An account of Sueden together with an extract of the history of that kingdom.
         Robinson, John, 1650-1723.
      
       
         
           1694
        
      
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             An account of Sueden together with an extract of the history of that kingdom.
             Robinson, John, 1650-1723.
          
           [13], 196 p.
           
             Printed for Tim. Goodwin ...,
             London :
             1694.
          
           
             Written by John Robinson. Cf. BM.
             An advertisement of "An account of Denmark as it was in the year 1692": p. [3].
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Sweden -- History.
           Sweden -- Description and travel.
        
      
    
     
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           AN
           ACCOUNT
           OF
           SUEDEN
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           ADVERTISEMENT
           .
        
         
           AN
           ACCOUNT
           OF
           Denmark
           ,
           AS
           It
           was
           in
           the
           Year
           1692.
           
        
         
           The
           Third
           Edition
           Corrected
           .
        
         
           Printed
           for
           
             Tim.
             Goodwin
          
           at
           the
           
           Queen's
           Head
           ,
           against
           St.
           
           Dunstan's
           Church
           in
           Fleet-street
           ,
           1694.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           AN
           ACCOUNT
           OF
           Sueden
           :
           Together
           with
           an
           EXTRACT
           OF
           THE
           History
           of
           that
           KINGDOM
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Tim.
             Goodwin
          
           at
           the
           
           Queen's
           Head
           ,
           against
           St.
           
           Dunstan's
           Church
           in
           Fleet-street
           ,
           1694.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           PUBLISHER
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           THE
           kind
           Reception
           which
           the
           Publick
           has
           given
           to
           a
           late
           Book
           ,
           call'd
           ,
           An
           Account
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           (
           whereof
           Three
           Large
           Editions
           have
           come
           abroad
           in
           less
           than
           Three
           
           Months
           )
           encouraged
           me
           to
           seek
           after
           an
           Account
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           I
           found
           all
           sorts
           of
           People
           desirous
           to
           be
           inform'd
           in
           the
           state
           of
           this
           other
           Northern
           Crown
           .
        
         
           After
           diligent
           Enquiry
           ,
           I
           was
           at
           last
           so
           Fortunate
           as
           to
           light
           on
           this
           Account
           in
           Manuscript
           ,
           written
           some
           few
           years
           ago
           by
           a
           very
           Able
           and
           Learned
           Gentleman
           ;
           and
           hearing
           that
           several
           Copies
           of
           it
           were
           got
           abroad
           ,
           I
           consider'd
           it
           might
           at
           last
           chance
           to
           come
           forth
           in
           Print
           less
           Correct
           than
           at
           present
           I
           undertake
           to
           give
           
           it
           the
           World
           ,
           whom
           I
           pretend
           to
           oblige
           by
           a
           very
           Accurate
           Edition
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           I
           hope
           the
           Author
           himself
           will
           not
           be
           offended
           at
           this
           Undertaking
           ,
           since
           't
           is
           likely
           't
           would
           have
           been
           published
           by
           others
           ,
           not
           so
           well
           to
           his
           Advantage
           .
        
         
           You
           will
           find
           here
           a
           Relation
           of
           Matter
           of
           Fact
           only
           ,
           though
           I
           will
           venture
           to
           say
           ,
           a
           very
           Exact
           one
           ;
           and
           such
           as
           I
           doubt
           not
           but
           will
           be
           very
           Entertaining
           to
           the
           Reader
           .
        
         
           What
           shares
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           the
           Army
           ,
           or
           the
           Court
           ,
           had
           
           in
           the
           Management
           of
           Affairs
           from
           time
           to
           time
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           we
           have
           reason
           to
           believe
           are
           faithfully
           delivered
           here
           ;
           the
           Ingenious
           Author
           of
           this
           Account
           being
           a
           Person
           of
           so
           known
           and
           establish'd
           a
           Reputation
           .
        
