
           disingenuity
           
           and
           violence
           of
           their
           Assaults
           ●●on
           one
           anothers
           Reputations
           ,
           in
           ●●hich
           the
           Question
           was
           not
           concern●
           ;
           but
           the
           Cause
           of
           each
           ,
           much
           dis●●ved
           by
           their
           respective
           abuses
           .
           By
           ●hich
           Premisals
           ,
           You
           may
           perhaps
           ●●ink
           ,
           that
           I
           am
           drawing
           up
           a
           Charge
           against
           my
           
             own
             Discourse
          
           ,
           which
           relates
           a
           Controversie
           ,
           and
           one
           with
           a
           Divine
           ,
           that
           some
           possibly
           may
           judge
           too
           ,
           not
           to
           savour
           in
           the
           menage
           of
           it
           ,
           of
           so
           much
           Candour
           and
           
             modest
             Sweetness
          
           as
           I
           seem
           to
           recommend
           .
           The
           Answer
           of
           this
           ,
           will
           be
           the
           first
           business
           of
           this
           PREFACE
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           ,
           for
           the
           publishing
           the
           matter
           of
           a
           Dispute
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           was
           privately
           begun
           ,
           I
           have
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           the
           
             Grave
             Man
          
           gave
           me
           occasion
           enough
           of
           Displeasure
           and
           Complaint
           ,
           by
           the
           dreadful
           and
           most
           
             injurious
             Censure
          
           of
           Atheism
           ,
           charged
           
           upon
           me
           ,
           for
           saying
           no
           mo●●
           than
           that
           [
           
             The
             Scripture
             not
             writ
             after
             the
             way
             of
             〈◊〉
             Methods
             ;
             and
             ,
             that
             God
             〈◊〉
             those
             Holy
             Oracles
             did
             app●●
             himself
             much
             to
             the
             Imagin●tion
             of
             the
             Prophets
             .
          
           ]
           T●●
           former
           of
           which
           Sayings
           ,
           is
           so
           evide●●
           to
           one
           that
           considers
           the
           
             Inspire●
             Writings
          
           ,
           that
           it
           will
           no
           doubt
           re●●
           dily
           be
           granted
           by
           
             Wise
             men
          
           of
           a●●
           denominations
           in
           Religion
           ;
           and
           should
           much
           wonder
           it
           is
           by
           an●
           one
           made
           a
           question
           ,
           but
           that
           we
           ar●
           fallen
           into
           an
           Age
           in
           which
           n●
           Truth
           and
           Evidence
           can
           secure
           an●●
           thing
           from
           the
           Captiousness
           of
           Dis●puters
           .
           For
           the
           other
           ,
           I
           have
           th●
           Suffrage
           of
           all
           that
           ever
           pretended
           to
           understand
           any
           thing
           of
           the
           
             Prophetick
             Spirit
          
           ,
           as
           I
           could
           at
           large
           make
           appear
           ,
           if
           I
           thought
           any
           needed
           information
           
           and
           conviction
           in
           this
           mat●●
           ,
           besides
           my
           
             Reverend
             Anta●●nist
          
           :
           Or
           ,
           if
           I
           had
           neither
           Evi●●nce
           nor
           Authority
           to
           vouch
           me
           in
           ●ose
           Sayings
           ;
           yet
           the
           Charge
           of
           ●●heism
           ,
           is
           like
           the
           bolt
           of
           one
           ●●at
           throws
           
             hard
             words
          
           in
           haste
           ,
           and
           without
           aim
           or
           judgment
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           I
           had
           cause
           enough
           to
           be
           ●ngry
           at
           an
           Imputation
           so
           little
           agree●ng
           with
           the
           Discretion
           of
           a
           
             Wise
             man
          
           ,
           ●he
           Charity
           of
           a
           Christian
           ,
           or
           the
           Ci●●ility
           of
           a
           Gentleman
           ;
           And
           yet
           I
           did
           ●o
           more
           at
           first
           ,
           but
           signifie
           to
           my
           Assailant
           ,
           in
           a
           very
           modest
           and
           mild
           Letter
           ,
           That
           I
           supposed
           he
           did
           not
           judge
           of
           me
           in
           his
           cold
           and
           
             conside●ate
             thoughts
          
           ,
           according
           to
           all
           that
           ●●verity
           he
           vented
           in
           the
           heat
           of
           Pas●sion
           ,
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           which
           ,
           I
           was
           ready
           to
           pass
           by
           those
           undeserved
           vehemencies
           of
           Expression
           ,
           and
           to
           entertain
           a
           civility
           and
           respect
           for
           
           him
           .
           This
           Letter
           the
           
             Grave
             Ma●
          
           received
           ,
           but
           never
           returned
           me
           an
           Answer
           ,
           but
           what
           I
           had
           from
           
             P●●lick
             Frame
          
           ,
           which
           brought
           me
           dai●
           notice
           of
           his
           declaring
           me
           an
           Ath●ist
           in
           all
           places
           and
           Companies
           .
           The●
           
             foul
             indignities
          
           for
           a
           while
           I
           though●
           my self
           obliged
           to
           bear
           meekly
           ,
           as
           b●
           came
           a
           Christian
           ,
           and
           one
           that
           taugh●
           
             others
             Patience
          
           ;
           and
           accordingl●
           sate
           down
           quietly
           under
           the
           infam●●
           of
           
             that
             Tongue
          
           ,
           expecting
           when
           〈◊〉
           would
           have
           spent
           its
           fury
           ,
           and
           hav●
           done
           :
           But
           it
           was
           not
           content
           to
           
             〈◊〉
             lifie
          
           me
           abroad
           ,
           but
           come
           into
           my
           Parish
           to
           wound
           me
           nearer
           ,
           and
           a●fixt
           on
           me
           the
           same
           horrid
           imputation
           ,
           before
           some
           of
           the
           People
           o●
           my
           Charge
           ;
           as
           if
           my
           Persecuter
           had
           designed
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           undo
           my
           Re●putation
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           defeat
           the
           Success
           of
           my
           Labours
           .
        
         
           These
           Carriages
           I
           thought
           very
           
           strange
           ,
           and
           very
           unbecoming
           one
           who
           Preacheth
           that
           Charity
           
             that
             thinketh
             no
             Evil
          
           ;
           and
           yet
           still
           I
           bore
           ,
           and
           did
           not
           repay
           in
           kind
           ,
           hoping
           that
           Time
           and
           
             greater
             matters
          
           would
           at
           last
           have
           taken
           off
           the
           fierce
           Assailant
           from
           the
           persecution
           of
           my
           Name
           :
           But
           it
           seems
           the
           Gentleman
           could
           find
           nothing
           else
           so
           powerfully
           to
           ingage
           his
           Thoughts
           ;
           and
           therefore
           he
           multiplied
           Stories
           ,
           and
           set
           his
           Invention
           on
           work
           ,
           when
           Matter
           failed
           .
           He
           gave
           out
           ,
           That
           my
           
             LORD
             BISHOP
             
               had
               writ
               him
               a
               Gratulatory
               Letter
               for
               his
               egregious
               Uindication
               of
               the
               Scriptures
               against
               me
               ,
               and
               had
               also
               reproved
               my
               Atheism
               and
               Infidelity
            
          
           ,
           in
           another
           .
           I
           was
           glad
           he
           spoke
           good
           things
           of
           our
           
             Reverend
             Diocesan
          
           ,
           though
           at
           my
           Cost
           :
           but
           knew
           ,
           as
           to
           what
           concerned
           my self
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           the
           overflowing
           
           of
           his
           good-will
           towards
           the
           Bishop
           ,
           who
           never
           spake
           or
           writ
           a●
           word
           to
           me
           of
           any
           such
           matter
           .
           And
           for
           the
           
             other
             part
          
           ,
           I
           ask'd
           his
           Lordship
           ,
           and
           he
           was
           pleased
           to
           assure
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           never
           understood
           any
           thing
           of
           such
           a
           Business
           ,
           before
           my
           inquiry
           .
           Besides
           which
           ,
           he
           storied
           ,
           as
           I
           am
           credibly
           informed
           ,
           That
           I
           had
           sent
           him
           a
           Recantation
           (
           for
           that
           interpretation
           he
           made
           of
           the
           respect
           of
           my
           Letter
           )
           And
           if
           it
           had
           been
           so
           indeed
           ,
           he
           hath
           much
           added
           to
           the
           credit
           of
           his
           own
           Ingenuity
           and
           Veracity
           ,
           in
           publishing
           me
           for
           that
           ,
           which
           he
           saith
           I
           have
           retracted
           and
           disowned
           .
        
         
           When
           therefore
           I
           saw
           ,
           that
           
             a
             little
             Truth
          
           ,
           which
           gave
           the
           colour
           and
           occasion
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           what
           was
           not
           so
           ,
           for
           which
           there
           was
           no
           reason
           ,
           were
           set
           on
           work
           to
           bespatter
           and
           traduce
           me
           ;
           When
           I
           perceived
           
           that
           my
           Patience
           was
           abused
           ,
           and
           my
           Civility
           made
           an
           Argument
           of
           Cowardice
           and
           
             unmanly
             Compliance
          
           ;
           When
           I
           saw
           my
           
             Name
             exposed
          
           (
           for
           which
           I
           ought
           to
           have
           a
           concernment
           upon
           another
           account
           ,
           besides
           that
           of
           Self-love
           )
           and
           the
           Effect
           of
           my
           Ministry
           like
           to
           be
           hindred
           by
           my
           silence
           and
           tameness
           under
           those
           Peproaches
           ;
           I
           thought
           it
           a
           duty
           both
           to
           my self
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           my
           Charge
           ,
           to
           give
           
             Publique
             Accounts
          
           of
           the
           whole
           Matter
           ,
           that
           they
           who
           are
           capable
           of
           judging
           ,
           may
           see
           how
           little
           cause
           some
           men
           have
           for
           their
           
             railing
             Insultations
          
           and
           Triumphs
           .
        
         
           I
           therefore
           resolved
           to
           prepare
           a
           Letter
           ,
           I
           had
           writ
           to
           a
           private
           Friend
           about
           it
           ,
           for
           the
           Publick
           ;
           and
           I
           have
           in
           such
           a
           way
           ordered
           my
           Castigations
           ,
           that
           they
           make
           up
           a
           Discourse
           upon
           a
           very
           seasonable
           and
           
             general
             Subject
          
           :
           So
           that
           my
           Assailant
           hath
           
           only
           given
           the
           occasion
           of
           the
           Me●thod
           .
           And
           so
           tender
           I
           am
           of
           troubling
           others
           with
           my
           
             personal
             Matters●
          
           that
           I
           suffered
           my
           thoughts
           severa●
           times
           to
           cool
           ,
           and
           should
           perhaps
           have
           reduced
           my
           mind
           to
           an
           
             idle
             indifferency
          
           under
           those
           former
           Slanders
           ,
           had
           not
           my
           
             Reverend
             Adversary
          
           taken
           care
           to
           quicken
           the
           laziness
           of
           my
           Humour
           ,
           and
           to
           war●
           my
           intentions
           of
           proceeding
           ,
           by
           the
           
             continued
             abusive
             liberty
          
           of
           his
           Language
           ;
           the
           report
           of
           which
           ,
           daily
           coming
           to
           my
           ears
           in
           
             fresh
             gusts
          
           as
           I
           was
           writing
           ,
           did
           I
           confess
           excite
           in
           me
           a
           great
           contempt
           of
           that
           kind
           of
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           occasioned
           me
           to
           express
           less
           deference
           and
           respect
           ,
           than
           otherwise
           I
           should
           have
           done
           to
           
             this
             Assailant
             This
          
           .
           I
           mention
           for
           
             your
             pardon
          
           ,
           because
           of
           
             his
             Profession
          
           ;
           the
           consideration
           of
           which
           indeed
           did
           urge
           me
           sometimes
           to
           
             more
             indignation
          
           ,
           
           when
           I
           reflected
           ,
           how
           unlike
           ●uch
           
             rough
             ,
             injurious
             demeanour
          
           was
           ,
           ●o
           what
           may
           be
           expected
           from
           those
           ●hat
           Minister
           in
           the
           Gospel
           of
           Peace
           and
           Love.
           So
           that
           though
           I
           am
           one
           that
           resent
           a
           certain
           ungentility
           (
           besides
           the
           other
           unhandsom
           things
           )
           in
           bitterness
           of
           Expression
           ,
           yet
           I
           thought
           smartness
           of
           reproof
           to
           be
           
             here
             necessary
          
           and
           seasonable
           .
           And
           whoever
           shall
           consider
           the
           mild
           carriage
           of
           my
           Pen
           ,
           when
           't
           was
           ingaged
           in
           a
           Defence
           of
           one
           of
           my
           Books
           ,
           against
           the
           assault
           of
           the
           Famous
           ALBIUS
           ,
           will
           see
           there
           ,
           that
           I
           use
           it
           not
           as
           an
           
             Offensive
             Weapon
          
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           that
           my
           Humour
           is
           not
           fierce
           and
           abusive
           .
           I
           therefore
           crave
           your
           candour
           in
           those
           Periods
           ,
           where
           I
           may
           seem
           less
           smooth
           to
           my
           
             angry
             Antagonist
          
           ;
           for
           I
           think
           it
           not
           proper
           to
           Complement
           ,
           when
           he
           Strikes
           .
           And
           yet
           I
           am
           not
           at
           
             eye
             for
             
             eye
          
           ,
           and
           
             tooth
             for
             tooth
          
           ;
           nor
           do
           I
           study
           
             strict
             retribution
          
           :
           But
           having
           a
           great
           Aversion
           in
           my
           Nature
           and
           my
           Principles
           ,
           to
           the
           
             rude
             ,
             disputing
             censorious
          
           ,
           and
           implacable
           Spirit
           ,
           cannot
           forbear
           giving
           my
           
             Style
             a●tincture
          
           of
           the
           disesteem
           ,
           not
           to
           say
           contempt
           ,
           I
           have
           for
           
             that
             Genius
          
           .
        
         
           I
           had
           here
           added
           some
           other
           things
           ,
           which
           I
           thought
           fit
           for
           your
           notice
           ,
           concerning
           the
           Matter
           of
           the
           
             black
             Charge
          
           ;
           and
           such
           as
           I
           conceive
           will
           help
           me
           to
           a
           better
           place
           in
           your
           thoughts
           ,
           than
           the
           Dispute●
           would
           provide
           for
           me
           :
           But
           those
           Considerations
           would
           have
           swell'●
           this
           Preface
           to
           a
           disproportionate
           bulk●
           and
           therefore
           I
           have
           cast
           them
           into
           the
           latter
           end
           ,
           where
           I
           hope
           you
           will
           take
           the
           pains
           to
           find
           them
           ,
           and
           do
           me
           ,
           and
           others
           that
           may
           be
           concerned
           ,
           
             that
             right
          
           ,
           as
           to
           weigh
           deliberately
           those
           
             Apologetical
             Remarques
          
           .
           
           And
           having
           signified
           this
           my
           desire
           ,
           proceed
           to
           observe
           what
           more
           ●early
           relates
           to
           the
           main
           Subject
           of
           ●he
           Discourse
           it self
           ,
           the
           
             chief
             design
          
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           to
           encourage
           the
           freer
           and
           better
           disposed
           Spirits
           ,
           to
           vigour
           and
           indeavour
           in
           the
           pursuits
           of
           Knowledge
           ;
           and
           to
           raise
           the
           capable
           and
           ingenuous
           ,
           from
           a
           dull
           and
           
             drowsie
             acquiescence
          
           in
           the
           Discoveries
           of
           former
           Times
           ;
           by
           representing
           the
           great
           Encouragements
           we
           have
           to
           proceed
           ,
           from
           
             modern
             Helps
          
           and
           Advancements
           .
           Of
           these
           I
           have
           given
           some
           Instances
           in
           the
           more
           
             remarkable
             Particulars
          
           :
           For
           I
           intend
           not
           a
           full
           and
           
             accurate
             History
          
           of
           all
           the
           late
           Improvements
           of
           Science
           ;
           but
           so
           much
           as
           may
           serve
           my
           aim
           of
           confuting
           the
           fond
           Saying
           of
           my
           Antagonist
           ,
           and
           exciting
           of
           
             Philosophical
             Endeavours
          
           .
           In
           which
           ,
           I
           confess
           ,
           I
           had
           a
           principal
           eye
           upon
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           
           and
           the
           Noble
           Purposes
           of
           that
           
             Illustrious
             Assembly
          
           ,
           which
           I
           look
           upon
           as
           the
           great
           ferment
           of
           useful
           and
           generous
           Knowledge
           ;
           and
           have
           said
           enough
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           to
           justifie
           
             that
             Apprehension
          
           ,
           in
           the
           following
           Sheets●
           .
           And
           because
           some
           pious
           men
           are
           afraid
           of
           an
           Institution
           they
           have
           heard
           but
           imperfectly
           of
           ,
           and
           are
           jealous
           of
           what
           they
           have
           not
           had
           opportunities
           to
           understand
           ,
           I
           have
           therefore
           given
           a
           succinct
           Account
           of
           the
           
             Reason
             ,
             Nature
          
           ,
           and
           Designs
           of
           
             that
             Establishment
          
           ,
           for
           the
           information
           of
           such
           as
           have
           not
           met
           with
           their
           
             Excellent
             HISTORY
          
           .
           Besides
           which
           ,
           I
           think
           fit
           to
           add
           here
           ,
           That
           WE
           of
           the
           CLERGIE
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           apprehend
           danger
           from
           that
           Constitution
           ,
           since
           so
           many
           
             Pious
             ,
             Learned
          
           ,
           and
           Excellent
           Persons
           of
           our
           Order
           ,
           are
           Members
           of
           
             that
             Body
          
           .
           And
           for
           the
           prevention
           
           of
           those
           
             panick
             ,
             causeless
             Terrours
          
           ,
           I
           shall
           take
           the
           boldness
           here
           to
           name
           some
           of
           those
           Venerable
           and
           
             Worthy
             Ecclesiasticks
          
           .
           I
           find
           therefore
           in
           their
           Catalogue
           ,
           The
           
             Most
             Reverend
          
           the
           
             Lords
             Archbishops
          
           of
           CANTERBURIE
           and
           YORK
           ,
           The
           
             Right
             Reverend
          
           the
           
             Lords
             Bishops
          
           of
           
             ELY
             ,
             LONDON
             ,
             ROCHESTER
             ,
             SARUM
             ,
             WINTON
          
           ;
           and
           those
           other
           Reverend
           Doctors
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Wilkins
             Dean
          
           of
           RIPPON
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Edward
             Cotton
             Archdeacon
          
           of
           CORNWALL
           ,
           Dr.
           
             RALPH
             BATHURST
             President
          
           of
           
             Trin.
             Coll.
             OXON
          
           .
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Pearson
             Margaret
             Professour
          
           of
           CAMBRIDGE
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Wallis
             Professor
          
           of
           Geometry
           in
           OXFORD
           ,
           Dr.
           
             William
             Holder
          
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Henry
             More
          
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Pell
          
           ;
           and
           I
           reserve
           for
           your
           nearer
           notice
           ,
           an
           excellent
           Person
           of
           your
           Neighbourhood
           and
           Number
           ,
           
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Beale
          
           ,
           who
           in
           an
           Age
           that
           usually
           cools
           and
           sinks
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           more
           active
           Designs
           ,
           doth
           yet
           retain
           the
           vigour
           and
           vivacity
           of
           
             sprightly
             youth
          
           ,
           with
           the
           judgement
           of
           the
           ripest
           years
           ,
           and
           is
           unwearied
           in
           the
           noblest
           Activities
           and
           most
           
             generous
             Prosecutions
          
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           I
           hope
           that
           there
           is
           none
           of
           you
           guilty
           of
           so
           great
           an
           immodesty
           and
           irreverence
           ,
           as
           to
           judge
           
             those
             Designs
          
           to
           have
           
             an
             evil
             Aspect
          
           upon
           Religion
           ,
           which
           are
           subscribed
           and
           promoted
           by
           so
           many
           great
           and
           
             grave
             Divines
          
           ,
           of
           such
           known
           Piety
           and
           Iudgment
           .
           And
           the
           mention
           of
           those
           Celebrated
           Names
           ,
           may
           serve
           to
           remove
           another
           groundless
           suspicion
           which
           some
           have
           entertained
           ,
           viz.
           That
           the
           Universities
           are
           undermined
           by
           this
           new
           
             Philosophick
             Society
          
           :
           For
           whoever
           phancieth
           or
           suggests
           that
           ,
           casts
           a
           
             black
             Character
          
           
           upon
           the
           sagacity
           and
           faithfulness
           of
           those
           Reverend
           Men
           ,
           who
           all
           have
           been
           
             Eminent
             Members
          
           of
           one
           or
           other
           of
           those
           Schools
           of
           Learning
           :
           and
           most
           of
           them
           do
           still
           retain
           a
           Relation
           to
           those
           ancient
           and
           venerable
           Bodies
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           supersede
           further
           Discourse
           about
           this
           here
           ,
           I
           owe
           some
           things
           else
           to
           my self
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           answer
           the
           Objection
           ,
           of
           my
           opposing
           the
           great
           Name
           of
           ARISTOTLE
           .
           Concerning
           it
           ,
           I
           have
           said
           .
           
             Some
             things
          
           in
           this
           Book
           ,
           and
           more
           in
           others
           ;
           For
           the
           present
           therefore
           I
           shall
           content
           my self
           to
           suggest
           ,
           That
           I
           am
           very
           ready
           to
           give
           chearful
           Acknowledgements
           to
           his
           
             Rhetorick
             ,
             History
             of
             Animals
          
           ,
           and
           Mechanicks
           ,
           and
           could
           wish
           that
           these
           were
           more
           studied
           by
           his
           devoted
           Admirers
           :
           But
           for
           the
           notional
           and
           disputing
           parts
           of
           his
           Philosophy
           ,
           it
           hath
           deeply
           
           
           
           
           
           troubled
           me
           ,
           when
           I
           have
           considered
           how
           much
           they
           have
           taken
           up
           that
           Time
           ,
           and
           those
           Endeavours
           ,
           which
           should
           have
           been
           imployed
           in
           surveying
           the
           Works
           of
           GOD
           ;
           that
           magnifie
           and
           discover
           their
           Author
           ,
           from
           which
           only
           the
           
             true
             Philosophy
          
           is
           to
           be
           obtained
           :
           And
           the
           zeal
           I
           have
           for
           the
           Glory
           of
           the
           Almighty
           discovered
           in
           his
           Creatures
           ,
           hath
           inspired
           me
           with
           some
           smartness
           and
           severity
           against
           those
           
             Heathen
             Notions
          
           which
           have
           so
           unhappily
           diverted
           Learned
           men
           from
           the
           study
           of
           
             Gods
             GREAT
             BOOK
             ,
             UNIVERSAL
             NATURE
          
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           robb'd
           Him
           of
           that
           Honour
           ,
           and
           those
           Acclamations
           that
           are
           due
           to
           him
           ,
           for
           those
           admirable
           Results
           of
           his
           Wisdom
           and
           Goodness
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           't
           is
           high
           time
           to
           draw
           up
           to
           the
           last
           Requests
           I
           have
           to
           
           You
           ,
           which
           are
           ,
           That
           you
           would
           please
           to
           do
           me
           that
           right
           ,
           deliberately
           to
           weigh
           my
           following
           accounts
           ,
           which
           though
           I
           have
           designed
           to
           express
           with
           all
           imaginable
           perspicuity
           and
           clearness
           ,
           yet
           I
           cannot
           expect
           that
           they
           should
           presently
           enter
           into
           Minds
           ,
           that
           most
           ordinarily
           converse
           with
           another
           sort
           of
           Matters
           ,
           upon
           an
           hasty
           and
           
             careless
             perusal
          
           .
           I
           say
           therefore
           ,
           I
           appeal
           to
           the
           reflecting
           and
           considerate
           thoughts
           of
           attentive
           and
           judicious
           men
           ,
           But
           for
           the
           hair-brain'd
           half-witted
           Censurers
           ,
           that
           only
           tell
           the
           Leaves
           of
           Books
           ,
           and
           pass
           
             Definitive
             Sentences
          
           at
           a
           venture
           ,
           I
           except
           against
           their
           Verdicts
           ,
           and
           contemn
           them
           .
        
         
           You
           see
           upon
           the
           whole
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           dealt
           openly
           with
           my
           Antagonist
           ,
           and
           have
           said
           all
           to
           himself
           and
           the
           Publick
           ,
           and
           more
           than
           ever
           I
           did
           on
           any
           private
           occasion
           :
           
           Though
           I
           believe
           ,
           that
           he
           that
           hath
           endeavoured
           skulkingly
           and
           by
           
             envious
             Arts
          
           to
           traduce
           me
           ,
           would
           be
           ashamed
           to
           own
           that
           in
           the
           face
           of
           the
           light
           ,
           and
           mine
           ,
           which
           he
           hath
           reported
           in
           corners
           .
           Whether
           he
           intends
           to
           answer
           my
           Relations
           and
           Reflections
           ,
           or
           sit
           down
           in
           a
           
             grave
             silence
          
           ,
           I
           cannot
           tell
           .
           If
           he
           doth
           the
           former
           ,
           I
           look
           that
           he
           should
           shew
           ,
           
             either
             that
             there
             are
             no
             such
             Instances
             of
             Improvement
             in
             Knowledge
             ,
             since
          
           Aristotle
           ,
           
             as
             I
             have
             reckoned
          
           ;
           or
           ,
           
             That
             they
             are
             no
             Advantage
             for
             the
             Increase
             of
          
           SCIENCE
           .
           If
           he
           proves
           either
           of
           these
           ,
           his
           Return
           will
           be
           an
           Answer
           ;
           and
           I
           shall
           admire
           his
           Wit
           in
           an
           
             eternal
             respect
          
           and
           silence
           :
           But
           if
           he
           offers
           any
           thing
           else
           for
           
           a
           Reply
           ,
           I
           appeal
           to
           you
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           like
           to
           be
           to
           purpose
           ?
           or
           ,
           whether
           I
           shall
           have
           any
           need
           to
           trouble
           my self
           to
           rejoyn
           to
           an
           impertinence
           ?
           But
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           if
           his
           Sageness
           resolve
           to
           sit
           down
           ,
           and
           gravely
           to
           say
           nothing
           in
           Return
           (
           which
           't
           is
           like
           his
           Wisdom
           will
           counsel
           him
           to
           be
           best
           )
           I
           expect
           from
           such
           an
           Ingenuity
           as
           his
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           fall
           again
           to
           his
           
             little
             arts
          
           of
           Calumny
           ,
           and
           deal
           with
           my
           Book
           as
           he
           hath
           with
           my
           
             Person
             ,
             assault
          
           it
           behind
           with
           dirt
           and
           hard-names
           ,
           and
           confute
           it
           with
           a
           Pish
           ,
           or
           a
           great
           word
           or
           two
           ,
           among
           his
           private
           Admirers
           .
           This
           no
           doubt
           will
           be
           the
           easiest
           way
           of
           Answering
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           have
           got
           
             great
             Reputation
          
           by
           
             Artifice
             ,
             Chance
             ,
             Uapouring
          
           ,
           or
           the
           Ignorance
           of
           those
           they
           converse
           with
           ,
           have
           commonly
           the
           prudence
           not
           to
           put
           it
           to
           the
           hazard
           of
           
             publick
             Tryals
          
           .
           I
           do
           
           not
           say
           ,
           this
           is
           the
           Case
           of
           the
           
             Reverend
             Disputer
          
           ;
           let
           those
           that
           
             know
             ,
             judge
          
           .
        
         
           However
           't
           is
           ,
           my
           Antagonist
           being
           of
           long
           standing
           in
           these
           Parts
           ,
           is
           like
           to
           have
           the
           wind
           here
           ;
           and
           whether
           his
           Reply
           be
           publique
           or
           not
           ,
           I
           reckon
           he
           will
           blow
           the
           DUST
           upon
           me
           :
           but
           if
           I
           have
           the
           SUN
           ,
           as
           I
           hope
           ,
           I
           shall
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           regret
           his
           Advantage
           .
           The
           Truth
           is
           ,
           I
           desire
           to
           conflict
           in
           an
           open
           Champaigne
           ,
           where
           there
           may
           be
           less
           danger
           of
           
             guile
             ,
             treachery
          
           ,
           and
           ambush
           :
           But
           I
           perceive
           my
           Adversary
           is
           for
           fighting
           in
           Dirty-lanes
           and
           among
           the
           Cole-pits
           ,
           like
           the
           Irish
           among
           their
           Boggs
           .
           Let
           him
           enjoy
           the
           Empire
           of
           Learning
           in
           those
           Places
           ,
           and
           whatever
           Triumphs
           over
           me
           he
           pleaseth
           .
           If
           YOU
           ,
           Sirs
           ,
           and
           the
           intelligent
           World
           favour
           the
           Iustice
           of
           my
           Cause
           ,
           which
           ,
           without
           
           disparagement
           to
           yours
           I
           cannot
           doubt
           ,
           I
           have
           enough
           ,
           and
           shall
           be
           content
           to
           permit
           the
           Disputer
           to
           clap
           his
           Wings
           ,
           and
           crow
           at
           home
           ,
           till
           he
           be
           ashamed
           and
           weary
           of
           his
           fond
           and
           
             causeless
             Orations
          
           .
        
         
           These
           are
           the
           things
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           premise
           to
           my
           Discourse
           ,
           to
           which
           now
           I
           remit
           your
           Eyes
           ,
           without
           adding
           more
           ,
           but
           the
           Respect
           and
           Service
           of
           ,
        
         
           
             Reverend
             Sirs
             ,
          
           
             Your
             humble
             Honourer
             and
             Servant
             ,
             
               J.
               G.
            
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           Modern
           Improvements
           OF
           USEFUL
           KNOWLEDGE
           .
        
         
           
             To
             a
             Friend
          
           .
        
         
           CHAP.
           I.
           The
           INTRODUCTION
           .
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
        
         
           THE
           Inquiry
           of
           your
           last
           was
           very
           obliging
           ,
           as
           it
           signified
           an
           affectionate
           concernment
           for
           me
           :
           And
           in
           testimony
           of
           my
           resentment
           of
           the
           Kindness
           ,
           I
           shall
           be
           large
           and
           particular
           in
           my
           Return
           ;
           which
           I
           intend
           as
           full
           as
           my
           Affairs
           will
           permit
           ,
           because
           I
           owe
           you
           some
           Account
           of
           the
           Modern
           way
           of
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           the
           
             ROYAL
             Colledge
          
           of
           Philosophers
           :
           
           And
           I
           do
           not
           yet
           know
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           may
           have
           an
           occasion
           of
           making
           these
           things
           publick
           .
           Not
           tha●
           I
           am
           so
           fond
           to
           think
           my
           
             little
             contrasts
          
           fit
           subject
           for
           general
           Entertainment
           ;
           nor
           am
           I
           so
           tender
           and
           over-weening
           ,
           as
           to
           make
           it
           a
           business
           to
           complain
           in
           Print
           of
           my
           private
           Injuries
           :
           But
           I
           foresee
           ,
           the
           Relation
           I
           am
           about
           will
           afford
           me
           fit
           and
           ample
           opportunity
           to
           discourse
           things
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           you
           may
           think
           worth
           your
           labour
           to
           consider
           .
           And
           what
           I
           have
           to
           say
           ,
           tends
           either
           to
           the
           direct
           recommendation
           of
           the
           ways
           of
           
             Vseful
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           detecting
           the
           
             immorality
             ,
             weakness
          
           ,
           and
           vanity
           of
           the
           Spirit
           that
           opposeth
           it
           .
        
         
           Briefly
           then
           ,
           as
           to
           your
           Inquiry
           about
           the
           Conference
           I
           had
           with
           the
           
             Grabe
             Person
          
           you
           mention
           ;
           You
           may
           please
           to
           know
           ,
           That
           not
           long
           since
           I
           lighted
           into
           the
           Company
           of
           that
           
             Reverend
             Man
          
           ,
           who
           ,
           I
           suppose
           you
           have
           heard
           ,
           hath
           a
           Reputation
           for
           Learning
           among
           his
           Neighbours
           ,
           and
           is
           accounted
           a
           Philosopher
           in
           the
           
             Peripatetick
             way
          
           .
           I
           was
           glad
           of
           an
           opportunity
           of
           his
           Acquaintance
           ,
           and
           approach'd
           him
           with
           that
           respect
           which
           I
           judged
           due
           to
           a
           person
           of
           that
           Gravity
           ,
           and
           of
           whom
           I
           had
           heard
           advantageously
           .
        
         
         
           He
           had
           been
           speaking
           before
           I
           came
           ,
           about
           Aristotle
           and
           his
           Philosophy
           ;
           And
           after
           our
           first
           Civilities
           were
           over
           ,
           he
           renewed
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           applied
           it
           all
           to
           me
           .
           I
           confess
           I
           was
           not
           willing
           to
           begin
           an
           Acquaintance
           in
           a
           Dispute
           ,
           in
           which
           I
           foresaw
           there
           might
           be
           danger
           of
           heat
           and
           animosity
           .
           This
           I
           intimated
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           declined
           the
           occasion
           ;
           because
           ,
           though
           I
           love
           modest
           and
           temperate
           Discoursing
           ,
           yet
           I
           am
           a
           profess'd
           Enemy
           to
           all
           captious
           and
           
             resolv'd
             Oppositions
          
           ,
           which
           for
           the
           most
           part
           run
           into
           
             wild
             Rambles
          
           ,
           and
           end
           in
           Quarrels
           .
           But
           the
           Gentleman
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           had
           warm'd
           himself
           by
           the
           concernment
           he
           took
           in
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           was
           forward
           to
           prosecute
           the
           Argument
           in
           vindication
           and
           praise
           of
           
             Beloved
             Aristotle
          
           :
           Which
           Carriage
           ,
           though
           I
           thought
           somewhat
           too
           young
           for
           the
           Gravity
           of
           that
           Appearance
           ,
           and
           more
           becoming
           the
           pertness
           of
           a
           Sophister
           ,
           than
           the
           Sagess
           of
           a
           
             Reverend
             Divine
          
           ;
           yet
           I
           abstain'd
           from
           any
           
             displeasing
             Reflection
          
           ,
           and
           should
           quietly
           have
           permitted
           him
           to
           have
           satisfi'd
           himself
           in
           his
           Venerations
           of
           that
           Name
           ,
           without
           interruption
           or
           disturbance
           :
           For
           I
           count
           it
           not
           civil
           to
           trouble
           any
           One
           in
           his
           Worship
           ,
           or
           to
           profess
           to
           his
           face
           ,
           a
           contempt
           of
           another
           Mans
           GODS
           .
        
         
         
           But
           the
           
             Grave
             Gentleman
          
           could
           not
           be
           content
           only
           to
           celebrate
           and
           admire
           his
           Aristotle
           ;
           but
           was
           pleased
           to
           take
           an
           occasion
           to
           make
           Comparisons
           ,
           and
           to
           diminish
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
           This
           Passage
           ,
           I
           confess
           ,
           I
           thought
           not
           handsom
           .
           And
           methinks
           the
           Reverence
           we
           owe
           to
           the
           
             ROYAL
             FOVNDER
          
           and
           PATRON
           of
           that
           Establishment
           ,
           and
           the
           Respect
           that
           is
           due
           to
           
             PRINCES
             ,
             PRIVY
             COVNSELLORS
          
           ,
           and
           PRELATES
           ;
           to
           the
           most
           Learned
           Men
           of
           all
           Sorts
           and
           Professions
           ,
           
             Mathematicians
             ,
             Chymists
             ,
             Physicians
             ,
             Anatomists
             ,
             Antiquaries
             ,
          
           and
           Philosophers
           ;
           to
           the
           
             PRIME
             NOBILITY
          
           ,
           and
           so
           many
           of
           the
           Learned
           and
           Ingenious
           amongst
           the
           GENTRY
           :
           I
           say
           ,
           I
           thought
           that
           the
           Regard
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           debt
           to
           such
           Persons
           as
           make
           up
           that
           
             Honourable
             Assembly
          
           ,
           had
           been
           enough
           to
           procure
           it
           
             Civil
             usage
          
           among
           all
           that
           had
           but
           an
           indifferent
           proportion
           of
           Modesty
           and
           Breeding
           .
           And
           if
           there
           were
           nothing
           else
           to
           oblige
           men
           to
           Respectful
           Discourse
           of
           this
           
             Generous
             Company
          
           ,
           I
           should
           think
           the
           Consideration
           of
           their
           Noble
           Aims
           ,
           which
           no
           doubt
           are
           some
           of
           the
           Greatest
           ,
           most
           August
           ,
           and
           most
           Hopeful
           that
           
             ever
             were
          
           ,
           should
           be
           sufficient
           to
           obtain
           them
           at
           least
           
           
             good
             words
          
           from
           all
           that
           are
           capable
           of
           understanding
           their
           Catholick
           intendments
           and
           prosecutions
           .
           And
           these
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           are
           not
           the
           little
           Projects
           of
           serving
           a
           Sect
           ,
           or
           propagating
           an
           Opinion
           ;
           of
           spinning
           out
           a
           
             subtile
             Notion
          
           into
           a
           
             fine
             thred
          
           ,
           or
           forming
           a
           
             plausible
             System
          
           of
           
             new
             Speculations
          
           :
           but
           they
           are
           Designs
           of
           making
           
             Knowledge
             Practical
          
           ,
           and
           
             accommodating
             Mankind
          
           in
           things
           of
           
             Vniversal
             Benefit
          
           ,
           by
           searching
           into
           the
           Creatures
           of
           God
           as
           they
           are
           in
           his
           World
           ,
           and
           not
           criticizing
           upon
           the
           Images
           of
           them
           as
           they
           lye
           in
           that
           which
           the
           Phansies
           of
           Men
           have
           contriv'd
           .
           This
           my
           
             Reverend
             Assailant
          
           either
           did
           
             not
             know
          
           ,
           or
           did
           
             not
             consider
          
           .
           But
           supposing
           that
           this
           Society
           had
           a
           design
           against
           
             adored
             Aristotle
          
           ,
           or
           not
           so
           great
           an
           apprehension
           of
           him
           as
           he
           had
           been
           wont
           to
           instil
           into
           his
           Pupils
           ,
           thought
           fit
           to
           bring
           it
           under
           his
           Corrections
           ;
           and
           at
           his
           disrespectful
           Discourse
           of
           that
           Assembly
           ,
           I
           felt
           my self
           concerned
           .
        
         
           I
           therefore
           took
           occasion
           to
           speak
           from
           somewhat
           he
           had
           newly
           said
           ,
           which
           was
           to
           this
           purpose
           ,
           [
           That
           Aristotle
           
             had
             more
             Advantages
             for
             Knowledge
             than
             the
          
           ROYAL
           SOCIETY
           
             or
             all
             the
             present
             Age
             had
             ,
             or
             could
             have
          
           ;
           and
           for
           this
           strong
           Reason
           ,
           
           
             because
             he
             did
             totam
             peragrare
             Asiam
             .
          
           ]
           This
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           you
           perceive
           was
           said
           in
           haste
           ,
           when
           Consideration
           was
           not
           at
           home
           .
           And
           I
           was
           much
           surprised
           to
           hear
           an
           Assertion
           from
           one
           that
           had
           not
           lived
           in
           a
           Cell
           ,
           which
           were
           scarce
           excusable
           in
           a
           Recluse
           ,
           who
           had
           seen
           or
           known
           nothing
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           but
           the
           
             Antique
             Venerable
             Images
          
           of
           a
           
             Religious
             House
          
           .
           And
           you
           will
           be
           sensible
           of
           the
           injustice
           and
           incogitancy
           of
           this
           saying
           ,
           and
           conceive
           better
           things
           of
           the
           later
           Ages
           ,
           when
           you
           reflect
           and
           think
           how
           many
           .
           
             Arts
             ,
             Instruments
             ,
             Observations
             ,
             Experiments
             ,
             Inventions
          
           and
           Improvements
           ,
           have
           been
           disclosed
           to
           the
           World
           since
           the
           days
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           which
           are
           
             vast
             Advantages
          
           for
           Knowledge
           ,
           and
           all
           Noble
           and
           
             Vseful
             Inquiries
          
           .
        
         
           But
           before
           I
           come
           to
           instance
           in
           these
           Particulars
           ,
           I
           must
           premise
           ,
           That
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           that
           Genius
           ,
           are
           very
           ready
           to
           do
           right
           to
           the
           
             Learned
             Ancients
          
           ,
           by
           acknowledging
           their
           Wit
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           
             useful
             Theories
          
           and
           helps
           we
           have
           from
           them
           :
           but
           they
           are
           not
           willing
           
           that
           those
           ,
           however
           
             venerable
             Sages
          
           ,
           should
           have
           an
           
             absolute
             Empire
          
           over
           the
           Reasons
           of
           Mankind
           .
           Nor
           do
           they
           think
           ,
           That
           all
           the
           Riches
           of
           Nature
           were
           discovered
           to
           some
           
             few
             particular
             Men
          
           of
           former
           Times
           ;
           and
           that
           there
           is
           nothing
           left
           for
           the
           benefit
           and
           gratification
           of
           after-Inquirers
           .
           But
           They
           believe
           ,
           There
           is
           an
           
             inexhaustible
             variety
          
           of
           Treasure
           which
           Providence
           hath
           lodged
           in
           Things
           ,
           that
           to
           the
           Worlds
           end
           will
           afford
           
             fresh
             Discoveries
          
           ,
           and
           suffice
           to
           reward
           the
           
             ingenious
             Industry
          
           and
           Researches
           of
           those
           that
           look
           into
           the
           Works
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           
             go
             down
             to
             see
             his
             wonders
             in
             the
             deep
             .
          
           This
           ,
           no
           doubt
           ,
           the
           modesty
           and
           justice
           of
           the
           Ancients
           themselves
           would
           have
           confess'd
           .
           But
           besides
           this
           ,
           the
           
             Modern
             Experimenters
          
           think
           ,
           That
           the
           Philosophers
           of
           elder
           Times
           ,
           though
           their
           Wits
           were
           excellent
           ,
           yet
           the
           way
           they
           took
           was
           not
           like
           to
           bring
           much
           advantage
           to
           Knowledge
           ,
           or
           any
           of
           the
           Vses
           of
           
             humane
             Life
          
           ;
           being
           for
           the
           most
           part
           that
           of
           Notion
           and
           Dispute
           ,
           which
           still
           runs
           round
           in
           a
           Labyrinth
           of
           Talk
           ,
           but
           
             advanceth
             nothing
          
           .
           And
           the
           unfruitfulness
           of
           those
           Methods
           of
           Science
           ,
           which
           in
           so
           many
           Centuries
           never
           brought
           the
           World
           so
           much
           
             practical
             ,
             beneficial
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           as
           would
           help
           towards
           
           the
           Cure
           of
           a
           
             Cut
             finger
          
           ,
           is
           a
           palpable
           Argument
           ,
           That
           they
           were
           
             fundamental
             Mistakes
          
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Way
           was
           not
           right
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           as
           my
           Lord
           Bacon
           observes
           well
           ,
           Philosophy
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Faith
           ,
           must
           be
           shewn
           by
           its
           Works
           .
           And
           if
           the
           Morderns
           cannot
           shew
           more
           of
           the
           Works
           of
           
             their
             Philosophy
          
           in
           
             six
             years
          
           ,
           than
           the
           Aristoteleans
           can
           produce
           of
           theirs
           in
           more
           than
           thrice
           so
           many
           hundred
           ,
           let
           them
           be
           loaded
           with
           all
           that
           Contempt
           which
           is
           usually
           the
           reward
           of
           vain
           and
           
             unprofitable
             Projectors
          
           .
           But
           now
           ,
           That
           this
           Procedure
           hath
           effected
           more
           for
           the
           information
           and
           advantage
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           than
           all
           the
           Ages
           of
           Notion
           ;
           the
           Records
           of
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           alone
           are
           a
           sufficient
           Evidence
           (
           as
           the
           World
           will
           see
           ,
           when
           they
           shall
           think
           fit
           to
           unfold
           their
           Treasure
           .
           )
           I
           say
           then
           ,
           the
           
             Mordern
             Philosophers
          
           arrogate
           nothing
           to
           their
           own
           Wit
           ,
           above
           that
           of
           the
           Ancients
           :
           but
           by
           the
           reason
           of
           the
           thing
           ,
           and
           
             material
             ,
             sensible
             Events
          
           ,
           they
           find
           they
           have
           an
           advantage
           by
           their
           Way
           .
           And
           a
           
             lame
             Child
          
           that
           slowly
           treads
           the
           
             right
             Path
          
           ,
           will
           at
           last
           arrive
           to
           his
           Journeys
           end
           ;
           while
           the
           
             swift
             Footman
          
           that
           runs
           about
           in
           a
           Wood
           ,
           wil
           lose
           himself
           in
           his
           wandrings
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           II.
           The
           Ways
           of
           improving
           Useful
           Knowledge
           proposed
           .
           The
           Advantages
           this
           Age
           hath
           from
           the
           great
           advancements
           of
           Chymistry
           and
           Anatomy
           ,
        
         
           AND
           having
           said
           this
           ,
           I
           come
           to
           encourage
           your
           hopes
           in
           the
           
             present
             Philosophical
          
           Endeavours
           ;
           and
           to
           discourse
           more
           largely
           ,
           what
           I
           could
           but
           suggest
           to
           the
           
             Reverend
             Disputer
          
           .
           And
           here
           I
           am
           to
           represent
           in
           as
           many
           material
           Particulars
           as
           I
           can
           now
           call
           into
           my
           thoughts
           ,
           the
           Advantages
           for
           
             Vseful
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           which
           the
           
             later
             Ages
          
           have
           beyond
           those
           of
           the
           days
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           and
           
             remoter
             Antiquity
          
           .
           And
           in
           order
           to
           this
           ,
           I
           consider
           ,
        
         
           That
           there
           are
           Two
           chief
           ways
           whereby
           Knowledge
           may
           be
           advanced
           ,
           viz.
           (
           1.
           )
           By
           inlarging
           the
           HISTORY
           of
           Things
           :
           And
           (
           2.
           )
           By
           
             improving
             INTERCOVRSE
          
           and
           COMMVNICATIONS
           .
           The
           HISTORY
           of
           Nature
           is
           to
           be
           augmented
           ,
           either
           by
           an
           investigation
           of
           the
           Springs
           of
           
             Natural
             Motions
          
           ,
           or
           
             fuller
             Accounts
          
           of
           
           the
           grosser
           and
           more
           
             palpable
             Phaenomena
          
           .
           For
           the
           searching
           out
           the
           beginnings
           and
           depths
           of
           Things
           ,
           and
           discovering
           the
           intrigues
           of
           remoter
           Nature
           ,
           there
           are
           THREE
           remarkable
           ARTS
           ,
           and
           multitudes
           of
           excellent
           INSTRVMENTS
           ,
           which
           are
           great
           Advantages
           to
           these
           
             later
             Ages
          
           ;
           but
           were
           either
           not
           at
           all
           known
           ,
           or
           but
           imperfectly
           ,
           by
           Aristotle
           and
           the
           Ancients
           .
           The
           ARTS
           in
           which
           I
           instance
           ,
           are
           
             CHYMISTRY
             ,
             ANATOMY
          
           ,
           and
           the
           MATHEMATICKS
           :
           The
           INSTRVMENTS
           ,
           such
           as
           the
           
             MICROSCOPE
             ,
             TELESCOPE
             ,
             THERMOMETER
             ,
             BAROMETER
          
           ;
           and
           the
           
             AIR-PVMP
             :
             Some
          
           of
           which
           were
           
             first
             Invented
             ,
             all
          
           of
           them
           exceedingly
           Improved
           by
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
        
         
           TO
           begin
           with
           the
           Consideration
           of
           the
           ARTS
           mentioned
           ,
           I
           observe
           ,
           That
           these
           were
           very
           little
           cultivated
           or
           used
           in
           Aristotles
           Times
           ,
           or
           in
           those
           following
           ones
           in
           which
           his
           Philosophy
           did
           most
           obtain
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           FIRST
           ,
           CHYMISTRY
           ,
           it
           hath
           indeed
           a
           pretence
           to
           the
           great
           Hermes
           for
           its
           Author
           (
           how
           truly
           ,
           I
           will
           not
           dispute
           )
           From
           him
           't
           is
           said
           to
           
           〈◊〉
           come
           to
           the
           Aegyptians
           ,
           and
           from
           ●em
           to
           the
           Arabians
           ;
           Among
           these
           it
           was
           ●●●nitely
           mingled
           with
           vanity
           and
           
             supersti●●ous
             devices
          
           :
           but
           it
           was
           not
           at
           all
           in
           
           use
           ●ith
           Aristotle
           and
           his
           Sectators
           .
           Nor
           ●oth
           it
           appear
           that
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           or
           the
           
             ●●sputing
             Ages
          
           ,
           were
           conversant
           in
           these
           ●seful
           and
           
             luciferous
             Processes
          
           ,
           by
           which
           Nature
           is
           unwound
           ,
           and
           resolv'd
           into
           the
           
             minute
             Rudiments
          
           of
           its
           Composition
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           violence
           of
           those
           
             Artful
             Fires
          
           it
           is
           made
           confess
           those
           latent
           parts
           ,
           which
           ,
           upon
           
             less
             provocation
          
           ,
           it
           would
           not
           disclose
           .
           And
           now
           ,
           as
           we
           cannot
           understand
           the
           frame
           of
           a
           Watch
           ,
           without
           taking
           it
           into
           pieces
           ;
           so
           neither
           can
           Nature
           be
           well
           known
           ,
           without
           a
           resolution
           of
           it
           into
           its
           beginnings
           ,
           which
           certainly
           may
           be
           best
           of
           all
           done
           by
           
             Chymical
             Methods
          
           .
           And
           in
           those
           
             vexatious
             Analyses
          
           of
           Things
           ,
           
             wonderful
             discoveries
          
           are
           made
           of
           their
           Natures
           ,
           and
           Experiments
           are
           found
           out
           ,
           which
           are
           not
           only
           full
           of
           
             pleasant
             surprise
          
           and
           information
           ,
           but
           of
           
             valuable
             use
          
           ,
           especially
           in
           the
           Practice
           of
           Physick
           ;
           For
           It
           directs
           Medicines
           less
           loathsome
           and
           far
           more
           vigorous
           ,
           and
           freeth
           the
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           purer
           parts
           ,
           from
           the
           clogging
           and
           
             noxious
             appendices
          
           of
           grosser
           matter
           ,
           which
           not
           only
           hinder
           and
           disable
           
           the
           Operation
           ,
           but
           leave
           hurtful
           dregs
           〈◊〉
           the
           Body
           behind
           them
           .
           I
           confess
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           tha●
           among
           the
           Aegyptians
           and
           Arabians
           ,
           th●●
           Paracelsians
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           
             Moderns
             Chymistry
          
           was
           very
           
             phantastick
             ,
             unintelligible
          
           ,
           and
           delusive
           ;
           and
           the
           
             boasts
             ,
             vanity
          
           ,
           and
           canting
           of
           those
           Spagyrists
           ,
           brought
           〈◊〉
           scandal
           upon
           the
           Art
           ,
           and
           exposed
           it
           to
           suspicion
           and
           contempt
           :
           but
           its
           late
           Cultivatours
           ,
           and
           particularly
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           have
           resin'd
           it
           from
           its
           dross
           ,
           and
           made
           it
           
             honest
             ,
             sober
          
           ,
           and
           intelligible
           ,
           an
           excellent
           Interpreter
           to
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           help
           to
           
             common
             Life
          
           .
           For
           they
           have
           laid
           aside
           the
           Chrysopoietick
           ,
           the
           
             delusory
             Designs
          
           and
           
             vain
             Transmutations
          
           ,
           the
           
             Rosie-crucian
             Vapours
             ,
             Magical
             Charms
          
           ,
           and
           
             superstitious
             Suggestions
          
           ,
           and
           form'd
           it
           into
           an
           Instrument
           to
           know
           the
           depths
           and
           efficacies
           of
           Nature
           .
           This
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           is
           no
           small
           advantage
           that
           we
           have
           above
           the
           
             old
             Philosophers
          
           of
           the
           
             National
             way
          
           .
           And
           we
           have
           another
           ,
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           In
           the
           
             Study
             ,
             Vse
          
           ,
           and
           
             vast
             Improvements
          
           of
           ANATOMY
           ,
           which
           we
           find
           as
           needful
           to
           be
           known
           among
           us
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           wonderful
           't
           was
           known
           so
           little
           among
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           whom
           a
           fond
           Superstition
           deterr'd
           from
           Dissections
           .
           For
           the
           Anatomizing
           the
           Bodies
           of
           Men
           ,
           was
           counted
           bar●arous
           
           and
           inhumane
           in
           
             elder
             Times
          
           :
           And
           〈◊〉
           observe
           from
           a
           Learned
           Man
           of
           our
           own
           ,
           That
           the
           Romans
           held
           it
           unlawful
           to
           look
           on
           the
           Entrails
           .
           And
           Tertullian
           severely
           cen●ures
           an
           inquisitive
           Physician
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           for
           this
           practice
           ,
           saying
           ,
           That
           
             he
             hated
             Man
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             know
             him
             .
          
           Yea
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Popes
           (
           I
           take
           it
           't
           was
           Boniface
           8.
           )
           threatens
           to
           Excommunicate
           those
           that
           should
           do
           any
           thing
           of
           this
           then-abominable
           nature
           .
           And
           Democritus
           was
           fain
           to
           excuse
           his
           Dissection
           of
           Beasts
           ,
           even
           to
           the
           great
           Hippocrates
           .
           Nor
           does
           it
           appear
           by
           any
           thing
           extant
           in
           the
           Writings
           of
           Galen
           ,
           that
           that
           other
           Father
           of
           Physicians
           ever
           made
           any
           Anatomy
           of
           humane
           Bodies
           .
           Thus
           shie
           and
           unacquainted
           was
           Antiquity
           with
           this
           excellent
           Art
           ,
           which
           is
           one
           of
           the
           most
           useful
           in
           humane
           Life
           ,
           and
           tends
           mightily
           to
           the
           eviscerating
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           disclosure
           of
           the
           Springs
           of
           its
           Motion
           .
           But
           now
           in
           these
           later
           Ages
           ,
           Anatomy
           hath
           been
           a
           free
           and
           
             general
             Practice
          
           ;
           and
           particularly
           in
           this
           it
           hath
           received
           
             wonderful
             Improvements
          
           from
           the
           Endeavours
           of
           several
           worthy
           Inquisitors
           ,
           some
           of
           them
           Ingenious
           Members
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           as
           Sir
           
             George
             Ent
          
           ,
           Dr.
           Glisson
           ,
           and
           Dr.
           Willis
           .
           I
           instance
           in
           the
           most
           remarkable
           of
           their
           
           Discoveries
           briefly
           ;
           And
           those
           I
           take
           noti●●
           of
           are
           ,
           The
           Valves
           of
           the
           Veins
           ,
           discover'd
           by
           
             Fabricius
             ab
             Aquapendente
          
           ;
           Th●
           Valve
           at
           the
           entrance
           of
           the
           
             gut
             Colon●
          
           found
           ,
           as
           is
           generally
           thought
           ,
           by
           Bauhinus●
           The
           
             Milkie
             Veins
          
           of
           the
           Mesentery
           ,
           by
           ●●●sellius
           ;
           The
           Receptacle
           of
           the
           Chyle
           ,
           b●
           Pecquet
           ;
           and
           the
           
             Lacteae
             Thoracicae
          
           ,
           by
           th●
           same
           Discoverer
           ;
           The
           
             Glandulae
             Lacte●
             Lumbares
          
           ,
           by
           Bartholin
           ;
           A
           
             new
             Ductusi●
          
           the
           Testicles
           ,
           by
           Dr.
           Highmore
           ;
           The
           
             Ductus
             Virsungianus
          
           ,
           by
           
             Io.
             George
             Wirsung
             o●
             Padua
          
           ;
           The
           
             Lymphatick
             Vessels
          
           ,
           by
           Dr●
           
             Ioliffe
             ,
             Bartholin
          
           ,
           and
           
             Olaus
             Rudbeck
          
           ;
           Th●
           
             internal
             Ductus
             Salivaris
          
           in
           the
           
             Maxillar●
             Glandule
          
           ,
           by
           Dr.
           Wharton
           ,
           and
           Dr.
           Glisson●
           The
           
             external
             Ductus
             Salivaris
          
           in
           the
           
             conglomerated
             Parotis
          
           ,
           The
           Ductus
           of
           the
           Cheek●
           The
           Glandules
           under
           the
           
             Tongue
             ,
             Nose
          
           ,
           and
           Palate
           ,
           The
           Vessels
           in
           the
           nameless
           Glandul●
           of
           the
           Eye
           ,
           and
           the
           Tear-Glandule
           ,
           by
           
             Nich●
             Steno
          
           ;
           The
           Sinus
           of
           the
           Veins
           ,
           and
           their
           Vse
           ,
           by
           Dr.
           Willis
           ;
           The
           
             Ductus
             Renales
          
           ,
           by
           
             Laurentius
             Bellini
          
           ;
           A
           new
           Artery
           ,
           called
           
             Arteria
             Bronchialis
          
           ,
           by
           
             Fred.
             Ruysch
          
           .
           I
           add
           ,
           the
           Origination
           of
           those
           Nerves
           which
           were
           of
           old
           supposed
           to
           arise
           out
           of
           th●
           substance
           of
           the
           Brain
           ,
           but
           are
           found
           by
           late
           Anatomists
           to
           proceed
           from
           the
           
             Medull●
             
             Oblongata
          
           .
           And
           though
           the
           
             Succus
             nutritius
          
           be
           not
           yet
           fully
           agreed
           upon
           by
           Physicians
           ,
           yet
           it
           hath
           so
           much
           to
           say
           for
           it self
           ,
           that
           it
           may
           not
           unreasonably
           be
           mentioned
           among
           the
           
             New
             Inventions
          
           .
        
         
           But
           of
           all
           the
           
             modern
             Discoveries
             ,
             Wit
          
           and
           Industry
           have
           made
           in
           the
           Oeconomy
           of
           
             humane
             Nature
          
           ,
           the
           Noblest
           is
           that
           of
           the
           Circulation
           of
           the
           Blood
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Invention
           of
           our
           deservedly-famous
           Harvey
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           the
           Envy
           of
           malicious
           Contemporaries
           ,
           would
           have
           robb'd
           him
           of
           the
           Glory
           of
           
             this
             Discovery
          
           ,
           and
           pretend
           it
           was
           known
           to
           
             Hippocrates
             ,
             Plato
             ,
             Aristotle
          
           ,
           and
           others
           among
           the
           Ancients
           :
           But
           whoever
           considers
           the
           Expressions
           of
           those
           Authors
           ,
           which
           are
           said
           to
           respect
           the
           Circulation
           ,
           will
           find
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           form
           the
           Inference
           ,
           do
           it
           by
           a
           faculty
           that
           makes
           all
           kind
           of
           Compositions
           and
           Deductions
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           that
           assists
           the
           Enthusiasts
           of
           our
           days
           to
           see
           so
           clearly
           all
           our
           Alterations
           of
           State
           and
           Religion
           ,
           to
           the
           
             minutest
             Particulars
          
           ,
           in
           the
           Revelation
           of
           St.
           Iohn
           .
           And
           I
           think
           it
           may
           be
           as
           well
           concluded
           from
           the
           
             first
             Chapter
             of
             Genesis
          
           ,
           as
           from
           the
           Remains
           of
           those
           
             Ancients
             ;
             who
          
           ,
           if
           they
           had
           known
           this
           great
           and
           
             general
             Theory
          
           ,
           how
           chance
           they
           spake
           no
           more
           of
           a
           thing
           ,
           which
           no
           
           doubt
           they
           had
           frequent
           occasions
           to
           mention
           ?
           How
           came
           it
           to
           be
           lost
           without
           memory
           among
           their
           Followers
           ,
           who
           were
           such
           
             superstitious
             porers
          
           upon
           their
           Writings
           ?
           How
           chance
           it
           was
           not
           shewn
           to
           be
           lodg'd
           in
           those
           Authors
           ,
           before
           the
           days
           of
           Dr.
           Harvery
           ,
           when
           Envy
           had
           impregnated
           and
           determined
           the
           Imaginations
           of
           those
           ,
           who
           were
           not
           willing
           any
           thing
           should
           be
           found
           anew
           ,
           of
           which
           themselves
           were
           not
           the
           Inventors
           ?
           But
           't
           is
           not
           only
           the
           remotest
           Ancients
           ,
           whom
           time
           hath
           consecrated
           ,
           and
           distance
           made
           venerable
           ,
           whose
           Ashes
           those
           fond
           men
           would
           honour
           with
           
             this
             Discovery
          
           :
           but
           even
           much
           later
           Authors
           have
           had
           the
           glory
           fastned
           upon
           them
           .
           For
           the
           Invention
           is
           by
           some
           ascribed
           to
           
             Paulus
             Venetus
          
           ;
           by
           others
           ,
           to
           
             Prosper
             Alpinus
          
           ;
           and
           a
           third
           sort
           give
           it
           to
           
             Andreas
             Caesalpinus
          
           .
           For
           these
           ,
           though
           either
           of
           them
           should
           be
           acknowledged
           to
           be
           the
           Author
           ,
           it
           will
           make
           as
           much
           for
           the
           design
           of
           my
           Discourse
           ,
           as
           if
           Harvey
           had
           the
           credit
           ;
           and
           therefore
           here
           I
           am
           no
           otherwise
           concerned
           ,
           but
           to
           have
           Iustice
           for
           that
           Excellent
           Man
           :
           And
           the
           World
           hath
           now
           done
           right
           to
           his
           
             Memory
             ,
             Death
          
           having
           overcome
           that
           Envy
           which
           
             dog's
             living
             Virtue
          
           to
           the
           Grave
           ;
           and
           his
           Name
           
           rests
           quietly
           in
           the
           Arms
           of
           Glory
           ,
           while
           the
           Pretensions
           of
           his
           Rivals
           are
           creeping
           into
           darkness
           and
           oblivion
           .
        
         
           Thus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           have
           done
           with
           the
           Instances
           of
           
             Anatomical
             Advancements
          
           ,
           unless
           I
           should
           hitherto
           refer
           the
           late
           Noble
           Experiment
           of
           
             Transfusion
             of
             the
             Blood
          
           from
           one
           
             living
             Animal
          
           into
           another
           ,
           which
           I
           think
           very
           fit
           to
           be
           mention'd
           ;
           and
           I
           suppose
           't
           is
           not
           improper
           for
           this
           place
           :
           Or
           however
           ,
           I
           shall
           rather
           venture
           the
           danger
           of
           impropriety
           and
           misplacing
           ,
           than
           omit
           the
           taking
           notice
           of
           so
           excellent
           a
           Discovery
           ,
           which
           no
           doubt
           future
           Ingenuity
           and
           Practice
           ,
           will
           improve
           to
           purposes
           not
           yet
           thought
           of
           ;
           and
           we
           have
           very
           great
           likelihood
           of
           Advantages
           from
           it
           in
           
             present
             prospect
          
           .
        
         
           For
           it
           is
           concluded
           ,
           That
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           our
           Diseases
           arise
           either
           from
           the
           scarcity
           ,
           or
           
             malignant
             tempers
          
           and
           corruptions
           of
           our
           Blood
           ;
           in
           which
           cases
           Transfusion
           is
           an
           
             obvious
             Remedy
          
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           way
           of
           this
           Operation
           ,
           the
           
             peccant
             Blood
          
           may
           be
           drawn
           out
           ,
           without
           the
           danger
           of
           too
           much
           enfeebling
           Nature
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           grand
           inconvenience
           of
           
             meer
             Phlebotomies
          
           .
           So
           that
           
             this
             Experiment
          
           may
           be
           of
           excellent
           use
           ,
           
           when
           Custom
           and
           Acquaintance
           have
           hardned
           men
           to
           permit
           the
           Practice
           ,
           in
           
             Pleurisies
             ,
             Cancers
             ,
             Leprosies
             ,
             Madness
             ,
             Vlcer
             ,
             Small-Pox
             ,
             Dotage
             ,
          
           and
           all
           such
           like
           Distempers
           .
           And
           I
           know
           not
           why
           that
           of
           
             injecting
             prepared
             Medicines
          
           immediately
           into
           the
           Blood
           ,
           may
           not
           be
           better
           and
           more
           efficacious
           ,
           than
           the
           ordinary
           course
           of
           Practice
           :
           Since
           this
           will
           prevent
           all
           the
           danger
           of
           frustration
           from
           the
           loathings
           of
           the
           Stomach
           ,
           and
           the
           disabling
           ,
           clogging
           mixtures
           and
           alterations
           they
           meet
           with
           there
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           Intestines
           ,
           in
           which
           no
           doubt
           much
           of
           the
           Spirit
           and
           Virtue
           is
           lost
           .
           But
           in
           the
           way
           of
           
             immediate
             injection
          
           ,
           they
           are
           kept
           intire
           ,
           all
           those
           inconveniences
           are
           avoided
           ,
           and
           the
           Operations
           is
           like
           to
           be
           more
           speedy
           and
           succesful
           ,
           Both
           these
           
             noble
             Experiments
          
           are
           the
           late
           Inventions
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           who
           have
           attested
           the
           reality
           of
           the
           former
           ,
           that
           of
           Transfusion
           of
           Blood
           ,
           by
           numerous
           Tryals
           on
           several
           sorts
           of
           
             brute
             Animals
          
           .
           Indeed
           the
           French
           made
           the
           
             Experiment
             first
          
           upon
           
             humane
             Bodies
          
           ,
           of
           which
           we
           have
           a
           good
           account
           from
           
             Monsieur
             Dennis
          
           :
           But
           it
           hath
           also
           since
           been
           practiced
           with
           fair
           and
           encouraging
           success
           ,
           by
           our
           
             Philosophical
             Society
          
           .
           The
           other
           of
           Injection
           ,
           if
           it
           may
           
           be
           mentioned
           as
           a
           different
           Invention
           ,
           was
           also
           the
           product
           of
           the
           same
           
             Generous
             Inventors
          
           ;
           though
           indeed
           more
           
             forward
             Foreigners
          
           have
           endeavoured
           to
           usurp
           the
           credit
           of
           
             both
             .
             This
             latter
          
           likewise
           hath
           succeeded
           to
           considerable
           good
           effects
           ,
           in
           some
           new
           Tryals
           that
           have
           been
           made
           of
           it
           in
           Dantzick
           ,
           as
           appears
           in
           a
           Letter
           written
           from
           Dr.
           Fabritius
           of
           that
           City
           ,
           and
           printed
           in
           the
           
             Philosophical
             Transactions
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           III.
           Another
           great
           Advantage
           of
           late
           Times
           ,
           from
           the
           Improvements
           of
           Mathematicks
           ;
           particularly
           of
           Arithmetick
           ,
           Algebra
           ,
           and
           Geometry
           ,
           discourst
           by
           Instances
           .
        
         
           I
           Proceed
           now
           to
           my
           
             THIRD
             Instance
          
           of
           ARTS
           (
           if
           the
           
             Reverend
             Logician
          
           will
           give
           me
           leave
           to
           use
           the
           word
           in
           this
           large
           sense
           )
           which
           are
           Advantages
           for
           deep
           search
           into
           Nature
           ,
           and
           have
           been
           considerably
           advanc'd
           by
           the
           Industry
           and
           culture
           of
           late
           Times
           ,
           above
           their
           
             ancient
             
             Stature
          
           .
           And
           the
           Instance
           was
           ,
        
         
           (
           III.
           )
           
             THE
             MATHEMATICKS
          
           .
           That
           these
           are
           mighty
           helps
           to
           practical
           and
           
             useful
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           will
           be
           easily
           confest
           by
           all
           ,
           that
           have
           not
           so
           much
           ignorance
           as
           to
           render
           them
           incapable
           of
           information
           in
           these
           matters
           .
           And
           the
           Learned
           
             Gerand
             Vossius
          
           hath
           proved
           it
           by
           induction
           in
           particulars
           .
           And
           yet
           it
           must
           be
           acknowledged
           that
           Aristotle
           ,
           and
           the
           
             disputing
             Philosophers
          
           of
           his
           School
           ,
           were
           not
           much
           addicted
           to
           those
           
             noble
             Inquisitions
          
           :
           For
           Proclus
           the
           Commentator
           upon
           Euclide
           ,
           though
           he
           gives
           a
           very
           particular
           Catalogue
           of
           the
           
             Elder
             Mathematicians
          
           ,
           yet
           hath
           not
           mentioned
           Aristotle
           in
           that
           number
           .
           And
           though
           
             Diogenes
             Laertius
          
           takes
           notice
           of
           a
           Book
           he
           inscribed
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           another
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           and
           a
           Third
           ,
           yet
           extant
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ;
           Yet
           it
           appears
           not
           that
           these
           were
           things
           of
           very
           great
           value
           ;
           and
           
           Aristotle's
           
             Metaphysical
             procedure
          
           ,
           even
           in
           
             Physical
             Theories
          
           ,
           the
           ,
           genius
           and
           humour
           of
           his
           Principles
           ,
           and
           the
           
             aiery
             contentions
          
           of
           his
           Sect
           ,
           are
           huge
           presumptions
           that
           
             this
             Philosopher
          
           was
           not
           very
           Mathematical
           .
           And
           his
           numerous
           succeeding
           Followers
           ,
           were
           certainly
           very
           little
           conversant
           in
           those
           generous
           Studies
           .
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           taken
           notice
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           
           more
           publish'd
           by
           those
           
             Disputing
             men
          
           on
           some
           paultry
           trifling
           Question
           about
           
             ens
             Rationis
          
           ,
           and
           their
           
             Materia
             prima
          
           ,
           than
           hath
           been
           written
           by
           their
           whole
           number
           upon
           all
           the
           vast
           and
           useful
           parts
           of
           Mathematicks
           and
           Mechanicks
           .
           There
           was
           a
           time
           when
           these
           were
           counted
           Coniurations
           ;
           and
           I
           do
           not
           very
           well
           know
           the
           reason
           of
           the
           
             Reverend
             Disputers
          
           displeasure
           at
           my
           Discourse
           about
           
             Dioptrick
             Tubes
          
           (
           of
           which
           you
           will
           hear
           in
           the
           process
           )
           except
           he
           was
           under
           the
           dread
           of
           some
           such
           phansie
           ,
           and
           believed
           there
           was
           Magick
           in
           Opticks
           .
           It
           would
           require
           much
           skill
           in
           those
           Sciences
           ,
           to
           draw
           up
           the
           full
           History
           of
           their
           Advancements
           ;
           I
           hear
           a
           very
           accurate
           Mathematician
           is
           upon
           it
           :
           And
           yet
           to
           fill
           up
           my
           Method
           ,
           I
           'le
           adventure
           at
           some
           imperfect
           Suggestions
           about
           the
           Inventions
           and
           Improvements
           of
           this
           kind
           :
           And
           I
           begin
           ,
        
         
           (
           I.
           )
           With
           ARITHMETICK
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           handmaid
           to
           all
           the
           other
           parts
           of
           Mathematicks
           .
           This
           indeed
           Pythagoras
           is
           said
           to
           have
           brought
           from
           the
           Phoenicians
           to
           the
           Graecians
           :
           but
           we
           hear
           no
           great
           matter
           of
           it
           till
           the
           days
           of
           Euclide
           :
           not
           the
           Euclide
           that
           was
           the
           Contemporary
           of
           Plato
           ,
           
           and
           Hearer
           of
           Socrates
           ;
           but
           the
           famed
           Mathematician
           of
           that
           Name
           ,
           who
           was
           after
           Aristotle
           ,
           and
           at
           90
           years
           distance
           from
           the
           
             former
             .
             This
          
           is
           the
           first
           Person
           among
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           that
           is
           recorded
           by
           the
           exact
           Vossius
           to
           have
           done
           any
           thing
           accurately
           in
           that
           Science
           .
           After
           him
           it
           was
           advanced
           by
           
             Diophantus
             ,
             methodized
          
           by
           
             Psellus
             ,
             illustrated
          
           among
           the
           Latins
           by
           
             L.
             Apuleius
          
           ,
           and
           in
           later
           times
           much
           promoted
           by
           
             Cardan
             ,
             Gemma
             Frisius
             ,
             Ramus
             ,
             Clavius
             ,
          
           and
           divers
           more
           modern
           Artists
           ,
           among
           whom
           I
           more
           especially
           take
           notice
           of
           that
           Ingenious
           Scot
           the
           Lord
           Napier
           ,
        
         
           Who
           invented
           the
           Logarithmes
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           way
           of
           computing
           by
           artificial
           Numbers
           ,
           and
           avoiding
           the
           taedium
           of
           Multiplication
           and
           Division
           .
           For
           by
           this
           Method
           all
           those
           Operations
           are
           performed
           by
           Addition
           and
           Substraction
           ,
           which
           in
           
             natural
             Numbers
          
           were
           to
           be
           done
           those
           longer
           ways
           .
           This
           Invention
           is
           of
           great
           use
           in
           
             Astronomical
             Calculations
          
           ,
           and
           it
           may
           be
           applied
           also
           to
           other
           Accompts
           .
           Besides
           this
           ,
           the
           same
           Learned
           Lord
           found
           an
           easie
           ,
           certain
           ,
           and
           compendious
           way
           of
           Accounting
           by
           Sticks
           ,
           called
           Rabdology
           ;
           as
           also
           Computation
           by
           
           Napier's
           Bones
           :
           Both
           these
           
           have
           been
           brought
           to
           greater
           perfection
           by
           others
           ,
           since
           their
           
             first
             Discovery
          
           ;
           particularly
           by
           Vrsinus
           and
           Kepler
           .
        
         
           To
           them
           I
           add
           the
           
             Decimal
             Arithmetick
          
           ,
           which
           avoids
           the
           tedious
           way
           of
           computing
           by
           
             Vulgar
             Fractions
          
           in
           ordinary
           Accompts
           ,
           and
           Sexagenaries
           in
           Astronomy
           ;
           exceedingly
           and
           lately
           improved
           by
           our
           famous
           Oughtred
           ,
           and
           Dr.
           Wallis
           a
           Member
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
           (
           If
           I
           should
           here
           subjoyn
           the
           Helps
           this
           Art
           hath
           had
           from
           the
           Works
           and
           Endeavours
           of
           
             Anatolius
             ,
             Barlaam
             ,
             Maximus
             Palanudes
             ,
             Nemorarius
             ,
             Florentinus
             Bredonus
             ,
             Pisanus
             ,
             Orentius
          
           ;
           and
           in
           
             this
             Age
          
           ,
           from
           those
           of
           
             Adrianus
             Romanus
             ,
             Henischius
             ,
             Cataldus
             ,
             Malapartius
             ,
             Keplerus
             ,
             Briggius
             ,
             Crugerus
             ,
          
           and
           a
           vast
           number
           reckon'd
           up
           by
           Vossius
           ,
           I
           should
           be
           tedious
           on
           this
           Head
           ;
           and
           therefore
           I
           pass
           lightly
           over
           it
           ,
           and
           proceed
           ,
        
         
           (
           II.
           )
           To
           ALGEBRA
           ,
           of
           
             universal
             use
          
           in
           all
           the
           
             Mathematical
             Sciences
          
           ,
           in
           
             Common
             Accompts
          
           ,
           in
           Astronomy
           ,
           in
           
             taking
             Distances
          
           and
           Altitudes
           ,
           in
           
             measuring
             plain
          
           and
           solid
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           other
           
             useful
             Operations
          
           .
           The
           first
           noted
           Author
           in
           this
           Method
           was
           Diophantus
           ,
           who
           lived
           long
           since
           the
           Idol
           of
           Disputers
           .
           He
           ,
           and
           those
           other
           
           Ancients
           that
           used
           it
           ,
           performed
           their
           
             Algebraical
             Operations
          
           by
           Signs
           and
           Characters
           suted
           to
           the
           several
           Numbers
           ,
           and
           powers
           of
           Numbers
           ,
           which
           they
           had
           occasion
           to
           use
           in
           
             solving
             Problems
          
           :
           But
           the
           later
           Mathematicians
           have
           found
           a
           far
           more
           neat
           and
           easie
           way
           ,
           viz.
           by
           the
           Letters
           of
           the
           Alphabet
           ,
           by
           which
           we
           can
           solve
           many
           Problemes
           that
           were
           too
           hard
           for
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           can
           be
           discovered
           by
           any
           of
           their
           remaining
           Works
           .
           For
           there
           were
           many
           
             affected
             Aequations
          
           (
           as
           they
           call
           them
           )
           that
           did
           not
           
             equally
             ascend
          
           in
           the
           Scale
           of
           Powers
           ,
           that
           could
           not
           be
           solv'd
           by
           the
           
             elder
             Methods
          
           ;
           whereas
           the
           acute
           Vieta
           ,
           a
           Mathematician
           of
           this
           last
           Age
           ,
           affirms
           ,
           he
           could
           resolve
           any
           Probleme
           by
           his
           
             own
             Improvements
          
           .
           Besides
           him
           ,
           our
           excellent
           Oughtred
           another
           ,
           lately
           mentioned
           ,
           did
           much
           in
           this
           way
           .
           But
           the
           inimitable
           
             Des
             Cartes
          
           hath
           vastly
           out-done
           both
           former
           and
           later
           Times
           ,
           and
           carried
           Algebra
           to
           that
           height
           ,
           that
           some
           considering
           men
           think
           Humane
           Wit
           cannot
           advance
           it
           further
           .
           I
           will
           not
           say
           so
           much
           :
           but
           no
           doubt
           he
           hath
           performed
           in
           it
           things
           deserving
           vast
           acknowledgment
           ,
           of
           which
           you
           shall
           hear
           more
           anon
           .
           And
           from
           hence
           I
           step
           ,
        
         
         
           (
           III.
           )
           To
           the
           Consideration
           of
           GEOMETRY
           ,
           which
           is
           so
           
             fundamentally
             useful
             a
             Science
          
           ,
           that
           without
           it
           we
           cannot
           in
           any
           good
           degree
           understand
           the
           Artifice
           of
           the
           
             Omniscient
             Architect
          
           in
           the
           composure
           of
           the
           great
           World
           ,
           and
           our selves
           .
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           was
           the
           excellent
           saying
           of
           Plato
           ;
           and
           the
           Vniverse
           must
           be
           known
           by
           the
           Art
           whereby
           it
           was
           made
           .
           So
           that
           what
           Galileo
           notes
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           is
           a
           great
           sign
           of
           his
           defects
           ,
           viz.
           That
           he
           reprehended
           his
           Venerable
           Master
           for
           his
           
             Geometrical
             Sublimities
          
           ,
           accusing
           him
           that
           he
           receded
           from
           the
           
             solid
             Methods
             of
             Philosophizing
          
           ,
           through
           his
           too
           much
           indulging
           that
           Study
           ;
           Which
           is
           so
           far
           from
           being
           likely
           ,
           that
           Geometry
           is
           little
           less
           than
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           solid
           and
           
             real
             Philosophy
          
           ;
           and
           as
           I
           intimated
           ,
           't
           is
           next
           to
           impossible
           to
           be
           a
           judicious
           and
           
             accurate
             Philosopher
          
           ,
           and
           want
           it
           .
           Upon
           which
           account
           ,
           Plato
           admitted
           none
           to
           his
           School
           ,
           but
           those
           that
           were
           acquainted
           with
           that
           Science
           :
           Which
           practice
           the
           mentioned
           excellent
           Modern
           ,
           notes
           to
           be
           directly
           opposite
           to
           the
           Peripatetick
           genius
           ;
           and
           some
           he
           knew
           great
           men
           of
           that
           way
           ,
           dehorted
           their
           Disciples
           from
           it
           ;
           which
           he
           introduceth
           
           one
           applauding
           as
           a
           wise
           Counsel
           ,
           since
           Geometry
           would
           detect
           and
           shame
           the
           futilities
           of
           that
           
             National
             way
          
           .
           But
           not
           to
           take
           too
           large
           a
           compass
           ,
           this
           is
           certain
           ,
           That
           Geometry
           is
           a
           most
           useful
           and
           
             proper
             help
          
           in
           the
           affairs
           of
           Philophy
           and
           Life
           .
           'T
           is
           almost
           as
           clear
           from
           those
           former
           intimations
           ,
           that
           Aristotle
           was
           not
           much
           enclined
           
             that
             way
          
           ;
           and
           we
           know
           that
           his
           
             late
             Sectators
          
           ,
           have
           very
           seldome
           applied
           themselves
           to
           
             Geometrical
             Disquisitions
          
           .
        
         
           The
           Result
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           We
           must
           expect
           the
           Advantages
           of
           this
           Science
           ,
           from
           the
           declining
           of
           his
           and
           
             their
             Empire
          
           ;
           and
           I
           need
           not
           say
           expect
           it
           ,
           they
           are
           both
           in
           present
           view
           .
           And
           if
           after
           this
           you
           require
           accounts
           of
           the
           
             Improvements
             Geometry
          
           hath
           received
           ,
           since
           the
           foundation
           of
           that
           Tyranny
           by
           the
           Man
           of
           STAGYRA
           ,
           I
           shall
           offer
           you
           the
           best
           I
           have
           ;
           and
           though
           I
           am
           conscious
           that
           they
           will
           be
           scant
           and
           defective
           ,
           yet
           I
           hope
           sufficient
           for
           my
           present
           purpose
           .
        
         
           I
           note
           then
           from
           the
           celebrated
           Vossius
           ,
           That
           Euclide
           was
           the
           first
           that
           brought
           Geometry
           into
           a
           Method
           ,
           and
           more
           
             accurately
             demonstrated
          
           those
           Principles
           ,
           which
           before
           were
           scattered
           among
           the
           Greeks
           and
           Aegyptians
           ,
           and
           not
           so
           cogently
           or
           carefully
           
           proved
           .
           And
           Proclus
           reckons
           this
           
             Famous
             man
          
           as
           the
           Compiler
           and
           Demonstrator
           ,
           not
           as
           the
           Inventor
           of
           the
           Elements
           ;
           and
           two
           of
           these
           Books
           (
           
             viz.
             14.
             
             &
          
           15.
           )
           are
           ascribed
           to
           
             Apollonius
             Pergaeus
          
           ,
           who
           was
           his
           
             nearest
             Successor
          
           in
           Fame
           for
           Mathematical
           Abilities
           .
           
             This
             Geometrician
          
           improved
           the
           Science
           by
           four
           Books
           of
           Conicks
           ,
           publish'd
           of
           old
           ;
           and
           three
           more
           have
           been
           lately
           (
           in
           the
           year
           1661.
           )
           translated
           out
           of
           an
           
             Arabick
             Manuscript
          
           in
           the
           Duke
           of
           
             Tuscany's
             Library
          
           ,
           and
           are
           now
           abroad
           .
           This
           
             Manuscript
             Iacob
             Golius
          
           procured
           out
           of
           the
           East
           .
           Besides
           which
           ,
           
             this
             Magnus
             Geometra
          
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           called
           ,
           
             illustrated
             Euclide
          
           by
           his
           Learned
           Commentary
           upon
           him
           .
           But
           Archimedes
           of
           Syracuse
           ,
           was
           a
           Person
           of
           the
           greatest
           renown
           for
           Geometrical
           and
           
             Mechanical
             Performances
          
           ;
           concerning
           which
           ,
           
             Polybius
             ,
             Valerius
             ,
             Plutarch
             ,
             Livy
             ,
          
           and
           others
           ,
           have
           recorded
           prodigious
           things
           .
           This
           great
           Wit
           carried
           Geometry
           from
           general
           and
           
             idle
             Speculation
          
           ,
           to
           the
           use
           and
           benefit
           of
           Mankind
           ;
           whereas
           before
           him
           it
           was
           an
           ancient
           and
           
             perverse
             Opinion
          
           ,
           That
           
             this
             Knowledge
          
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           brought
           down
           to
           
             vulgar
             Service
          
           ,
           but
           kept
           up
           in
           
             abstractive
             Contemplations
          
           :
           upon
           which
           score
           Archytas
           and
           Eudoxus
           ,
           those
           great
           Geometricians
           
           before
           Euclide
           ,
           were
           scared
           from
           the
           Mechanical
           and
           
             Organical
             Methods
          
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           hindrance
           of
           
             beneficial
             Improvements
          
           in
           
             that
             way
          
           .
           But
           the
           excellent
           Syracusian
           understood
           ,
           that
           
             this
             Science
          
           is
           not
           debased
           ,
           but
           promoted
           and
           advanced
           by
           such
           Accommodations
           ;
           and
           evinc'd
           the
           usefulness
           and
           excellency
           of
           Geometry
           ,
           in
           his
           admirable
           Paradox
           proposed
           before
           King
           
             Hieron
             (
             Datis
             viribus
             datum
             pondus
             tollere
          
           )
           [
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ]
           
             This
             Mathematician
          
           flourish'd
           160
           years
           after
           the
           time
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           who
           hath
           the
           name
           of
           the
           most
           ancient
           that
           writ
           in
           Mechanicks
           ,
           though
           that
           Book
           of
           his
           be
           not
           mentioned
           either
           by
           
             Archimedes
             ,
             Athenaeus
             ,
             Hero
          
           ,
           or
           
             Pappus
             ,
             Mechanical
          
           Authors
           ;
           and
           Cardan
           and
           Patricius
           affirm
           
             that
             Work
          
           to
           be
           none
           of
           
           Aristotle's
           :
           Whos
           's
           ever
           it
           was
           ,
           the
           Performance
           hath
           praise
           from
           the
           Learned
           ,
           as
           explaining
           the
           
             general
             Causes
          
           of
           
             Mechanical
             Geometry
          
           .
           But
           Archimedes
           was
           more
           practical
           and
           particular
           :
           And
           though
           Plutarch
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Marcellus
           affirms
           he
           writ
           nothing
           ;
           yet
           the
           contrary
           is
           abundantly
           proved
           by
           
             Gerard
             Vossius
          
           ,
           who
           hath
           shewn
           that
           the
           Books
           extant
           under
           his
           Name
           ,
           that
           contain
           so
           many
           great
           Maxims
           of
           Mechanicks
           ,
           are
           genuine
           ;
           and
           both
           Strabo
           and
           Pappus
           mention
           
           them
           as
           his
           .
           The
           Design
           of
           Archimedes
           ,
           of
           combining
           Mechanism
           and
           
             Geometrick
             Theory
          
           ,
           was
           after
           happily
           promoted
           by
           Hero
           the
           Elder
           of
           Alexandria
           ,
           who
           invented
           those
           
             ingenuous
             Automata
          
           ,
           that
           move
           by
           Air
           and
           Wyres
           ;
           concerning
           which
           he
           writ
           a
           Book
           that
           was
           Translated
           by
           
             Fredericus
             Commandinus
          
           ,
           as
           also
           he
           did
           another
           
             De
             Machinis
             Bellicis
          
           ,
           by
           which
           he
           well
           improved
           
             Geometrick
             Mechanicks
          
           :
           And
           Pappus
           particularly
           celebrates
           his
           exactness
           in
           solving
           the
           
             Deliaick
             Problem
             ,
             De
             Cubo
             duplicando
             ,
          
           acknowledging
           that
           he
           took
           most
           of
           his
           own
           Accounts
           about
           that
           matter
           ,
           from
           
             that
             exquisite
             Man.
          