         
           For
           so
           much
           as
           relates
           to
           my
           Publishing
           this
           Book
           ,
           I
           confess
           ingeneously
           ,
           't
           is
           as
           unknown
           to
           the
           Author
           ,
           as
           his
           Person
           is
           to
           me
           ;
           but
           his
           Candour
           ,
           Parts
           ,
           and
           Learning
           appear
           plainly
           enough
           by
           this
           Work
           ,
           that
           he
           took
           great
           Care
           and
           Pains
           to
           compile
           it
           .
           If
           it
           prove
           
           to
           the
           Satisfaction
           of
           the
           Publick
           ,
           as
           I
           doubt
           not
           but
           it
           will
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           lose
           my
           Labour
           ,
           nor
           you
           the
           Pleasure
           and
           Benefit
           of
           it
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             Chap.
             I.
             OF
             Sueden
             
               in
               general
            
             ,
             Page
             1.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             II.
             
               Of
               the
               Provinces
               and
               Cities
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             22.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             III.
             
               Of
               the
               Laws
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             32.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             IV.
             
               Of
               the
               Natural
               Inclinations
               and
               Dispositions
               of
               the
            
             Suedes
             ,
             45.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             V.
             
               Of
               their
               Religion
            
             ,
             53.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             VI.
             
               Of
               the
               Universities
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             63.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             VII
             .
             
               Of
               their
               Marriages
               and
               Funerals
            
             ,
             69.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             VIII
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Royal
               Family
               ,
               and
               Court
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             73.
             
          
           
             
             Chap.
             IX
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Government
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             Page
             86.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             X.
             
               Of
               the
               Privy
               Council
            
             ,
             113.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XI
             .
             
               Of
               the
               States
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             116.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XII
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Revenue
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
            
             121.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XIII
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Forces
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             126.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XIV
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Trade
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             142.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XV.
             
               Of
               the
            
             Suedish
             Conquests
             ,
             156.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XVI
             .
             
               Of
               the
               Interest
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             159.
             
          
           
             Chap.
             XVII
             .
             
               An
               Extract
               of
               the
               History
               of
            
             Sueden
             ,
             166.
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         AN
         ACCOUNT
         OF
         SUEDEN
         .
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           I.
           
        
         
           Of
           Sueden
           in
           general
           .
        
         
           THE
           Dominions
           subject
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Sueden
           have
           in
           this
           and
           the
           last
           Age
           been
           so
           enlarged
           ,
           by
           the
           Acquisitions
           ,
           or
           (
           as
           some
           call
           them
           )
           Encroachments
           made
           upon
           all
           their
           Neighbours
           ,
           that
           they
           
           do
           not
           properly
           fall
           under
           one
           General
           Description
           ;
           the
           Qualities
           and
           Characters
           of
           some
           of
           its
           Provinces
           being
           as
           different
           as
           their
           Situation
           :
           So
           that
           the
           Short
           View
           here
           offer'd
           ,
           will
           not
           reach
           the
           more
           distant
           parts
           ,
           but
           chiefly
           respects
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           Dukedom
           of
           Finland
           ,
           which
           have
           the
           Baltick
           Sea
           on
           the
           South
           ,
           the
           unpassable
           Mountains
           of
           Norway
           on
           the
           West
           ,
           Lapland
           on
           the
           North
           ,
           and
           Moscovy
           on
           the
           East
           ;
           being
           extended
           from
           56
           to
           69
           Degrees
           of
           Northern
           Latitude
           ,
           and
           from
           32
           to
           55
           in
           Longitude
           ;
           and
           consequently
           are
           more
           than
           twice
           as
           big
           as
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           France
           :
           But
           the
           Abatements
           that
           must
           be
           made
           for
           several
           Seas
           ,
           and
           many
           great
           Lakes
           ,
           some
           whereof
           above
           80
           English
           Miles
           long
           ,
           and
           20
           broad
           ,
           as
           also
           for
           Rocks
           ,
           Woods
           ,
           Heaths
           ,
           and
           Morasses
           ,
           
           that
           cover
           very
           much
           of
           these
           Countries
           ,
           will
           reduce
           the
           habitable
           part
           to
           a
           very
           small
           portion
           ,
           comparatively
           to
           the
           Extent
           of
           the
           whole
           .
        
         
           The
           Soil
           in
           places
           capable
           of
           Cultivating
           ,
           is
           tolerably
           Fruitful
           ,
           though
           seldom
           above
           half
           a
           foot
           deep
           ;
           and
           therefore
           more
           easily
           Plowed
           ,
           as
           it
           frequently
           is
           by
           one
           Maid
           and
           an
           Oxe
           ,
           and
           is
           generally
           best
           where
           there
           is
           least
           of
           it
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           in
           the
           little
           spaces
           between
           the
           Rocks
           ;
           and
           frequently
           the
           Barren
           Land
           enriched
           with
           the
           Ashes
           of
           Trees
           growing
           on
           the
           places
           that
           are
           burnt
           ,
           and
           the
           Seed
           raked
           among
           the
           Ashes
           ,
           produces
           a
           plentiful
           Crop
           without
           farther
           Cultivation
           .
        
         
           This
           practice
           is
           so
           ancient
           ,
           that
           their
           Writers
           derive
           the
           Name
           of
           Sueden
           from
           a
           word
           in
           their
           Language
           that
           expresses
           it
           ;
           but
           the
           
           danger
           of
           destroying
           the
           Woods
           has
           of
           late
           occasioned
           some
           Laws
           to
           limit
           that
           Custom
           .
        
         
           If
           the
           Inhabitants
           were
           industrious
           ,
           above
           what
           necessity
           forces
           them
           to
           ,
           they
           might
           at
           least
           have
           Corn
           sufficient
           of
           their
           own
           ;
           but
           as
           things
           are
           manag'd
           ,
           they
           have
           not
           ,
           nor
           can
           subsist
           without
           great
           Importations
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           Grain
           from
           the
           Countrey
           of
           Leif-land
           ,
           and
           other
           parts
           of
           Germany
           ,
           adjacent
           to
           the
           Baltick
           Sea
           :
           And
           notwithstanding
           these
           Supplies
           ,
           the
           poorest
           sort
           in
           many
           places
           remote
           from
           Traffick
           ,
           are
           fain
           to
           grind
           the
           Bark
           of
           Birch-Trees
           to
           mix
           with
           their
           Corn
           and
           make
           Bread
           ,
           of
           which
           they
           have
           not
           always
           plenty
           .
        
         
           The
           Cattel
           ,
           as
           in
           other
           Northern
           Countries
           ,
           are
           generally
           of
           a
           very
           small
           size
           ;
           neither
           can
           the
           Breed
           be
           bettered
           by
           bringing
           in
           
           larger
           from
           abroad
           ,
           which
           soon
           degenerate
           ;
           because
           in
           Summer
           the
           Grass
           is
           much
           less
           nourishing
           than
           in
           the
           places
           from
           whence
           they
           came
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           Winter
           they
           are
           usually
           half-starved
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           Fodder
           of
           all
           kinds
           ,
           which
           often
           falls
           so
           very
           short
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           forced
           to
           unthatch
           their
           Houses
           to
           keep
           a
           part
           of
           their
           Cattel
           alive
           .
           Their
           Sheep
           bear
           a
           very
           course
           Wool
           ,
           only
           fit
           to
           make
           Cloathing
           for
           the
           Peasants
           .
           The
           Horses
           ,
           especially
           the
           Finnish
           ,
           tho
           small
           ,
           are
           hardy
           ,
           vigorous
           ,
           strong
           ,
           sure-footed
           and
           nimble
           Trotters
           ,
           which
           is
           of
           great
           use
           to
           them
           ,
           because
           of
           the
           length
           of
           their
           Winters
           ,
           and
           their
           fitness
           for
           Sleds
           ,
           which
           is
           their
           only
           Carriage
           in
           that
           Season
           ;
           and
           the
           Soldiers
           do
           pretend
           ,
           that
           in
           War
           they
           are
           not
           only
           able
           to
           resist
           ,
           but
           to
           break
           a
           Body
           of
           the
           best
           German
           Horse
           .
        