           Next
           him
           ,
           I
           mention
           Theodosius
           of
           Tripoli
           ,
           who
           very
           much
           improved
           Geometry
           by
           his
           three
           Books
           
             De
             Figur
             a
             Sphaerica
          
           ,
           which
           afforded
           great
           assistance
           to
           
             Ptolomy
             ,
             Pappus
             ,
             Proclus
          
           ,
           and
           Theon
           ,
           in
           their
           
             Mathematical
             Endeavours
             .
             Menelaus
          
           also
           ,
           who
           lived
           in
           
           Trajan's
           time
           ,
           contributed
           very
           much
           to
           the
           perfecting
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           Sphaericks
           ,
           as
           Vitellio
           well
           knew
           ,
           who
           was
           famous
           for
           those
           things
           which
           he
           borrowed
           from
           that
           Author
           .
           The
           Performances
           also
           of
           Ctesibius
           ,
           who
           lived
           in
           the
           time
           of
           
             Ptolomaeus
             Physcon
          
           ,
           are
           much
           celebrated
           by
           Pliny
           .
           He
           invented
           many
           things
           in
           Hydraulicks
           ,
           and
           according
           to
           
           Athenaeus
           ,
           he
           was
           the
           first
           Contriver
           of
           
             Musical
             Organs
          
           .
           These
           were
           Mechanical
           :
           but
           
             Geminus
             Rhodius
          
           the
           Master
           of
           
             Proclus
             Lycius
          
           ,
           applied
           Logick
           to
           Geometry
           ,
           out
           of
           
             particular
             Elements
          
           abstracting
           Vniversals
           .
           He
           demonstrated
           ,
           That
           there
           are
           only
           
             Three
             similar
             Species
          
           of
           all
           Lines
           ,
           viz.
           
             Right
             ,
             Circular
          
           ,
           and
           Cylindrical
           :
           And
           Perseus
           following
           his
           steps
           ,
           enrich'd
           Geometry
           with
           the
           Invention
           of
           
             three
             kinds
          
           of
           
             Crooked
             Lines
          
           ,
           the
           
             Parabole
             ,
             Hyperbole
          
           ,
           and
           Elipsis
           ;
           for
           which
           he
           express'd
           his
           extatick
           joy
           ,
           as
           
             Thales
             ,
             Pythagoras
          
           ,
           and
           Archimedes
           did
           upon
           like
           occasions
           ,
           in
           a
           Sacrifice
           to
           the
           Gods.
           But
           to
           be
           briefer
           ,
           Pappus
           improved
           the
           
             Sphoericks
             ;
             Theon
          
           more
           methodically
           digested
           the
           Elements
           of
           
             Euclide
             ;
             Serenus
             Antinsensis
          
           discover'd
           ,
           that
           the
           Section
           of
           a
           
             right
             Cylindre
          
           ,
           is
           the
           same
           with
           the
           Elipsis
           of
           a
           
             right
             Cone
             ;
             Copernicus
          
           improved
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             Triangles
             ;
             Ramus
             corrected
          
           and
           
             supplied
             Euclide
          
           ,
           where
           his
           Principles
           were
           
             defective
             ;
             Maurolicus
          
           writ
           first
           of
           
             Secant
             Lines
             ;
             Clavius
          
           much
           illustrated
           and
           promoted
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             Tangents
             ,
             Secants
             ,
             Triangles
             ,
             Right
             Lines
             ,
          
           and
           Sphaericks
           ,
           besides
           what
           he
           did
           in
           his
           Comment
           upon
           Euclide
           .
           I
           might
           mention
           with
           These
           ,
           the
           worthy
           Performances
           of
           
             Cusanus
             ,
             Pitiscus
             ,
             
             Snellius
             ,
             Ambrosius
             Rhodius
             ,
             Kepler
             ,
             Franciscus
             à
             Schoten
             ,
          
           and
           others
           ,
           who
           contributed
           very
           eminently
           to
           the
           perfections
           and
           advancements
           of
           Geometry
           ,
           and
           were
           late
           men
           .
        
         
           But
           none
           have
           done
           in
           it
           like
           the
           excellent
           Persons
           whom
           I
           reserve
           for
           my
           last
           mention
           ;
           The
           chief
           are
           
             Vieta
             ,
             Des
             Cartes
          
           ,
           and
           
             Dr.
             Wallis
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           IV.
           Improvements
           in
           Geometry
           by
           Des
           Cartes
           ,
           Vieta
           ,
           and
           Dr.
           Wallis
           .
        
         
           IN
           order
           to
           my
           giving
           an
           account
           of
           some
           of
           their
           Performances
           ,
           I
           must
           premise
           ,
           That
           no
           great
           things
           can
           be
           done
           in
           Geometry
           ,
           without
           the
           
             Analytical
             Method
          
           ;
           And
           though
           some
           Learned
           Men
           conceive
           the
           Ancients
           were
           acquainted
           with
           this
           way
           of
           
             resolving
             Problems
          
           ,
           yet
           their
           skill
           in
           it
           went
           no
           higher
           than
           the
           Quadratick
           Order
           of
           Aequations
           ,
           which
           They
           demonstrated
           by
           Circles
           and
           
             Right
             Lines
          
           ,
           which
           They
           call'd
           
             Loca
             plana
          
           :
           but
           they
           were
           able
           to
           do
           nothing
           in
           the
           
             Cubical
             Aequations
          
           ,
           or
           any
           of
           
           the
           
             Superiour
             Orders
          
           ;
           though
           they
           endeavour'd
           to
           cover
           their
           defects
           in
           this
           Art
           ,
           by
           recourse
           
             ad
             Locos
             Solidos
          
           ,
           (
           viz.
           
             Conick
             Sections
          
           )
           and
           Lineares
           ,
           as
           they
           called
           them
           ,
           such
           as
           the
           
             Helix
             ,
             Conchoeides
          
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           like
           nature
           .
           But
           those
           tortous
           and
           curved
           Lines
           being
           described
           Mechanically
           by
           
             Compound
             Motions
          
           ,
           the
           
             Problems
             resolv'd
          
           by
           them
           are
           performed
           Organically
           by
           the
           hand
           and
           eye
           ,
           not
           Geometrically
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           the
           State
           of
           the
           
             Analytick
             Art
          
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           Learning
           flourish'd
           in
           Greece
           ;
           when
           That
           was
           subdued
           by
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           their
           Learning
           with
           their
           Country
           passed
           to
           the
           Arabians
           ,
           and
           also
           to
           the
           Persians
           ,
           as
           we
           have
           it
           from
           Hottinger
           and
           Bullialdus
           :
           But
           these
           Successors
           of
           the
           Greeks
           did
           not
           advance
           their
           Learning
           beyond
           the
           
             imperfect
             Stature
          
           in
           which
           it
           was
           delivered
           to
           them
           .
           In
           that
           condition
           it
           remained
           till
           Cardan
           and
           Tartaglia
           ,
           who
           made
           some
           small
           addition
           towards
           the
           perfection
           of
           it
           ;
           For
           they
           gave
           some
           Rules
           for
           solving
           
             Cubical
             Aequations
          
           ,
           which
           were
           certain
           in
           some
           cases
           ,
           but
           not
           in
           all
           .
           Their
           Invention
           some
           other
           Mathematical
           men
           endeavoured
           to
           advance
           ,
           laying
           down
           Rules
           for
           solving
           some
           Cubick
           and
           
             Biquadratick
             Aequations
          
           ;
           but
           could
           never
           find
           an
           universal
           way
           ,
           that
           
           might
           reach
           all
           such
           :
           Yea
           indeed
           they
           
             utterly
             despaired
          
           ,
           and
           held
           it
           impossible
           .
           At
           length
           appears
           Vieta
           ,
           who
           by
           inventing
           the
           Method
           of
           
             Extracting
             Roots
          
           in
           the
           most
           
             numerous
             Aequations
          
           ,
           and
           by
           converting
           the
           Signs
           used
           by
           the
           Ancients
           into
           Letters
           ,
           brought
           Algebra
           to
           a
           very
           great
           perfection
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           noted
           above
           ;
           and
           by
           enriching
           the
           
             Analytical
             Art
          
           ,
           by
           the
           Accessions
           of
           his
           
             Exegetice
             Numerosa
          
           ,
           and
           
             Logistice
             Speciosa
          
           ,
           he
           hath
           contributed
           infinite
           helps
           to
           Geometry
           .
           After
           him
           ,
           divers
           other
           Learned
           men
           polisht
           and
           adorned
           his
           Discourses
           ;
           among
           whom
           I
           mention
           chiefly
           our
           Countrymen
           Harriot
           and
           Oughtred
           ,
           who
           altred
           
           Vieta's
           Notes
           to
           advantage
           ,
           and
           invented
           Canons
           to
           direct
           our
           Operations
           in
           the
           Extracting
           of
           Roots
           ,
           both
           in
           pure
           and
           
             adsected
             Aequations
          
           .
        
         
           But
           after
           these
           had
           thus
           improved
           the
           
             Analytick
             Art
          
           ,
           and
           well
           assisted
           Geometry
           by
           it
           ,
           
             Des
             Cartes
          
           appears
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           greatest
           wits
           that
           ever
           the
           Sun
           saw
           ,
           a
           Person
           too
           great
           for
           praise
           ,
           designed
           by
           Heaven
           for
           the
           Instruction
           of
           the
           Learned
           World
           ,
           and
           who
           no
           doubt
           will
           be
           the
           Object
           of
           its
           admiration
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           there
           is
           any
           Learning
           in
           it
           .
           This
           wonderful
           man
           
           in
           a
           
             few
             Pages
          
           ,
           opens
           a
           way
           to
           
             mighty
             Performances
          
           :
           He
           shews
           us
           how
           all
           the
           Problems
           of
           Geometry
           may
           be
           brought
           to
           such
           terms
           ,
           that
           we
           shall
           need
           nothing
           to
           the
           Construction
           and
           Demonstration
           of
           them
           ,
           but
           the
           knowledge
           of
           the
           length
           of
           certain
           
             right
             Lines
          
           ;
           and
           that
           ,
           as
           all
           the
           Operations
           of
           Arithmetick
           are
           performed
           by
           
             Addition
             ,
             Substraction
             ,
             Multiplication
             ,
             Division
             ,
          
           and
           Extraction
           of
           Roots
           (
           which
           is
           a
           species
           of
           Division
           )
           So
           in
           Geometry
           ,
           for
           the
           preparation
           of
           Lines
           that
           they
           may
           be
           known
           ,
           nothing
           needs
           more
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           than
           that
           others
           be
           added
           to
           them
           ,
           or
           substracted
           from
           them
           ;
           or
           if
           the
           Line
           be
           single
           (
           which
           that
           it
           may
           be
           the
           better
           referred
           to
           Numbers
           ,
           may
           be
           called
           Vnity
           )
           and
           beside
           that
           ,
           two
           other
           Lines
           ,
           that
           a
           Fourth
           be
           found
           which
           shall
           have
           the
           same
           proportion
           to
           one
           of
           
             these
             Lines
          
           ,
           that
           the
           other
           hath
           to
           Vnity
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           same
           with
           Multiplication
           ;
           or
           else
           ,
           that
           by
           them
           a
           Fourth
           be
           found
           ,
           which
           may
           have
           the
           same
           proportion
           to
           one
           of
           them
           ,
           which
           Vnity
           hath
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           same
           with
           Division
           ;
           or
           lastly
           ,
           That
           there
           be
           found
           between
           Vnity
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           
             Right
             Line
          
           ,
           two
           or
           more
           
             mean
             Proportionals
          
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           same
           thing
           with
           the
           Extraction
           of
           Quadratick
           and
           
             Cubick
             
             Roots
          
           .
           And
           that
           he
           may
           justifie
           the
           introducing
           of
           
             Terms
             Arithmetical
          
           into
           Geometry
           ,
           he
           observes
           ,
           That
           the
           avoiding
           thereof
           was
           an
           occasion
           of
           much
           perplexity
           and
           obscurity
           in
           the
           Geometry
           of
           the
           Ancients
           ;
           of
           which
           he
           could
           give
           no
           other
           conjecture
           ,
           but
           because
           they
           did
           not
           sufficiently
           understand
           the
           affinity
           and
           cognation
           of
           those
           Sciences
           .
           But
           if
           I
           should
           intend
           an
           
             exact
             History
          
           of
           all
           his
           Performances
           ,
           I
           must
           
             transcribe
             Him
          
           ;
           for
           he
           hath
           said
           so
           much
           in
           little
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           impossible
           to
           abridge
           those
           his
           
             close
             Composures
          
           .
           I
           shall
           therefore
           only
           hint
           some
           principal
           things
           ,
           referring
           you
           to
           his
           Writings
           for
           the
           rest
           .
        
         
           And
           I
           take
           notice
           first
           ,
           That
           he
           hath
           proposed
           an
           
             Vniversal
             Method
          
           for
           the
           Solution
           of
           all
           Problems
           ;
           not
           only
           those
           propounded
           in
           
             Right
             Lines
             ,
             Plains
          
           ,
           and
           Solids
           :
           but
           also
           all
           that
           are
           made
           in
           Angles
           ,
           a
           thing
           of
           most
           general
           Service
           in
           all
           parts
           of
           Mathematicks
           .
           By
           It
           he
           resolves
           the
           
             famous
             Proposition
          
           in
           Pappus
           ,
           which
           was
           too
           hard
           for
           
             Euclide
             ,
             Apollonius
          
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Ancients
           .
           He
           discourses
           the
           nature
           of
           crooked
           Lines
           ,
           and
           shews
           which
           are
           fit
           to
           be
           used
           in
           
             Geometrical
             Demonstrations
          
           ;
           Gives
           Rules
           for
           the
           place
           where
           to
           apply
           our selves
           in
           the
           Demonstration
           of
           any
           Problem
           ;
           
           and
           tells
           us
           ,
           that
           a
           Problem
           after
           it
           is
           brought
           to
           an
           Aequation
           ,
           and
           reduced
           to
           its
           least
           terms
           ,
           and
           the
           
             unknown
             Quantity
          
           is
           Quadratick
           ,
           or
           of
           two
           dimensions
           ,
           that
           then
           it
           may
           be
           demonstrated
           by
           a
           
             Right
             Lines
          
           and
           Circles
           :
           but
           if
           the
           Aequation
           ,
           after
           it
           is
           reduced
           to
           its
           
             least
             Terms
          
           ,
           leave
           the
           unknown
           
             Quantity
             ,
             Cubick
          
           or
           Biquadratick
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           demonstrated
           by
           some
           one
           of
           the
           
             Conick
             Sections
          
           .
           Whereas
           again
           ,
           if
           after
           the
           Aequation
           reduced
           ,
           the
           unknown
           Quantity
           remain
           of
           five
           or
           six
           Dimensions
           ,
           or
           more
           ,
           
             in
             infinitum
          
           ,
           then
           the
           Demonstration
           must
           be
           performed
           by
           Lines
           more
           and
           more
           compound
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           degree
           of
           Composition
           in
           the
           
             unknown
             Quantity
          
           of
           the
           Aequation
           .
           But
           because
           the
           way
           by
           Lines
           is
           perplext
           and
           tedious
           ,
           he
           gives
           Rules
           to
           reduce
           Aequations
           of
           
             many
             Dimensions
          
           ,
           to
           fewer
           .
           He
           shews
           how
           to
           fill
           up
           defects
           ,
           when
           any
           Terms
           are
           wanting
           in
           the
           Aequation
           ;
           how
           to
           convert
           the
           
             false
             Roots
          
           into
           true
           ,
           to
           avoid
           Fractions
           ,
           and
           to
           
             lessen
             Aequations
          
           .
           He
           hath
           demonstrated
           by
           a
           Circle
           and
           Parabole
           the
           famous
           Problems
           so
           much
           agitated
           among
           the
           
             Ancients
             ,
             viz.
          
           the
           Trisection
           of
           an
           Angle
           ,
           and
           the
           
             finding
             two
             mean
             Proportionals
             between
             two
             Lines
             given
             ,
          
           with
           more
           brevity
           and
           expedition
           
           than
           any
           that
           went
           before
           him
           .
           And
           this
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           shall
           suffice
           by
           way
           of
           intimation
           ,
           concerning
           that
           Prince
           of
           Mathematicians
           and
           Philosophers
           .
        
         
           Since
           him
           ,
           others
           have
           improved
           his
           
             Method
             .
             Schotenius
          
           hath
           demonstrated
           the
           
             Loca
             Plana
          
           of
           
             Apollonius
             :
             Hadderius
          
           hath
           added
           Inventions
           of
           use
           and
           
             pleasant
             speculation
          
           in
           his
           Tract
           of
           Reduction
           of
           
             Aequations
             .
             Florimundus
             de
             Beaune
          
           hath
           writ
           ingenious
           and
           profitable
           things
           
             de
             Natura
             &
             Limitibus
             Aequationum
          
           .
           But
           't
           would
           be
           endless
           to
           attempt
           full
           Accounts
           of
           the
           Modern
           Advancements
           of
           this
           Science
           ,
           or
           indeed
           those
           accessions
           of
           growth
           it
           hath
           had
           since
           Vieta
           .
           And
           whoever
           should
           go
           about
           it
           ,
           must
           reckon
           to
           begin
           anew
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           hath
           finish'd
           what
           he
           intended
           ,
           since
           Geometry
           is
           
             improving
             daily
          
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           therefore
           add
           no
           more
           here
           ,
           but
           only
           do
           right
           to
           an
           excellent
           Person
           of
           our
           own
           Nation
           ,
           Dr.
           
             Iohn
             Wallis
          
           ,
           a
           Member
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           to
           whom
           Geometry
           is
           exceedingly
           indebted
           for
           his
           rare
           Discoveries
           in
           that
           Science
           .
           Particularly
           ,
           he
           hath
           propunded
           a
           Method
           for
           the
           measuring
           of
           all
           kind
           of
           
             crooked
             Lines
          
           ,
           which
           is
           highly
           ingenious
           ;
           and
           put
           an
           end
           
           to
           all
           future
           Attempts
           about
           Squaring
           the
           Circle
           ,
           which
           hath
           puzzled
           and
           befooled
           so
           many
           Mathematicians
           ,
           that
           have
           spent
           their
           thoughts
           and
           time
           about
           it
           .
           This
           he
           hath
           brought
           to
           effect
           as
           neer
           as
           it
           can
           be
           done
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           the
           exact
           performance
           by
           
             rational
             Numbers
          
           impossible
           ;
           He
           hath
           proposed
           excellent
           ways
           for
           the
           measuring
           all
           kinds
           of
           Plains
           ,
           and
           all
           multangular
           and
           
             solid
             Bodies
          
           .
           But
           't
           is
           time
           now
           to
           proceed
           to
           the
           consideration
           of
           the
           next
           
             Mathematical
             Science
          
           ,
           viz.
           
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           V.
           The
           late
           Improvements
           of
           Astronomy
           .
        
         
           (
           4.
           )
           ASTRONOMY
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           grandest
           and
           most
           magnifique
           of
           all
           those
           that
           lie
           within
           the
           compass
           of
           
             Natural
             Inquiry
          
           .
           I
           shall
           not
           look
           back
           to
           its
           beginning
           among
           the
           
             Chaldaeans
             ,
             Aegyptians
          
           ,
           and
           
             eldest
             Graecians
          
           ,
           in
           which
           Times
           it
           was
           but
           rude
           and
           imperfect
           ,
           in
           comparison
           to
           its
           
             modern
             Advancements
          
           .
           For
           the
           great
           Men
           among
           the
           Greeks
           are
           taken
           much
           notice
           of
           ,
           
           but
           for
           very
           ordinary
           and
           trite
           things
           in
           this
           Science
           :
           As
           
             Anaximander
             Milesius
          
           ,
           for
           teaching
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Earth
             was
             Globous
             ,
             and
             the
             Centre
             of
             the
             World
             not
             bigger
             than
             the
             Sun
             :
             Anaximines
          
           for
           affirming
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Moon
             shone
             but
             with
             a
             borrowed
             Light
             ;
             That
             the
             Sun
             and
             It
             were
             Eclips'd
             by
             the
             Earths
             interposal
          
           ;
           and
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Stars
             move
             round
             our
             Globe
             :
          
           And
           
             Pythagor
             as
          
           was
           the
           first
           that
           noted
           the
           obliquity
           of
           the
           
             Ecliptick
             .
             This
             Philosopher
          
           indeed
           was
           a
           Person
           of
           a
           vast
           reach
           ,
           and
           said
           things
           in
           Astronomy
           very
           agreeable
           to
           
             late
             Discoveries
          
           :
           But
           the
           
             Disputers
             
               Omniscient
               Aristotle
            
          
           made
           very
           
             odd
             Schemes
          
           ,
           not
           at
           all
           corresponding
           with
           the
           Phaenomena
           of
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           as
           appears
           from
           his
           Hypotheses
           of
           
             Solid
             Orbs
             ,
             Epicycles
             ,
             Excentricks
             ,
             Intelligences
             ,
          
           and
           such
           other
           ill-contrived
           Phancies
           .
           Besides
           which
           ,
           if
           I
           should
           descend
           to
           consider
           his
           now
           palpable
           Mistakes
           about
           the
           nature
           of
           Comets
           ,
           the
           Galaxy
           ,
           the
           
             Sphere
             of
             Fire
          
           under
           the
           Moon
           ,
           and
           numerous
           other
           such
           ,
           I
           should
           oblige
           my self
           to
           a
           large
           ramble
           .
           Wherefore
           to
           be
           as
           close
           as
           may
           be
           in
           these
           Notes
           ,
           I
           observe
           ,
           That
           after
           
             Aristotle
             ,
             Astronomy
          
           was
           cultivated
           and
           improved
           by
           
             Theophrastus
             ,
             Aratus
             ,
             Aristarchus
             Samius
             ,
             Archimedes
             ,
             Geminus
             ,
             Menelaus
             ,
             
             Theon
             ,
             Hipparchus
             ,
             Claudius
             Ptolomaeus
             ,
          
           and
           infinite
           others
           among
           the
           Greeks
           ,
        
         
           Among
           later
           Authors
           ,
           considerable
           things
           have
           been
           done
           in
           this
           way
           by
           both
           Latins
           and
           Arabians
           :
           To
           omit
           the
           latter
           ,
           I
           shall
           give
           you
           some
           
             particular
             Instances
          
           of
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           
             Iohannes
             de
             Sacro
             Bosco
             ingeniously
          
           and
           methodically
           explained
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           
             Sphere
             .
             Thebit
             first
          
           found
           the
           Motion
           of
           
             Trepidation
             .
             Regiomontanus
          
           published
           the
           
             first
             Ephemerides
          
           ,
           and
           did
           excellent
           things
           in
           his
           Theoricks
           of
           the
           
             Planets
             .
             Wernerus
          
           stated
           the
           greatest
           Declination
           of
           the
           
             Sun.
             Albertus
             Pighius
          
           directed
           the
           way
           to
           find
           Aequinoxes
           and
           
             Solstices
             .
             Baersius
          
           framed
           
             perpetual
             Tables
          
           of
           the
           Longitudes
           and
           Latitudes
           of
           the
           
             Planets
             .
             Copernicus
          
           restored
           the
           Hypothesis
           of
           Pythagoras
           and
           Philolaus
           ,
           and
           gave
           far
           more
           neat
           and
           
             consistent
             Accounts
          
           of
           the
           
             Phaenomena
             .
             Ioachimus
          
           made
           Ephemerides
           according
           to
           the
           Copernican
           Doctrine
           .
           Clavius
           invented
           a
           most
           useful
           
             demonstrative
             Astrolabe
          
           ,
           and
           writ
           an
           
             exquisite
             Comment
          
           upon
           
             Sacro
             Bosco
          
           .
        
         
           But
           I
           conclude
           the
           last
           Century
           with
           the
           Noble
           
             Ticho
             Brahe
          
           ,
           who
           performed
           the
           glorious
           Work
           of
           restoring
           the
           
             Fix'd
             Stars
          
           to
           their
           true
           places
           ,
           the
           assignation
           of
           which
           
           before
           him
           ,
           was
           rather
           by
           guess
           ,
           than
           any
           
             competent
             Rules
          
           ;
           and
           the
           mistakes
           here
           ,
           were
           the
           very
           root
           and
           foundation
           of
           most
           Errors
           in
           Astronomy
           .
           For
           which
           reason
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           Copernicus
           left
           that
           
             earnest
             advice
          
           to
           his
           Scholar
           Ioachimus
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           apply
           himself
           to
           the
           restitution
           of
           the
           
             Fix'd
             Stars
          
           ;
           for
           till
           this
           were
           done
           ,
           there
           could
           be
           no
           hopes
           of
           attaining
           to
           the
           
             true
             places
          
           of
           the
           Planets
           ,
           nor
           doing
           any
           thing
           to
           purpose
           in
           the
           whole
           Science
           .
           This
           ingaged
           the
           Noble
           Tycho
           to
           this
           Enterprise
           ,
           and
           he
           made
           it
           the
           Foundation
           of
           all
           the
           rest
           .
           The
           Method
           he
           used
           is
           described
           by
           Gassendus
           .
           By
           the
           help
           of
           this
           noble
           Performance
           he
           reformed
           the
           elder
           
             Astronomical
             Tables
          
           ,
           both
           the
           Ptolomaick
           and
           Copernican
           .
           And
           from
           his
           Observations
           of
           the
           new
           Star
           of
           1572
           ,
           and
           six
           others
           in
           his
           time
           ,
           he
           asserted
           Comets
           into
           their
           place
           among
           
             Heavenly
             Bodies
          
           ,
           shattering
           all
           the
           
             Solid
             Orbs
          
           to
           pieces
           ;
           And
           he
           hath
           done
           it
           with
           such
           
             clear
             conviction
          
           ,
           that
           even
           the
           Iesuits
           ,
           whose
           thraldom
           to
           the
           Church
           of
           Rome
           ,
           deters
           them
           from
           closing
           with
           the
           Motion
           of
           Earth
           ,
           confess
           a
           necessity
           of
           repairing
           to
           some
           other
           Hypothesis
           than
           that
           of
           Ptolomy
           and
           Aristotle
           .
           I
           might
           add
           to
           this
           ,
           That
           this
           generous
           Nobleman
           invented
           
           and
           framed
           such
           excellent
           
             Astronomical
             Instruments
          
           ,
           as
           were
           by
           vast
           odds
           for
           use
           and
           convenience
           far
           beyond
           any
           of
           former
           times
           :
           Himself
           hath
           a
           Treatise
           concerning
           them
           .
           He
           hath
           also
           made
           exquisite
           Tables
           of
           the
           difference
           that
           Refractions
           make
           in
           the
           appearance
           of
           the
           Stars
           ,
           and
           done
           more
           great
           things
           for
           
             Astronomical
             Improvement
          
           ,
           than
           many
           Ages
           that
           were
           before
           him
           ;
           for
           which
           reason
           I
           could
           not
           pardon
           my self
           in
           a
           curt
           mention
           of
           so
           glorious
           an
           Advancer
           of
           this
           Science
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           Age
           after
           him
           ,
           which
           is
           ours
           ,
           hath
           made
           excellent
           use
           of
           his
           Discoveries
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           his
           Elder
           ,
           the
           famed
           Copernicus
           ;
           and
           raised
           Astronomy
           to
           the
           noblest
           height
           and
           perfection
           that
           ever
           yet
           it
           had
           among
           men
           .
           It
           would
           take
           up
           a
           Volume
           to
           describe
           ,
           as
           one
           ought
           ,
           all
           the
           particular
           Discoveries
           :
           But
           my
           Design
           will
           permit
           but
           a
           short
           mention
           .
           Therefore
           briefly
           ,
           I
           begin
           with
           Galilaeo
           ,
           the
           reputed
           Author
           of
           the
           famous
           Telescope
           ;
           but
           indeed
           the
           glory
           of
           the
           
             first
             Invention
          
           of
           that
           excellent
           Tube
           ,
           belongs
           to
           
             Iacobus
             Metius
          
           of
           Amsterdam
           :
           but
           't
           was
           improved
           by
           the
           noble
           Galilaeo
           ,
           and
           he
           first
           applied
           it
           to
           the
           Stars
           ;
           by
           which
           incomparable
           Advantage
           ,
           he
           discovered
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Galaxy
           ,
           the
           21
           
             New
             
             Stars
          
           that
           compose
           the
           Nebulosa
           in
           the
           head
           of
           Orion
           ,
           the
           36
           that
           conspire
           to
           that
           other
           in
           Cancer
           ,
           the
           
             Ansulae
             Saturni
          
           ,
           the
           Asseclae
           of
           Iupiters
           ,
           of
           whose
           Motions
           he
           composed
           an
           Ephemeris
           .
           By
           these
           Lunulae
           't
           is
           thought
           that
           
             Iupiters
             distance
          
           from
           the
           Earth
           may
           be
           determined
           ,
           as
           also
           the
           distance
           of
           Meridians
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           a
           thing
           of
           vast
           use
           ,
           since
           this
           hath
           always
           been
           measured
           by
           
             Lunar
             Eclipses
          
           ,
           that
           happen
           but
           once
           or
           twice
           a
           year
           ;
           whereas
           opportunities
           of
           Calculating
           by
           the
           occultations
           of
           these
           
             new
             Planets
          
           will
           be
           frequent
           ,
           they
           recurring
           about
           480
           times
           in
           the
           year
           .
           Besides
           ,
           to
           hasten
           off
           ,
           Galilaeo
           discovered
           the
           strange
           Phases
           of
           Saturne
           ,
           on
           while
           oblong
           ,
           and
           then
           round
           ;
           the
           increment
           and
           decrement
           of
           Venus
           ,
           like
           the
           Moon
           ;
           the
           Spots
           in
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           its
           Revolution
           upon
           its
           own
           Axis
           ;
           the
           
             Moons
             libration
          
           ,
           collected
           from
           the
           various
           position
           of
           its
           Maculae
           ;
           and
           divers
           other
           wonderful
           and
           useful
           Rarities
           ,
           that
           were
           strangers
           to
           all
           Antiquity
           .
           Shortly
           after
           Galilaeo
           ,
           appears
           
             Christopherus
             Scheiner
          
           ,
           who
           by
           greater
           Telescopes
           viewed
           the
           Sun
           with
           a
           curled
           and
           
             unequal
             Superficies
          
           ,
           and
           in
           or
           near
           the
           Horizon
           of
           an
           
             Elliptical
             figure
          
           .
           He
           found
           also
           ,
           That
           
             that
             supposed
             uniform
          
           Globe
           of
           Light
           ,
           was
           of
           a
           
             different
             
             complexion
          
           in
           its
           several
           parts
           ;
           some
           brighter
           than
           the
           main
           Body
           ,
           as
           the
           Faculae
           ;
           others
           darker
           ,
           as
           the
           Maculae
           .
           He
           made
           more
           than
           2000
           Observations
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           described
           their
           
             Number
             ,
             Magnitude
             ,
             Situation
             ,
             Figure
             ,
          
           and
           Revolutions
           .
           But
           I
           must
           contract
           .
           Kepler
           is
           next
           ,
           who
           first
           proposed
           the
           
             Elliptical
             Hypothesis
          
           ,
           made
           very
           accurate
           and
           
             luciferous
             Observations
          
           about
           the
           Motions
           of
           Mars
           ,
           and
           writ
           an
           Epitome
           of
           the
           
             Copernican
             Astronomy
          
           ,
           in
           the
           clearest
           and
           most
           perspicuous
           Method
           ,
           containing
           the
           Discoveries
           of
           others
           ,
           and
           divers
           considerable
           ones
           of
           his
           own
           ;
           not
           to
           mention
           his
           Ephemerides
           ,
           and
           Book
           about
           Comets
           .
           
             Ant.
             Maria
             Shirlaeus
          
           ,
           with
           a
           new
           Telescope
           of
           a
           larger
           diameter
           than
           ordinary
           ,
           discovered
           five
           other
           Stars
           more
           remote
           from
           Iupiter
           than
           his
           Satellites
           ,
           and
           a
           kind
           of
           
             vapid
             Atmosphere
          
           about
           that
           
             Planet
             .
             Franciscus
             Fontana
          
           observed
           the
           same
           Star
           ,
           with
           nine
           others
           never
           leaving
           it
           more
           than
           ten
           of
           its
           diameters
           ;
           and
           in
           1636.
           and
           1643.
           with
           8.
           
           Anno
           1645.
           with
           5
           ,
           1646.
           with
           7.
           on
           other
           days
           with
           6.
           varying
           their
           distances
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           seen
           about
           Mars
           nor
           Saturn
           ,
           nor
           without
           extending
           the
           Telescope
           more
           than
           was
           fitting
           for
           
             Fix'd
             Stars
          
           .
           These
           Satellites
           are
           observed
           to
           suffer
           
           a
           defection
           of
           their
           Light
           ,
           when
           Iupiter
           interposeth
           between
           them
           and
           the
           Sun
           ;
           whence
           it
           is
           inferr'd
           ,
           That
           they
           have
           their
           Light
           from
           It
           ,
           and
           that
           Iupiter
           hath
           none
           of
           his
           own
           to
           impart
           to
           them
           .
           But
           to
           pass
           on
           lightly
           ,
           Longomontanus
           described
           the
           World
           according
           to
           all
           the
           Hypotheses
           of
           
             Ptolomy
             ,
             Copernicus
          
           ,
           and
           
             Ticho
             Brahe
             .
             Iansonius
             Blaeu
          
           made
           far
           more
           perfect
           and
           exact
           
             Celestial
             Globes
          
           than
           any
           were
           extant
           before
           .
           Gassendus
           writ
           judiciously
           of
           the
           Stars
           about
           Iupiter
           ,
           and
           of
           Mercury
           in
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           gave
           the
           World
           most
           excellent
           
             Astronomical
             Institutions
             .
             Ismael
             Bullialdus
          
           inrich'd
           the
           Science
           with
           a
           new
           Method
           to
           find
           and
           easily
           compute
           the
           Paralaxes
           of
           
             Solar
             Ellipses
             .
             Hevelius
          
           drew
           a
           
             Graphical
             Description
          
           of
           the
           Moon
           in
           all
           its
           Phases
           ,
           as
           it
           appear'd
           in
           the
           Telescope
           ,
           accurately
           delineating
           its
           Spots
           ,
           and
           shewing
           the
           inequality
           and
           
             mountanous
             protuberances
          
           of
           its
           surface
           ,
           which
           lends
           light
           to
           a
           vast
           Theory
           .
           Both
           these
           last
           named
           are
           Fellows
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
           Of
           the
           Selenography
           of
           
             Hevelius
             ,
             Ricciolus
          
           made
           an
           Improvement
           ,
           both
           as
           to
           the
           
             Number
             ,
             Figure
             ,
             Magnitude
             ,
             Site
             ,
             Colour
          
           of
           the
           Maculae
           ,
           and
           the
           
             Eminencies
             ,
             Profundities
          
           ,
           and
           Asperities
           of
           the
           
             Lunar
             Superficies
             .
             Martinus
             Hortensius
          
           
           found
           Mercury
           to
           have
           variety
           of
           Phases
           ,
           like
           the
           Moon
           ;
           as
           ,
           now
           Horned
           ,
           then
           Gibbous
           ,
           and
           at
           other
           times
           Round
           .
           But
           I
           conclude
           this
           Account
           with
           the
           most
           Worthy
           and
           Learned
           Prelate
           Dr.
           
             Seth
             VVard
          
           ,
           now
           Lord
           Bishop
           of
           Sarum
           ,
           who
           among
           his
           other
           excellent
           Performances
           in
           Astronomy
           ,
           hath
           demonstratively
           proved
           the
           
             Elliptical
             Hypothesis
          
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           most
           Plain
           and
           simple
           ,
           and
           performed
           by
           fewer
           Operations
           than
           either
           of
           the
           other
           .
           This
           indeed
           was
           first
           discours'd
           of
           by
           Kepler
           ,
           advanced
           by
           Bullialdus
           ,
           but
           demonstrated
           by
           this
           accomplish'd
           and
           Venerable
           Bishop
           ,
           an
           Honourable
           Member
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VI.
           Improvements
           of
           Opticks
           and
           Geography
           .
        
         
           I
           Come
           next
           (
           5.
           )
           To
           consider
           the
           OPTICKS
           ,
           whose
           Improvements
           are
           of
           great
           importance
           in
           the
           matters
           of
           
             general
             Philosophy
          
           and
           humane
           Life
           ;
           since
           the
           
           ●●formations
           of
           Sense
           are
           the
           ground
           of
           ●oth
           ,
           and
           
             this
             Science
             rectifies
          
           and
           helps
           the
           ●oblest
           of
           them
           .
           Concerning
           it
           ,
           there
           was
           once
           a
           Book
           of
           
           Aristotle's
           extant
           ,
           according
           to
           Laertius
           :
           but
           it
           hath
           submitted
           to
           Time.
           Since
           him
           ,
           this
           Science
           hath
           been
           cultivated
           by
           Euclide
           ,
           and
           the
           celebrated
           Archimedes
           ,
           who
           is
           said
           to
           have
           done
           strange
           things
           by
           it
           ,
           upon
           the
           Ships
           of
           Marcellus
           :
           As
           Proclus
           ,
           who
           improved
           the
           
             Archimedean
             Artifices
          
           ,
           destroyed
           a
           Fleet
           by
           his
           
             Specula
             Vstoria
          
           ,
           that
           besieged
           
             Constantinople
             .
             Ptolomy
          
           of
           Alexandria
           made
           considerable
           Improvements
           of
           Opticks
           ;
           and
           Alhazenus
           the
           Arabian
           ,
           is
           famous
           for
           what
           he
           did
           in
           It.
           From
           
             these
             ,
             Vitellio
          
           drew
           his
           ,
           and
           advanced
           the
           Science
           by
           his
           own
           Wit
           ,
           and
           their
           Helps
           .
           Stevinus
           corrected
           
             Euclide
             ,
             Achazen
          
           ,
           and
           Vitellio
           ,
           in
           some
           
             fundamental
             Propositions
          
           that
           were
           mistakes
           ;
           and
           in
           their
           room
           substituted
           considerable
           Inventions
           of
           his
           own
           .
           