         
         
           Of
           Wild
           Beasts
           ,
           which
           are
           very
           plentiful
           in
           these
           parts
           ,
           Bears
           ,
           Elkes
           ,
           Deer
           ,
           and
           Hares
           ,
           are
           hunted
           for
           their
           Flesh
           ,
           as
           also
           ,
           together
           wich
           Wolves
           ,
           Foxes
           ,
           Wild-Cats
           ,
           &c.
           for
           their
           Furs
           and
           Hides
           .
           They
           hunt
           with
           less
           Ceremony
           than
           elsewhere
           is
           used
           ,
           taking
           all
           advantages
           to
           shoot
           their
           Game
           ,
           at
           which
           they
           are
           generally
           very
           dextrous
           .
           Parks
           there
           are
           but
           few
           ,
           and
           meanly
           stock'd
           ,
           the
           Charge
           of
           feeding
           Deer
           all
           Winter
           exceeding
           the
           Profit
           ,
           and
           abating
           the
           Pleasure
           of
           them
           .
           There
           are
           no
           Rabbets
           in
           these
           Countries
           ,
           but
           what
           are
           brought
           in
           for
           Curiosity
           ,
           and
           kept
           Tame
           .
           In
           Winter
           Foxes
           and
           Squirrels
           somewhat
           change
           Colour
           ,
           and
           become
           Grayish
           ,
           but
           Hares
           turn
           white
           as
           Snow
           .
        
         
           Fowl
           both
           Wild
           and
           Tame
           are
           very
           plentiful
           and
           good
           in
           their
           
           kind
           ,
           except
           Sea-Fowl
           ,
           which
           feed
           and
           taste
           of
           Fish
           :
           The
           most
           common
           are
           Orras
           and
           Keders
           ,
           the
           former
           of
           the
           bigness
           of
           a
           Hen
           ,
           the
           other
           of
           a
           Turky
           ;
           as
           also
           Partridges
           ,
           and
           a
           Bird
           somewhat
           resembling
           them
           ,
           called
           Yerpers
           .
           There
           are
           taken
           in
           Winter
           great
           numbers
           of
           small
           Birds
           ,
           as
           
             Thrushes
             ,
             Blackbirds
          
           ,
           and
           Sydenscwans
           ;
           the
           last
           of
           the
           bigness
           of
           Veldefares
           ,
           but
           better
           meat
           ,
           supposed
           to
           come
           from
           Lapland
           ,
           or
           yet
           farther
           North
           ;
           and
           have
           their
           Name
           from
           the
           beautifulness
           of
           their
           Feathers
           ,
           some
           of
           which
           are
           tipt
           at
           the
           point
           with
           Scarlet
           .
           Pigeons
           there
           are
           ,
           those
           of
           the
           Woods
           very
           rare
           ,
           because
           of
           the
           Hawks
           ;
           and
           of
           the
           House-Pigeons
           none
           but
           what
           are
           kept
           tame
           ,
           because
           their
           Food
           is
           scarce
           ,
           and
           the
           danger
           of
           the
           Hawks
           great
           if
           they
           go
           abroad
           .
           Eagles
           ,
           Hawks
           ,
           and
           other
           rapacious
           
           Fowl
           abound
           most
           in
           the
           Northern
           and
           Desart
           parts
           ,
           whither
           Nature
           seems
           to
           call
           them
           ;
           as
           may
           be
           gathered
           from
           a
           Story
           credibly
           related
           ,
           of
           a
           large
           Hawk
           shot
           some
           years
           ago
           in
           the
           Northern
           Parts
           of
           Finland
           ,
           which
           had
           on
           one
           Leg
           a
           small
           Plate
           of
           Gold
           with
           this
           Inscription
           ,
           
             Ie
             Suis
             au
             Roy
          
           ;
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           one
           of
           Silver
           with
           these
           words
           ,
           
             Duc
             de
             Chevereuse
             me
             garde
          
           .
        
         
           The
           chiefest
           Lakes
           in
           Sueden
           are
           the
           Vetter
           ,
           the
           Wenner
           ,
           and
           Maeler
           ;
           the
           first
           in
           Ostrogothia
           ,
           remarkable
           for
           its
           foretelling
           of
           Storms
           ,
           by
           a
           continual
           Thundering
           Noise
           the
           day
           before
           in
           that
           Quarter
           whence
           they
           arise
           ;
           as
           also
           for
           the
           sudden
           breaking
           of
           the
           Ice
           upon
           it
           ,
           which
           sometimes
           surprizes
           Travellers
           ,
           and
           in
           half
           an
           hour
           becomes
           Navigable
           :
           For
           its
           great
           depth
           ,
           in
           some
           places
           above
           300
           Fathom
           ,
           tho
           no
           