             Roger
             Bacon
          
           our
           fam'd
           Countryman
           ,
           whom
           
             Picus
             Mirandula
          
           calls
           the
           Phoenix
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           and
           Vossius
           ,
           one
           Learned
           to
           a
           miracle
           ,
           writ
           acutely
           of
           Opticks
           .
           He
           was
           accused
           of
           Magick
           to
           
             Pope
             Clement
          
           iv
           .
           and
           thereupon
           imprisoned
           :
           But
           the
           Accusation
           was
           founded
           on
           nothing
           but
           his
           skill
           in
           Mathematicks
           ,
           and
           
           the
           ignorance
           of
           his
           Accusers
           .
           After
           these
           ,
           the
           Dioptricks
           were
           improved
           by
           
             Kepler
             ,
             Gassendus
             ,
             Mersennus
          
           ,
           and
           the
           noble
           and
           incomparable
           
             Des
             Cartes
          
           ,
           who
           hath
           said
           the
           most
           
             clear
             ,
             useful
          
           ,
           and
           improvable
           things
           about
           it
           ,
           that
           ever
           were
           extant
           on
           the
           Subject
           .
           But
           nothing
           hath
           so
           much
           advanc'd
           the
           Science
           ,
           as
           the
           invention
           of
           the
           Telescope
           by
           Metius
           ;
           and
           that
           other
           of
           the
           Microscope
           ,
           concerning
           which
           I
           have
           to
           say
           in
           the
           following
           Instances
           .
           I
           pass
           therefore
           to
           the
           last
           I
           shall
           mention
           in
           the
           Mathematicks
           ,
           which
           is
           ,
        
         
           (
           VI.
           )
           GEOGRAPHY
           .
           In
           this
           the
           Ancients
           were
           exceedingly
           defective
           .
           And
           
             Aristotle
             knew
          
           the
           World
           ,
           by
           the
           same
           figure
           his
           
             Scholar
             conquer'd
          
           it
           .
           'T
           is
           noted
           by
           the
           ingenious
           Varenius
           ,
           that
           the
           most
           general
           and
           necessary
           things
           in
           
             this
             Science
          
           were
           then
           unknown
           ;
           as
           ,
           The
           Habitableness
           of
           the
           
             torrid
             Zone
          
           ;
           The
           flux
           and
           reflux
           of
           the
           Sea
           ;
           The
           diversity
           of
           Winds
           ;
           The
           
             Polar
             propertie
          
           of
           the
           Magnet
           ;
           The
           
             true
             dimension
          
           of
           the
           Earth
           .
           They
           wanted
           Descriptions
           of
           remote
           Countries
           ,
           concerning
           which
           both
           the
           Greeks
           and
           Romans
           had
           very
           
             fabulous
             Relations
          
           .
           They
           knew
           not
           that
           the
           Earth
           was
           encompassed
           by
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           
           might
           be
           
             Sailed
             round
          
           .
           They
           were
           totally
           ignorant
           of
           America
           ,
           and
           both
           the
           North
           and
           South
           parts
           of
           this
           Hemisphere
           ;
           yea
           ,
           and
           understood
           very
           little
           of
           the
           remoter
           places
           of
           their
           own
           
             Asia
             .
             Iapan
          
           ,
           the
           Iava's
           the
           Philippicks
           ,
           and
           Borneo
           ,
           were
           either
           not
           at
           all
           known
           ,
           or
           exceeding
           imperfectly
           of
           old
           :
           But
           all
           these
           are
           familiar
           to
           the
           
             latter
             Times
             .
             Mexico
          
           and
           Peru
           ,
           and
           the
           
             vast
             Regions
          
           of
           those
           
             mighty
             Empires
          
           ,
           with
           the
           many
           Isles
           of
           the
           
             Great
             Sea
          
           are
           disclosed
           .
           The
           
             frozen
             North
          
           ,
           the
           
             torrid
             Line
          
           ,
           and
           formerly
           
             unknown
             South
          
           ,
           are
           visited
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           numerous
           Inhabitants
           found
           not
           to
           be
           so
           inhospitable
           and
           unkind
           to
           men
           ,
           as
           Antiquity
           believed
           .
           The
           Earth
           hath
           been
           rounded
           by
           
             Magellan
             ,
             Drake
          
           ,
           and
           Candish
           .
           The
           great
           Motion
           of
           the
           Sea
           is
           vulgar
           ,
           and
           its
           varieties
           inquiring
           every
           day
           :
           The
           diversities
           of
           
             Winds
             stated
          
           ,
           and
           better
           understood
           :
           The
           Treasure
           of
           hidden
           Vertues
           in
           the
           Loadstone
           ,
           found
           and
           used
           .
           The
           
             Spicy
             Islands
          
           of
           the
           East
           ,
           as
           also
           those
           of
           the
           
             remote
             South
          
           and
           
             North
             ,
             frequented
          
           ,
           and
           the
           knowledge
           of
           that
           People
           and
           those
           Countries
           transmitted
           to
           us
           ,
           with
           their
           Riches
           ;
           The
           most
           distant
           being
           Parts
           Travell'd
           and
           Describ'd
           .
           Our
           Navigation
           is
           far
           greater
           ,
           our
           Commerce
           is
           more
           general
           ,
           
           our
           Charts
           more
           exact
           ,
           our
           Globes
           more
           accurate
           ,
           our
           Travels
           more
           remote
           ,
           our
           Reports
           more
           intelligent
           and
           Sincere
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           our
           Geography
           far
           more
           perfect
           ,
           than
           it
           was
           in
           the
           
             elder
             Times
          
           of
           Polybius
           and
           Possidonius
           ,
           yea
           than
           in
           those
           of
           
             Ptolomy
             ,
             Strabo
          
           ,
           and
           
             Pomponius
             Mela
          
           ,
           who
           lived
           among
           the
           Caesars
           .
           And
           if
           It
           was
           so
           short
           in
           the
           flourishing
           Times
           of
           the
           
             Roman
             Empire
          
           ,
           how
           was
           it
           before
           ,
           in
           the
           days
           of
           Aristotle
           and
           the
           Graecians
           ?
           We
           have
           an
           Instance
           of
           it
           in
           the
           
             Great
             Macedonian
          
           ,
           who
           thought
           the
           bounds
           of
           his
           Conquests
           to
           be
           the
           end
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           when
           there
           were
           Nations
           enough
           beyond
           them
           ,
           to
           have
           eaten
           up
           the
           Conqueror
           ,
           with
           his
           proud
           and
           triumphant
           Armies
           .
           So
           that
           here
           also
           
             Modern
             Improvements
          
           have
           been
           great
           ;
           and
           you
           will
           think
           so
           ,
           if
           you
           compare
           the
           
             Geographical
             Performances
          
           of
           
             Gemma
             Frisius
             ,
             Mercator
             ,
             Ortelius
             ,
             Stevinus
             ,
             Bertius
             ,
          
           and
           
             Guil.
             Blaeu
          
           ,
           with
           the
           best
           Remains
           of
           the
           most
           celebrated
           Geographers
           of
           the
           more
           ancient
           Ages
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           VII
           .
           That
           Useful
           Knowledge
           is
           to
           be
           aided
           by
           Instruments
           .
           Modern
           Instances
           of
           such
           .
           Of
           the
           Telescope
           ,
           Microscope
           ,
           and
           Thermometer
           .
        
         
           THus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           have
           touched
           upon
           some
           of
           the
           Improvements
           of
           the
           ARTS
           that
           search
           into
           the
           recesses
           and
           intrigues
           of
           Nature
           ,
           with
           which
           
             latter
             Ages
          
           have
           assisted
           Philosophical
           Inquiries
           .
           And
           in
           these
           I
           see
           I
           have
           struck
           farther
           than
           I
           was
           aware
           ,
           into
           the
           account
           of
           those
           things
           also
           which
           lead
           us
           to
           the
           
             grosser
             Phaenomena
          
           ;
           and
           my
           Remarques
           about
           Geography
           are
           all
           of
           that
           nature
           .
           However
           I
           shall
           not
           alter
           my
           Method
           ;
           but
           after
           I
           have
           discours'd
           the
           INSTRVMENTS
           I
           mentioned
           for
           Useful
           Knowledge
           ,
           I
           shall
           consider
           somewhat
           of
           
             NATVRAL
             HISTORY
          
           ,
           which
           reports
           the
           Appearances
           ,
           and
           is
           
             fundamentally
             necessary
          
           to
           all
           the
           Designs
           of
           Science
           .
           As
           for
           the
           INSTRVMENTS
           then
           ,
           that
           are
           next
           ,
           before
           I
           come
           to
           give
           you
           
           the
           Notes
           I
           intend
           concerning
           them
           ,
           I
           observe
           ,
           That
        
         
           The
           Philosophy
           that
           must
           signifie
           either
           for
           Light
           or
           Vse
           ,
           must
           not
           be
           the
           work
           of
           the
           Mind
           turned
           in
           upon
           it self
           ,
           and
           only
           conversing
           with
           its
           own
           Idaeas
           ;
           but
           It
           must
           be
           raised
           from
           the
           Observations
           and
           Applications
           of
           Sense
           ,
           and
           take
           its
           Accounts
           from
           Things
           as
           they
           are
           in
           the
           
             sensible
             World.
          
           The
           Illustrious
           Lord
           Bacon
           hath
           noted
           this
           as
           the
           chief
           cause
           of
           the
           unprofitableness
           of
           the
           
             former
             Methods
          
           of
           
             knowledge
             ,
             viz.
          
           That
           they
           were
           but
           the
           Exercises
           of
           the
           Mind
           ,
           making
           Conclusions
           ,
           and
           spinning
           out
           Notions
           from
           its
           own
           
             native
             store
          
           ;
           from
           which
           way
           of
           proceeding
           ,
           nothing
           but
           Dispute
           and
           Air
           could
           be
           expected
           .
           'T
           was
           the
           fault
           that
           Great
           Man
           found
           in
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           That
           they
           flew
           presently
           to
           
             general
             Propositions
          
           ,
           without
           staying
           for
           a
           
             due
             information
          
           from
           Particulars
           ,
           and
           so
           gradually
           advancing
           to
           Axioms
           :
           Whereas
           the
           Knowledge
           from
           which
           any
           thing
           is
           to
           be
           hoped
           ,
           must
           be
           laid
           in
           Sense
           ,
           and
           raised
           not
           only
           from
           some
           few
           of
           its
           ordinary
           Informations
           ;
           but
           Instances
           must
           be
           
             aggregated
             ,
             compared
          
           ,
           and
           critically
           inspected
           ,
           and
           
             examined
             singly
          
           and
           in
           consort
           .
           In
           order
           to
           which
           Performances
           ,
           our
           Senses
           
           must
           be
           aided
           ;
           for
           of
           themselves
           they
           are
           too
           narrow
           for
           the
           vastness
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           too
           short
           for
           
             deep
             Researches
          
           :
           They
           make
           us
           very
           defective
           and
           
             unaccurate
             Reports
          
           ,
           and
           many
           times
           very
           deceitful
           and
           
             fallacious
             ones
          
           .
           I
           say
           therefore
           ,
           they
           must
           be
           assisted
           with
           Instruments
           that
           may
           strengthen
           and
           rectisie
           their
           Operations
           .
           And
           in
           these
           we
           have
           mighty
           advantages
           over
           Aristotle
           and
           the
           Ancients
           ;
           so
           that
           much
           greater
           things
           may
           well
           be
           expected
           from
           
             our
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           than
           could
           ever
           have
           been
           performed
           by
           theirs
           ,
           though
           we
           should
           grant
           them
           all
           the
           superiority
           of
           Wit
           and
           Vnderstanding
           their
           fondest
           Admirers
           would
           ascribe
           to
           those
           Sages
           .
           For
           a
           
             weak
             hand
          
           can
           move
           more
           weight
           by
           the
           help
           of
           
             Springs
             ,
             Wheels
             ,
             Leavers
          
           ,
           and
           other
           
             Mechanick
             Powers
          
           ,
           than
           the
           strongest
           could
           do
           without
           them
           .
           And
           that
           we
           really
           have
           these
           Advantages
           ,
           must
           be
           shewn
           by
           Instance
           :
           I
           mentioned
           Five
           that
           are
           considerable
           to
           that
           purpose
           ,
           which
           I
           took
           notice
           of
           among
           many
           others
           ;
           and
           they
           were
           the
           
             TELESCOPE
             ,
             MICROSCOPE
             ,
             THERMOMETER
             ,
             BAROMETER
             ,
          
           and
           AIR-PVMP
           .
        
         
           (
           I.
           )
           The
           TELESCOPE
           is
           the
           most
           excellent
           Invention
           that
           ever
           was
           ,
           for
           assisting
           the
           Eye
           in
           
             remote
             Discoveries
          
           .
           The
           distance
           
           of
           the
           Heavens
           is
           so
           vast
           ,
           that
           our
           
             unaided
             Senses
          
           can
           give
           us
           but
           extreamly
           imperfect
           Informations
           of
           that
           Upper
           World
           ;
           And
           the
           Speculations
           that
           Antiquity
           hath
           raised
           upon
           them
           ,
           have
           for
           the
           most
           part
           been
           very
           mean
           ,
           and
           very
           false
           :
           But
           these
           excellent
           Glasses
           bring
           the
           Stars
           nearer
           to
           us
           ,
           and
           acquaint
           us
           better
           with
           the
           
             immense
             Territories
          
           of
           Light
           :
           They
           give
           us
           more
           Phaenomena
           ,
           and
           
             truer
             Accounts
          
           ;
           disperse
           the
           shadows
           and
           
             vain
             Images
          
           of
           the
           twilight
           of
           
             naked
             sense
          
           ,
           and
           make
           us
           a
           clearer
           and
           
             larger
             prospect
          
           .
           By
           these
           Advantages
           
             they
             inlarge
          
           our
           Thoughts
           ,
           and
           shew
           us
           a
           more
           
             magnificent
             Representation
          
           of
           the
           Vniverse
           :
           So
           that
           by
           them
           the
           Heavens
           are
           made
           more
           amply
           to
           declare
           the
           
             Glory
             of
             God
          
           ,
           and
           we
           are
           help'd
           to
           nobler
           and
           better-grounded
           Theories
           .
           I
           have
           mentioned
           in
           my
           Account
           of
           the
           Advance
           of
           Astronomy
           ,
           some
           of
           the
           most
           remarkable
           Discoveries
           that
           have
           been
           made
           by
           
             these
             Tubes
          
           ,
           which
           exceedingly
           transcend
           all
           the
           Imaginations
           of
           Elder
           Times
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           further
           improvement
           of
           them
           ,
           other
           things
           may
           be
           disclosed
           as
           much
           beyond
           all
           ours
           .
           And
           the
           
             present
             Philosophers
          
           are
           so
           far
           from
           desiring
           that
           Posterity
           should
           sit
           down
           contented
           with
           their
           Discoveries
           and
           Hypotheses
           ,
           
           that
           they
           are
           continually
           sollicitous
           for
           the
           gaining
           more
           helps
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           shall
           follow
           ,
           for
           a
           further
           progress
           into
           the
           knowledge
           of
           the
           Phaenomena
           ,
           and
           more
           
             certain
             judgments
          
           upon
           them
           .
           So
           that
           these
           Glasses
           are
           exceedingly
           bettered
           since
           their
           Invention
           by
           Metius
           ,
           and
           application
           to
           the
           Heavens
           by
           Galilaeo
           ;
           and
           several
           ingenious
           Members
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           are
           now
           busie
           about
           improving
           them
           to
           a
           greater
           height
           .
           What
           success
           and
           informations
           we
           may
           expect
           from
           the
           Advancements
           of
           this
           Instrument
           ,
           it
           would
           perhaps
           appear
           Romantick
           and
           ridiculous
           to
           say
           ;
           As
           ,
           no
           doubt
           ,
           to
           have
           talk'd
           of
           the
           spots
           in
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           
             vast
             inequalities
          
           in
           the
           surface
           of
           the
           Moon
           ,
           and
           those
           other
           
             Telescopical
             certainties
          
           ,
           before
           the
           Invention
           of
           that
           Glass
           ,
           would
           have
           been
           thought
           phantastick
           and
           absurd
           .
           I
           dare
           not
           therefore
           mention
           our
           
             greatest
             hopes
          
           :
           but
           this
           I
           adventure
           ,
           That
           't
           is
           not
           unlikely
           but
           Posterity
           may
           by
           those
           Tubes
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           brought
           to
           
             higher
             degrees
          
           of
           perfection
           ,
           find
           a
           sure
           way
           to
           determine
           those
           
             mighty
             Questions
             ,
             Whether
             the
             Earth
             move
             ?
          
           or
           ,
           
             the
             Planets
             are
             inhabited
          
           ?
           And
           who
           knoweth
           which
           way
           the
           Conclusions
           may
           fall
           ?
           And
           't
           is
           probable
           enough
           ,
           
           that
           another
           thing
           will
           at
           last
           be
           found
           out
           ,
           in
           which
           this
           lower
           World
           is
           more
           immediately
           concerned
           ,
           by
           
             Telescopical
             Observations
          
           ,
           which
           is
           ,
           the
           most
           desired
           Invention
           of
           Longitudes
           ;
           upon
           which
           must
           needs
           ensue
           yet
           greater
           Improvements
           of
           Navigation
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           the
           Discovery
           of
           the
           North-west
           Passage
           ,
           and
           the
           yet
           
             unknown
             South
          
           .
           Whatever
           may
           be
           thought
           of
           these
           Expectations
           by
           Vulgar
           and
           narrow
           Minds
           ,
           whose
           Theories
           and
           Hopes
           are
           confin'd
           by
           their
           Senses
           ,
           those
           that
           consider
           ,
           that
           
             one
             Experiment
          
           discovered
           to
           us
           the
           vast
           America
           ,
           will
           not
           despair
           .
           But
           't
           is
           time
           to
           pass
           from
           this
           ,
           to
           a
           
             second
             Modern
             Aid
          
           ,
           whereby
           our
           Sight
           is
           assisted
           ,
           which
           is
           ,
        
         
           (
           II.
           )
           The
           MICROSCOPE
           .
           The
           Secrets
           of
           Nature
           are
           not
           in
           the
           
             greater
             Masses
          
           ,
           but
           in
           those
           
             little
             Threds
          
           and
           Springs
           which
           are
           too
           subtile
           for
           the
           grosness
           of
           our
           
             unhelp'd
             Senses
          
           ;
           and
           by
           
             this
             Instrument
          
           our
           eyes
           are
           assisted
           to
           look
           into
           the
           minutes
           and
           subtilties
           of
           things
           ,
           to
           discern
           the
           otherwise
           
             invisible
             Schematisms
          
           and
           Structures
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           have
           an
           advantage
           for
           the
           finding
           out
           of
           
             Original
             Motions
          
           ;
           To
           perceive
           the
           exactness
           and
           curiosity
           of
           Nature
           in
           all
           its
           Composures
           ;
           And
           from
           thence
           take
           
             sensible
             Evidence
          
           of
           the
           
           Art
           and
           Wisdom
           that
           is
           in
           its
           Contrivance
           ;
           To
           disclose
           the
           variety
           of
           
             living
             Creatures
          
           that
           are
           shut
           up
           from
           our
           
             bare
             Senses
          
           ,
           and
           open
           a
           kind
           of
           other
           World
           unto
           us
           ,
           which
           its
           littleness
           kept
           unknown
           .
           
             This
             Instrument
          
           hath
           been
           exceedingly
           improved
           of
           late
           ,
           even
           to
           the
           magnifying
           of
           Objects
           a
           thousand
           times
           ,
           and
           many
           useful
           Theories
           have
           been
           found
           and
           explicated
           by
           the
           notices
           it
           hath
           afforded
           ;
           as
           appears
           by
           the
           Microscopical
           Writings
           of
           those
           ingenious
           Mechanicks
           ,
           Members
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           Dr.
           Power
           and
           Mr.
           Hooke
           .
        
         
           But
           (
           III.
           )
           The
           THERMOMETER
           was
           another
           Instrument
           I
           mentioned
           ,
           which
           discovers
           all
           the
           small
           
             unperceivable
             variations
          
           in
           the
           heat
           or
           coldness
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           exhibits
           many
           rare
           and
           
             luciferous
             Phaenomena
          
           ,
           which
           may
           help
           to
           better
           Informations
           about
           those
           Qualities
           ,
           than
           yet
           we
           have
           any
           .
           And
           as
           to
           this
           ,
           I
           observe
           with
           the
           great
           Verulam
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           Bacon
           the
           Illustrious
           Mr.
           Boyle
           ,
           That
           Heat
           and
           Cold
           are
           the
           right
           and
           left
           hand
           of
           Nature
           .
           The
           former
           is
           the
           great
           Instrument
           of
           most
           of
           her
           Operations
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           hath
           its
           Interest
           .
           And
           yet
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           Aristotle
           hath
           neither
           done
           nor
           as
           much
           as
           attempted
           anything
           toward
           the
           Discovery
           of
           their
           
           Natures
           ;
           but
           contented
           it self
           with
           the
           
             jejune
             ,
             vulgar
          
           ,
           and
           general
           description
           ,
           
             That
             Heat
             is
             a
             Quality
             that
             gathereth
             together
             things
             of
             a
             like
             nature
             ,
             and
             severs
             those
             that
             are
             unlike
          
           ;
           and
           
             Cold
             congregates
             both
          
           .
           But
           now
           if
           we
           will
           know
           any
           thing
           deeply
           in
           the
           business
           of
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           Meteors
           ,
           and
           other
           material
           Affairs
           of
           Nature
           ,
           other
           Accounts
           about
           these
           things
           must
           be
           endeavoured
           ;
           and
           the
           bare
           informations
           of
           our
           Senses
           ,
           are
           not
           exact
           enough
           for
           this
           purpose
           ;
           for
           their
           Reports
           in
           this
           kind
           are
           various
           and
           uncertain
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           temper
           and
           disposition
           of
           our
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           several
           
             unobserved
             accidental
             mutations
          
           that
           happen
           in
           them
           .
           This
           Instrument
           therefore
           hath
           been
           invented
           to
           supply
           their
           defects
           ;
           and
           it
           gives
           far
           more
           constant
           and
           accurate
           ,
           though
           perhaps
           not
           always
           
             infallible
             Relations
          
           :
           but
           the
           justest
           are
           afforded
           by
           the
           
             Sealed
             Thermometer
          
           .
           And
           besides
           the
           Vses
           of
           this
           Instrument
           I
           suggested
           ,
           it
           will
           help
           very
           much
           in
           framing
           the
           History
           of
           Weather
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           applied
           to
           many
           excellent
           purposes
           of
           philosophy
           ,
           and
           services
           of
           Life
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           VIII
           .
           Of
           the
           Barometer
           and
           Air-Pump
           ,
           and
           what
           Advantages
           we
           have
           and
           may
           further
           expect
           from
           these
           Instruments
           .
        
         
           But
           (
           IV.
           )
           The
           BAROMETER
           is
           another
           late
           Instrument
           very
           helpful
           to
           
             Vseful
             Knowledge
          
           .
           That
           there
           is
           gravity
           even
           in
           the
           Air
           it self
           ,
           and
           that
           
             that
             Element
          
           is
           only
           
             comparatively
             light
          
           ,
           is
           now
           made
           evident
           and
           palpable
           by
           Experience
           ,
           though
           Aristotle
           and
           his
           Schools
           held
           a
           different
           Theory
           :
           And
           by
           the
           help
           of
           Quicksilver
           in
           a
           Tube
           ,
           the
           way
           is
           found
           to
           measure
           all
           the
           degrees
           of
           Compression
           in
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           and
           to
           estimate
           exactly
           any
           accession
           of
           weight
           ,
           which
           the
           Air
           receives
           from
           
             Winds
             ,
             Clouds
             ,
             or
             Vapours
             .
          
           To
           have
           said
           in
           Elder
           Times
           ,
           That
           Mankind
           should
           light
           upon
           an
           Invention
           whereby
           those
           Bodies
           might
           be
           weigh'd
           ,
           would
           certainly
           have
           appeared
           very
           wild
           and
           extravagant
           ;
           and
           it
           will
           be
           so
           accounted
           for
           some
           time
           yet
           ,
           till
           men
           
           have
           been
           longer
           and
           are
           better
           acquainted
           with
           
             this
             Instrument
          
           :
           For
           we
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           believe
           it
           should
           have
           
             better
             luck
          
           than
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Circulation
           ,
           the
           Theory
           of
           Antipodes
           ,
           and
           all
           great
           Discoveries
           in
           their
           
             first
             Proposals
          
           .
           'T
           is
           impossible
           to
           perswade
           some
           of
           the
           Indians
           that
           live
           near
           the
           heats
           of
           the
           Line
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           any
           such
           thing
           as
           Ice
           in
           the
           World
           ;
           but
           if
           you
           talk
           to
           them
           of
           Water
           made
           hard
           and
           consistent
           by
           Cold
           ,
           they
           'l
           laugh
           at
           you
           as
           a
           
             notorious
             Romancer
          
           .
           And
           those
           will
           appear
           as
           ridiculous
           among
           the
           most
           of
           us
           ,
           who
           shall
           affirm
           it
           possible
           to
           determine
           any
           thing
           of
           the
           weight
           of
           the
           Wind
           or
           Clouds
           .
           But
           Experience
           turns
           the
           laugh
           upon
           the
           
             confident
             incredulity
          
           of
           the
           Scoffer
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           will
           not
           believe
           ,
           needs
           no
           more
           for
           his
           conviction
           ,
           than
           the
           labour
           of
           a
           Tryal
           .
           Let
           him
           then
           fill
           a
           Tube
           of
           Glass
           of
           some
           Feet
           in
           length
           ,
           with
           Quicksilver
           ;
           and
           having
           sealed
           one
           end
           ,
           let
           him
           stop
           the
           other
           with
           his
           Finger
           ,
           and
           
             immerge
             that
          
           which
           is
           so
           stop'd
           into
           a
           Vessel
           of
           Mercury
           ,
           the
           Tube
           being
           perpendicularly
           erected
           ;
           let
           him
           then
           substract
           his
           Finger
           ,
           and
           he
           will
           perceive
           the
           Quicksilver
           to
           descend
           from
           the
           Tube
           into
           the
           
             subjacent
             Vessel
          
           ,
           till
           it
           comes
           to
           29
           Digits
           or
           thereabouts
           ;
           there
           ,
           after
           some
           Vibrations
           ,
           
           it
           ordinarily
           rests
           .
           The
           reason
           that
           this
           remainder
           of
           the
           Mercury
           doth
           not
           descend
           also
           ,
           is
           ,
           because
           such
           a
           
             Mercurial
             Cylinder
          
           is
           just
           equiponderant
           to
           one
           of
           the
           
             incumbent
             Atmosphere
          
           that
           leans
           upon
           the
           Quicksilver
           in
           the
           Vessel
           ,
           and
           so
           hinders
           a
           
             further
             descent
          
           .
           It
           is
           concluded
           therefore
           ,
           That
           such
           a
           Cylinder
           of
           the
           Air
           as
           presses
           upon
           the
           Mercury
           in
           the
           Vessel
           ,
           is
           of
           
             equal
             weight
          
           to
           about
           29
           Digits
           of
           that
           
             ponderous
             Body
          
           in
           the
           Tube
           .
           Thus
           it
           is
           when
           the
           Air
           is
           in
           its
           
             ordinary
             temper
          
           :
           but
           
             Vapours
             ,
             Winds
          
           ,
           and
           Clouds
           alter
           the
           Standard
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           Quicksilver
           sometimes
           falls
           ,
           sometimes
           rises
           in
           the
           Glass
           ,
           proportionably
           to
           the
           greater
           or
           
             less
             accession
          
           of
           gravity
           and
           compression
           the
           Air
           hath
           received
           from
           any
           of
           those
           alterations
           ;
           and
           the
           Degree
           of
           increase
           beyond
           the
           Standard
           ,
           is
           the
           measure
           of
           the
           
             additional
             gravity
          
           .
           This
           Experiment
           was
           the
           Invention
           of
           Torricellius
           ,
           and
           used
           to
           little
           more
           purpose
           at
           first
           ,
           but
           to
           prove
           a
           Vacuum
           in
           Nature
           ;
           and
           the
           deserted
           part
           of
           the
           Glass
           -
           Tube
           was
           by
           many
           thought
           an
           
             absolute
             void
          
           ,
           which
           I
           believe
           is
           a
           mistake
           :
           But
           it
           hath
           been
           since
           improved
           to
           this
           Design
           of
           weighing
           the
           degrees
           of
           compression
           in
           the
           Air
           ;
           a
           thing
           that
           may
           signifie
           much
           ,
           in
           giving
           us
           to
           understand
           its
           temper
           in
           several
           
           Places
           ,
           on
           Hills
           and
           in
           Caves
           ,
           in
           divers
           Regions
           and
           Climates
           ,
           which
           may
           tend
           to
           the
           disclosing
           many
           excellent
           Theories
           and
           helps
           in
           
             humane
             Life
          
           .
           And
           the
           Air
           is
           so
           Catholick
           a
           Body
           ,
           and
           hath
           so
           great
           an
           influence
           upon
           all
           others
           ,
           and
           upon
           ours
           ,
           that
           the
           advantage
           of
           such
           an
           Instrument
           ,
           for
           the
           better
           acquainting
           us
           with
           its
           nature
           ,
           must
           needs
           be
           very
           considerable
           ,
           and
           a
           good
           Aid
           to
           
             general
             Philosophy
          
           .
           And
           who
           yet
           knows
           how
           far
           ,
           and
           to
           what
           Discoveries
           this
           Invention
           may
           be
           improved
           ?
           The
           World
           a
           long
           time
           only
           
             rudely
             star'd
          
           upon
           the
           Wonders
           of
           the
           Loadstone
           ,
           before
           its
           use
           was
           found
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           Navigation
           ;
           and
           't
           is
           not
           impossible
           ,
           but
           that
           
             future
             Times
          
           may
           derive
           so
           much
           benefit
           one
           way
           or
           other
           from
           
             this
             Invention
          
           ,
           as
           may
           equal
           its
           esteem
           to
           that
           of
           the
           Compass
           .
           The
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           by
           their
           Care
           and
           Endeavours
           in
           the
           using
           this
           Instrument
           ,
           give
           us
           hopes
           ,
           that
           they
           will
           let
           none
           of
           its
           
             useful
             Applications
          
           to
           escape
           us
           .
           And
           I
           know
           not
           whether
           we
           may
           not
           mention
           it
           as
           the
           first
           great
           benefit
           we
           have
           from
           it
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           an
           occasion
           of
           the
           Invention
           of
           Mr.
           
           Boyle's
           famous
           
             Pneumatick
             Engine
          
           :
           And
           this
           is
           the
           other
           Instrument
           I
           noted
           ,
           and
           call'd
        
         
         
           (
           V.
           )
           The
           AIR-PVMP
           ,
           concerning
           the
           usefulness
           of
           which
           ,
           that
           excellent
           Person
           himself
           hath
           given
           the
           best
           Accounts
           ,
           in
           his
           Discourse
           of
           
             Physico-Mechanical
             Experiments
          
           made
           in
           that
           Engine
           ,
           by
           which
           he
           hath
           discovered
           and
           proved
           a
           rare
           and
           
             luciferous
             Theory
             ,
             viz.
          
           the
           
             Elastick
             Power
          
           or
           Spring
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           ,
           hath
           put
           to
           flight
           that
           Odd
           Phancy
           of
           the
           
             Fuga
             Vacui
          
           ,
           and
           shewn
           ,
           that
           the
           
             strange
             Effects
          
           which
           use
           to
           be
           ascribed
           to
           that
           general
           and
           
             obscure
             cause
          
           ,
           do
           arise
           from
           the
           
             native
             self-expansion
          
           of
           the
           Air.
           The
           extent
           of
           which
           
             Elastical
             Expansion
          
           ,
           he
           hath
           found
           divers
           ways
           to
           measure
           by
           his
           Engine
           ,
           which
           also
           discovers
           the
           influence
           the
           Air
           hath
           on
           
             Flame
             ,
             Smoke
          
           ,
           and
           Fire
           ;
           That
           it
           hath
           none
           in
           
             Operations
             Magnetical
          
           ;
           That
           it
           is
           probably
           much
           interspersed
           in
           the
           Pores
           of
           water
           ,
           and
           comprest
           by
           the
           
             incumbent
             Atmosphere
          
           ,
           even
           in
           those
           
             close
             retreats
          
           ;
           What
           operation
           the
           exsuction
           of
           the
           Air
           hath
           on
           other
           Liquors
           ,
           as
           
             Oyl
             ,
             Wine
             ,
             Spirit
          
           of
           
             Vinegar
             ,
             Milk
             ,
             Eggs
             ,
             Spirit
          
           of
           
             Vrine
             ,
             Solution
             of
             Tartar
          
           ,
           and
           
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
          
           ;
           The
           gravity
           and
           expansion
           of
           the
           Air
           under
           Water
           ;
           The
           interest
           the
           Air
           hath
           in
           the
           vibrations
           of
           Pendulums
           ,
           and
           what
           it
           hath
           to
           do
           in
           the
           propagation
           of
           Sounds
           ;
           That
           Fumes
           and
           
           
             Vapours
             ascend
          
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           gravity
           of
           the
           Ambient
           ,
           and
           not
           from
           their
           
             own
             positive
             levity
          
           ;
           The
           nature
           of
           Suction
           ,
           the
           cause
           of
           Filtration
           ,
           and
           the
           rising
           of
           Water
           in
           Siphons
           ;
           The
           nature
           of
           Respiration
           ,
           and
           the
           Lungs
           illustrated
           by
           tryals
           made
           on
           several
           kinds
           of
           Animals
           ,
           and
           the
           interest
           the
           Air
           hath
           in
           the
           Operations
           of
           
             Corrosive
             Liquors
             .
             These
          
           ,
           and
           many
           more
           such
           like
           
             beneficial
             Observations
          
           and
           Discoveries
           ,
           hath
           that
           
             great
             man
          
           made
           by
           the
           help
           of
           his
           
             Pneumatick
             Engine
          
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           no
           doubt
           but
           more
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           greater
           things
           will
           be
           disclosed
           by
           it
           ,
           when
           
             future
             ingenuity
          
           and
           diligence
           hath
           improved
           and
           perfected
           this
           Invention
           .
           (
           For
           what
           great
           thing
           was
           absolute
           and
           perfect
           in
           its
           
             first
             rise
          
           and
           beginning
           ?
           )
           And
           't
           is
           like
           this
           Instrument
           hereafter
           will
           be
           used
           and
           applied
           to
           things
           yet
           unthought
           of
           ,
           for
           the
           advancement
           of
           Knowledge
           and
           conveniences
           of
           Life
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           IX
           .
           The
           Credit
           of
           Optick-Glasses
           vindicated
           ,
           against
           a
           Disputing
           Man
           ,
           who
           is
           afraid
           to
           believe
           his
           Eyes
           against
           Aristotle
           .
        
         
           THus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           have
           performed
           the
           first
           part
           of
           my
           promise
           ,
           by
           shewing
           what
           Advantages
           the
           
             latter
             Ages
          
           ,
           and
           particularly
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           have
           for
           deep
           search
           into
           things
           both
           by
           ARTS
           and
           
             INSTRVMENTS
             newly
             invented
          
           or
           improved
           ,
           above
           those
           enjoy'd
           by
           Aristotle
           and
           the
           Ancients
           .
        
         
           To
           my
           Discourse
           about
           the
           
             Dioptrick
             Tubes
          
           ,
           the
           Telescope
           and
           Microscope
           ,
           the
           
             Reverend
             Disputer
          
           replied
           ,
           [
           
             That
             our
             Glasses
             were
             all
             deceitful
             and
             fallacious
             .
          
           ]
           Which
           Answer
           minds
           me
           of
           the
           
             good
             Woman
          
           ,
           who
           when
           her
           Husband
           urged
           in
           an
           occasion
           of
           difference
           ,
           [
           
             I
             saw
             it
             ,
             and
             shall
             I
             not
             believe
             my
             own
             Eyes
             ?
          
           ]
           Replied
           briskly
           ,
           
             Will
             you
             believe
             your
             own
             Eyes
             ,
             before
             your
             own
             dear
             Wife
             ?
          
           And
           it
           
           seems
           
             this
             Gentleman
          
           thinks
           it
           unreasonable
           we
           should
           
             believe
             ours
          
           ,
           before
           his
           
             own
             dear
             Aristotle
          
           .
        
         
           For
           an
           assurance
           of
           the
           credit
           of
           those
           Glasses
           ,
           I
           told
           him
           he
           might
           try
           them
           upon
           
             objects
             near
          
           ,
           and
           
             easily
             visible
          
           by
           the
           
             unassisted
             sight
          
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           made
           the
           tryal
           ,
           he
           would
           find
           they
           altered
           the
           objects
           in
           nothing
           but
           their
           proportions
           ,
           which
           are
           represented
           larger
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           vision
           in
           things
           small
           and
           remote
           ;
           and
           we
           have
           all
           the
           like
           reasons
           to
           
             distrust
             our
             Eyes
          
           ,
           as
           
             these
             Glasses
          
           (
           for
           their
           informations
           are
           the
           same
           in
           all
           things
           ,
           but
           the
           
             mentioned
             difference
          
           )
           and
           there
           is
           no
           man
           so
           much
           a
           fool
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           make
           allowances
           for
           that
           .
           Never
           was
           any
           yet
           so
           grosly
           deceived
           by
           the
           Microscope
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           perswaded
           that
           a
           Flea
           is
           as
           big
           as
           a
           Lobster
           ;
           nor
           did
           the
           Telescope
           ever
           make
           any
           one
           believe
           that
           the
           Moon
           was
           at
           the
           end
           of
           his
           Tube
           :
           But
           if
           the
           former
           represents
           that
           
             little
             Creature
          
           as
           bristled
           and
           Ja●ar'd
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           makes
           the
           
             Planet
             mountanous
          
           and
           uneven
           ,
           we
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           believe
           but
           that
           their
           reports
           are
           sincere
           ,
           though
           our
           unaided
           Senses
           are
           too
           gross
           to
           perceive
           either
           the
           one
           or
           other
           ;
           since
           ,
           if
           the
           mentioned
           bristles
           and
           ja●ars
           are
           in
           the
           Glass
           ,
           and
           nor
           in
           the
           Animal
           ,
           they
           
           would
           appear
           in
           like
           manner
           in
           all
           the
           small
           Creatures
           which
           in
           the
           same
           light
           and
           position
           are
           look'd
           on
           through
           the
           Microscope
           :
           And
           if
           the
           ruggedness
           of
           surface
           were
           in
           it
           ,
           and
           not
           in
           the
           Moon
           ,
           the
           same
           would
           be
           seen
           upon
           all
           other
           
             distant
             objects
          
           ,
           that
           are
           view'd
           through
           the
           other
           
             Optick
             Instrument
          
           .
           And
           if
           there
           be
           deceit
           in
           those
           Glasses
           ,
           Seamen
           had
           need
           beware
           how
           they
           trust
           them
           ,
           since
           the
           Flags
           which
           appear
           to
           be
           those
           of
           their
           Friends
           in
           the
           Perspective
           ,
           may
           be
           really
           the
           Colours
           of
           their
           Enemies
           .
        
         
           Upon
           these
           accounts
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           which
           afford
           plain
           and
           sensible
           evidence
           ,
           I
           wondered
           much
           at
           the
           
             Disputers
             
               strange
               suspicion
            
             ,
          
           which
           had
           been
           scarce
           pardonable
           in
           a
           vulgar
           head
           ;
           and
           I
           know
           not
           what
           to
           call
           it
           in
           one
           ,
           that
           would
           be
           thought
           a
           Philosopher
           :
           But
           the
           wary
           man
           gave
           a
           reason
           ,
           which
           made
           me
           as
           much
           wonder
           at
           his
           Argument
           ,
           as
           his
           Doubt
           .
           And
           to
           this
           attend
           Ye
           Philosophers
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             COLLEDGE
          
           ,
           and
           prepare
           your selves
           to
           answer
           a
           Demonstration
           from
           Experience
           ,
           against
           your
           Glasses
           ;
           Raise
           your
           Expectations
           for
           a
           
             wonderful
             ,
             convictive
             Experiment
          
           ;
           Let
           the
           
             Mountains
             travel
          
           ,
           and
           the
           Birth
           will
           follow
           .
           [
           
             Take
             two
             Spectacles
          
           (
           saith
           the
           
             Experimental
             
             Sage
             )
             
               use
               them
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               and
               you
               will
               not
               see
               so
               well
               as
               with
               one
               singly
            
          
           .
           ]
           Therefore
           your
           Microscopes
           and
           Telescopes
           are
           impostors
           .
           This
           man
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           is
           a
           Logician
           ,
           and
           no
           doubt
           you
           
             perceive
             so
          
           .
           O
           how
           I
           admire
           this
           
             rare
             faculty
          
           of
           arguing
           !
           How
           dull
           are
           our
           Wits
           ,
           to
           those
           
             subtile
             ,
             Eagle-ey'd
             Schoolmen
          
           ,
           who
           see
           
             Conclusions
             so
             far
          
           off
           ,
           through
           the
           more
           
             unerring
             Telescopes
          
           of
           their
           own
           piercing
           Understandings
           ?
           Did
           ever
           
             old
             man
          
           before
           make
           this
           use
           of
           his
           Spectacles
           ?
           But
           to
           leave
           wondring
           ,
           let
           's
           endeavour
           to
           understand
           this
           Philosophy
           of
           Chue
           .
           How
           a
           man
           may
           see
           by
           Spectacles
           ,
           that
           Perspectives
           are
           deceitful
           .
           [
           
             We
             can
             see
             better
             through
             one
             pair
             ,
             than
             two
          
           ]
           saith
           the
           
             deep
             Philosopher
          
           .
           Most
           sagely
           observ'd
           !
           The
           Argument
           
             begins
             strongly
          
           :
           But
           in
           the
           Name
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           whence
           comes
           the
           Consequence
           ?
           Therefore
           Perspectives
           are
           fallacious
           .
           
             
               One
               Proposition
               for
               Sence
               ,
            
             
               And
               th'
               other
               for
               Convenience
               .
            
          
        
         
           This
           fits
           his
           purpose
           to
           discredit
           
             new
             Discoveries
          
           ,
           't
           is
           no
           matter
           how
           it
           follows
           .
           This
           Gentleman
           ,
           you
           must
           know
           Sir
           ,
           useth
           to
           have
           his
           word
           taken
           among
           his
           
             admiring
             
             Neighbours
          
           ,
           and
           so
           is
           not
           wont
           to
           be
           put
           to
           the
           trouble
           of
           proving
           :
           but
           I
           was
           so
           unmannerly
           as
           to
           expect
           it
           ,
           chusing
           rather
           to
           see
           with
           mine
           own
           Eyes
           ,
           than
           his
           
             infallible
             Spectacles
             .
             We
             can
             see
             better
          
           —
           saith
           the
           Disputer
           .
           How
           doth
           he
           know
           that
           ?
           If
           
             Perspectives
             deceive
          
           us
           ,
           though
           
             naked
             sense
          
           witness
           for
           them
           ,
           Why
           may
           not
           his
           
             single
             Spectacles
          
           be
           as
           deceitful
           as
           
             they
             ?
             These
          
           represent
           things
           bigger
           than
           they
           are
           to
           the
           
             unaided
             sight
          
           ;
           and
           the
           
             Philosophical
             Glasses
          
           do
           but
           the
           
             same
             thing
          
           ,
           in
           a
           
             higher
             degree
          
           of
           magnifying
           the
           Object
           .
           But
           we
           allow
           him
           the
           benefit
           of
           his
           
             single
             Spectacles
          
           ,
           though
           he
           will
           not
           be
           so
           courteous
           to
           our
           Glasses
           ,
           and
           confess
           his
           
             Reverend
             Experiment
          
           of
           the
           use
           of
           two
           ,
           but
           are
           inquisitive
           about
           the
           Consequence
           .
           The
           Reason
           of
           which
           certainly
           
             must
             be
          
           (
           if
           any
           be
           intended
           in
           it
           )
           that
           our
           Telescopes
           and
           Microscopes
           have
           a
           Glass
           at
           each
           end
           ,
           which
           the
           Man
           of
           Sapience
           thinks
           answers
           the
           two
           pair
           of
           Spectacles
           ,
           and
           therfore
           must
           render
           the
           
             Representation
             deceitful
          
           .
           If
           this
           Philosopher
           had
           spared
           some
           of
           those
           thoughts
           to
           the
           profitable
           Doctrine
           of
           Opticks
           ,
           which
           he
           hath
           spent
           upon
           Genus
           and
           Species
           ,
           we
           had
           never
           heard
           of
           this
           Objection
           ,
           which
           is
           as
           much
           a
           reason
           against
           the
           credit
           of
           all
           
           
             perspective
             Glasses
          
           whatsoever
           ,
           as
           the
           Philosophical
           ones
           he
           would
           discredit
           .
           And
           without
           more
           Opticks
           than
           those
           of
           
             natural
             Vnderstanding
          
           ,
           he
           might
           ,
           if
           it
           had
           pleased
           him
           ,
           have
           known
           ,
           that
           we
           
             see
             better
          
           through
           the
           
             two
             Glasses
          
           in
           Perspectives
           ,
           than
           any
           single
           one
           ;
           because
           they
           are
           so
           fashioned
           and
           ordered
           ,
           that
           the
           
             visive
             rays
          
           are
           better
           gathered
           and
           united
           by
           them
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           sight
           :
           But
           in
           the
           
             two
             Spectacles
          
           ,
           the
           case
           is
           contrary
           .
           These
           things
           I
           suggested
           ,
           and
           some
           others
           from
           the
           Dioptricks
           ,
           in
           which
           this
           Sage
           Person
           was
           pleased
           then
           to
           conceal
           his
           knowledge
           ;
           and
           how
           great
           that
           was
           in
           these
           matters
           ,
           will
           appear
           by
           the
           
             Learned
             Problem
          
           he
           proposed
           at
           this
           period
           of
           our
           Discourse
           ,
           
             viz.
             
               [
               Why
               we
               cannot
               see
               with
               two
               pair
               of
               Spectacles
               ,
               better
               than
               with
               one
               singly
               ?
            
          
           For
           ,
           saith
           the
           Man
           of
           
             Axioms
             ,
             
               Vis
               unita
               fortior
            
          
           ?
           ]
           A
           pleasant
           piece
           of
           Philosophy
           this
           ;
           and
           I
           'le
           shew
           the
           Disputer
           how
           strongly
           he
           infers
           from
           his
           Maxim
           ,
           by
           another
           Question
           like
           it
           .
           Why
           cannot
           he
           write
           better
           with
           
             two
             Pens
          
           ,
           than
           with
           
             a
             single
          
           one
           ,
           since
           
             Vis
             unita
             fortior
          
           ?
           When
           he
           hath
           answered
           
             this
             Quaere
          
           ,
           he
           hath
           resolved
           his
           own
           .
           I
           said
           in
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           That
           the
           reason
           he
           gave
           why
           one
           would
           expect
           
           it
           should
           be
           so
           ,
           is
           the
           reason
           why
           't
           is
           not
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           plain
           enough
           to
           sense
           ,
           from
           the
           confusion
           of
           Vision
           ,
           which
           shews
           ,
           that
           the
           rays
           are
           
             not
             united
          
           after
           the
           way
           requisite
           for
           the
           aiding
           the
           sight
           (
           as
           I
           just
           now
           intimated
           )
           and
           how
           that
           should
           be
           ,
           I
           had
           here
           shewn
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           am
           ashamed
           to
           add
           more
           in
           earnest
           about
           a
           
             grave
             foolery
             .
          
           And
           I
           confess
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           account
           these
           personal
           matters
           a
           kind
           of
           Digression
           from
           the
           main
           thing
           I
           intended
           .
           To
           return
           therefore
           to
           my
           Subject
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           X.
           Our
           Advantages
           for
           Knowledge
           ;
           from
           Modern
           Improvements
           of
           Natural
           History
           .
        
         
           HAving
           discourst
           the
           modern
           Help●
           
             vseful
             knowledge
          
           hath
           for
           
             deep
             Research
          
           ,
           I
           am
           next
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           To
           recount
           what
           Aids
           it
           hath
           received
           from
           our
           better
           acquaintance
           with
           the
           Phaenomena
           .
           For
           this
           I
           must
           consider
           
             NATURAL
             HISTORY
          
           more
           particularly
           ,
           
           which
           is
           the
           Repository
           wherein
           these
           are
           lodg'd
           .
           How
           this
           may
           be
           compiled
           in
           the
           best
           order
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           best
           advantage
           ,
           is
           most
           judiciously
           represented
           by
           the
           Immortal
           Lord
           Bacon
           ;
           and
           to
           shew
           how
           highly
           It
           hath
           been
           advanced
           in
           
             modern
             Times
          
           ,
           I
           need
           say
           little
           more
           ,
           than
           to
           amass
           in
           a
           brief
           Recollection
           ,
           some
           of
           the
           Instances
           of
           
             newly-discovered
             Phaenomena
          
           ,
           which
           are
           scatter'd
           under
           the
           Heads
           of
           the
           Arts
           and
           Instruments
           I
           have
           discours'd
           ,
           with
           the
           Addition
           of
           some
           others
           :
           As
           ,
        
         
           In
           the
           
             HEAVENS
             ,
             those
          
           of
           the
           Spots
           and
           
             Dinettick
             motion
          
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           the
           
             mountanous
             protuberances
          
           and
           shadows
           in
           the
           body
           of
           the
           Moon
           ,
           about
           
             nineteen
             Magnitudes
          
           more
           of
           
             Fixed
             Stars
          
           ,
           the
           Lunulae
           of
           Iupiter
           ,
           their
           
             mutual
             Eclipsing
          
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           
             its
             turning
          
           round
           upon
           its
           own
           Axis
           ;
           the
           Ring
           about
           Saturn
           ,
           and
           its
           shadow
           upon
           the
           Body
           of
           
             that
             Star
          
           ;
           the
           Phases
           of
           Venus
           ,
           the
           increment
           and
           decrement
           of
           Light
           among
           the
           Planets
           ,
           the
           appearing
           and
           disaprearing
           of
           
             Fixed
             Stars
          
           ,
           the
           Altitude
           of
           Comets
           ,
           and
           nature
           of
           the
           
             Via
             Lactea
          
           .
           By
           
             these
             Discoveries
          
           ,
           and
           more
           such
           ,
           the
           History
           of
           the
           Heavens
           hath
           been
           rectified
           and
           augmented
           by
           the
           Modern
           Advancers
           of
           Astronomy
           ,
           whom
           in
           their
           place
           I
           have
           
           cited
           .
           In
           the
           
             AIR
             Its
             Spring
          
           ,
           the
           more
           
             ●ccurate
             History
          
           and
           Nature
           of
           Winds
           and
           Meteors
           ,
           and
           the
           
             probable
             height
          
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           have
           been
           added
           by
           the
           
             Lord
             Bacon
          
           ,
           Des
           Cartes
           ,
           Mr.
           Boyle
           ,
           and
           others
           .
           In
           the
           
             EARTH
             ,
             New
             Lands
          
           by
           
             Columbus
             ,
             Magellan
          
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Discoverers
           ;
           and
           in
           these
           ,
           
             new
             Plants
             ,
             new
             Fruits
             ,
             new
             Animals
             ,
             new
             Minerals
             ,
          
           and
           a
           kind
           of
           
             other
             World
          
           of
           Nature
           ,
           from
           which
           this
           is
           supplied
           with
           numerous
           conveniences
           of
           Life
           ,
           and
           many
           thousand
           Families
           of
           our
           own
           
             little
             one
          
           are
           continually
           fed
           and
           maintained
           .
           In
           the
           WATERS
           ,
           the
           
             great
             Motion
          
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           unknown
           in
           elder
           Times
           ,
           and
           the
           particular
           Laws
           of
           flux
           and
           reflux
           in
           many
           places
           ,
           are
           discover'd
           .
           The
           History
           of
           
             BATHES
             augmented
          
           by
           
             Savonarola
             ,
             Baccius
          
           ,
           and
           Blanthellus
           ;
           of
           METALS
           by
           Agricola
           ;
           and
           the
           whole
           
             SVBTERRANEOUS
             WORLD
          
           described
           by
           the
           universally
           Learned
           Kircher
           .
           The
           History
           of
           PLANTS
           much
           improved
           by
           
             Matthiolus
             ,
             Ruellius
             ,
             Bauhinus
          
           ,
           and
           Gerard
           ,
           besides
           the
           late
           Account
           of
           
             English
             Vegitables
          
           publish'd
           by
           Dr.
           Merret
           ,
           a
           worthy
           Member
           of
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
           And
           another
           excellent
           Virtuoso
           of
           the
           same
           
           Assembly
           ,
           Mr.
           
             Iohn
             Evelyn
          
           ,
           hath
           very
           considerably
           advanced
           the
           History
           of
           Fruit
           and
           Forest-Trees
           ,
           by
           his
           Sylva
           and
           Pomona
           ;
           and
           greater
           things
           are
           expected
           from
           his
           Preparations
           for
           
             Elysium
             Britannicum
          
           ,
           a
           noble
           Design
           now
           under
           his
           hands
           :
           And
           certainly
           the
           
             inquisitive
             World
          
           is
           much
           indebted
           to
           this
           generous
           Gentleman
           for
           his
           very
           ingenious
           Performances
           in
           this
           kind
           ,
           as
           also
           for
           those
           others
           of
           
             Sculpture
             ,
             Picture
             ,
             Architecture
          
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           
             practical
             ,
             useful
          
           things
           with
           which
           he
           hath
           inrich'd
           it
           .
           The
           History
           of
           ANIMALS
           hath
           been
           much
           inlarged
           by
           
             Gesner
             ,
             Rondeletius
             ,
             Aldrovandus
          
           ,
           and
           more
           accurately
           inquir'd
           into
           by
           the
           Micrographers
           :
           And
           the
           late
           Travellers
           ,
           who
           have
           given
           us
           Accounts
           of
           those
           remote
           parts
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           that
           have
           been
           less
           known
           to
           these
           ,
           have
           described
           great
           variety
           of
           
             Living
             Creatures
          
           ,
           very
           different
           from
           the
           Animals
           of
           the
           
             nearer
             Regions
          
           ;
           among
           whom
           the
           ingenious
           Author
           of
           the
           History
           of
           the
           Caribbies
           deserves
           to
           be
           mentioned
           as
           an
           Instance
           .
           In
           our
           own
           
             BODIES
             Natural
             History
          
           hath
           found
           a
           rich
           heap
           of
           Materials
           in
           the
           above-mentioned
           Particulars
           of
           the
           
             Venae
             Lacteae
          
           ,
           the
           
             Vasa
             Lymphatica
          
           ,
           the
           Valves
           and
           Sinus
           of
           the
           Veins
           ,
           the
           several
           
             new
             Passages
          
           and
           
           ●landules
           ,
           the
           
             Ductus
             Chyliferus
          
           ,
           the
           Ori●ination
           of
           the
           Nerves
           ,
           the
           Circulation
           of
           ●he
           Blood
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           .
           And
           all
           the
           main
           Heads
           of
           
             Natural
             History
          
           have
           receiv'd
           ●ids
           and
           increase
           from
           the
           famous
           Verulam
           ,
           who
           led
           the
           way
           to
           
             substantial
             Wisdom
          
           ,
           and
           hath
           given
           most
           excellent
           Directions
           for
           the
           Method
           of
           such
           an
           HISTORY
           of
           NATURE
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XI
           .
           The
           Advantages
           of
           late
           Ages
           for
           spreading
           and
           communicating
           Knowledge
           .
           Three
           great
           Instances
           of
           it
           ,
           in
           Printing
           ,
           the
           Compass
           ,
           and
           the
           Royal
           Society
           .
        
         
           THus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           have
           dispatch'd
           the
           
             FIRST
             Part
          
           of
           my
           Method
           proposed
           in
           the
           beginning
           ;
           but
           stand
           yet
           ingaged
           for
           the
           other
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           shew
           ,
        
         
           (
           II.
           )
           That
           the
           later
           Ages
           since
           Aristotle
           have
           had
           great
           advantages
           of
           him
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           Opportunities
           and
           Helps
           for
           the
           spreading
           and
           
             communicating
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           
           and
           thereby
           of
           improving
           and
           enlarging
           it
           And
           methinks
           the
           very
           mention
           of
           Age●
           and
           Aristotle
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           comparison
           in
           this
           case
           ,
           hath
           so
           much
           of
           absurdity
           in
           it
           ,
           tha●
           I
           am
           almost
           ashamed
           to
           proceed
           further
           in
           the
           proof
           of
           such
           a
           Proposition
           as
           this
           ,
           viz.
           
             That
             the
             Advantages
             of
             Mankind
             in
             the
             Succession
             of
             two
             thousand
             years
             ,
             are
             more
             than
             those
             of
             a
             single
             Person
             who
             lived
             but
             sixty
             three
             .
          
           Certainly
           those
           that
           have
           the
           fondness
           to
           think
           the
           contrary
           ,
           have
           a
           Faith
           that
           exceeds
           all
           the
           Extravagancies
           of
           Fiction
           :
           For
           never
           any
           Romance
           was
           so
           
             absurdly
             vain
          
           ,
           as
           to
           feign
           an
           Heroe
           whose
           
             single
             strength
          
           and
           valour
           exceeded
           Armies
           of
           other
           Mortals
           .
           And
           't
           is
           not
           less
           absurd
           to
           suppose
           the
           Wit
           of
           one
           man
           ,
           and
           he
           an
           Idolater
           and
           an
           Heathen
           ,
           to
           transcend
           the
           joynt
           Understandings
           of
           all
           the
           wiser
           World
           ,
           though
           assisted
           by
           
             his
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           the
           Light
           of
           Christianity
           ,
           and
           the
           
             aggregated
             Informations
          
           and
           Endeavours
           of
           many
           
             Learned
             Ages
          
           :
           But
           my
           
             Reverend
             Opposite
          
           had
           this
           belief
           ,
           and
           hath
           thereby
           out-done
           the
           largest
           excesses
           of
           Poetry
           .
           For
           his
           sake
           therefore
           ,
           and
           those
           others
           that
           are
           of
           this
           more
           than
           
             hyperbolical
             Faith
          
           ,
           I
           add
           the
           
             SECOND
             Part
          
           of
           my
           proposed
           Method
           ,
           though
           what
           I
           have
           said
           already
           
           upon
           the
           First
           ,
           is
           ,
           I
           judge
           ,
           more
           than
           sufficient
           for
           that
           purpose
           ;
           And
           yet
           I
           think
           it
           not
           impertinent
           to
           subjoyn
           those
           other
           Considerations
           ,
           both
           because
           they
           will
           further
           discover
           the
           unreasonable
           vanity
           of
           the
           doating
           Spirits
           ,
           that
           oppose
           all
           
             generous
             Endeavours
          
           for
           the
           advance
           and
           improvement
           of
           Knowledge
           ;
           and
           (
           which
           may
           signifie
           more
           )
           will
           excite
           and
           
             encourage
             Hopes
          
           of
           
             Modern
             Attempts
          
           :
           and
           Hope
           is
           the
           fuel
           of
           Activity
           and
           Endeavour
           .
        
         
           I
           descend
           to
           demonstrate
           then
           by
           palpable
           and
           
             undeniable
             Instances
          
           ,
           That
           we
           have
           Advantages
           above
           Aristotle
           ,
           and
           ,
           which
           is
           much
           more
           ,
           above
           all
           elder
           Times
           ,
           for
           
             mutual
             Communications
          
           ,
           and
           impartments
           of
           our
           
             Notices
             ,
             Observations
             ,
             Experiments
          
           ,
           and
           Performances
           for
           the
           increase
           of
           Science
           .
           My
           Instances
           are
           THREE
           ,
           PRINTING
           ,
           the
           COMPASS
           ,
           and
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           FIRST
           ,
           PRINTING
           ,
           It
           was
           ,
           according
           to
           
             Polydore
             Vergil
          
           ,
           the
           Invention
           of
           
             Iohn
             Cuthenberg
          
           of
           Mentz
           in
           Germany
           ,
           though
           others
           give
           the
           honour
           to
           one
           Fust
           of
           the
           same
           City
           ,
           and
           some
           to
           Laurentius
           a
           Burger
           of
           Haerlem
           .
           But
           whoever
           was
           the
           Author
           ,
           this
           is
           agreed
           ,
           That
           this
           excellent
           Art
           was
           
             first
             practiced
          
           about
           
           the
           year
           1440.
           and
           was
           utterly
           
             unknown
             i●
             elder
             Times
          
           ;
           at
           least
           in
           all
           the
           parts
           of
           th●
           World
           that
           are
           on
           this
           side
           the
           Kingdom
           o●
           China
           ,
           which
           they
           say
           had
           it
           more
           early
           but
           it
           signifies
           not
           to
           our
           purpose
           .
           Now
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Ancients
           want
           of
           
             this
             Invention
             ,
             Copies
          
           of
           excellent
           things
           could
           not
           be
           so
           much
           dispersed
           ,
           nor
           so
           well
           preserv'd
           either
           from
           the
           Corruptions
           of
           Tim●●
           or
           Design
           .
           The
           Charge
           of
           Books
           was
           very
           
             great
             ,
             forgeries
             frequent
          
           ,
           and
           
             mistakes
             o●
             Transcribers
             numerous
          
           .
           They
           were
           quickly
           swept
           away
           out
           of
           those
           few
           Libraries
           in
           which
           they
           were
           ,
           by
           Fire
           and
           Violence
           ,
           o●
           spoiled
           by
           Dust
           and
           Rottenness
           .
           And
           in
           th●
           absence
           of
           this
           Art
           ,
           't
           was
           easie
           enough
           fo●
           one
           Aristotle
           to
           destroy
           the
           most
           considerable
           Remains
           of
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           that
           the
           power
           of
           his
           great
           Scholar
           put
           into
           his
           hands
           which
           ,
           't
           is
           credibly
           reported
           of
           him
           ,
           tha●
           he
           did
           ,
           to
           procure
           more
           Fame
           for
           his
           own
           Performances
           :
           as
           also
           to
           conceal
           his
           thefts
           and
           injurious
           dealings
           with
           those
           venerable
           Sages
           ,
           whom
           he
           seems
           to
           take
           a
           great
           delight
           to
           contradict
           and
           expose
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           proved
           .
           But
           now
           ,
           by
           this
           
             excellent
             Invention
          
           ,
           the
           Knowledge
           that
           is
           lodged
           in
           Books
           ,
           is
           put
           beyond
           the
           danger
           of
           such
           
             Corruptions
             ,
             Forgeries
          
           ,
           or
           any
           
             fatal
             
             inconvenience
          
           .
           We
           communicate
           upon
           
           easie
           ●terms
           at
           the
           
             remotest
             distance
             ,
             converse
          
           with
           the
           Wisemen
           that
           went
           before
           us
           ,
           and
           se●●rely
           convey
           down
           our
           Conceptions
           to
           the
           Ages
           that
           shall
           follow
           .
           So
           that
           by
           this
           means
           Knowledge
           is
           advantageously
           spread
           and
           improved
           ;
           especially
           since
           the
           
             Assistance
             modern
             Ingenuity
          
           hath
           brought
           us
           ,
           in
           that
           other
           
             admirable
             Invention
          
           ,
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           The
           COMPASS
           .
           How
           defective
           the
           Art
           of
           
             Navigation
             was
          
           in
           elder
           Times
           ,
           when
           they
           Sailed
           by
           the
           observation
           of
           the
           Stars
           ,
           is
           easie
           to
           be
           imagin'd
           :
           For
           in
           dark
           weather
           ,
           when
           their
           
             Pleiades
             ,
             Helice
          
           ,
           and
           Cynosura
           were
           hidden
           from
           them
           by
           the
           
             intervening
             Clouds
          
           ,
           the
           Mari●ner
           was
           at
           a
           loss
           for
           his
           Guide
           ,
           and
           exposed
           to
           the
           casual
           conduct
           of
           the
           Winds
           and
           Tides
           .
           For
           which
           reason
           the
           Ancients
           seldom
           or
           never
           durst
           venture
           into
           the
           Ocean
           ,
           but
           steer'd
           along
           within
           sight
           of
           the
           safer
           Shore
           .
           So
           that
           the
           Commerce
           and
           Communications
           of
           
             those
             Days
          
           were
           very
           narrow
           ;
           Their
           
             famed
             Travels
          
           in
           comparison
           were
           but
           domestick
           ;
           and
           a
           
             whole
             World
          
           was
           to
           them
           unknown
           .
           But
           it
           hath
           been
           the
           happy
           priviledge
           of
           later
           Days
           to
           find
           the
           way
           to
           apply
           the
           
             wonderful
             Vertues
          
           of
           the
           Loadstone
           to
           Navigation
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           direction
           of
           the
           
           Compass
           we
           securely
           commit
           our selves
           t●
           the
           
             immense
             Ocean
          
           ,
           and
           find
           our
           path
           i●
           the
           
             vastest
             Wilderness
          
           of
           Waters
           .
           So
           tha●
           Commerce
           and
           Traffique
           is
           infinitely
           improved
           ,
           the
           other
           half
           of
           the
           Globe
           disclosed
           and
           that
           on
           this
           side
           the
           
             great
             Sea
             better
          
           understood
           .
           The
           
             Religions
             ,
             Laws
             ,
             Customs
          
           and
           all
           the
           Rarities
           and
           Varieties
           of
           Art
           and
           Nature
           ,
           which
           any
           the
           most
           distant
           Clim●
           knows
           and
           enjoys
           ,
           are
           
             laid
             open
          
           and
           made
           common
           ;
           and
           thereby
           the
           History
           of
           Nature
           is
           wonderfully
           inlarged
           ,
           and
           knowledge
           is
           both
           propagated
           and
           improved
           .
        
         
           Who
           it
           was
           that
           first
           discovered
           this
           excellent
           Mystery
           ,
           is
           not
           certainly
           known
           ●
           But
           one
           
             Flavius
             Goia
          
           of
           Amalphis
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Naples
           ,
           is
           said
           to
           be
           the
           Author
           ;
           and
           to
           have
           found
           this
           incomparable
           Rarity
           about
           300
           years
           ago
           .
           'T
           is
           pity
           that
           one
           of
           the
           
             greatest
             Benefactors
          
           to
           mankind
           that
           ever
           was
           ,
           should
           lie
           hid
           in
           so
           neglected
           an
           obscurity
           ;
           when
           the
           great
           Troublers
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           who
           have
           vex'd
           it
           by
           the
           Wars
           of
           the
           Hand
           and
           of
           the
           Brain
           ,
           have
           so
           dear
           and
           so
           precious
           a
           Memory
           .
           For
           my
           part
           I
           think
           there
           is
           more
           acknowledgment
           due
           to
           the
           name
           of
           this
           obscure
           Fellow
           ,
           that
           hath
           scarce
           any
           left
           ,
           than
           to
           a
           thousand
           Alexanders
           and
           Caesars
           ,
           or
           to
           ten
           times
           
           the
           number
           of
           Aristotles
           .
           And
           he
           really
           
             did
             more
          
           for
           the
           increase
           of
           Knowledge
           ,
           and
           advantage
           of
           the
           World
           by
           this
           one
           Experiment
           ,
           than
           the
           numerous
           
             subtile
             Disputers
          
           that
           have
           lived
           ever
           since
           the
           erection
           of
           the
           School
           of
           talking
           .
        
         
           And
           methinks
           it
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           for
           me
           here
           to
           take
           notice
           of
           that
           other
           great
           
             German
             Invention
          
           ,
           that
           useth
           to
           be
           mentioned
           in
           the
           Company
           ,
           
             viz.
             That
             of
             GVNPOWDER
          
           and
           ARTILLERY
           ,
           which
           hath
           done
           its
           Service
           also
           for
           the
           help
           and
           propagation
           of
           Knowledge
           ,
           as
           you
           will
           perceive
           ,
           when
           you
           shall
           consider
           ;
           that
           by
           the
           assistance
           of
           these
           
             terrible
             Engins
          
           of
           Death
           ,
           the
           great
           
             Western
             Indies
          
           were
           presently
           subdued
           ,
           which
           likely
           had
           not
           been
           so
           easily
           effected
           by
           the
           ancient
           and
           
             ordinary
             Methods
          
           of
           War.
           'T
           was
           this
           Thunder
           and
           Lightning
           ,
           and
           the
           
             invisible
             Instruments
          
           of
           Ruine
           ,
           that
           destroyed
           the
           Courage
           of
           those
           numerous
           and
           
             hardy
             People
          
           ,
           took
           away
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           
             strongest
             Resisters
          
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           an
           
             easie
             prey
          
           to
           the
           
             Conquering
             Invaders
          
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           by
           the
           gaining
           that
           mighty
           Continent
           ,
           and
           the
           numerous
           
             fruitful
             Isles
          
           beyond
           the
           Atlantick
           ,
           we
           have
           obtained
           a
           larger
           Field
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           have
           thereby
           
           an
           advantage
           for
           
             more
             Phaenomena
          
           ,
           and
           
             more
             helps
          
           both
           for
           Knowledge
           and
           for
           Life
           ,
           which
           't
           is
           very
           like
           that
           
             future
             Ages
          
           will
           make
           better
           use
           of
           to
           such
           purposes
           ,
           than
           those
           hitherto
           have
           done
           ;
           and
           that
           Science
           also
           may
           at
           last
           travel
           into
           those
           parts
           ,
           and
           inrich
           Peru
           with
           a
           more
           
             precious
             Treasure
          
           than
           that
           of
           its
           golden
           Mines
           ,
           is
           not
           improbable
           .
           And
           so
           these
           Engines
           of
           Destruction
           ,
           in
           a
           sense
           too
           are
           Instruments
           of
           Knowledge
           .
           Of
           the
           
             first
             Author
          
           of
           
             this
             Experiment
          
           we
           know
           no
           more
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           was
           a
           
             German
             Monke
          
           ,
           who
           lighted
           on
           it
           chance
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           making
           some
           
             Chymical
             Tryals
          
           with
           Nitre
           ,
           near
           about
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Invention
           of
           the
           Compass
           ;
           but
           his
           Name
           and
           other
           Circumstances
           are
           lost
           .
        
         
           Now
           whoever
           considers
           ,
           with
           the
           Noble
           Verulam
           ,
           how
           much
           the
           state
           of
           things
           in
           the
           World
           hath
           been
           altered
           and
           advanced
           by
           these
           
             THREE
             EXPERIMENTS
          
           alone
           ,
           will
           conceive
           great
           hopes
           of
           Modern
           
             Experimental
             Attempts
          
           ,
           from
           which
           greater
           matters
           may
           be
           looked
           for
           ,
           than
           those
           which
           were
           the
           Inventions
           of
           
             single
             Endeavourers
          
           ,
           or
           the
           results
           of
           Chance
           .
        
         
           And
           of
           all
           the
           Combinations
           of
           Men
           that
           ever
           met
           for
           the
           Improvement
           of
           Science
           ,
           therewere
           never
           any
           whose
           Designes
           were
           
           
             ●etter
             laid
          
           ,
           whose
           Encouragements
           were
           greater
           ,
           whose
           Abilities
           were
           more
           promising
           ,
           or
           whose
           Constitution
           was
           more
           judiciously
           or
           advantageously
           formed
           ,
           than
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XII
           .
           Of
           the
           ROYAL
           SOCIETY
           .
           The
           Reasons
           of
           the
           Institution
           ,
           and
           their
           Designs
           .
           An
           Answer
           to
           the
           Question
           ,
           What
           have
           they
           done
           ?
        
         
           THis
           Noble
           Institution
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           was
           the
           
             THIRD
             Advantage
          
           I
           mentioned
           ,
           that
           the
           
             Modern
             World
          
           hath
           for
           the
           Communication
           and
           Increase
           of
           Knowledge
           .
           And
           just
           as
           I
           am
           come
           to
           
             this
             Particular
          
           of
           my
           Method
           ,
           I
           find
           I
           am
           happily
           prevented
           ,
           and
           see
           I
           need
           not
           say
           much
           about
           it
           ;
           For
           their
           HISTORY
           ,
           that
           is
           newly
           come
           abroad
           ,
           gives
           
             so
             full
          
           and
           
             so
             accurate
          
           an
           Account
           of
           them
           and
           their
           Designs
           ,
           that
           perhaps
           it
           may
           be
           superfluous
           to
           do
           more
           in
           This
           ,
           than
           to
           recommend
           that
           
             excellent
             
             Discourse
          
           to
           your
           perusal
           ,
           which
           I
           do
           with
           some
           more
           than
           ordinary
           zeal
           and
           concernment
           ,
           both
           because
           the
           Subject
           is
           one
           of
           the
           most
           weighty
           and
           considerable
           that
           ever
           afforded
           matter
           to
           a
           Philosophical
           Pen
           ,
           and
           because
           it
           is
           writ
           in
           a
           way
           of
           so
           judicious
           a
           gravity
           ,
           and
           so
           prudent
           and
           modest
           an
           expression
           ,
           with
           so
           much
           clearness
           of
           sense
           ,
           and
           such
           a
           
             natural
             fluency
          
           of
           
             genuine
             eloquence
          
           :
           so
           that
           I
           know
           it
           will
           both
           profit
           and
           entertain
           you
           .
           And
           I
           say
           further
           ,
           that
           you
           may
           remember
           to
           do
           your self
           this
           right
           ,
           That
           the
           Style
           of
           that
           Book
           hath
           all
           the
           properties
           that
           can
           recommend
           any
           thing
           to
           an
           
             ingenious
             relish
          
           :
           For
           't
           is
           manly
           ,
           and
           yet
           
             plain
             ;
             natural
          
           ,
           and
           yet
           not
           careless
           :
           The
           Epithets
           are
           genuine
           ,
           the
           
             Words
             proper
          
           and
           familiar
           ,
           the
           
             Periods
             smooth
          
           and
           of
           middle
           proportion
           :
           It
           is
           not
           broken
           with
           ends
           of
           Latin
           ,
           nor
           
             impertinent
             Quotations
          
           ;
           nor
           made
           harsh
           by
           hard
           words
           ,
           or
           
             needless
             terms
          
           of
           Art
           :
           Not
           rendred
           intricate
           by
           long
           Parentheses
           ,
           nor
           gaudy
           by
           
             flanting
             Metaphors
          
           ;
           not
           tedious
           by
           
             wide
             fetches
          
           and
           circumferences
           of
           Speech
           ,
           nor
           dark
           by
           too
           much
           curtness
           of
           Expression
           :
           'T
           is
           not
           loose
           and
           
             unjointed
             ,
             rugged
          
           and
           uneven
           ;
           but
           as
           polite
           and
           as
           fast
           as
           Marble
           ;
           and
           briefly
           ,
           avoids
           all
           the
           
             notorious
             defects
          
           ,
           and
           wants
           none
           of
           
           the
           
             proper
             ornaments
          
           of
           Language
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           proper
           ;
           for
           Styles
           are
           Cloathes
           that
           must
           be
           fitted
           to
           the
           Subjects
           they
           are
           upon
           ,
           and
           altered
           according
           to
           the
           
             different
             kinds
          
           of
           things
           they
           describe
           and
           express
           .
        
         
           Thus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           you
           see
           I
           am
           not
           infected
           with
           that
           base
           Envy
           ,
           that
           always
           speaks
           detractingly
           or
           sparingly
           of
           the
           most
           worthy
           Performances
           of
           Contemporaries
           .
           And
           because
           of
           this
           general
           ill
           nature
           in
           Mankind
           ,
           few
           men
           can
           bear
           large
           commendations
           of
           others
           ,
           though
           they
           are
           never
           so
           just
           ;
           but
           will
           endeavour
           to
           find
           all
           the
           faults
           that
           malicious
           Wit
           can
           suggest
           ,
           against
           any
           thing
           which
           hath
           a
           great
           character
           of
           worth
           upon
           it
           ,
           especially
           if
           it
           be
           of
           
             modern
             date
          
           ;
           a
           baseness
           which
           no
           doubt
           hath
           been
           a
           great
           discouragement
           to
           many
           noble
           Designs
           and
           Endeavours
           .
           For
           my
           part
           ,
           I
           thank
           God
           ,
           I
           am
           inclined
           by
           my
           
             particular
             complexion
          
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           by
           my
           Reason
           ,
           to
           take
           as
           much
           pleasure
           to
           do
           right
           to
           the
           deserts
           of
           excellent
           Things
           and
           Persons
           ,
           as
           some
           are
           to
           malign
           and
           defame
           them
           ;
           and
           in
           what
           I
           have
           said
           on
           this
           occasion
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           only
           gratified
           that
           humour
           ,
           but
           I
           hope
           done
           you
           a
           kindness
           ,
           by
           disposing
           you
           to
           a
           careful
           reading
           of
           what
           I
           have
           so
           earnestly
           recommended
           :
           And
           in
           that
           you
           will
           see
           
           what
           were
           the
           Reasons
           of
           forming
           such
           a
           Combination
           as
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           what
           is
           the
           Nature
           of
           that
           Constitution
           ,
           what
           are
           their
           Designs
           ,
           and
           
             what
             they
             have
             done
          
           .
           You
           'l
           find
           there
           a
           Collection
           of
           some
           (
           among
           numerous
           others
           that
           are
           in
           their
           Repository
           )
           of
           the
           
             Experiments
             ,
             Observations
          
           ,
           and
           Instruments
           which
           they
           have
           invented
           and
           advanced
           for
           the
           Improvement
           of
           
             real
             ,
             useful
          
           Knowledge
           ,
           and
           a
           full
           vindication
           of
           the
           Design
           ,
           from
           the
           
             dark
             suspicions
          
           and
           objections
           of
           jealousie
           and
           ignorance
           .
        
         
           BUT
           that
           I
           may
           not
           wholly
           refer
           you
           ,
           which
           may
           look
           lik
           a
           put-off
           ,
           I
           'le
           here
           offer
           you
           something
           for
           a
           present
           stay
           to
           your
           Appetite
           ,
           concerning
           this
           Establishment
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           an
           Advantage
           for
           the
           communication
           and
           increase
           of
           Science
           .
           I
           say
           then
           ,
           That
           it
           was
           observed
           by
           the
           excellent
           Lord
           Bacon
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           
             ingenious
             Moderns
          
           ,
           That
           Philosophy
           ,
           which
           should
           be
           an
           Instrument
           to
           work
           with
           ,
           to
           find
           out
           those
           Aids
           that
           Providence
           hath
           laid
           up
           in
           nature
           to
           help
           us
           against
           the
           inconveniences
           of
           this
           State
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           such
           applications
           of
           things
           as
           may
           tend
           to
           
             universal
             benefit
          
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           They
           took
           notice
           ,
           that
           instead
           of
           such
           a
           Philosophy
           as
           
             this
             ,
             That
          
           which
           had
           usurp'd
           the
           Name
           ,
           and
           
           obtained
           in
           the
           Schools
           ,
           was
           but
           a
           combination
           of
           
             general
             Theortes
          
           and
           Notions
           ,
           that
           were
           concluded
           rashly
           ,
           without
           
             due
             information
          
           from
           particulars
           ,
           and
           spun
           out
           into
           unprofitable
           niceties
           ,
           that
           tend
           to
           nothing
           but
           Dispute
           and
           Talk
           ,
           and
           were
           never
           like
           to
           advance
           any
           Works
           for
           the
           benefit
           and
           use
           of
           men
           .
        
         
           This
           being
           consider'd
           ,
           the
           deep
           and
           
             judicious
             Verulam
          
           made
           the
           complaint
           ,
           represented
           the
           defects
           and
           unprofitableness
           of
           the
           Notional
           way
           ,
           proposed
           another
           to
           reform
           and
           inlarge
           Knowledge
           by
           Observation
           and
           Experiment
           ,
           to
           examine
           and
           
             record
             Particulars
          
           ,
           and
           so
           to
           rise
           by
           degrees
           of
           Induction
           to
           
             general
             Propositions
          
           ,
           and
           from
           them
           to
           take
           direction
           for
           
             new
             Inquiries
          
           ,
           and
           
             more
             Discoveries
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Axioms
           ;
           that
           our
           Notions
           may
           have
           a
           Foundation
           upon
           which
           a
           
             solid
             Philosophy
          
           may
           be
           built
           ,
           that
           may
           be
           
             firm
             ,
             tite
          
           ,
           and
           close
           knit
           ,
           and
           suted
           to
           the
           Phaenomena
           of
           things
           :
           So
           that
           Nature
           being
           known
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           
             master'd
             ,
             managed
          
           ,
           and
           used
           in
           the
           Services
           of
           humane
           Life
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           a
           
             mighty
             Design
             ,
             groundedly
             laid
             ,
             wisely
             exprest
             ,
          
           and
           
             happily
             recommended
          
           by
           the
           
             Glorious
             Author
          
           ,
           who
           
             began
             nobly
          
           ,
           and
           directed
           with
           an
           
             incomparable
             conduct
          
           
           of
           Wit
           and
           Iudgment
           :
           But
           to
           the
           carrying
           it
           on
           ,
           It
           was
           necessary
           there
           should
           be
           many
           Heads
           and
           many
           Hands
           ,
           and
           Those
           formed
           into
           an
           Assembly
           ,
           that
           might
           intercommunicate
           their
           Tryals
           and
           Observations
           ,
           that
           might
           joyntly
           work
           ,
           and
           joyntly
           consider
           ;
           that
           so
           the
           improvable
           and
           
             luciferous
             Phaenomena
          
           ,
           that
           lie
           scatter'd
           up
           and
           down
           in
           the
           
             vast
             Champaign
          
           of
           Nature
           ,
           might
           be
           aggregated
           and
           brought
           into
           a
           common
           store
           .
           This
           the
           Great
           Man
           desired
           ,
           and
           form'd
           a
           SOCIETY
           of
           Experimenters
           in
           a
           
             Romantick
             Model
          
           ,
           but
           could
           do
           no
           more
           ;
           His
           time
           was
           not
           ripe
           for
           such
           Performances
           .
        
         
           These
           things
           therefore
           were
           consider'd
           also
           by
           the
           later
           Virtuosi
           ,
           who
           several
           of
           them
           combined
           together
           ,
           and
           set
           themselves
           on
           work
           upon
           this
           grand
           Design
           ;
           in
           which
           they
           have
           been
           so
           happy
           ,
           as
           to
           obtain
           the
           
             Royal
             Countenance
          
           and
           Establishment
           ,
           to
           gather
           a
           great
           Body
           of
           generous
           Persons
           of
           all
           Qualities
           and
           sorts
           of
           Learning
           ,
           to
           overcome
           the
           difficulties
           of
           the
           Institution
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           a
           very
           encouraging
           and
           hopeful
           progress
           in
           their
           pursuits
           .
           For
           the
           account
           of
           which
           particulars
           ,
           I
           refer
           you
           to
           the
           History
           ,
           and
           only
           take
           notice
           ,
           How
           ignorantly
           those
           rash
           and
           inconsiderate
           people
           
           talk
           ,
           who
           speak
           of
           this
           Assembly
           as
           a
           company
           of
           men
           whose
           only
           aim
           is
           to
           set
           up
           some
           
             new
             Theories
          
           and
           Notions
           in
           Philosophy
           ;
           whereas
           indeed
           ,
           Their
           first
           and
           chief
           Imployment
           is
           ,
           carefully
           to
           seek
           and
           faithfully
           to
           report
           how
           things
           are
           
             de
             facto
          
           ;
           and
           They
           continually
           declare
           against
           the
           establishment
           of
           Theories
           ,
           and
           
             Speculative
             Doctrines
          
           ,
           which
           they
           note
           as
           one
           of
           the
           most
           considerable
           miscarriages
           in
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           the
           Schools
           :
           And
           their
           business
           is
           not
           to
           Dispute
           ,
           but
           Work.
           So
           that
           those
           others
           also
           that
           look
           on
           them
           as
           pursuing
           
             phancyful
             Designs
          
           ,
           are
           as
           wide
           and
           unjust
           in
           their
           ill-contriv'd
           Censure
           :
           Since
           Their
           Aims
           are
           to
           free
           Philosophy
           from
           the
           vain
           Images
           and
           Compositions
           of
           Phansie
           ,
           by
           making
           it
           palpable
           ,
           and
           bringing
           it
           down
           to
           the
           
             plain
             objects
          
           of
           the
           Senses
           ;
           For
           those
           are
           the
           Faculties
           which
           they
           employ
           and
           appeal
           to
           ,
           and
           complain
           that
           Knowledge
           hath
           too
           long
           hover'd
           in
           the
           clouds
           of
           Imagination
           .
           So
           that
           methinks
           this
           
             ignorant
             Reproach
          
           is
           ,
           as
           if
           those
           that
           doated
           on
           the
           Tales
           of
           the
           
             Fabulous
             Age
          
           ,
           should
           clamour
           against
           Herodotus
           and
           Thucydides
           as
           idle
           Romancers
           .
           For
           the
           main
           intendment
           of
           this
           Society
           is
           to
           erect
           a
           well-grounded
           
             Natural
             History
          
           ,
           which
           takes
           off
           the
           heats
           of
           
             wanton
             Phansie
          
           ,
           
           hinders
           its
           
             extravagant
             excursions
          
           ,
           and
           ties
           it
           down
           to
           
             sober
             Realities
          
           .
        
         
           But
           this
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           only
           touch
           
             en
             passant
          
           ;
           and
           though
           I
           am
           not
           close
           upon
           the
           main
           thing
           I
           intend
           ,
           yet
           I
           cannot
           forbear
           taking
           notice
           of
           an
           
             insulting
             Objection
          
           that
           we
           hear
           frequently
           in
           this
           
             Question
             ,
             
               What
               have
               they
               Done
            
          
           ?
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           could
           answer
           in
           short
           (
           as
           I
           have
           once
           already
           suggested
           )
           more
           than
           all
           the
           Philosophers
           of
           the
           
             Notional
             way
          
           ,
           since
           Aristotle
           opened
           his
           Shop
           in
           Greece
           .
           Which
           Saying
           may
           perhaps
           look
           to
           some
           like
           a
           fond
           and
           bold
           Sentence
           :
           but
           whoever
           compares
           the
           Repository
           of
           
             this
             society
          
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           Volumes
           of
           Disputers
           ,
           will
           find
           it
           neither
           immodest
           nor
           unjust
           .
           And
           their
           History
           hath
           given
           us
           Instances
           sufficient
           of
           their
           
             Experiments
             ,
             Observations
          
           ,
           and
           Instruments
           ,
           to
           justifie
           a
           bolder
           Affirmation
           .
           But
           I
           insist
           not
           on
           this
           :
           The
           thing
           I
           would
           have
           you
           observe
           is
           ,
           That
           those
           who
           make
           the
           
             captious
             Question
          
           ,
           do
           not
           comprehend
           the
           vastness
           of
           the
           Work
           of
           this
           Assembly
           ,
           or
           have
           some
           
             phantastical
             Imaginations
          
           of
           it
           .
           They
           consider
           not
           the
           Design
           is
           laid
           as
           low
           as
           the
           
             profoundest
             Depths
          
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           reacheth
           as
           high
           as
           the
           
             uppermost
             Story
          
           of
           the
           Vniverse
           ;
           That
           it
           extends
           to
           all
           
           the
           Varieties
           of
           the
           
             great
             World
          
           ,
           and
           aims
           at
           the
           benefit
           of
           
             universal
             Mankind
          
           .
           For
           could
           they
           expect
           that
           such
           
             mighty
             Projects
          
           as
           these
           should
           ripen
           in
           a
           moment
           ?
           Can
           a
           Cedar
           shoot
           up
           out
           of
           the
           Earth
           like
           a
           blade
           of
           Grass
           ?
           or
           an
           Elephant
           grow
           to
           the
           vastness
           of
           his
           bulk
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           a
           little
           Insect
           can
           be
           form'd
           of
           a
           drop
           of
           Dew
           ?
        
         
           No
           ;
           The
           true
           knowledge
           of
           
             general
             Nature
          
           ,
           like
           Nature
           it self
           in
           its
           noblest
           composures
           ,
           must
           proceed
           slowly
           ,
           by
           degrees
           almost
           insensible
           :
           and
           what
           one
           Age
           can
           do
           in
           so
           immense
           and
           Undertaking
           as
           that
           ,
           wherein
           all
           the
           generations
           of
           Men
           are
           concerned
           ,
           can
           be
           little
           more
           than
           to
           remove
           the
           Rubbish
           ,
           lay
           in
           Materials
           ,
           and
           put
           things
           in
           order
           for
           the
           
             Building
             .
             Our
             work
          
           is
           to
           
             overcome
             prejudices
          
           ,
           to
           
             throw
             aside
          
           what
           is
           useless
           ,
           and
           yields
           no
           advantage
           for
           Knowledge
           or
           for
           Life
           ;
           To
           perswade
           men
           that
           there
           is
           
             worthier
             Imployment
          
           for
           them
           ,
           than
           
             tying
             knots
          
           in
           bulrushes
           ;
           and
           that
           they
           may
           be
           better
           accommodated
           in
           a
           
             well-built
             House
          
           ,
           than
           in
           a
           Castle
           in
           the
           Air.
           We
           must
           seek
           and
           
             gather
             ,
             observe
          
           and
           examine
           ,
           and
           
             lay
             up
          
           in
           Bank
           for
           the
           Ages
           that
           come
           after
           .
           This
           is
           the
           business
           of
           the
           
             Experimental
             Philosophers
          
           ;
           and
           in
           these
           Designs
           a
           progress
           hath
           been
           made
           sufficient
           to
           satisfie
           
           
             sober
             expectations
          
           :
           But
           for
           those
           that
           look
           they
           should
           give
           them
           the
           
             Great
             Elixir
          
           ,
           the
           
             Perpetual
             Motion
          
           ,
           the
           way
           to
           make
           
             Glass
             malleable
          
           ,
           and
           Man
           immortal
           ;
           or
           they
           will
           object
           that
           the
           Philosophers
           have
           done
           nothing
           :
           for
           such
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           their
           
             impertinent
             Taunts
          
           are
           no
           more
           to
           be
           regarded
           ,
           than
           the
           little
           chat
           of
           Ideots
           and
           Children
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIII
           .
           An
           Account
           of
           what
           hath
           been
           done
           by
           the
           Illustrious
           Mr.
           Boyle
           for
           the
           promotion
           of
           Useful
           Knowledge
           .
        
         
           BUt
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           think
           I
           am
           fallen
           into
           things
           of
           which
           the
           
             Ingenious
             Historian
          
           hath
           somewhere
           given
           better
           accounts
           ,
           and
           therefore
           I
           draw
           off
           ;
           though
           before
           I
           quite
           take
           leave
           of
           this
           Head
           of
           my
           Discourse
           ,
           I
           think
           fit
           yet
           further
           to
           shew
           the
           injustice
           of
           the
           Reproach
           of
           having
           
             done
             nothing
          
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           applied
           to
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           ,
           by
           a
           single
           Instance
           in
           one
           of
           their
           Members
           ,
           who
           alone
           hath
           done
           enough
           to
           oblige
           all
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           to
           erect
           an
           
             eternal
             
             Monument
          
           to
           his
           Memory
           .
           So
           that
           had
           this
           
             great
             Person
          
           lived
           in
           those
           days
           ,
           when
           men
           Godded
           their
           Benefactors
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           have
           miss'd
           one
           of
           the
           first
           places
           among
           their
           
             deified
             Mortals
          
           .
           And
           you
           will
           be
           convinc'd
           that
           this
           is
           not
           vainly
           said
           ,
           when
           I
           have
           told
           you
           ,
           I
           mean
           the
           Illustrious
           Mr.
           BOYLE
           ,
           a
           Person
           by
           whose
           proper
           Merits
           that
           noble
           Name
           is
           as
           much
           adorned
           ,
           as
           by
           all
           the
           
             splendid
             Titles
          
           that
           it
           wears
           .
           And
           that
           
             this
             Honourable
             Gentleman
          
           hath
           done
           such
           things
           for
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           increase
           of
           Knowledge
           ,
           you
           will
           see
           ,
           if
           you
           converse
           with
           him
           in
           his
           excellent
           Writings
           ,
           where
           you
           will
           find
           the
           greatest
           strength
           and
           the
           
             gentilest
             smoothness
          
           ,
           the
           most
           generous
           Knowledge
           and
           the
           sweetest
           Modesty
           ,
           the
           noblest
           Discoveries
           and
           the
           sincerest
           Relations
           ,
           the
           greatest
           Self-denial
           and
           the
           greatest
           Love
           of
           Men
           ,
           the
           profoundest
           insight
           into
           Philosophy
           and
           Nature
           ,
           and
           the
           most
           
             devout
             ,
             affectionate
          
           Sense
           of
           God
           and
           of
           Religion
           .
           And
           in
           saying
           all
           this
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           fear
           the
           Envy
           that
           
             great
             praise
          
           excites
           ;
           for
           that
           cannot
           be
           so
           impudent
           to
           deny
           the
           justice
           of
           
             this
             acknowledgment
          
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           consider
           the
           commendation
           of
           this
           
             incomparable
             Person
          
           was
           not
           the
           
           thing
           I
           undertook
           ;
           but
           a
           succinct
           and
           
             general
             representation
          
           of
           his
           
             Philosophical
             Performances
          
           :
           And
           to
           that
           I
           now
           address
           my self
           ,
           without
           more
           Preface
           .
        
         
           (
           I.
           )
           In
           his
           Book
           of
           the
           AIR
           ,
           we
           have
           a
           great
           improvement
           of
           the
           
             Magdeburg
             Experiment
          
           ,
           of
           emptying
           
             Glass
             Vessels
          
           by
           exsuction
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           to
           far
           greater
           degrees
           of
           
             evacuation
             ,
             ease
          
           ,
           and
           conveniences
           for
           use
           ;
           as
           also
           an
           advance
           of
           that
           other
           famous
           one
           of
           Torricellius
           ,
           performed
           by
           the
           
             New
             Engine
          
           ,
           of
           which
           I
           have
           said
           some
           things
           above
           ,
           and
           call'd
           the
           AIR-PVMP
           .
           By
           
             this
             Instrument
          
           (
           as
           I
           have
           already
           intimated
           )
           the
           
             Nature
             ,
             Spring
             ,
             Expansion
             ,
             Pressure
             ,
          
           and
           Weight
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           the
           decrease
           of
           its
           force
           when
           dilated
           ,
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           a
           Vacuum
           ,
           the
           Height
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           the
           Theories
           of
           
             Respiration
             ,
             Sounds
             ,
             Fluidity
             ,
             Gravity
             ,
             Heat
             ,
             Flame
             ,
          
           the
           Magnet
           ,
           and
           several
           other
           useful
           and
           luciferous
           Matters
           ,
           are
           estimated
           ,
           illustrated
           ,
           and
           explain'd
           .
        
         
           And
           (
           2.
           )
           The
           great
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Weight
           and
           Spring
           of
           the
           Air
           is
           solidly
           vindicated
           and
           further
           asserted
           by
           the
           Illustrious
           Author
           ,
           in
           another
           BOOK
           against
           HOBS
           and
           LINVS
           .
        
         
           (
           3.
           )
           In
           his
           PHYSIOLOGICAL
           and
           
             EXPERIMENTAL
             ESSAYS
          
           ,
           
           he
           nobly
           encourageth
           and
           perswades
           the
           making
           of
           Experiments
           ,
           and
           collecting
           Observations
           ,
           and
           gives
           the
           
             necessary
             Cautions
          
           that
           are
           to
           be
           used
           in
           such
           Designs
           .
           He
           imparts
           a
           very
           considerable
           
             luciferous
             Experiment
          
           concerning
           the
           
             different
             parts
          
           and
           redintegration
           of
           Salt-petre
           ;
           whence
           he
           deduceth
           ,
           That
           
             motion
             ,
             figure
          
           ,
           and
           disposition
           of
           parts
           ,
           may
           suffice
           to
           produce
           all
           the
           
             secondary
             affections
          
           of
           Bodies
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           That
           there
           is
           no
           need
           of
           the
           
             substantial
             Forms
          
           and
           Qualities
           of
           the
           Schools
           .
           To
           this
           he
           adds
           a
           close
           History
           of
           Fluidity
           and
           Firmness
           ,
           which
           tends
           mightily
           to
           the
           elucidating
           those
           useful
           Doctrines
           .
        
         
           (
           4.
           )
           In
           his
           
             SCEPTICAL
             CHYMIST
          
           he
           cautions
           against
           the
           sitting
           down
           and
           acquiescing
           in
           Chymical
           and
           
             Peripatetical
             Theories
          
           ,
           which
           many
           do
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           hinderance
           of
           the
           growth
           and
           improvement
           of
           Knowledge
           .
           He
           therefore
           adviseth
           a
           more
           wary
           consideration
           and
           examen
           of
           those
           Doctrines
           ,
           before
           they
           are
           subscribed
           ;
           and
           for
           that
           purpose
           he
           assists
           them
           with
           many
           very
           considerable
           Observations
           and
           Experiments
           .
        
         
           (
           5.
           )
           In
           his
           VSEFVLNESS
           of
           
             EXPERIMENTAL
             PHILOSOPHY
          
           he
           makes
           it
           appear
           how
           much
           that
           
           way
           tends
           to
           the
           advance
           of
           the
           Power
           and
           Empire
           of
           Man
           over
           the
           Creatures
           ,
           and
           the
           universal
           Benefit
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           confirming
           and
           illustrating
           his
           Discourse
           with
           innumerable
           new
           and
           
             useful
             Discoveries
          
           .
        
         
           (
           6.
           )
           In
           his
           HISTORY
           of
           COLD
           ,
           he
           hath
           to
           wonder
           cultivated
           that
           barren
           Subject
           ,
           and
           improved
           it
           (
           as
           is
           noted
           by
           the
           
             Philosophical
             Transactions
          
           )
           by
           neer
           200
           choice
           Experiments
           and
           Observations
           .
           He
           hath
           there
           given
           an
           account
           of
           the
           defectiveness
           of
           common
           Weather-Glasses
           ,
           the
           Advantages
           of
           the
           new
           
             Hermetical
             Thermometers
          
           ,
           and
           an
           Inquiry
           concerning
           the
           cause
           of
           the
           Condensation
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           Ascent
           of
           Water
           by
           Cold
           in
           the
           ordinary
           Weather-wisers
           ;
           All
           which
           afford
           valuable
           Considerations
           of
           light
           and
           use
           .
           But
           these
           are
           only
           Preliminaries
           :
           The
           main
           Discourse
           presents
           us
           with
           an
           Account
           
             what
             Bodies
          
           are
           capable
           of
           freezing
           others
           ,
           and
           what
           of
           
             being
             frozen
          
           ;
           The
           ways
           to
           estimate
           the
           degrees
           of
           coldness
           ;
           How
           to
           measure
           the
           intenseness
           of
           Cold
           produced
           by
           Art
           ,
           beyond
           that
           imploy'd
           in
           ordinary
           Freezing
           ;
           In
           what
           proportion
           Water
           will
           be
           made
           to
           shrink
           by
           Snow
           and
           Salt
           ;
           How
           to
           measure
           the
           change
           produc'd
           in
           Water
           between
           the
           
             greatest
             heat
          
           of
           Summer
           ,
           the
           
             first
             degree
          
           
           of
           Winter-cold
           ,
           and
           the
           highest
           of
           Art
           ;
           How
           to
           discover
           the
           differing
           degrees
           of
           Coldness
           in
           different
           Regions
           .
           A
           way
           of
           freezing
           without
           danger
           to
           the
           Vessel
           .
           What
           may
           be
           the
           effects
           of
           Cold
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           preserving
           or
           destroying
           the
           texture
           of
           Bodies
           .
           Whether
           
             specifick
             Vertues
          
           of
           Plants
           are
           lost
           through
           congelation
           ,
           and
           then
           thawing
           .
           Whether
           Electrical
           and
           Magnetick
           Vertues
           are
           altered
           by
           Cold.
           The
           expansion
           and
           contraction
           of
           Bodies
           by
           freezing
           ;
           how
           they
           are
           caused
           ,
           and
           how
           their
           quantity
           is
           to
           be
           measured
           .
           The
           strength
           of
           the
           expansion
           of
           
             Water
             freezing
          
           ,
           and
           an
           Inquiry
           into
           the
           Cause
           of
           that
           
             prodigious
             force
          
           .
           The
           Sphere
           of
           Activity
           of
           Cold.
           How
           far
           the
           Frost
           descends
           in
           Earth
           and
           Water
           .
           An
           Experiment
           shewing
           whether
           Cold
           can
           act
           through
           an
           
             hot
             medium
          
           .
           A
           way
           of
           accounting
           the
           solidity
           of
           Ice
           ,
           and
           the
           strength
           of
           the
           adhesion
           of
           its
           parts
           :
           What
           Liquors
           are
           its
           
             quickest
             Dissolvents
          
           .
           An
           Experiment
           of
           
             heating
             a
             cold
             Liquor
          
           with
           
             Ice
             .
             These
          
           ,
           and
           many
           more
           such
           instructive
           and
           useful
           things
           ,
           are
           contained
           in
           that
           excellent
           Discourse
           :
           To
           which
           is
           annex'd
           a
           very
           ingenious
           Examination
           and
           Disproof
           of
           the
           common
           obscure
           Doctrine
           of
           Antiperistasis
           ,
           and
           Mr.
           Hobbs
           his
           Notion
           of
           Cold.
           
        
         
         
           (
           7.
           )
           In
           his
           
             EXPERIMENTAL
             HISTORY
          
           of
           COLOVRS
           ,
           he
           hath
           laid
           a
           foundation
           in
           150
           Experiments
           at
           least
           ,
           for
           
             grounded
             Theory
          
           about
           these
           matters
           .
           He
           hath
           shewn
           the
           grand
           mistake
           of
           the
           common
           belief
           ,
           That
           
             Colours
             inhere
          
           in
           their
           Objects
           ;
           and
           proved
           they
           depend
           upon
           disposition
           of
           the
           
             external
             parts
          
           ,
           and
           the
           more
           
             inward
             texture
          
           of
           Bodies
           .
           He
           hath
           stated
           and
           explained
           wherein
           the
           Disparity
           consists
           between
           the
           Real
           and
           Exphatical
           ;
           explicated
           the
           Nature
           of
           Whiteness
           and
           Blackness
           ;
           rectified
           some
           
             Chymical
             Principles
             ;
             compounded
          
           Colours
           by
           trajecting
           the
           
             Solar
             Beams
          
           through
           
             tinged
             Glasses
          
           ;
           Shewed
           how
           by
           certain
           Tinctures
           it
           may
           be
           known
           ,
           whether
           any
           Salt
           be
           acid
           or
           sulphureous
           .
           Hath
           proved
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           necessity
           of
           the
           
             Peripatetick
             FORMS
          
           for
           the
           production
           of
           Colours
           ,
           by
           making
           Green
           by
           nine
           kinds
           of
           mixtures
           ;
           compounded
           Colours
           real
           and
           phantastical
           ;
           turned
           the
           Blew
           of
           Violets
           by
           
             acid
             Salts
          
           into
           a
           Red
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           alcalizate
           into
           a
           Green
           ;
           and
           performed
           many
           other
           extraordinary
           things
           on
           this
           Subject
           ,
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           Knowledge
           and
           the
           uses
           of
           Life
           .
        
         
           (
           8.
           )
           In
           his
           
             HYDROSTATICAL
             PARADOXES
          
           he
           shew'd
           ,
           That
           the
           
           lower
           parts
           of
           Fluids
           are
           press'd
           by
           the
           upper
           ;
           That
           a
           lighter
           may
           gravitate
           upon
           one
           that
           is
           more
           ponderous
           ;
           That
           if
           a
           Body
           contiguous
           to
           it
           ,
           be
           lower
           than
           the
           highest
           level
           of
           the
           Water
           ,
           the
           lower
           end
           o●
           the
           Body
           will
           be
           press'd
           upwards
           by
           the
           
             Water
             beneath
          
           ;
           That
           the
           weight
           of
           an
           
             external
             Fluid
          
           sufficeth
           to
           raise
           the
           Water
           in
           Pumps
           ;
           That
           the
           pressure
           of
           an
           
             external
             Fluid
          
           is
           able
           to
           keep
           an
           
             Heterogeneous
             Liquor
             suspended
          
           at
           the
           same
           height
           in
           several
           Pipes
           ,
           though
           they
           are
           of
           different
           Diameters
           ;
           That
           a
           Body
           under
           Water
           that
           hath
           its
           
             upper
             surface
             parallel
          
           to
           the
           Horizon
           ,
           the
           direct
           pressure
           it
           sustains
           is
           no
           more
           than
           that
           of
           a
           Columne
           of
           Water
           ,
           which
           hath
           the
           mentioned
           
             Horizontal
             Superficies
          
           for
           its
           Basis.
           And
           if
           the
           incumbent
           Water
           be
           contained
           in
           Pipes
           open
           at
           both
           ends
           ,
           the
           pressure
           is
           to
           be
           estimated
           by
           the
           weight
           of
           a
           Pillar
           of
           water
           ,
           whose
           Basis
           is
           equal
           to
           the
           
             lower
             Orifice
          
           of
           the
           
             Pipe
             paralles
          
           to
           the
           Horizon
           )
           and
           its
           height
           equal
           to
           a
           Perpendicular
           ,
           reaching
           to
           the
           top
           of
           the
           Water
           ,
           though
           the
           Pipe
           be
           much
           
             inclined
             ,
             irregularly
          
           shaped
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           parts
           broader
           than
           the
           Orifice
           ;
           That
           a
           Body
           in
           a
           Fluid
           sustains
           a
           
             lateral
             pressure
          
           from
           it
           ,
           which
           increaseth
           in
           proportion
           to
           the
           depth
           of
           the
           immerst
           Body
           in
           the
           Fluid
           ;
           That
           Water
           may
           
           be
           made
           to
           depress
           a
           Body
           lighter
           than
           it self
           ;
           That
           a
           parcel
           of
           
             Oyl
             lighter
          
           than
           Water
           ,
           may
           be
           kept
           from
           ascending
           in
           it
           ;
           That
           the
           cause
           of
           the
           ascension
           of
           Water
           in
           Syphons
           ,
           may
           be
           explained
           without
           the
           
             notion
             of
             abhorrence
          
           of
           a
           Vacuum
           ;
           That
           the
           
             heaviest
             Body
             known
          
           will
           not
           sink
           of
           it self
           ,
           without
           the
           assistance
           of
           the
           weight
           of
           the
           Water
           upon
           it
           ,
           when
           't
           is
           at
           a
           depth
           greater
           than
           twenty
           times
           its
           own
           thickness
           ,
           though
           it
           
             will
             nearer
          
           the
           Surface
           .
        
         
           This
           is
           the
           sum
           of
           the
           general
           Contents
           of
           
             that
             Discourse
          
           ,
           which
           contains
           things
           very
           useful
           to
           be
           known
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           
             Navigation
             ,
             Salt-works
             ,
             Chymistry
          
           ,
           and
           other
           practical
           purposes
           .
        
         
           (
           9.
           )
           In
           his
           Book
           of
           the
           ORIGINE
           of
           FORMS
           and
           QVALITIES
           ,
           he
           delivers
           the
           minds
           of
           men
           from
           the
           imaginary
           and
           
             useless
             Notions
          
           of
           the
           Schools
           about
           them
           ,
           which
           have
           no
           foundation
           in
           the
           nature
           of
           things
           ,
           nor
           do
           any
           ways
           promote
           Knowledge
           ,
           or
           help
           Mankind
           ;
           but
           very
           much
           disserve
           those
           great
           interests
           ,
           by
           setting
           the
           Understanding
           at
           rest
           in
           
             general
             obscurities
          
           ,
           or
           imploying
           it
           in
           
             aiery
             niceties
          
           and
           Disputes
           ,
           and
           so
           hindring
           its
           pursuit
           of
           
             particular
             Causes
          
           ,
           and
           
             Experimental
             Realities
          
           .
           In
           this
           Treatise
           he
           lays
           the
           Foundations
           
           and
           delivers
           the
           Principles
           of
           the
           
             Mechanick
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           which
           he
           strengthneth
           and
           illustrates
           by
           several
           very
           pleasant
           and
           
             instructive
             Experiments
          
           .
           He
           shews
           ,
           That
           the
           most
           admirable
           Things
           which
           have
           been
           taken
           for
           the
           
             Effects
             of
             substantial
             Forms
          
           ,
           and
           are
           used
           as
           proofs
           of
           the
           
             Notional
             Hypotheses
          
           ,
           may
           be
           the
           results
           of
           the
           meer
           texture
           and
           position
           of
           parts
           ;
           since
           Art
           is
           able
           to
           make
           Vitriol
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Nature
           ;
           and
           Bodies
           by
           
             humane
             skill
          
           may
           be
           produced
           ,
           whose
           supposed
           Forms
           have
           been
           destroyed
           .
           He
           gives
           many
           very
           ingenious
           instances
           to
           prove
           ,
           That
           the
           
             Mechanick
             motions
          
           and
           order
           of
           the
           Parts
           is
           sufficient
           to
           yield
           an
           account
           of
           the
           difference
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           their
           affections
           ,
           without
           having
           recourse
           to
           the
           Forms
           and
           Qualities
           of
           the
           Schools
           ;
           as
           in
           the
           
             restoration
             of
             Camphire
          
           to
           its
           former
           smell
           and
           nature
           ,
           after
           its
           dissolution
           and
           seeming
           extinction
           ;
           in
           the
           changes
           of
           the
           
             colour
             ,
             consistence
             ,
             fusibleness
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Qualites
           of
           Silver
           and
           Copper
           ;
           in
           the
           
             odd
             Phaenomena
          
           of
           a
           certain
           
             anomalous
             Salt
          
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           the
           Sea-salt
           ,
           dried
           ,
           powder'd
           ,
           and
           mix'd
           with
           Aqua-fortis
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           
             Sal
             mirabilis
          
           ,
           in
           the
           production
           of
           Silver
           out
           of
           Gold
           by
           his
           
             Menstruum
             Peracutum
          
           ,
           in
           the
           transmutation
           of
           Water
           
           into
           Earth
           in
           a
           certain
           Distillation
           of
           Spirit
           of
           Wine
           and
           Oyl
           of
           Vitriol
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           This
           excellent
           Gentleman
           hath
           by
           
             Experiments
             rare
          
           and
           new
           about
           these
           Subjects
           ,
           made
           it
           evidently
           appear
           ,
           That
           the
           
             internal
             motions
             ,
             configuration
          
           ,
           and
           posture
           of
           the
           parts
           ,
           are
           all
           that
           is
           necessary
           for
           alterations
           and
           
             diversities
             of
             Bodies
          
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           That
           substantial
           Forms
           and
           
             real
             Qualities
          
           are
           needless
           and
           precarious
           Beings
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIV
           .
           A
           further
           Account
           of
           what
           that
           Gentleman
           of
           Honour
           hath
           by
           him
           ,
           not
           yet
           publish'd
           ,
           for
           the
           Advantage
           and
           Improvement
           of
           Real
           Knowledge
           .
           The
           Reasons
           we
           have
           to
           hope
           great
           Things
           from
           the
           Royal
           Society
           .
        
         
           THese
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           are
           some
           brief
           and
           general
           Hints
           of
           those
           great
           things
           this
           incomparable
           Person
           hath
           done
           for
           the
           information
           and
           benefit
           of
           Men
           ;
           and
           besides
           
           them
           ,
           there
           are
           several
           others
           that
           He
           hath
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           the
           Inquisitive
           expect
           ,
           in
           which
           
             real
             Philosophy
          
           and
           the
           World
           are
           no
           less
           concern'd
           .
           I
           received
           a
           late
           Account
           of
           them
           from
           an
           ingenious
           Friend
           of
           his
           ,
           Mr.
           
             Oldenburgh
             ,
             Secretary
          
           to
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           who
           also
           renders
           himself
           a
           great
           Benefactor
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           by
           his
           
             affectionate
             care
          
           ,
           and
           indefatigable
           diligence
           and
           endeavours
           ,
           in
           the
           maintaining
           Philosophical
           Intelligence
           ,
           and
           promoting
           the
           Designs
           and
           Interests
           of
           profitable
           and
           general
           Philosophy
           .
           And
           these
           being
           some
           of
           the
           Noblest
           and
           most
           Publick
           Imployments
           ,
           in
           which
           the
           Services
           of
           generous
           Men
           can
           be
           ingaged
           ,
           loudly
           call
           for
           their
           Aids
           and
           Assistances
           ,
           for
           the
           carrying
           on
           a
           Work
           of
           so
           universal
           an
           importance
           .
        
         
           But
           I
           shall
           have
           a
           fitter
           place
           to
           speak
           of
           this
           ,
           and
           therefore
           I
           return
           to
           the
           Illustrious
           Person
           of
           whom
           I
           was
           discoursing
           .
           And
           for
           
             Philosophical
             News
          
           ,
           and
           further
           evidence
           of
           the
           Obligation
           the
           World
           hath
           to
           this
           Gentleman
           of
           Honour
           ,
           I
           shall
           give
           you
           the
           List
           of
           what
           he
           hath
           more
           ,
           yet
           unpublish'd
           for
           its
           advantage
           and
           instruction
           .
           And
           I
           take
           the
           boldness
           to
           do
           it
           ,
           because
           himself
           hath
           been
           pleased
           to
           quote
           and
           refer
           to
           those
           Discourses
           in
           his
           publish'd
           Writings
           ;
           concerning
           
           which
           ,
           the
           generous
           
           Secretary's
           Account
           is
           more
           particular
           ,
           and
           he
           receiv'd
           it
           from
           the
           Noble
           Author's
           immediate
           information
           .
           It
           speaks
           thus
           .
        
         
           (
           I.
           )
           Another
           Section
           of
           the
           Usefulness
           of
           
             Experimental
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Empire
           of
           Man
           over
           inferiour
           Creatures
           ;
           where
           he
           intends
           to
           premise
           some
           
             general
             Considerations
          
           about
           the
           Means
           whereby
           
             Experimental
             Philosophy
          
           may
           become
           useful
           to
           Humane
           Life
           ;
           proceeding
           thence
           to
           shew
           ,
           That
           the
           Empire
           of
           Man
           may
           be
           promoted
           by
           the
           Naturalists
           skill
           in
           Chymistry
           ,
           by
           his
           skill
           in
           Mechanicks
           ,
           or
           the
           Application
           of
           Mathematicks
           to
           Instruments
           and
           Engins
           ;
           by
           his
           skill
           in
           Mathematicks
           ,
           both
           pure
           and
           mixt
           :
           That
           the
           Goods
           of
           Mankind
           may
           be
           much
           increased
           by
           the
           Naturalist's
           insight
           into
           Trades
           ;
           That
           the
           Naturalist
           may
           much
           advantage
           men
           ,
           by
           exciting
           and
           assisting
           their
           curiosity
           to
           
             discover
             ,
             take
             notice
          
           ,
           and
           make
           use
           of
           the
           
             home-bred
             Riches
          
           and
           Advantages
           of
           particular
           Countries
           ,
           and
           to
           increase
           their
           number
           ,
           by
           transferring
           thither
           those
           of
           others
           ;
           That
           a
           ground
           of
           high
           expectation
           from
           
             Experimental
             Philosophy
          
           is
           given
           ,
           by
           the
           happy
           Genius
           of
           
             this
             present
          
           Age
           ,
           and
           the
           productions
           of
           it
           ;
           That
           a
           ground
           of
           expecting
           considerable
           things
           
           from
           Experimental
           Philosophy
           is
           given
           by
           those
           things
           which
           have
           been
           found
           out
           by
           
             illiterate
             Tradesmen
          
           ,
           or
           lighted
           on
           by
           chance
           ;
           That
           some
           peculiar
           and
           concealed
           property
           of
           a
           natural
           thing
           ,
           may
           inable
           the
           knowers
           of
           it
           to
           perform
           ,
           with
           ease
           ,
           things
           ,
           that
           to
           others
           seem
           either
           not
           feisible
           ,
           or
           not
           practicable
           without
           great
           difficulty
           ;
           That
           by
           the
           knowledge
           and
           application
           of
           some
           unobvious
           and
           
             unheeded
             Properties
          
           and
           Laws
           of
           natural
           things
           ,
           divers
           Effects
           may
           be
           produced
           by
           other
           means
           and
           Instruments
           than
           those
           one
           would
           judge
           likely
           ;
           and
           even
           by
           such
           ,
           as
           if
           proposed
           ,
           would
           be
           thought
           unlikely
           ;
           That
           the
           knowledge
           of
           peculiar
           Qualities
           ,
           or
           uses
           of
           physical
           things
           ,
           may
           inable
           a
           man
           to
           perform
           those
           things
           Physically
           ,
           that
           seem
           to
           require
           Books
           ,
           and
           dexterity
           of
           hand
           proper
           to
           Artificers
           ;
           That
           the
           uses
           of
           scarce
           one
           thing
           in
           Nature
           ,
           to
           Humane
           Life
           ,
           are
           yet
           thorowly
           understood
           ;
           That
           a
           great
           Inducement
           to
           hope
           for
           considerable
           matters
           from
           
             Experimental
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           may
           be
           taken
           from
           the
           mutual
           assistance
           that
           the
           Practical
           and
           Theorical
           part
           of
           physick
           may
           be
           brought
           to
           afford
           each
           other
           ;
           That
           we
           are
           not
           to
           make
           our
           Estimates
           of
           what
           may
           be
           hoped
           for
           hereafter
           ,
           when
           men
           shall
           be
           assisted
           with
           the
           History
           of
           
             Nature
             ,
             a
             method
          
           
           of
           imploying
           it
           ,
           and
           true
           Principles
           of
           Natural
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           associated
           Endeavours
           ,
           by
           what
           is
           already
           performed
           without
           any
           of
           those
           Assistances
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           He
           hath
           also
           in
           a
           manner
           promised
           Essays
           touching
           the
           concealments
           and
           disguises
           of
           the
           Seeds
           of
           living
           Creatures
           .
           (
           3.
           )
           An
           Appendix
           to
           the
           Physico-Mechanical
           Treatise
           concerning
           the
           Air.
           (
           4.
           )
           Something
           concerning
           Heat
           and
           Flame
           .
           (
           5.
           )
           The
           
             Sceptical
             Naturalist
          
           ,
           shewing
           the
           imperfections
           of
           
             Natural
             Philosophy
          
           as
           we
           yet
           have
           it
           .
           (
           6.
           )
           A
           Discourse
           of
           
             improbable
             Truths
          
           .
           (
           7.
           )
           The
           
             production
             of
             Qualities
          
           by
           Art.
           (
           8.
           )
           
             Several
             useful
             Series
          
           of
           Inquiries
           and
           Directions
           of
           his
           ,
           whereof
           divers
           are
           extant
           in
           the
           Philosophical
           Transactions
           ;
           as
           ,
           (
           I.
           )
           General
           Heads
           for
           a
           Natural
           History
           of
           a
           
             Country
             small
          
           or
           great
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           Observations
           and
           Directions
           about
           the
           Barometer
           .
           (
           3.
           )
           Inquiries
           touching
           the
           Sea
           ;
           and
           ,
           (
           4.
           )
           About
           Mines
           .
           (
           5.
           )
           Quaeries
           and
           Tryals
           proposed
           ,
           for
           the
           improving
           of
           that
           
             Grand
             Experiment
          
           ,
           for
           the
           
             transfusing
             Blood
          
           out
           of
           one
           
             live
             Animal
          
           into
           another
           .
           (
           6.
           )
           Others
           for
           the
           finding
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           
             Rarifying
             Engine
          
           exhausted
           ,
           in
           
             plants
             ,
             Seeds
          
           ,
           and
           Eggs
           of
           Silk-worms
           .
           Besides
           These
           ,
           he
           hath
           a
           great
           many
           other
           unpublish'd
           Inqui●●es
           ,
           
           and
           Series
           of
           Experiments
           and
           Obser●●tions
           of
           the
           most
           considerable
           parts
           of
           ●●tural
           Philosophy
           .
           As
           ,
           (
           I.
           )
           About
           
             Pre●●us
             stones
          
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           Fermentation
           .
           (
           3.
           )
           
             Heat
             〈◊〉
             Flame
          
           .
           (
           4.
           )
           An
           Account
           of
           a
           new
           kind
           〈◊〉
           Baroscope
           ,
           which
           he
           calls
           Statical
           ,
           and
           〈◊〉
           advantage
           it
           hath
           above
           the
           Mercurial
           .
           ●
           5.
           )
           A
           
             New
             Experiment
          
           ,
           shewing
           how
           a
           ●onsiderable
           degree
           of
           cold
           may
           be
           sudden●y
           produced
           without
           the
           help
           of
           
             Snow
             ,
             Ice
             ,
             ail
             ,
             Wind
             ,
          
           or
           Nitre
           ,
           and
           that
           at
           any
           time
           ●t
           the
           year
           ,
           viz.
           by
           
             Sal
             Armoniack
          
           .
           (
           6.
           )
           A
           ●ay
           of
           preserving
           Birds
           taken
           out
           of
           the
           ●ggs
           ,
           and
           other
           small
           Foetus's
        
         
           This
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           is
           the
           Account
           I
           received
           of
           ●hat
           Noble
           Persons
           further
           Designs
           ,
           for
           the
           ●dvantage
           of
           useful
           Knowledge
           ;
           and
           ●●ough
           he
           hath
           not
           made
           an
           absolute
           Pro●ise
           of
           those
           Discourses
           to
           the
           Publique
           ,
           ●et
           he
           is
           known
           to
           have
           such
           ,
           and
           they
           are
           with
           probability
           expected
           ,
           since
           he
           is
           
             too
             generous
          
           to
           detain
           from
           the
           capable
           and
           in●●uisitive
           those
           his
           
             excellent
             Discoveries
          
           ,
           which
           tend
           to
           the
           
             common
             Benefit
          
           .
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           said
           what
           may
           suffice
           for
           general
           Information
           about
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           and
           the
           hopes
           we
           may
           justly
           conceive
           of
           
             this
             Constitution
          
           .
           And
           in
           what
           I
           have
           discoursed
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           so
           much
           declined
           
           from
           the
           proof
           of
           my
           undertaking
           which
           was
           to
           shew
           the
           advantage
           that
           th●
           latter
           Age
           hath
           ,
           for
           the
           promotion
           and
           i●●
           crease
           of
           Knowledge
           ,
           above
           those
           of
           fo●●
           mer
           Times
           :
           For
           by
           describing
           the
           
             Reason●
             Nature
          
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           the
           Effects
           of
           th●
           Establishment
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           obscurely
           suggeste●
           the
           Helps
           that
           the
           World
           hath
           and
           ma●
           expect
           from
           Them
           ,
           for
           those
           Grand
           and
           C●
           
             tholick
             Purposes
          
           ;
           and
           't
           is
           easie
           to
           see
           in
           th●
           very
           frame
           of
           this
           Assembly
           ,
           that
           they
           ar●
           fitted
           with
           Opportunities
           to
           amass
           togethe●
           all
           the
           considerable
           
             Notices
             ,
             Observations
          
           and
           Experiments
           ,
           that
           are
           scattered
           up
           an●
           down
           in
           the
           wide
           World
           ;
           and
           so
           ,
           to
           mak●
           a
           Bank
           of
           all
           the
           
             useful
             Knowledge
          
           that
           is
           among
           men
           .
           For
           either
           by
           their
           whole
           
             Bo●
             dy
          
           ,
           or
           some
           or
           other
           of
           their
           particul●●
           Members
           ,
           they
           hold
           a
           
             Learned
             Correspon●
             dence
          
           with
           the
           greatest
           Virtuosi
           of
           all
           th●
           known
           universe
           ,
           and
           have
           several
           of
           their
           own
           Fellows
           abroad
           in
           Forreign
           Parts
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           whose
           Communications
           ,
           they
           know
           most
           of
           the
           
             valuable
             Rarities
          
           and
           Phaenomen●
           observed
           by
           the
           curious
           in
           Nature
           ,
           and
           all
           considerable
           Attempts
           and
           Performances
           of
           
             Art
             ,
             Ingenuity
          
           ,
           and
           Experiment
           .
           To
           which
           consideration
           ,
           if
           you
           add
           the
           inquisitiveness
           of
           their
           Genius
           ,
           and
           the
           way
           of
           their
           Pro●edure
           ,
           
           by
           particular
           and
           
             cautious
             Observa●ion
          
           ;
           the
           coldness
           and
           shiness
           of
           their
           As●ent
           ,
           and
           the
           numbers
           of
           judicious
           men
           that
           ●urefully
           examine
           their
           Reports
           ;
           I
           say
           ,
           If
           ●hese
           Particulars
           be
           weighed
           ,
           it
           will
           appear
           ●o
           the
           unprejudiced
           ,
           That
           the
           World
           had
           
             ●ever
             such
          
           an
           advantage
           for
           the
           accumula●ing
           a
           Treasure
           of
           
             substantial
             knowledge
          
           ,
           as
           〈◊〉
           hath
           by
           
             this
             Constitution
          
           ;
           for
           single
           Inquisitors
           can
           receive
           but
           scant
           and
           
           narrow
           ●nformations
           ,
           either
           from
           their
           
             own
             Expe●ience
          
           ,
           or
           Converses
           ;
           and
           those
           they
           have
           ,
           ●e
           frequently
           very
           imperfect
           ,
           or
           very
           mista●en
           :
           There
           is
           often
           either
           vanity
           or
           
             credulity
             ,
             ●norance
          
           or
           design
           in
           their
           Relations
           ,
           which
           ●herefore
           are
           many
           times
           false
           in
           the
           
           main
           ●atter
           ,
           and
           oftner
           in
           the
           circumstance
           :
           So
           ●●at
           the
           
             Histories
             of
             Nature
          
           we
           have
           hither●●
           had
           ,
           have
           been
           but
           an
           heap
           and
           
             amassmen
             ●f
             Truth
          
           and
           
             Falshood
             ,
             vulgar
             Tales
          
           and
           Ro●antick
           Accounts
           ;
           and
           't
           is
           not
           in
           the
           pow●●
           of
           
             particular
             unassociated
          
           Endeavours
           to
           ●●fford
           us
           better
           .
           But
           now
           ,
           the
           frame
           of
           ●his
           Society
           suggests
           excellent
           ground
           to
           ●ope
           from
           them
           sincere
           and
           universal
           Re●●●●tions
           ,
           and
           the
           best
           grounded
           and
           most
           ●seful
           Collection
           of
           the
           affairs
           of
           Art
           and
           Nature
           ,
           that
           ever
           yet
           was
           extant
           .
           And
           ●s
           they
           have
           peculiar
           Priviledges
           for
           the
           
           gathering
           the
           Materials
           of
           knowledge
           ,
           〈◊〉
           They
           have
           the
           same
           for
           the
           impartment
           a●
           diffusion
           of
           them
           .
           And
           by
           this
           time
           I
           ho●●
           you
           will
           acknowledge
           ,
           That
           I
           have
           ma●●
           good
           also
           what
           I
           undertook
           in
           THIS
           〈◊〉
           last
           and
           
             Great
             Particular
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XV.
           The
           Absurdity
           of
           making
           Comparis●
           between
           the
           Advantages
           Aristot●●
           had
           for
           Knowledge
           ,
           and
           those
           later
           Ages
           .
        
         
           THus
           I
           have
           shewed
           in
           plain
           and
           m●terial
           Instances
           ,
           the
           vanity
           and
           wea●ness
           of
           the
           
             Disputer's
             Affirmation
          
           a●●
           belief
           ,
           That
           Aristotle
           had
           more
           Advantag●
           for
           Knowledge
           than
           all
           the
           later
           ages
           .
           An●
           so
           I
           have
           done
           with
           
             his
             Proposition
          
           :
           But
           h●
           Reason
           also
           is
           to
           be
           considered
           ,
           and
           th●
           was
           ,
        
         
           Aristotle
           had
           
             these
             Advantages
          
           above
           ●
           the
           World
           ,
           because
           he
           did
           
             Totam
             pe●agrare
             Asiam
          
           .
           How
           wisely
           said
           an●
           concluded
           this
           was
           ,
           will
           appear
           after
           ●
           
           have
           taken
           notice
           ,
           that
           his
           Reason
           is
           defective
           both
           in
           what
           it
           affirms
           ,
           and
           in
           what
           it
           would
           infer
           .
           For
           the
           first
           ,
           't
           is
           evident
           ,
           that
           Aristotle
           and
           the
           Ancients
           did
           not
           know
           all
           ASIA
           ;
           for
           that
           part
           which
           lay
           beyond
           the
           River
           ,
           was
           in
           a
           manner
           a
           
             Terra
             Incognita
          
           unto
           them
           :
           so
           that
           they
           knew
           scarce
           any
           thing
           of
           the
           Indies
           that
           lie
           on
           the
           other
           side
           of
           Ganges
           ,
           little
           or
           nothing
           of
           the
           vast
           Kingdom
           of
           China
           ,
           nothing
           of
           Iapan
           ,
           or
           the
           numerous
           
             Oriental
             Islands
          
           ,
           besides
           the
           defects
           in
           the
           ancient
           Geography
           ,
           noted
           above
           ;
           and
           these
           made
           a
           great
           if
           not
           the
           best
           part
           of
           Asia
           ;
           of
           which
           though
           Aristotle
           might
           have
           heard
           ,
           yet
           we
           have
           no
           shadow
           of
           Reason
           to
           believe
           he
           had
           any
           Information
           from
           thence
           .
           And
           then
           I
           consider
           ,
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           That
           the
           Account
           he
           had
           from
           the
           best
           survey'd
           Regions
           ,
           were
           but
           from
           
             Hunters
             ,
             Fowlers
             ,
             Fishermen
          
           ,
           and
           such
           kind
           of
           Inquisitors
           ,
           who
           were
           like
           enough
           to
           make
           vain
           and
           
             mistaken
             Reports
          
           ,
           and
           he
           was
           fain
           to
           depend
           upon
           the
           credit
           of
           their
           Relations
           ;
           and
           therefore
           his
           History
           of
           Animals
           contains
           many
           things
           that
           are
           frivolous
           ,
           and
           many
           that
           are
           
             palpably
             false
          
           .
           To
           which
           I
           add
           ,
        
         
           (
           3.
           )
           The
           Observation
           of
           my
           Lord
           Bacon
           ,
           
           That
           though
           Aristotle
           made
           some
           use
           of
           those
           Experiments
           and
           
             Observation
             she
          
           had
           from
           those
           Informers
           ,
           yet
           it
           was
           after
           he
           had
           concluded
           and
           decreed
           .
           For
           he
           did
           not
           use
           and
           imploy
           Experiments
           for
           the
           erecting
           of
           his
           Theories
           :
           but
           having
           arbitrarily
           pitch'd
           his
           Theories
           ,
           his
           manner
           was
           to
           force
           Experience
           to
           suffragate
           ,
           and
           yield
           countenance
           to
           his
           
             precarious
             Propositions
          
           .
           And
           on
           this
           account
           ,
           the
           Great
           man
           saith
           ,
           he
           was
           less
           excusable
           than
           the
           Schoolmen
           ,
           who
           altogether
           quitted
           and
           neglected
           the
           way
           of
           particular
           Industry
           and
           Experiment
           .
           Thus
           then
           Aristotle
           neither
           knew
           all
           Asia
           ,
           nor
           had
           certain
           Relations
           of
           that
           part
           thereof
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           had
           the
           best
           Informations
           ;
           nor
           did
           he
           use
           those
           he
           had
           as
           he
           ought
           ;
           which
           were
           enough
           to
           bring
           the
           
             Disputers
             Reason
          
           to
           nothing
           .
           But
           I
           consider
           further
           ,
           That
           though
           these
           things
           had
           been
           otherwise
           ,
           and
           as
           much
           for
           the
           interest
           of
           his
           Affirmation
           as
           he
           could
           wish
           ,
           yet
           ,
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           His
           Inference
           must
           fail
           ,
           since
           the
           latter
           Ages
           have
           a
           much
           larger
           World
           than
           
             Aristotle's
             Asia
          
           ;
           We
           have
           the
           America
           ,
           and
           the
           many
           New
           Lands
           that
           are
           discovered
           by
           
             Modern
             Navigators
          
           ;
           we
           have
           larger
           and
           more
           
             perfect
             Geography
          
           even
           of
           the
           old
           World
           ,
           infinitely
           more
           
           acquaintance
           and
           better
           correspondence
           in
           all
           the
           parts
           of
           the
           Vniverse
           ,
           by
           our
           
             general
             Traffique
          
           ,
           than
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           whose
           Commerce
           was
           narrow
           ,
           and
           knowledge
           of
           remote
           Parts
           consisted
           but
           in
           hearsays
           and
           
             doubtful
             Rumors
          
           .
           We
           have
           besides
           ,
           
             New
             Heavens
          
           as
           well
           as
           a
           
             New
             Earth
          
           ,
           a
           larger
           and
           truer
           prospect
           of
           the
           World
           above
           us
           .
           We
           have
           travell'd
           those
           upper
           Regions
           by
           the
           help
           of
           our
           Tubes
           ,
           and
           made
           Discoveries
           more
           becoming
           the
           Wisdom
           and
           Magnificence
           of
           
             our
             Creatour
          
           ,
           and
           more
           agreeable
           to
           the
           appearances
           of
           things
           ,
           than
           the
           arbitrary
           phansies
           and
           conjectures
           of
           Aristotle
           and
           his
           Schools
           .
           We
           have
           a
           
             greater
             world
          
           of
           
             Arts
             ,
             Instruments
          
           ,
           and
           Observations
           ,
           as
           in
           all
           Particulars
           my
           Discourse
           hath
           made
           good
           .
           And
           what
           are
           
             Aristotle's
             peragrations
             of
             Asia
          
           ,
           to
           all
           these
           ?
           To
           the
           
             great
             Western
             Indies
          
           ;
           to
           the
           full
           and
           clearer
           knowledge
           of
           the
           
             Ancient
             Lands
          
           ;
           to
           those
           nobler
           Accounts
           we
           have
           of
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           and
           
             universal
             Nature
          
           ;
           to
           our
           vast
           Improvements
           of
           
             Chymistry
             ,
             Anatomy
             ,
             Arithmetick
             ,
             Geometry
             ,
             Astronomy
             ,
             Geography
             ,
             Opticks
             ,
             Natural
             History
             ,
             Navigation
             ,
          
           and
           all
           things
           else
           of
           benefit
           and
           instruction
           ?
           I
           say
           ,
           what
           are
           the
           gleanings
           of
           a
           
             few
             mercenary
             Hunters
             ,
             Fowlers
          
           ,
           and
           Fishermen
           ,
           over
           one
           part
           
           of
           Asia
           ,
           to
           these
           Advantages
           ?
           And
           what
           are
           the
           Reports
           of
           a
           
             few
             ordinary
             Fellows
          
           ,
           and
           the
           Tryals
           of
           a
           
             single
             person
          
           ,
           to
           the
           learned
           Inquiries
           and
           Endeavours
           of
           
             many
             sagacious
             inquisitive
             Ages
          
           ,
           and
           the
           performances
           of
           a
           
             numerous
             Company
             of
             deep
             ,
             wary
             ,
             diligent
             ,
          
           and
           
             eagle-ey'd
             Philosophers
          
           ,
           who
           have
           the
           help
           of
           those
           Observations
           ,
           and
           the
           addition
           of
           an
           
             infinite
             number
             more
          
           ?
        
         
           Upon
           these
           accounts
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           the
           Disputer
           ,
           you
           see
           ,
           will
           need
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Logick
           to
           make
           
             any
             thing
          
           of
           his
           Proposition
           or
           his
           Reason
           ,
           both
           of
           which
           are
           very
           lame
           ,
           and
           I
           know
           not
           where
           he
           can
           find
           a
           prop
           for
           their
           feebleness
           .
           I
           shall
           not
           therefore
           imploy
           more
           force
           to
           overthrow
           such
           
             sickly
             Reasonings
          
           ,
           that
           have
           not
           strength
           enough
           to
           bear
           their
           own
           weight
           ;
           but
           out
           of
           pity
           to
           those
           infirmities
           ,
           shall
           let
           them
           go
           without
           further
           castigations
           .
           And
           I
           hope
           you
           have
           not
           so
           understood
           me
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           aim
           of
           what
           I
           have
           said
           hitherto
           ,
           was
           only
           to
           disprove
           this
           Disputer
           (
           which
           were
           a
           poor
           project
           ,
           and
           would
           signifie
           but
           
             very
             little
          
           .
           )
           But
           my
           Design
           is
           ,
           by
           representing
           the
           advantages
           and
           hopefulness
           of
           the
           
             Modern
             way
          
           ,
           to
           kindle
           an
           ardour
           in
           you
           towards
           the
           
             generous
             Experimental
             Researches
          
           ,
           to
           vindicate
           Philosophy
           from
           the
           imputation
           
           of
           being
           notional
           and
           unprofitable
           ,
           and
           to
           keep
           you
           from
           adhering
           to
           that
           which
           is
           so
           ,
           and
           hath
           been
           the
           occasion
           of
           the
           scandal
           .
           And
           as
           for
           those
           that
           yet
           stick
           there
           ,
           I
           have
           some
           things
           to
           observe
           concerning
           the
           Reasons
           of
           their
           Devotion
           to
           that
           
             aiery
             disputative
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           and
           their
           Enmity
           to
           the
           Practical
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVI
           .
           The
           Reasons
           of
           some
           Mens
           Superstious
           Adherence
           to
           the
           Notional
           way
           ;
           and
           of
           the
           Disputer
           that
           gave
           occasion
           to
           this
           Discourse
        
         
           I
           Consider
           then
           ,
           That
           
             easie
             youth
          
           in
           its
           
             first
             addresses
          
           to
           Learning
           ,
           is
           perfectly
           passive
           to
           the
           Discipline
           and
           Instructions
           of
           its
           Teachers
           ,
           whose
           Documents
           are
           promiscuously
           received
           with
           ready
           submission
           of
           Understandings
           ,
           that
           implicitely
           depend
           on
           
             their
             Authority
          
           .
           We
           suck
           in
           the
           first
           Rudiments
           as
           we
           do
           the
           
             common
             Air
             [
             facili
             haustu
          
           ]
           as
           my
           
             Lord
             Bacon
          
           expresseth
           it
           ,
           
             without
             discrimination
          
           or
           election
           ,
           of
           which
           indeed
           
           our
           tender
           and
           unexercised
           minds
           are
           not
           capable
           .
           And
           ,
           I
           confess
           ,
           't
           is
           necessary
           we
           should
           do
           so
           ;
           nor
           were
           there
           any
           hurt
           in
           this
           innocent
           easiness
           ,
           did
           not
           most
           men
           
             all
             their
             lives
          
           worship
           the
           first
           thing
           they
           saw
           in
           the
           morning
           of
           their
           days
           ,
           and
           
             ever
             after
          
           obstinately
           adhere
           to
           those
           unexamined
           Receptions
           .
           But
           this
           is
           the
           mischief
           ,
           we
           infinitely
           
             believe
             every
             thing
          
           when
           we
           are
           Children
           ,
           and
           most
           examine
           little
           when
           they
           are
           Men
           ,
           but
           settle
           in
           their
           
             first
             impressions
          
           ,
           without
           giving
           themselves
           the
           trouble
           to
           consider
           and
           review
           them
           .
           And
           
             these
             prejudices
          
           by
           custom
           and
           
             long
             acquaintance
          
           with
           our
           Souls
           ,
           get
           a
           mighty
           interest
           ,
           and
           shut
           them
           against
           every
           thing
           that
           is
           of
           a
           different
           colour
           from
           those
           
             Images
             of
             Education
          
           .
           This
           is
           a
           
             general
             fault
          
           and
           infirmity
           of
           
             humane
             Nature
          
           ,
           and
           from
           hence
           it
           comes
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           the
           tutour'd
           Youth
           sides
           easily
           into
           the
           belief
           of
           the
           
             first
             Principles
          
           of
           Philosophy
           ,
           which
           they
           are
           taught
           ,
           and
           are
           confirm'd
           in
           them
           by
           their
           Exercises
           and
           Disputes
           ,
           and
           Books
           and
           Converses
           :
           By
           these
           their
           Vnderstandings
           ,
           which
           before
           were
           White-Paper
           ,
           are
           dyed
           and
           
             deeply
             tinctured
          
           by
           the
           colour
           they
           have
           imbibed
           ;
           And
           
             these
             infusions
          
           insensibly
           grow
           as
           't
           were
           into
           the
           very
           substance
           of
           the
           Mind
           ,
           and
           are
           
           upon
           all
           occasions
           appealed
           to
           as
           its
           
             unprejudiced
             ,
             unsophisticate
             Dictates
          
           .
           So
           that
           having
           spent
           some
           time
           in
           learning
           and
           trimming
           those
           Notions
           ,
           
             the
             most
          
           divert
           to
           
             Business
             or
             other
          
           Studies
           ,
           without
           troubling
           themselves
           with
           any
           more
           Philosophical
           pursuits
           ;
           but
           being
           satisfied
           with
           
             those
             Notices
          
           which
           their
           first
           Education
           lodg'd
           in
           their
           Minds
           ,
           they
           seek
           no
           further
           ,
           nor
           do
           care
           to
           be
           wiser
           in
           those
           matters
           ,
           than
           they
           were
           in
           the
           
             disputing
             infancy
          
           of
           their
           Knowledge
           .
        
         
           All
           this
           while
           no
           other
           hurt
           is
           done
           ,
           but
           that
           men
           thus
           are
           injurious
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           hinder
           their
           own
           Improvements
           .
           But
           't
           is
           
             much
             worse
          
           when
           they
           fondly
           
             fix
             these
          
           as
           the
           pillars
           of
           Science
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           no
           body
           else
           go
           further
           than
           their
           laziness
           or
           their
           cares
           will
           permit
           them
           to
           travel
           ;
           but
           rail
           spightfully
           at
           all
           Endeavours
           for
           the
           advancement
           of
           
             Philosophick
             Wisdom
          
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           angry
           with
           every
           one
           that
           hath
           out-grown
           his
           Cherry-stones
           and
           Rattles
           ,
           speak
           evil
           at
           a
           venture
           of
           things
           they
           know
           not
           ,
           and
           like
           Mastives
           are
           fiercer
           for
           being
           kept
           dark
           .
           These
           are
           the
           great
           Enemies
           of
           the
           
             useful
             ,
             experimental
             Methods
             of
             Philosophy
             :
          
           They
           take
           it
           ill
           that
           any
           thing
           should
           be
           accounted
           valuable
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           are
           uninstructed
           .
           
           being
           loth
           to
           learn
           in
           an
           Age
           wherein
           they
           expect
           to
           Dictate
           ;
           and
           the
           Satyrist
           hath
           told
           them
           another
           reason
           .
        
         
           
             —
             Turpe
             putant
             parere
             minoribus
             ,
             &
             quae
          
           
             Imberbes
             didicêre
             ,
             senes
             perdenda
             fateri
             .
          
        
         
           I
           will
           not
           say
           how
           much
           of
           this
           I
           take
           to
           be
           the
           case
           of
           our
           
             Reverend
             Disputer
          
           ;
           only
           this
           ,
           He
           imployed
           his
           younger
           Studies
           upon
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           Disputation
           ,
           and
           ,
           't
           is
           like
           ,
           gained
           an
           ability
           to
           out-talk
           many
           of
           his
           Contemporaries
           in
           that
           way
           .
           He
           confirm'd
           himself
           in
           these
           Notions
           by
           instructing
           others
           in
           them
           ,
           and
           upon
           these
           Foundations
           hath
           built
           himself
           the
           Reputation
           of
           a
           
             great
             Scholar
          
           and
           a
           Disputant
           among
           his
           Country-Admirers
           .
           So
           that
           you
           are
           not
           to
           wonder
           that
           he
           is
           vehemently
           displeased
           with
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           and
           
             Experimental
             Philosophers
          
           ,
           since
           their
           Designs
           take
           away
           the
           honour
           of
           his
           Craft
           ,
           and
           in
           
             this
             way
          
           he
           is
           upon
           the
           same
           level
           with
           those
           that
           are
           
             but
             beginning
          
           ;
           the
           thought
           of
           which
           must
           needs
           be
           distasteful
           to
           a
           self-assured
           and
           imperous
           mind
           .
           And
           yet
           because
           you
           shall
           not
           think
           that
           I
           say
           any
           of
           this
           out
           of
           envy
           to
           his
           Fame
           ,
           I
           shall
           do
           him
           all
           the
           right
           I
           can
           ,
           by
           acknowledging
           ,
        
         
           That
           I
           take
           him
           for
           a
           Person
           that
           understands
           
           the
           Quiddities
           and
           Haecceities
           ,
           the
           
             Praecisiones
             formales
          
           and
           the
           Objectivae
           ,
           the
           Homogeneities
           and
           Heterogeneities
           ,
           the
           Catagorematice's
           and
           the
           Syncatagorematice's
           ,
           the
           Simpliciter's
           and
           the
           
             secundum
             Quid's
          
           .
           He
           knows
           ,
           no
           doubt
           ,
           that
           
             First
             Matter
          
           that
           is
           neither
           Quid
           ,
           nor
           Quale
           ,
           nor
           Quantum
           ;
           and
           that
           
             wonderful
             Gremium
             materiae
          
           ,
           out
           of
           which
           Forms
           were
           educed
           that
           were
           
             never
             there
          
           .
           He
           can
           tell
           you
           fine
           things
           of
           the
           fiery
           Element
           under
           the
           Moon
           ,
           and
           the
           Epicycles
           of
           the
           Stars
           ;
           Can
           resolve
           
             all
             Questions
          
           by
           the
           compendious
           way
           of
           
             Formalitèr
             ,
             Materialitèr
             ,
             Fundamentalitèr
          
           ,
           and
           Eminentèr
           ;
           Tell
           you
           the
           difference
           between
           
             Quodam
             modo
          
           and
           
             Modo
             quodam
          
           ,
           and
           shew
           the
           causes
           of
           all
           things
           in
           
             Sympathy
             ,
             Antipathy
             ,
             Combination
          
           of
           the
           Elements
           ,
           and
           Insfluences
           of
           the
           Heavens
           .
           He
           sees
           clearly
           by
           his
           Spectacles
           ,
           That
           the
           Milky-way
           is
           but
           a
           Meteor
           ,
           and
           Comets
           only
           
             kindled
             Vapours
          
           ,
           in
           spite
           of
           the
           contrary
           information
           of
           the
           
             deceitful
             Telescopes
          
           .
           He
           can
           ,
           no
           doubt
           ,
           dispute
           roundly
           about
           the
           
             composition
             of
             Entia
             rationis
          
           and
           Vniversals
           ,
           the
           Praedications
           of
           Genus
           and
           Species
           ,
           and
           the
           manner
           of
           their
           conservation
           in
           Individuals
           ;
           of
           the
           number
           of
           the
           Praedicaments
           ,
           and
           what
           Being
           is
           in
           this
           ,
           and
           what
           in
           another
           ;
           of
           the
           inherence
           and
           propagation
           
           of
           Accidents
           ,
           the
           real
           essence
           of
           Relations
           ,
           the
           nature
           of
           Vbi
           and
           Quando
           ,
           and
           a
           thousand
           other
           Logical
           tricks
           about
           Shuffling
           and
           
             ordering
             Propositions
          
           and
           forms
           of
           Syllogism
           .
           In
           Physiology
           he
           can
           discourse
           of
           the
           nakedness
           of
           
             First
             Matter
          
           ,
           the
           eduction
           of
           Forms
           out
           of
           its
           bosom
           ;
           shew
           ,
           that
           the
           want
           of
           a
           Being
           is
           a
           Principle
           of
           it
           ,
           how
           forms
           of
           Elements
           are
           refracted
           in
           
             mix'd
             Bodies
          
           ;
           Dispute
           subtilly
           about
           the
           
             Primum
             incipiens
          
           in
           Motion
           ,
           the
           instantaneousness
           of
           Generation
           ,
           the
           
             Maximum
             quod
             sic
          
           ,
           and
           the
           
             Minimum
             quod
             non
          
           ,
           and
           infinite
           more
           of
           such
           wonderful
           ,
           useful
           ,
           significant
           Speculations
           .
           And
           in
           the
           Metaphysicks
           I
           acknowledge
           him
           in
           the
           words
           of
           the
           incomparable
           Droll
           ;
           
             
               He
               knows
               what
               's
               what
               ,
               and
               that
               's
               as
               high
            
             
               As
               Metaphysick
               Wit
               can
               fly
               .
            
          
        
         
           These
           ,
           and
           other
           such
           profundities
           ,
           are
           some
           of
           the
           main
           things
           of
           that
           Philosophy
           to
           which
           our
           Disputer
           is
           so
           zealous
           a
           Votary
           .
           But
           for
           the
           Mechanick
           ,
           that
           attempts
           material
           and
           intelligible
           Accounts
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           is
           in
           its
           grounds
           much
           ancienter
           than
           that
           of
           Aristotle
           which
           he
           admires
           ,
           for
           the
           Experimental
           Methods
           and
           late
           Improvements
           
           of
           useful
           Knowledge
           ;
           as
           for
           these
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           I
           had
           no
           reason
           to
           judge
           by
           his
           Discourse
           that
           he
           had
           
             any
             acquantance
          
           with
           them
           ;
           nor
           doth
           he
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           I
           can
           perceive
           ,
           
             pretend
             it
          
           :
           But
           having
           it
           seems
           concluded
           ,
           That
           nothing
           more
           was
           to
           be
           known
           ,
           than
           he
           knew
           ,
           when
           he
           disputed
           in
           the
           Schools
           ,
           he
           hath
           
             sate
             down
          
           ever
           since
           ,
           and
           hugg'd
           himself
           in
           his
           own
           Omniscience
           and
           Infallibility
           ,
           without
           caring
           to
           be
           informed
           ,
           what
           the
           inquisitive
           World
           hath
           been
           doing
           in
           this
           
             late
             Age
          
           of
           Inquiry
           .
           And
           if
           it
           be
           any
           thing
           more
           than
           what
           he
           hath
           understood
           in
           his
           Circle
           of
           Disputations
           ,
           't
           is
           phantastical
           and
           unprofitable
           ,
           and
           not
           worthy
           his
           care
           or
           notice
           ,
           which
           is
           very
           prudently
           concluded
           ;
           For
           if
           it
           should
           be
           otherwise
           ,
           the
           Disputer
           would
           lose
           the
           credit
           of
           his
           Superlative
           Learning
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XVII
           .
           Of
           the
           Peripatetick
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           Aristotle
           ,
           as
           he
           concerns
           the
           Universites
           .
        
         
           
             ANd
             on
             this
             occasion
          
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           I
           observe
           the
           incompetency
           of
           
             their
             judgements
          
           who
           are
           Enemies
           to
           the
           
             Real
             Experimental
             Philosophy
          
           ,
           in
           that
           they
           do
           not
           (
           as
           I
           intimated
           )
           
             at
             all
          
           ,
           or
           
             very
             little
             ,
             understand
          
           what
           they
           condemn
           .
           This
           I
           have
           some
           reason
           to
           say
           ,
           since
           in
           the
           whole
           compass
           of
           my
           Acquaintance
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           very
           narrow
           ,
           I
           profess
           I
           know
           not
           one
           who
           opposeth
           the
           
             Modern
             way
          
           ,
           that
           is
           not
           
             almost
             totally
             unacquainted
          
           with
           it
           .
           And
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           upon
           the
           most
           careful
           turn
           of
           my
           thoughts
           among
           my
           Philosophick
           Friends
           ,
           I
           cannot
           light
           on
           one
           of
           all
           those
           that
           are
           for
           the
           Free
           and
           
             Experimental
             Procedure
          
           ,
           but
           who
           have
           been
           very
           well
           instructed
           in
           the
           
             Peripatetick
             Doctrines
          
           ,
           which
           they
           have
           deserted
           ,
           and
           
             most
             of
             them
          
           much
           better
           than
           those
           who
           are
           yet
           
             zealous
             contenders
          
           for
           them
           .
        
         
         
           And
           for
           my
           own
           part
           ,
           I
           must
           confess
           ,
           that
           in
           my
           younger
           and
           Talkative
           Age
           ,
           I
           was
           much
           delighted
           with
           those
           subtilities
           that
           exercise
           the
           Brain
           in
           the
           niceties
           of
           Notion
           and
           Distinctions
           ,
           and
           afford
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           
             idle
             Imployment
          
           for
           the
           Tongue
           in
           the
           Combates
           of
           Disputation
           :
           In
           which
           I
           acknowledge
           I
           was
           none
           of
           the
           most
           backward
           ,
           but
           being
           highly
           pleased
           with
           those
           engagements
           ,
           I
           found
           as
           much
           diversion
           in
           them
           ,
           as
           in
           my
           dearest
           Recreations
           :
           Yea
           ,
           and
           in
           this
           Recital
           methinks
           I
           feel
           a
           kind
           of
           
             sweet
             relish
          
           upon
           my
           mind
           ,
           of
           those
           
             past
             complacencies
          
           .
           But
           after
           I
           had
           spent
           some
           vears
           in
           those
           Notional
           Studies
           ,
           perhaps
           with
           as
           good
           success
           as
           some
           others
           ,
           I
           began
           to
           think
           CVIBONO
           ,
           and
           to
           consider
           what
           these
           things
           would
           signifie
           in
           the
           World
           of
           Action
           and
           Business
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           I
           thought
           ;
           but
           I
           could
           find
           no
           encouragement
           to
           proceed
           from
           the
           Answer
           my
           thoughts
           made
           me
           :
           I
           ask'd
           my self
           what
           accounts
           I
           could
           give
           of
           the
           Works
           of
           God
           by
           my
           philosophy
           ,
           more
           than
           those
           that
           have
           none
           ,
           and
           found
           ,
           that
           I
           could
           amaze
           and
           
             astonish
             Ignorance
             with
             Distinctions
          
           and
           words
           of
           Art
           ,
           but
           not
           
             satifie
             ingenious
             Inquiry
          
           by
           any
           considerable
           and
           
             material
             Resolutions
          
           .
           I
           consider'd
           I
           had
           got
           nothing
           all
           
           this
           while
           ,
           but
           a
           certain
           readiness
           in
           talking
           ,
           and
           that
           about
           things
           which
           I
           could
           not
           use
           abroad
           ,
           without
           being
           Pedantick
           and
           ridiculous
           .
           I
           perceived
           that
           
             that
             Philosophy
          
           aimed
           at
           
             no
             more
          
           ,
           than
           the
           instructing
           men
           in
           Notion
           and
           Dispute
           ;
           That
           its
           Design
           was
           mean
           ,
           and
           its
           Principles
           at
           the
           
             best
             uncertain
             and
             precarious
          
           ;
           That
           they
           did
           not
           agree
           among
           themselves
           ,
           nor
           at
           all
           with
           Nature
           .
           I
           examined
           the
           best
           Records
           I
           could
           meet
           with
           about
           the
           Author
           of
           those
           
             current
             Hypotheses
          
           ,
           but
           could
           not
           be
           assured
           that
           Aristotle
           was
           he
           .
           I
           saw
           many
           Reasons
           to
           believe
           ,
           that
           most
           of
           the
           
             Books
             that
          
           bear
           
             his
             Name
          
           ,
           are
           none
           of
           his
           ;
           and
           
             those
             that
             are
          
           most
           strongly
           presumed
           to
           be
           so
           ,
           are
           mightily
           altered
           and
           
             correupted
             by
             Time
             ,
             Ignorance
             ,
             Carelesness
          
           and
           Design
           .
           I
           perceived
           that
           the
           Commentators
           and
           late
           Disputers
           had
           exceedingly
           disguised
           and
           changed
           the
           Sense
           of
           those
           very
           Writings
           ,
           and
           made
           up
           a
           Philosophy
           that
           was
           
             quite
             another
             thing
          
           from
           that
           which
           those
           Books
           contain
           .
           So
           that
           by
           these
           means
           I
           was
           by
           degrees
           taken
           off
           from
           the
           
             implicit
             Veneration
          
           I
           had
           for
           
             that
             Learning
          
           ,
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           great
           Name
           of
           Aristotle
           which
           it
           wore
           .
           And
           in
           the
           process
           of
           my
           Inquiries
           ,
           I
           lighted
           upon
           several
           excellent
           Authors
           ,
           who
           
           said
           and
           proved
           very
           
             evil
             things
          
           of
           that
           Philosopher
           himself
           ;
           As
           ,
           That
           he
           was
           impious
           in
           his
           
             Life
             and
             many
          
           of
           his
           Doctrines
           ,
           a
           Persecutor
           of
           the
           
             most
             venerable
             Sages
          
           ,
           and
           corrupter
           of
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           the
           Ancients
           ;
           That
           he
           was
           of
           no
           such
           superlative
           account
           in
           the
           wisest
           Times
           ,
           but
           much
           opposed
           and
           slighted
           by
           the
           
             First
             Fathers
          
           ;
           That
           he
           grew
           into
           his
           
             Magisterial
             Authority
          
           by
           chance
           ,
           in
           Times
           of
           
             blackest
             Ignorance
          
           ,
           and
           held
           an
           
             unjust
             Empire
          
           over
           the
           free-born
           Minds
           of
           Men
           ,
           who
           since
           they
           are
           enlightned
           by
           the
           Rays
           of
           the
           glorious
           Gospel
           ,
           have
           less
           reason
           to
           bow
           down
           to
           the
           Dictates
           of
           an
           Idolater
           and
           an
           Heathen
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           I
           found
           
             these
             things
          
           ,
           and
           
             many
             more
          
           ,
           urged
           against
           the
           School-Philosopher
           ,
           by
           men
           of
           great
           Learning
           and
           Name
           .
           Nor
           could
           I
           ever
           light
           on
           any
           thing
           in
           his
           most
           devoted
           Admirers
           ,
           that
           tended
           to
           the
           answering
           or
           disproof
           of
           any
           of
           those
           
             grand
             Accusations
          
           ,
           most
           of
           which
           seemed
           to
           me
           to
           have
           too
           much
           evidence
           ,
           to
           be
           easily
           disabled
           ;
           not
           to
           mention
           how
           many
           Reasons
           I
           saw
           my self
           for
           the
           worst
           of
           those
           Characters
           ,
           in
           the
           Books
           that
           are
           ascribed
           to
           him
           ,
           if
           
             really
             they
             are
             his
          
           .
        
         
           These
           things
           then
           I
           ponder'd
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           heat
           of
           my
           Thoughts
           ,
           and
           a
           youthful
           Indigntion
           ,
           
           I
           drew
           up
           the
           charge
           ,
           and
           
             gave
             in
          
           the
           full
           of
           those
           
             bold
             Accounts
          
           to
           the
           publick
           ,
           in
           a
           Letter
           about
           Aristotle
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           you
           will
           not
           do
           amiss
           to
           consider
           .
           Thus
           the
           great
           impediment
           was
           removed
           ,
           and
           the
           prejudcie
           of
           Education
           overcome
           ,
           when
           I
           thought
           further
           ,
           That
           useful
           Knowledge
           was
           to
           be
           look'd
           for
           in
           
             God's
             great
             Book
          
           the
           Vniverse
           ,
           and
           among
           those
           generous
           Men
           that
           had
           converst
           with
           real
           Nature
           ,
           undisguised
           with
           Art
           and
           Notion
           .
           And
           still
           I
           saw
           more
           of
           the
           justice
           of
           the
           excellent
           
           Poet's
           Censure
           of
           the
           sons
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           when
           he
           saith
           ,
           
             
               They
               stand
            
             
               Lock'd
               up
               together
               hand
               in
               hand
               :
            
             
               Every
               one
               leads
               as
               he
               is
               led
               ,
            
             
               The
               same
               bare
               path
               they
               tread
               ,
            
             
               And
               dance
               like
               Fairies
               a
               phantastick
               Round
               ;
            
             
               But
               neither
               change
               their
               Motion
               ,
               nor
               their
               ground
               .
            
          
           From
           
             this
             Philosophy
          
           therefore
           ,
           and
           
             these
             Men
          
           ,
           I
           diverted
           my
           eyes
           and
           hopes
           ,
           and
           fixt
           them
           upon
           
             those
             Methods
          
           that
           I
           have
           recommended
           ,
           which
           I
           am
           sure
           are
           liable
           to
           none
           of
           those
           Imputations
           .
        
         
           And
           here
           I
           think
           fit
           to
           add
           a
           Caution
           which
           I
           have
           given
           in
           another
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           do
           it
           once
           more
           to
           prevent
           a
           dangerous
           
           misunderstanding
           ,
           viz.
           [
           And
           it
           is
           ,
           That
           I
           have
           said
           nothing
           of
           this
           to
           discourage
           
             young
             Academiasn
          
           from
           applying
           themselves
           to
           those
           first
           Studies
           which
           are
           in
           use
           in
           the
           Vniversities
           .
           Their
           Statutes
           require
           Exercises
           in
           
             that
             way
          
           of
           Learning
           ;
           and
           
             so
             much
          
           knowledge
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           inables
           for
           
             those
             Duties
          
           ,
           is
           requisite
           and
           fit
           .
           Nor
           do
           I
           deny
           ,
           but
           that
           
             those
             Speculations
          
           ,
           raise
           ,
           quicken
           ,
           and
           whet
           the
           Vnderstanding
           ,
           and
           on
           that
           account
           may
           not
           be
           altogether
           unprofitable
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           more
           
             useful
             Inquisitions
          
           ;
           provided
           It
           keep
           it self
           from
           being
           
             nice
             ,
             aiery
          
           ,
           and
           addicted
           too
           much
           to
           general
           Notions
           .
           But
           this
           is
           the
           danger
           ,
           and
           the
           
             greatst
             part
          
           run
           upon
           the
           Rock
           .
           The
           hazard
           of
           which
           might
           in
           great
           measure
           be
           avoided
           ,
           if
           the
           Mathematicks
           and
           
             Natural
             History
          
           were
           mingled
           with
           
             these
             other
             Studies
          
           which
           would
           indeed
           be
           excellent
           Preparatives
           and
           
             Dispostions
             to
             future
          
           Improvements
           .
           And
           I
           add
           further
           ,
           that
           the
           
             young
             Philosophers
          
           must
           take
           care
           of
           looking
           on
           their
           
             Systematick
             Notions
          
           as
           the
           bounds
           and
           Perfections
           of
           Knowledge
           ;
           nor
           make
           account
           to
           
             fix
             eternally
          
           upon
           
             those
             Theroies
          
           ,
           as
           establish'd
           and
           
             infallible
             Certainties
          
           :
           But
           
             consider
             them
          
           in
           the
           
             modest
             sense
          
           of
           Hypotheses
           ,
           and
           as
           things
           they
           are
           
           to
           take
           in
           their
           passage
           to
           others
           that
           are
           more
           valuable
           and
           important
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           the
           
             Peripatetick
             Studies
          
           thus
           temper'd
           ,
           will
           not
           ,
           I
           suppose
           ,
           be
           desallowed
           by
           the
           men
           of
           the
           
             Practical
             Method
          
           ;
           and
           so
           the
           Vniversity-Establishments
           can
           receive
           no
           prejudice
           from
           the
           Spirit
           that
           dislikes
           a
           
             perpetual
             acquiescence
          
           in
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           the
           present
           Schools
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVIII
           .
           Some
           things
           else
           debated
           by
           the
           Author
           with
           the
           Disputer
           ,
           about
           the
           Prophets
           and
           the
           Scriptures
           .
           The
           Imagination
           was
           ordinarily
           the
           immediate
           Subject
           of
           Prophetick
           Influx
           .
        
         
           I
           HAVE
           now
           done
           with
           the
           
             Philosophical
             Considerations
          
           I
           intended
           here
           ,
           and
           am
           so
           fond
           as
           to
           believe
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           said
           enough
           about
           the
           main
           business
           of
           our
           Conference
           ;
           from
           which
           the
           Disputer
           at
           last
           shew'd
           an
           inclination
           to
           draw
           off
           ,
           and
           
           endeavour'd
           to
           engage
           me
           in
           other
           things
           that
           were
           aside
           and
           irrelative
           to
           our
           Discourse
           :
           Particularly
           ,
           I
           perceived
           he
           made
           towards
           the
           Controversies
           between
           the
           Calvinists
           and
           Remonstrants
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           me
           several
           Temptations
           to
           fall
           in
           there
           .
           I
           knew
           it
           was
           a
           Design
           to
           draw
           me
           into
           his
           Road
           of
           talking
           ,
           and
           consider'd
           that
           our
           Spirits
           were
           too
           much
           moved
           ,
           and
           our
           Time
           too
           short
           for
           those
           deep
           and
           endless
           Debates
           .
           And
           I
           have
           long
           since
           resolved
           never
           to
           treat
           with
           any
           one
           about
           them
           ,
           that
           is
           not
           very
           
             free
             ,
             thoughtful
             ,
             modest
          
           ,
           and
           benign
           ,
           without
           which
           praedispositions
           in
           the
           Subject
           ,
           I
           know
           the
           clearest
           and
           
             greatest
             evidence
          
           in
           the
           World
           can
           make
           no
           impressions
           .
           Upon
           these
           accounts
           I
           declined
           the
           bait
           ;
           but
           in
           the
           process
           of
           our
           rambling
           Talk
           ,
           was
           insensibly
           led
           into
           a
           Discourse
           as
           extrinsick
           ,
           which
           was
           concerning
           the
           
             Method
             of
             the
             Scriptures
          
           .
           About
           this
           I
           said
           ,
        
         
           That
           those
           Holy
           Oracles
           were
           not
           written
           methodically
           ;
           
             Meaning
             ,
             not
             according
             to
             the
          
           Rules
           of
           our
           Methods
           ;
           
             especially
             I
             instanc'd
             in
             the
          
           Prophetick
           Writings
           ,
           
             which
             are
             very
             
             little
             suted
             to
             the
          
           ways
           
             of
             our
          
           Order
           .
           
             And
             in
             consequence
             of
          
           this
           ,
           
             I
             affirmed
          
           ,
           That
           God
           was
           pleased
           in
           those
           Inspirations
           to
           apply
           himself
           much
           to
           the
           Imagination
           of
           the
           Prophets
           ;
           which
           Faculty
           ,
           
             I
             said
             ,
             was
          
           desultory
           ,
           
             and
             did
             seldom
          
           tie
           
             it self
             to
          
           strict
           coherence
           .
           
             This
             was
             the
          
           sum
           of
           all
           
             from
             whence
             the
             Disputer
             took
             occasion
             for
          
           loud
           
             out-cries
             .
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             [
             
               That
               my
               Affirmations
               were
               Atheistical
               ;
               That
               God
               was
               the
               God
               of
               Order
               ,
               and
               not
               of
               Confusion
               ;
               and
               dealt
               with
               the
               noblest
               Faculty
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               Understanding
            
             ]
             I
             was
             astonish'd
             at
             the
             haste
             of
             the
          
           wilde
           and
           groundless
           Censure
           ,
           and
           answered
           
             to
             the
          
           Argument
           ,
           
             That
             he
             might
             as
             well
          
           conclude
           ,
           
             That
             all
             the
          
           Blades
           of
           Grass
           ,
           and
           Flowers
           of
           the
           Field
           ,
           should
           be
           placed
           in
           Knots
           ,
           and
           a
           Garden-order
           ,
           and
           the
           Stars
           set
           in
           Rank
           and
           File
           ,
           because
           God
           is
           the
           God
           of
           Order
           ,
           
             as
             the
             other
             Proposition
             he
             would
             infer
             .
          
        
         
           I
           said
           there
           was
           no
           doubt
           but
           that
           the
           Divine
           Wisdom
           ,
           which
           had
           made
           all
           things
           in
           
             Number
             ,
             Weight
             ,
             and
             Measure
             ,
          
           
           had
           an
           Order
           and
           Idea
           to
           it self
           ,
           according
           to
           which
           it
           framed
           them
           :
           But
           then
           I
           added
           ,
           That
           as
           
             his
             ways
          
           were
           
             above
             ours
          
           ,
           so
           were
           many
           of
           the
           Methods
           of
           his
           
             Working
             besides
          
           them
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           I
           thought
           it
           somewhat
           too
           bold
           and
           presumptuous
           to
           bring
           down
           Infinite
           Wisedom
           to
           
             our
             Rules
          
           ,
           upon
           that
           score
           reproving
           the
           Custom
           of
           some
           
             Formal
             Preachers
          
           ,
           who
           spend
           much
           pains
           to
           little
           purpose
           ,
           in
           finding
           long
           Series
           of
           connection
           ,
           where
           many
           times
           none
           were
           intended
           .
        
         
           This
           is
           the
           whole
           substance
           of
           what
           I
           said
           in
           this
           Affair
           ,
           and
           at
           this
           period
           of
           the
           Conference
           the
           Disputer
           lost
           all
           patience
           ,
           and
           with
           sufficient
           spight
           and
           rage
           told
           me
           ,
           
             That
             I
             was
             an
             Atheist
          
           ;
           That
           he
           had
           indeed
           desired
           my
           Acquaintance
           ,
           but
           would
           have
           no
           more
           on
           't
           ;
           and
           so
           turn'd
           his
           back
           ,
           and
           went
           away
           ,
           giving
           me
           time
           only
           to
           
             Answer
             ,
             That
             I
             had
             no
             great
             reason
             to
             lament
             the
             loss
             of
             an
             Acquaintance
             that
             could
             be
             so
             easily
             forfeited
             .
          
           Thus
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           you
           have
           the
           sincere
           Account
           of
           those
           Sayings
           ,
           about
           which
           the
           Disputer
           hath
           raised
           such
           Tragical
           Stories
           .
           In
           them
           he
           hath
           accused
           me
           of
           
             Atheistical
             Assertions
          
           ,
           and
           affirmed
           that
           I
           said
           ,
           
             The
             Scripture
             was
             only
             written
             to
             mens
             phansies
             :
          
           
           Which
           Proposition
           he
           hath
           so
           ordered
           ,
           as
           that
           many
           impious
           absurdities
           are
           deduced
           from
           it
           ,
           and
           those
           must
           go
           for
           my
           Opinions
           .
           When
           as
           't
           is
           so
           far
           from
           being
           true
           ,
           that
           
             that
             Proposition
          
           came
           from
           me
           ,
           that
           I
           understand
           not
           what
           it
           means
           :
           Only
           I
           can
           collect
           from
           it
           the
           
             Disputers
             Wrath
             ,
          
           or
           somewhat
           he
           would
           be
           less
           willing
           to
           acknowledge
           .
           For
           either
           he
           
             really
             believes
          
           the
           Proposition
           he
           reports
           ,
           to
           be
           the
           sense
           of
           mine
           ,
           or
           he
           doth
           not
           ;
           If
           really
           he
           doth
           ,
           I
           cannot
           excuse
           his
           Vnderstanding
           ;
           if
           
             not
             ,
             I
             wonder
          
           at
           his
           Conscience
           .
           But
           that
           I
           may
           together
           explicate
           what
           I
           meant
           ,
           and
           defend
           it
           ,
           I
           add
           a
           brief
           account
           of
           my
           Saying
           ,
           
             [
             That
             God
             did
             much
             apply
             himself
             to
             the
             Imagination
             of
             the
             Prophets
             ;
             ]
          
           As
           to
           which
           ,
           I
           observe
           ,
        
         
           
             That
             both
             the
          
           Schoolmen
           
             ond
             others
             usually
             divide
          
           Prophesie
           into
           Intellectual
           and
           Imaginary
           .
           
             The
             former
             is
             from
             a
             Light
          
           immediately
           infused
           
             into
             the
          
           Vnderstanding
           ;
           the
           latter
           ,
           
             when
             the
          
           Prophetick
           Spirit
           
             makes
             its
          
           first
           Impressions
           
             on
             the
          
           Imagination
           ,
           by
           sensible
           and
           material
           Representments
           .
           
             As
             for
             the
          
           First
           ,
           
             it
             was
             so
          
           rare
           ,
           
           
             that
             not
             above
          
           one
           or
           two
           
             Instances
             are
             produced
             by
             the
             Learned
             in
             the
             kind
             ,
          
           viz.
           MOSES
           
             and
             St.
          
           PAVL
           .
           
             Now
             commonly
             the
          
           degree
           of
           Mosaical
           Inspiration
           
             was
             distinguish'd
             from
             the
          
           Prophetical
           ;
           
             and
             the
          
           difference
           
             is
             plainly
             enough
             express'd
          
           Deut.
           
             xxxiv
             .
             x.
          
           And
           there
           arose
           not
           a
           Prophet
           since
           in
           Israel
           like
           unto
           MOSES
           ,
           whom
           the
           Lord
           knew
           face
           to
           face
           .
           
             For
             the
          
           other
           
             Prophets
             ,
             God
             saith
          
           ,
           I
           will
           make
           my self
           known
           unto
           him
           in
           a
           Vision
           ,
           and
           will
           speak
           unto
           him
           in
           a
           Dream
           :
           My
           Servant
           Moses
           is
           not
           so
           ,
           with
           him
           I
           will
           speak
           mouth
           to
           mouth
           ,
           
             Num.
             xxii
             .
             v
             ,
             vi
             .
             —
             intimating
             a
          
           transcendent
           
             Priviledge
             to
          
           Moses
           
             above
             the
          
           Prophets
           ,
           
             in
             the
          
           immediate
           
             way
             of
          
           application
           
             to
             his
          
           mind
           ,
           without
           the
           mediation
           of
           sensible
           Impressions
           .
           
             And
             upon
             this
             account
             't
             is
             said
             in
             the
          
           New-Testament
           ,
           They
           have
           Moses
           and
           the
           Prophets
           ;
           
             implying
             the
             difference
             of
             the
          
           dignity
           and
           degree
           of
           their
           Inspiration
           .
        
         
           As
           for
           the
           second
           Instance
           of
           St.
           Paul
           ,
           his
           case
           mentioned
           ii
           Cor.
           xxii
           .
           was
           Extasie
           ,
           and
           may
           be
           omitted
           in
           our
           Discourse
           that
           concerns
           
             Prophetick
             Revelation
          
           ;
           But
           admitting
           it
           ,
           this
           must
           be
           granted
           however
           ,
           That
           the
           
             immediate
             Intellectual
          
           way
           was
           very
           rare
           ,
           and
           therefore
           by
           way
           of
           eminency
           
           and
           distinction
           ,
           't
           is
           among
           the
           Rabbins
           call'd
           the
           
             Gradus
             Mosaicus
          
           .
        
         
           But
           for
           the
           second
           kind
           ,
           viz.
           the
           Imaginary
           and
           Sensible
           ,
           this
           was
           the
           ordinary
           sort
           of
           Inspiration
           ,
           and
           this
           the
           meaning
           of
           my
           Assertion
           .
           That
           it
           was
           the
           usual
           way
           of
           influx
           upon
           the
           Prophets
           ,
           appears
           from
           the
           mentioned
           place
           of
           Deut.
           xxxiv
           .
           
             And
             I
             will
             make
             my self
             known
             unto
             him
             in
             a
             Vision
             ,
             and
             speak
             unto
             him
             in
             a
             Dream
          
           ;
           which
           was
           most
           evidently
           fulfilled
           in
           the
           latter
           days
           of
           Prophesie
           ,
           when
           the
           
             Prophetick
             Illuminations
          
           went
           much
           
             this
             way
          
           .
           It
           might
           seem
           superfluous
           labour
           to
           give
           particular
           Instances
           in
           
           Ieremiah's
           
             Boyling
             Pot
             ,
             his
             Rod
             ,
             his
             Basket
             of
             Figs
          
           —
           In
           
             Daniels
             Tree
          
           and
           
             Four
             Beasts
          
           —
           In
           
           Ezechiel's
           
             Chariot
             ,
             Wheels
             ,
             Living
             Creatures
          
           —
           and
           such
           like
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           Prophetick
           Writings
           scarce
           leave
           a
           page
           without
           example
           .
           Now
           it
           will
           not
           I
           conceive
           be
           denied
           by
           any
           one
           that
           understands
           what
           he
           saith
           ,
           that
           these
           Representations
           were
           made
           upon
           the
           Stage
           of
           Imagination
           ,
           and
           those
           
             Visa
             imprest
          
           on
           the
           Phancy
           .
           Upon
           this
           account
           it
           was
           that
           the
           Enthusiasms
           of
           later
           Prophets
           were
           much
           in
           
             Similitudes
             ,
             Parables
          
           ,
           and
           Allegories
           ;
           and
           so
           Ezechiel
           complains
           ,
           
             Ah
             Lord
             ,
             they
             say
             of
             
             me
             ,
             Doth
             he
             not
             speak
             in
          
           Parables
           ?
           And
           
             a
             Lapide
          
           gives
           it
           for
           a
           
             general
             Rule
             ,
             Prophetarum
             Visions
             &
             Revelationes
             communiter
             fuerunt
             Sensiles
             ,
             sive
             Imaginarie
             .
             Rabbi
             Albo
          
           calls
           Prophesie
           an
           Influence
           from
           God
           upon
           the
           Mind
           by
           the
           mediation
           of
           the
           Phancy
           ;
           and
           Maimonides
           saith
           ,
           That
           all
           the
           Degrees
           of
           Prophesie
           are
           contain'd
           in
           those
           two
           ,
           a
           Dream
           and
           a
           Vision
           ;
           and
           Ioel
           ii
           .
           xxviii
           .
           mentions
           these
           as
           comprehensive
           of
           all
           the
           Degrees
           of
           Prophesie
           .
           But
           this
           thing
           is
           every
           where
           so
           clear
           in
           the
           Scripture
           ,
           in
           the
           Rabbins
           ,
           and
           the
           Writings
           of
           all
           Learned
           men
           that
           deal
           in
           those
           matters
           ,
           that
           I
           think
           I
           need
           not
           say
           much
           more
           for
           proof
           .
        
         
           Only
           I
           take
           notice
           ,
           That
           't
           was
           the
           general
           belief
           of
           the
           Iewish
           Writers
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           
             Christian
             Fathers
          
           and
           
             Schoolmen
             universally
          
           ,
           confirm'd
           by
           the
           Authority
           of
           
             Scripture
             ,
             That
             Angels
             were
             ordinarily
             the
             immediate
             Efficients
             by
             whose
             Ministry
             the
             Scene
             of
             Prophetick
             Representations
             was
             drest
             and
             order'd
             .
          
           This
           hath
           been
           evidently
           proved
           by
           the
           Learned
           Mr.
           Smith
           ,
           in
           his
           Discourse
           of
           Prophesie
           ;
           and
           from
           hence
           I
           could
           infer
           ,
           if
           there
           were
           need
           of
           more
           ,
           That
           their
           menage
           of
           this
           Affair
           doth
           reasonably
           infer
           ,
           That
           the
           Imagination
           had
           such
           a
           concern
           in
           
           it
           as
           I
           affirm
           .
           For
           't
           is
           generally
           denied
           by
           the
           Schoolmen
           ,
           whose
           Authority
           no
           doubt
           is
           great
           with
           our
           Disputer
           and
           others
           ,
           That
           Angels
           can
           
             immediately
             imprint
             Conceptions
          
           and
           Apprehensions
           on
           the
           Vnderstanding
           ;
           which
           indeed
           ,
           among
           other
           absurdities
           that
           I
           omit
           ,
           would
           infer
           ,
           That
           they
           have
           that
           grand
           Prerogative
           of
           the
           Omniscient
           ,
           the
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           
             Knowledge
             of
             Hearts
          
           ,
           which
           the
           Scripture
           every
           where
           vindicates
           and
           appropriates
           to
           
             God
             only
          
           .
           What
           they
           do
           therefore
           ,
           must
           be
           by
           Phantasms
           and
           
             Idea's
             imprest
          
           on
           the
           Phancy
           .
           They
           are
           the
           Internuncii
           and
           immediate
           Causes
           which
           present
           the
           
             Prophetick
             Visa
          
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           the
           Imagination
           and
           Sense
           are
           the
           chief
           Stage
           of
           their
           Representations
           .
           Now
           this
           was
           done
           
             divers
             ways
          
           ,
           and
           the
           noble
           
             Picus
             Mirandula
          
           hath
           collected
           out
           of
           Maimonides
           no
           less
           than
           eleven
           ,
           all
           which
           he
           calls
           
             Gradus
             Imaginarii
          
           ,
           in
           opposition
           to
           the
           
             Gradus
             Mosaicus
          
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Intellectual
           .
        
         
           But
           't
           is
           not
           proper
           for
           me
           to
           insist
           longer
           on
           a
           thing
           that
           is
           extrinsick
           to
           the
           main
           design
           of
           my
           Discourse
           .
           And
           it
           was
           too
           
           but
           the
           Conclusion
           and
           smallest
           part
           of
           our
           Conference
           ;
           Though
           the
           Disputer
           (
           as
           far
           as
           I
           can
           hear
           )
           reports
           nothing
           else
           as
           the
           matter
           of
           our
           difference
           ,
           but
           these
           two
           things
           ,
           about
           the
           
             Method
             of
             Scripture
          
           ,
           and
           
             Gods
             applying
             to
             the
             Imagination
             of
             the
             Prophets
          
           ;
           either
           because
           he
           is
           ashamed
           to
           own
           the
           main
           Discourse
           ,
           or
           else
           hath
           a
           Design
           to
           throw
           the
           odium
           upon
           me
           of
           Heterodoxy
           in
           Religion
           .
           When
           as
           indeed
           these
           came
           in
           but
           accidentally
           ,
           and
           we
           had
           but
           a
           short
           Contrast
           about
           them
           ,
           which
           I
           have
           
             faithfully
             related
          
           .
        
      
       
         
           The
           CONCLUSION
           .
           Containing
           Observations
           about
           the
           Censure
           of
           Atheism
           ,
           applied
           to
           Philosophical
           Men
           ;
           and
           the
           Authors
           Apology
           to
           the
           ROYAL
           SOCIETY
           ,
           and
           other
           generous
           Philosophers
           .
        
         
           BY
           this
           I
           believe
           you
           see
           how
           
             little
             Reason
          
           there
           was
           in
           the
           Disputer's
           Discourse
           ,
           
           and
           how
           
             little
             Iustice
          
           in
           his
           
             foul
             Imputation
          
           ;
           upon
           the
           occasion
           of
           which
           ,
           if
           you
           are
           not
           quite
           tired
           already
           ,
           I
           shall
           by
           way
           of
           Conclusion
           offer
           you
           a
           Remarque
           or
           two
           concerning
           the
           Charge
           of
           Atheism
           ,
           of
           which
           some
           fierce
           People
           are
           very
           liberal
           .
        
         
           About
           it
           I
           take
           notice
           ,
           That
           Philosophical
           Men
           are
           usually
           dealt
           with
           by
           the
           zealous
           ,
           as
           the
           greatest
           Patrons
           of
           the
           Protestant
           Cause
           are
           by
           the
           Sects
           .
           For
           as
           the
           Bishops
           and
           other
           Learned
           Persons
           ,
           who
           have
           
             most
             strongly
          
           oppugned
           the
           
             Romish
             Faith
          
           ,
           have
           had
           the
           ill
           luck
           to
           be
           accused
           of
           Popery
           themselves
           ;
           in
           like
           manner
           it
           happens
           to
           the
           humblest
           and
           
             deepest
             Inquisitors
          
           into
           the
           Works
           of
           God
           ,
           who
           have
           the
           most
           and
           fullest
           Arguments
           of
           his
           existence
           ,
           have
           raised
           
             impregnable
             Ramparts
          
           with
           much
           industry
           and
           
             pious
             pains
          
           against
           the
           Atheists
           ,
           and
           are
           the
           
             only
             men
          
           that
           can
           with
           success
           serve
           Religion
           against
           the
           
             godless
             Rout
             ;
             These
             ,
             Superstitious
             Ignorance
          
           hath
           always
           made
           the
           loudest
           out-cry
           against
           ,
           as
           if
           themselves
           were
           guilty
           of
           that
           which
           they
           have
           most
           happily
           oppugned
           and
           defeated
           .
           And
           the
           certain
           way
           to
           be
           esteemed
           an
           Atheist
           by
           the
           fierce
           and
           
             ignorant
             Devoto's
          
           ,
           is
           to
           study
           to
           lay
           the
           Foundations
           of
           
           
             Religion
             sure
          
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           able
           to
           speak
           groundedly
           and
           to
           purpose
           against
           the
           desperate
           Cause
           of
           the
           
             black
             Conspirators
          
           against
           Heaven
           .
           This
           I
           confess
           hath
           been
           one
           of
           the
           chief
           Imployments
           of
           my
           time
           and
           thoughts
           ;
           and
           on
           this
           account
           I
           reckon
           ,
           I
           must
           be
           content
           with
           my
           share
           in
           the
           abuse
           ,
           when
           greater
           ,
           and
           better
           ,
           and
           deeper
           men
           have
           been
           pelted
           with
           this
           Dirt
           ,
           while
           they
           have
           been
           labouring
           in
           the
           Trenches
           ,
           and
           indeavouring
           to
           secure
           the
           Foundations
           of
           the
           
             Holy
             Fabrick
          
           .
        
         
           But
           besides
           I
           observe
           ,
           That
           
             narrow
             ,
             angry
          
           People
           take
           occasion
           to
           charge
           the
           
             freer
             Spirits
          
           with
           Atheism
           ,
           because
           they
           move
           in
           a
           larger
           Circle
           ,
           and
           have
           no
           such
           
             fond
             adherence
          
           to
           
             some
             Opinions
          
           which
           
             they
             adore
          
           and
           count
           Sacred
           .
           And
           for
           my
           own
           part
           ,
           I
           confess
           I
           have
           not
           Superstition
           enough
           in
           my
           Spirit
           or
           Nature
           ,
           to
           incline
           me
           to
           doat
           upon
           all
           the
           Principles
           I
           judge
           true
           ,
           or
           to
           speak
           so
           dogmatically
           about
           them
           as
           I
           perceive
           confident
           and
           disputing
           men
           are
           wont
           .
           But
           contenting
           my self
           with
           a
           
             firm
             Assent
          
           to
           the
           
             few
             practical
             Fundamentals
          
           of
           Faith
           ,
           and
           having
           
             fix'd
             that
             end
          
           of
           the
           Compass
           ,
           I
           desire
           to
           preserve
           my
           Liberty
           as
           to
           the
           rest
           ,
           holding
           the
           other
           in
           such
           a
           posture
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           ready
           to
           draw
           those
           Lines
           ,
           my
           Judgment
           
           ment
           informed
           by
           the
           
             Holy
             Oracles
          
           ,
           the
           Articles
           of
           
             our
             Church
          
           ,
           the
           Apprehensions
           of
           
             wise
             Antiquity
          
           ,
           and
           my
           
             particular
             Reason
          
           ,
           shall
           direct
           me
           to
           describe
           .
           And
           when
           I
           do
           that
           ,
           't
           is
           for
           my self
           ,
           and
           my
           
             own
             satisfaction
          
           ;
           but
           am
           not
           concern'd
           to
           impose
           my
           Sentiments
           upon
           others
           :
           nor
           do
           I
           care
           to
           endeavour
           the
           change
           of
           their
           minds
           ,
           though
           I
           judge
           them
           mistaken
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           Vertue
           ,
           the
           Interests
           of
           Religion
           ,
           the
           Peace
           of
           the
           World
           and
           
             their
             own
          
           are
           not
           prejudiced
           by
           their
           Errours
           .
           By
           this
           modest
           indifference
           I
           secure
           Charity
           for
           all
           the
           diversities
           of
           Belief
           ,
           and
           equally
           offer
           my
           Friendship
           and
           Converses
           to
           the
           several
           Sects
           and
           Perswasions
           ,
           that
           stick
           to
           the
           
             plain
             Principles
          
           of
           the
           Gospel
           and
           a
           
             Vertuous
             Life
          
           ,
           overlooking
           their
           particular
           fondnesses
           and
           follies
           .
           This
           is
           the
           Temper
           of
           my
           Genius
           ,
           and
           this
           some
           warm
           Folks
           ,
           who
           have
           more
           heat
           than
           light
           ,
           are
           apt
           to
           call
           Scepticism
           and
           
             cold
             Neutrality
          
           :
           But
           that
           it
           deserves
           better
           names
           ,
           I
           have
           made
           appear
           in
           some
           other
           .
           Papers
           ;
           and
           I
           have
           a
           little
           Interest
           to
           remarque
           further
           ,
        
         
           That
           't
           is
           the
           misfortune
           of
           men
           of
           Philosophical
           inclination
           ,
           where
           they
           escape
           the
           reproach
           of
           the
           more
           
             desperate
             Atheism
             ,
          
           at
           least
           to
           meet
           the
           imputation
           of
           a
           
             bordering
             
             impiety
          
           ,
           the
           Contempt
           of
           the
           
             Holy
             Scriptures
          
           .
           I
           am
           not
           to
           answer
           for
           all
           the
           Pretenders
           to
           Philosophy
           :
           but
           this
           I
           can
           say
           ,
           That
           those
           of
           the
           graver
           and
           
             better
             Genius
          
           ,
           have
           such
           an
           apprehension
           of
           the
           
             Divine
             Oracles
          
           ,
           as
           will
           effectually
           secure
           them
           from
           suffering
           diminution
           from
           any
           Disclosures
           in
           Nature
           :
           And
           that
           is
           ,
           
             That
             those
             Holy
             Records
             speak
             for
             the
             most
             part
             in
             the
             Language
             of
             Sense
             ,
             being
             suted
             to
             Plebeian
             Capacities
             ,
             and
             intended
             for
             Instructions
             in
             Life
             and
             Manners
             ;
             not
             for
             nicer
             Informations
             in
             things
             of
             deeper
             Speculation
             and
             Theory
             .
          
           Upon
           which
           accounts
           they
           reckon
           ,
           that
           we
           are
           not
           to
           expect
           from
           them
           the
           Propositions
           of
           Philosophy
           ,
           nor
           to
           wonder
           or
           be
           stumbled
           though
           the
           literal
           Text
           do
           not
           answer
           
             Philosophical
             exactness
          
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           the
           thing
           the
           
             inspired
             Book
             intends
          
           .
           So
           that
           whatever
           Discoveries
           are
           made
           by
           the
           Inquirers
           into
           Nature
           ,
           the
           
             Sacred
             Authority
          
           stands
           firm
           ,
           while
           they
           judge
           by
           
             this
             Rule
          
           of
           Interpretation
           .
           But
           of
           this
           again
           in
           a
           fitter
           place
           ,
           at
           present
           my
           own
           Concerns
           call
           upon
           me
           to
           say
           somewhat
           for
           my self
           ;
           since
           my
           
             enrag'd
             Antagonist
          
           hath
           from
           our
           Discourse
           (
           how
           justly
           we
           have
           seen
           already
           )
           reported
           me
           an
           Enemy
           to
           the
           Scriptures
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           one
           would
           think
           it
           should
           be
           
           very
           needless
           and
           improper
           ,
           that
           one
           who
           Ministers
           in
           the
           eternal
           Gospel
           ,
           should
           say
           any
           more
           than
           what
           he
           doth
           twice
           every
           Week
           in
           those
           Publick
           Instructions
           drawn
           from
           the
           
             Sacred
             Volume
          
           ,
           to
           justifie
           his
           being
           no
           despiser
           of
           it
           :
           But
           there
           are
           a
           sort
           of
           People
           with
           whom
           one
           
             perverse
             ,
             illogical
             ,
             uncharitable
             deduction
          
           of
           their
           own
           will
           
             signifie
             more
          
           ,
           to
           fasten
           an
           odious
           thing
           upon
           him
           that
           dissents
           from
           them
           ,
           than
           a
           thousand
           professions
           of
           his
           to
           the
           contrary
           can
           do
           to
           clear
           him
           from
           the
           malicious
           Charge
           .
           For
           such
           ,
           't
           is
           an
           happy
           turn
           that
           we
           are
           to
           be
           judged
           by
           a
           more
           equal
           Tribunal
           than
           theirs
           ,
           and
           they
           would
           be
           loth
           to
           be
           
             tryed
             themselves
          
           by
           such
           Measures
           .
           Were
           these
           the
           only
           Persons
           I
           have
           to
           deal
           with
           ,
           I
           should
           spare
           my self
           these
           pains
           ;
           for
           I
           know
           ,
           
             what
             I
             write
          
           will
           not
           be
           more
           plain
           and
           credible
           than
           
             what
             I
             say
          
           .
           But
           others
           are
           to
           be
           consider'd
           ,
           of
           more
           Christian
           and
           candid
           tempers
           ,
           upon
           whom
           envious
           Traducers
           may
           fasten
           some
           
             odd
             thoughts
          
           and
           suspicions
           :
           To
           such
           I
           declare
           ,
           That
           in
           my
           first
           Education
           I
           was
           continually
           instructed
           into
           a
           Religious
           and
           
             fast
             adherence
          
           to
           every
           thing
           I
           was
           taught
           ,
           and
           a
           dread
           of
           dissenting
           in
           the
           
             least
             Article
          
           .
           This
           Discipline
           I
           underwent
           in
           my
           
             younger
             days
          
           ,
           and
           thought
           
           very
           strangely
           of
           those
           that
           believed
           any
           thing
           different
           from
           the
           Opinions
           of
           my
           Instructors
           .
           But
           advancing
           in
           years
           ,
           and
           coming
           to
           a
           freer
           exercise
           of
           mine
           own
           mind
           ,
           I
           began
           to
           make
           Reflexions
           upon
           the
           vast
           diversities
           and
           variety
           of
           Apprehensions
           and
           Religions
           in
           the
           World
           ;
           I
           consider'd
           ,
           That
           they
           were
           all
           as
           confident
           in
           
             their
             way
          
           ,
           as
           I
           in
           that
           wherein
           I
           was
           instructed
           ;
           and
           the
           greatest
           part
           had
           nothing
           but
           their
           Education
           for
           their
           inducement
           .
           I
           thought
           how
           easie
           we
           are
           in
           our
           first
           Age
           ;
           and
           that
           though
           Children
           must
           believe
           ,
           yet
           Men
           ,
           especially
           those
           bred
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Study
           ,
           must
           Try.
           I
           consider'd
           what
           I
           should
           first
           advise
           an
           Heathen
           or
           Mahometan
           to
           do
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           bred
           up
           to
           Idolatry
           and
           Fables
           ;
           and
           upon
           the
           consult
           with
           my self
           ,
           concluded
           ,
           That
           it
           should
           be
           to
           look
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           to
           examine
           other
           Religions
           ,
           regarding
           his
           own
           with
           the
           same
           eye
           of
           indifferency
           and
           suspension
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           never
           been
           born
           under
           
             that
             Faith
          
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           thing
           extrinsick
           and
           accidental
           ,
           and
           therefore
           not
           fit
           to
           make
           an
           Argument
           to
           ingage
           a
           reasonable
           belief
           ;
           and
           when
           I
           had
           so
           thought
           ,
           I
           turned
           the
           Tables
           ,
           and
           took
           the
           same
           Counsel
           my self
           .
        
         
           I
           therefore
           bent
           my
           chief
           Studies
           and
           
           Endeavours
           to
           know
           the
           Truth
           of
           the
           
             Christian
             Faith
          
           ;
           and
           after
           the
           Foundations
           laid
           ,
           in
           the
           settling
           the
           grand
           Article
           ,
           The
           
             BEING
             OF
             A
             GOD
          
           ,
           and
           the
           consequent
           Doctrines
           of
           
             Natural
             Theology
          
           ,
           I
           sate
           me
           down
           to
           inquire
           about
           the
           Authority
           of
           the
           
             Holy
             Scriptures
          
           ;
           not
           that
           I
           positively
           doubted
           or
           distrusted
           their
           veracity
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           might
           have
           a
           firm
           bottom
           ,
           and
           be
           able
           to
           give
           an
           account
           of
           my
           Faith
           and
           Hope
           .
           In
           my
           Inquiry
           ,
           the
           first
           Discourses
           I
           met
           with
           on
           the
           Subject
           did
           not
           at
           all
           satisfie
           ,
           but
           seemed
           weak
           and
           hugely
           obnoxious
           :
           But
           in
           the
           progress
           of
           my
           search
           ,
           I
           lighted
           on
           those
           grounds
           which
           (
           I
           thank
           God
           )
           .
           quieted
           my
           mind
           ,
           and
           gave
           me
           the
           most
           
             Demonstrative
             assurance
          
           that
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           thing
           could
           bear
           ,
           of
           the
           truth
           and
           certainty
           of
           those
           Sacred
           Writings
           ,
           which
           undoubtedly
           contain
           the
           
             fullest
             Discoveries
          
           of
           the
           
             Divine
             wisdom
          
           and
           Perfections
           ,
           which
           I
           infinitely
           admire
           ;
           and
           shall
           eternally
           adore
           that
           Goodness
           that
           blest
           the
           Sons
           of
           men
           with
           such
           clear
           Discoveries
           of
           his
           Will.
           And
           though
           I
           perceive
           that
           the
           Follies
           and
           Superstitions
           of
           Sects
           ,
           who
           have
           the
           
             Holy
             Oracles
          
           always
           in
           their
           mouths
           ,
           and
           press
           them
           for
           the
           Service
           of
           their
           conceits
           ,
           have
           prejudiced
           some
           of
           the
           pretenders
           
           to
           Reason
           against
           them
           ;
           yet
           this
           I
           see
           ,
           That
           the
           
             wiser
             ,
             freer
             ,
             better
          
           ,
           and
           more
           reasonable
           any
           man
           is
           ,
           the
           greater
           still
           is
           his
           Veneration
           of
           those
           
             Holy
             Records
          
           ,
           and
           the
           relish
           of
           them
           increaseth
           with
           our
           Improvements
           in
           Vertue
           and
           Goodness
           .
           This
           Testimony
           I
           must
           give
           here
           ,
           and
           more
           I
           have
           to
           say
           in
           another
           place
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           I
           had
           ended
           your
           trouble
           ,
           but
           that
           upon
           the
           cast
           of
           my
           thoughts
           back
           I
           have
           considered
           ,
           that
           my
           main
           business
           being
           the
           Recommendation
           and
           Advancement
           of
           the
           
             Modern
             Vseful
             Knowledge
          
           ,
           I
           need
           make
           an
           Apology
           to
           the
           generous
           Friends
           of
           
             that
             way
          
           ,
           and
           particularly
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           for
           my
           Discourse
           of
           Them
           ,
           and
           those
           their
           great
           Designs
           ,
           in
           a
           Treatise
           that
           contains
           matter
           of
           difference
           and
           contest
           ,
           which
           are
           so
           fundamentally
           contrary
           to
           their
           Spirit
           and
           Endeavours
           ;
           and
           it
           may
           perhaps
           be
           feared
           ,
           that
           some
           will
           take
           occasion
           hence
           to
           look
           on
           the
           
             Neoterick
             Philosophers
          
           as
           but
           a
           
             new
             sort
          
           of
           Disputers
           .
           To
           which
           I
           say
           ,
           That
           for
           my
           publick
           appearance
           in
           a
           Controversie
           ,
           I
           have
           already
           given
           such
           an
           Account
           ,
           as
           may
           ,
           I
           hope
           ,
           satisfie
           the
           Candid
           and
           Ingenious
           of
           the
           necessity
           that
           inforced
           it
           ;
           and
           for
           the
           apprehension
           of
           raising
           mean
           and
           injurious
           
           thoughts
           of
           the
           
             Practical
             Philosophers
          
           ,
           by
           defending
           them
           in
           a
           Book
           of
           Difference
           ,
           I
           hope
           it
           is
           causeless
           ,
           since
           I
           have
           from
           first
           to
           last
           represented
           their
           Aims
           and
           Designs
           as
           things
           very
           different
           ,
           yea
           perfectly
           opposite
           to
           that
           Spirit
           and
           Genius
           ;
           and
           I
           shall
           now
           for
           a
           close
           assure
           you
           again
           ,
           That
           there
           is
           nothing
           tends
           more
           to
           the
           undermining
           and
           supplanting
           the
           humour
           of
           Disputing
           ,
           than
           (
           the
           Experimental
           and
           
             Free
             Philosophy
          
           .
           For
           this
           inlargeth
           the
           Mind
           ,
           and
           gives
           it
           a
           prospect
           of
           the
           vastness
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           the
           imperfections
           of
           our
           Knowledge
           ,
           the
           Difficulties
           that
           are
           to
           be
           incountred
           in
           the
           search
           of
           Truth
           ,
           and
           our
           liableness
           to
           deception
           ,
           the
           stumbles
           of
           Confidence
           ,
           the
           prejudices
           of
           Education
           ,
           the
           shortness
           of
           our
           Senses
           ,
           the
           precipitancy
           of
           our
           Vnderstandings
           ,
           and
           the
           
             malign
             influence
          
           of
           our
           Affections
           ;
           I
           say
           ,
           the
           Free
           and
           Real
           Philosophy
           makes
           men
           deeply
           sensible
           of
           the
           infirmities
           of
           humane
           Intellect
           ,
           and
           our
           manifold
           hazards
           of
           mistaking
           ,
           and
           so
           renders
           them
           wary
           and
           
             modest
             ,
             diffident
          
           of
           the
           certainty
           of
           their
           Conceptions
           ,
           and
           averse
           to
           the
           boldness
           of
           
             peremptory
             asserting
          
           .
           So
           that
           the
           
             Philosopher
             thinks
             much
          
           ,
           and
           examines
           many
           things
           ,
           separates
           the
           Certainties
           from
           the
           
             Plausibilities
             ,
             that
          
           which
           is
           presumed
           
           from
           that
           which
           is
           prov'd
           ,
           the
           Images
           of
           
             Sense
             ,
             Phansie
          
           ,
           and
           Education
           ,
           from
           the
           Dictates
           of
           genuine
           and
           
             impartial
             Reason
          
           .
           Thus
           he
           doth
           before
           he
           Assents
           or
           Denies
           ;
           and
           then
           he
           takes
           with
           him
           also
           a
           Sense
           of
           his
           own
           Fallibility
           and
           Defects
           ,
           and
           never
           concludes
           but
           upon
           resolution
           to
           alter
           his
           mind
           upon
           contrary
           evidence
           .
           Thus
           he
           conceives
           warily
           ,
           and
           he
           speaks
           with
           as
           much
           caution
           and
           reserve
           ,
           in
           the
           humble
           Forms
           of
           
             [
             So
             I
             think
          
           ,
           and
           
             In
             my
             opinion
          
           ,
           and
           
             Perhaps
             't
             is
             so
             —
          
           ]
           with
           great
           difference
           to
           opposite
           Perswasion
           ,
           candour
           to
           dissenters
           ,
           and
           calmness
           in
           contradictions
           ,
           with
           readiness
           and
           desire
           to
           learn
           ,
           and
           great
           delight
           in
           the
           Discoveries
           of
           Truth
           ,
           and
           Detections
           of
           his
           own
           Mistakes
           .
           When
           he
           argues
           he
           gives
           his
           Reasons
           without
           passion
           ,
           and
           
             shines
             without
             flaming
          
           ,
           discourses
           without
           wrangling
           ,
           and
           differs
           without
           dividing
           .
           He
           catcheth
           not
           at
           the
           Infirmities
           of
           his
           Opposite
           ,
           but
           lays
           hold
           of
           his
           Strength
           ,
           and
           weighs
           the
           substance
           without
           blowing
           the
           dust
           in
           his
           eyes
           .
           He
           entertains
           what
           he
           finds
           reasonable
           ,
           and
           suspends
           his
           judgment
           when
           he
           doth
           not
           clearly
           understand
           .
           This
           is
           the
           Spirit
           with
           which
           men
           are
           inspired
           by
           the
           Philosophy
           I
           recommend
           .
           It
           makes
           them
           so
           just
           ,
           as
           to
           
           allow
           that
           liberty
           of
           judgment
           to
           others
           ,
           which
           themselves
           desire
           ,
           and
           so
           prevents
           all
           
             imperious
             Dictates
          
           and
           Imposings
           ,
           all
           
             captious
             Quarrels
          
           and
           
             Notional
             Wars
          
           .
           And
           that
           this
           is
           the
           Philosophick
           Genius
           ,
           may
           be
           shewn
           in
           a
           grand
           Instance
           ,
           the
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
          
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           
             Great
             Body
          
           of
           Practical
           Philosophers
           .
           In
           
             this
             Assembly
          
           though
           it
           be
           made
           up
           of
           all
           kinds
           of
           
             Dispositions
             ,
             Professions
          
           ,
           and
           Opinions
           ;
           yet
           hath
           Philosophy
           so
           rarely
           temper'd
           the
           Constitution
           ,
           that
           those
           that
           attend
           there
           ,
           never
           see
           the
           least
           inclination
           to
           any
           unhandsom
           opposition
           or
           uncivil
           reflexion
           ,
           no
           bold
           obtrusions
           or
           confident
           sayings
           .
           The
           forbearing
           such
           Rudenesses
           is
           indeed
           a
           Law
           of
           
             that
             Society
          
           ,
           and
           their
           Designs
           and
           Methods
           of
           Inquiry
           naturally
           form
           men
           into
           the
           modest
           temper
           ,
           and
           secure
           them
           from
           the
           danger
           of
           the
           quarrelsome
           Genius
           .
           This
           is
           palpable
           evidence
           of
           the
           sweet
           humour
           and
           
             ingenious
             Tendencies
          
           of
           the
           
             Free
             Philosophy
          
           ;
           and
           I
           believe
           't
           will
           be
           hard
           to
           shew
           such
           another
           Example
           in
           any
           so
           great
           a
           Body
           of
           
             differing
             Inclinations
          
           and
           Apprehensions
           .
           Thus
           the
           
             Experimental
             Learning
          
           rectifies
           the
           
             grand
             abuse
          
           which
           the
           Notional
           Knowledge
           hath
           so
           long
           foster'd
           and
           promoted
           ,
           to
           the
           hinderance
           of
           Science
           ,
           the
           disturbance
           
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           the
           prejudice
           of
           the
           
             Christian
             Faith.
          
           And
           there
           is
           no
           doubt
           but
           as
           it
           hath
           altered
           and
           reformed
           the
           Genius
           in
           matters
           of
           natural
           Research
           and
           Inquiry
           ;
           so
           it
           will
           in
           its
           progress
           dispose
           mens
           Spirits
           to
           more
           calmness
           and
           
             modesty
             ,
             charity
          
           and
           prudence
           in
           the
           Differences
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           even
           silence
           Disputes
           there
           .
           For
           the
           
             free
             sensible
          
           Knowledge
           tends
           to
           the
           altering
           the
           Crasis
           of
           mens
           minds
           ,
           and
           so
           cures
           the
           Disease
           at
           the
           root
           ;
           and
           
             true
             Philosophy
          
           is
           a
           Specifick
           against
           Disputes
           and
           Divisions
           .
        
         
           Thus
           I
           might
           run
           out
           into
           a
           large
           Discourse
           on
           this
           Subject
           ;
           but
           I
           have
           said
           enough
           for
           my
           present
           purpose
           ,
           and
           I
           doubt
           too
           much
           for
           your
           patience
           ;
           and
           therefore
           I
           shut
           up
           with
           the
           assurance
           of
           my
           being
           ,
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
           
             Your
             faithful
             Friend
             and
             Servant
             ,
             
               JOS.
               GLANV●ILL
            
             .
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           ERRATA
           .
        
         
           PAge
           26.
           line
           6.
           for
           Philophy
           read
           Philosophy
           .
           p.
           30.
           l.
           11.
           for
           Elipsis
           r.
           Ellipsis
           .
           Id.
           l.
           19.
           p.
           33.
           l.
           18.
           for
           adserted
           r.
           affected
           .
           p.
           39.
           l.
           5.
           r.
           Anaximenes
           .
           p.
           43.
           l.
           16.
           r.
           one
           .
           Id.
           l.
           24.
           r.
           Christophorus
           .
           p.
           65.
           l.
           26.
           r.
           Vegetables
           .
           p.
           133.
           l.
           24.
           r.
           2
           Cor.
           xii
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             
          
           
             The
             INTRODUCTION
             .
             page
             1.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             
          
           
             The
             ways
             of
             Improving
             Vseful
             Knowledge
             proposed
             .
             The
             Advantages
             this
             Age
             hath
             from
             the
             great
             Advancements
             of
             Chymistry
             and
             
               Anatomy
               .
               p.
               9.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             
          
           
             Another
             great
             Advantage
             of
             late
             Times
             ,
             from
             the
             Improvements
             of
             Mathematicks
             ;
             particularly
             ,
             of
             
               Arithmetick
               ,
               Algebra
            
             ,
             and
             Geometry
             ,
             discourst
             by
             Instances
             .
             
               p.
               19.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             
          
           
             Improvements
             in
             Geometry
             by
             Des
             Cartes
             ,
             Vieta
             ,
             
               and
               Dr.
            
             Wallis
             .
             p.
             31.
             
          
           
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             
          
           
             The
             late
             Improvements
             of
             Astronomy
             .
             p.
             38.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             
          
           
             Improvements
             of
             Opticks
             and
             Geography
             .
             p.
             46.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
          
           
             That
             Useful
             Knowledge
             
               is
               to
               be
               aided
               by
            
             Instruments
             .
             
               Modern
               Instances
               of
            
             such
             .
             
               Of
               the
            
             Telescope
             ,
             Microscope
             ,
             and
             Thermometer
             .
             p.
             51.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Barometer
             and
             Air-Pump
             ,
             and
             what
             Advantages
             we
             have
             and
             may
             further
             expect
             from
             
               these
               Instruments
               .
               p.
               59.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             IX
             .
          
           
             The
             Credit
             of
             Optick-Glasses
             vindicated
             ,
             against
             a
             Disputing
             Man
             who
             is
             afraid
             to
             believe
             his
             Eyes
             against
             
               Aristotle
               .
               p.
               65.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             X.
             
          
           
             Our
             Advantages
             for
             Knowledge
             from
             Modern
             Improvements
             of
             Natural
             History
             .
             
               p.
               71.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XI
             .
          
           
             The
             Advantages
             of
             late
             Ages
             for
             spreading
             
             and
             communicating
             Knowledge
             .
             Three
             great
             Instances
             of
             it
             ,
             in
             Printing
             ,
             the
             Compass
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Royal
               Society
               .
               p.
               75.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XII
             .
          
           
             
               Of
               the
            
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
             .
             The
             Reasons
             
               of
               the
            
             Institution
             ,
             
               and
               their
            
             Designs
             .
             
               An
               Answer
               to
               the
               Question
            
             ,
             What
             have
             they
             done
             ?
             p.
             83.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XIII
             .
          
           
             An
             Account
             of
             what
             hath
             beeen
             done
             by
             the
             Illustrious
             Mr.
             Boyle
             ,
             for
             the
             promotion
             of
             Useful
             Knowledge
             .
             
               p.
               92.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XIV
             .
          
           
             A
             further
             Account
             of
             what
             that
             Gentleman
             of
             Honour
             hath
             by
             him
             ,
             not
             yet
             publish'd
             ,
             for
             the
             Advantage
             and
             Improvement
             of
             Real
             Knowledge
             .
             The
             Reasons
             we
             have
             to
             hope
             great
             Things
             from
             the
             
               Royal
               Society
               .
               p.
               102.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XV.
             
          
           
             The
             Absurdity
             of
             making
             Comparison
             between
             the
             
               Advantages
               Aristotle
            
             had
             for
             Knowledge
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             later
             Ages
             .
             
               p.
               110.
            
             
          
           
             
             CHAP.
             XVI
             .
          
           
             The
             Reasons
             of
             some
             Mens
             Superstitious
             Adherence
             to
             the
             Notional
             way
             ;
             and
             of
             the
             Disputer
             that
             gave
             occasion
             to
             this
             Discourse
             .
             
               p.
               115.
            
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XVII
             .
          
           
             
               Of
               the
            
             Peripatick
             Philosophy
             ,
             and
             Aristotle
             ,
             
               as
               he
               concerns
               the
            
             Universities
             .
             p.
             122.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XVIII
             .
          
           
             Some
             things
             else
             debated
             by
             the
             Author
             with
             the
             Disputer
             ,
             about
             the
             Prophets
             and
             the
             Scriptures
             .
             The
             Imagination
             was
             ordinarily
             the
             immediate
             Subject
             of
             
               Prophetick
               Influx
               .
               p.
               128.
            
             
          
           
             The
             CONCLUSION
             ,
          
           
             Containing
             Observations
             about
             the
             Censure
             of
             Atheism
             ,
             applied
             to
             
               Philosophical
               Men
            
             ;
             and
             the
             Author's
             Apology
             to
             the
             
               ROYAL
               SOCIETY
            
             ,
             and
             other
             
               generous
               Philosophers
               .
               p.
               137.
            
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           Books
           newly
           Printed
           for
           James
           Collins
           at
           the
           Kings-Head
           in
           Westminster
           Hall.
           
        
         
           ABlow
           at
           
             Modern
             Sadducism
          
           ,
           in
           some
           Philosophical
           Considerations
           about
           witchcraft
           .
           To
           which
           is
           added
           ,
           The
           Relation
           of
           the
           
             Fam'd
             Disturbance
          
           by
           the
           Drummer
           ,
           in
           the
           House
           of
           Mr.
           
             Iohn
             Mompesson
          
           .
           With
           some
           Reflections
           on
           Drollery
           and
           
             Atheism
             .
             By
             a
             Member
             of
             the
          
           Royal
           Society
           .
           8
           
           o.
        
         
           A
           
             Loyal
             Tear
          
           drop'd
           on
           the
           Vault
           of
           our
           late
           
             Martyr'd
             Sovereign
          
           ,
           in
           an
           
             Anniversary
             Sermon
          
           on
           the
           Day
           of
           his
           Murther
           .
           4
           
           o.
        
         
           
             Two
             Discourses
             of
          
           Toleration
           ,
           By
           Dr.
           Perrinchief
           :
           In
           Answer
           to
           two
           Discourses
           of
           Mr.
           
           Corbet's
           .
           4
           
           o.
        
         
           
             A
             Discourse
             of
          
           Subterraneal
           Treasure
           .
           12
           
           o.
        
         
           The
           Practice
           of
           
             Serious
             Godliness
          
           :
           Affectionately
           recommended
           and
           directed
           in
           some
           Religious
           Counsels
           of
           a
           Pious
           Mother
           to
           her
           dear
           Daughter
           .
           12
           
           o.
        
         
           The
           Triumphs
           of
           Rome
           over
           
             Despised
             Protestancy
          
           .
           8
           
           o.
        
         
           A
           Sermon
           preached
           before
           the
           Peers
           ,
           in
           the
           Abby-Church
           at
           
             Westminster
             ,
             Octob.
          
           10.
           1666.
           being
           the
           Fast-day
           for
           the
           late
           
             Fire
             .
             By
          
           Seth
           
             Lord
             Bishop
             of
          
           Exon.
           4
           
           o.
        
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A42822-e10
           
             Ex
             Aed
             .
             Lamb.
             Maii
             2.
             1668.