           part
           of
           the
           Baltick
           Sea
           exceed
           50
           ;
           it
           supplies
           the
           River
           Motala
           ,
           which
           runs
           through
           Norcopingh
           ,
           where
           it
           has
           a
           Fall
           of
           about
           30
           Foot
           ,
           and
           some
           Winters
           is
           so
           choak'd
           up
           with
           Ice
           ,
           that
           for
           many
           hours
           no
           Water
           passes
           .
           The
           second
           is
           in
           Westrogothia
           ,
           from
           which
           issues
           the
           River
           Elve
           ,
           that
           ,
           falling
           down
           a
           Rock
           near
           Sixty
           Foot
           ,
           passes
           by
           Gottenburgh
           .
           The
           third
           empties
           its
           self
           at
           Stockholm
           ,
           furnishing
           one
           side
           of
           the
           Town
           with
           Fresh
           Water
           ,
           as
           the
           Sea
           does
           the
           other
           with
           Salt
           :
           These
           and
           abundance
           of
           other
           Lakes
           ,
           whereof
           many
           like
           Ponds
           have
           no
           Vents
           ,
           and
           are
           called
           Inn-Seas
           ,
           are
           not
           ill
           stored
           with
           variety
           of
           Fish
           ,
           
             Salmon
             ,
             Pikes
             ,
             Perch
             ,
             Tench
             ,
             Trouts
             ,
             Eels
             ,
          
           and
           many
           other
           sorts
           unknown
           elsewhere
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           most
           plentiful
           is
           the
           Streamling
           ,
           a
           Fish
           less
           than
           a
           Pilcher
           ,
           taken
           in
           great
           quantities
           ,
           and
           salted
           
           in
           Barrels
           ,
           and
           distributed
           over
           all
           the
           Countrey
           .
           Besides
           ,
           the
           North-Bottom
           or
           Bay
           that
           separates
           Sueden
           and
           Finland
           ,
           abounds
           with
           Seals
           ,
           of
           which
           a
           considerable
           Quantity
           of
           Train
           Oyl
           is
           made
           and
           exported
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           Lakes
           in
           Finland
           are
           vast
           quantities
           of
           Pikes
           ,
           which
           being
           taken
           ,
           are
           salted
           ,
           dry'd
           ,
           and
           sold
           at
           very
           cheap
           Rates
           .
        
         
           These
           Lakes
           are
           of
           great
           use
           for
           the
           convenience
           of
           Carriages
           both
           in
           Summer
           by
           Boats
           ,
           and
           by
           Sleds
           in
           Winter
           ;
           and
           among
           them
           and
           on
           the
           Sea-Coasts
           are
           almost
           innumerable
           Islands
           of
           different
           Sizes
           ,
           whereof
           there
           are
           in
           Sueden
           above
           6000
           that
           are
           Inhabited
           ,
           the
           rest
           are
           either
           bare
           Rocks
           ,
           or
           covered
           with
           Wood
           :
           
             Gotland
             ,
             Oland
          
           ,
           and
           Aland
           ,
           are
           Isles
           of
           large
           Extent
           ,
           one
           being
           Sixty
           miles
           long
           ,
           and
           the
           others
           little
           less
           .
        
         
         
           Their
           Woods
           and
           vast
           Forests
           overspread
           much
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           are
           for
           the
           most
           part
           of
           Pines
           ,
           Fir
           ,
           Beech
           ,
           Birch
           ,
           Alder
           ,
           Juniper
           ,
           and
           some
           Oak
           ;
           especially
           in
           the
           Province
           of
           Bleaking
           ,
           the
           Trees
           growing
           in
           most
           places
           so
           close
           together
           ,
           and
           lying
           to
           rot
           where
           they
           fall
           ,
           that
           the
           Woods
           are
           scarce
           passable
           .
        
         
           These
           afford
           a
           plentiful
           and
           cheap
           firing
           ,
           and
           being
           generally
           very
           straight
           and
           tall
           ,
           are
           easily
           convertible
           into
           Timber
           ,
           fit
           for
           all
           uses
           .
           In
           the
           parts
           near
           the
           Mines
           ,
           the
           Woods
           are
           much
           destroyed
           ,
           but
           that
           want
           is
           so
           well
           supplied
           from
           distant
           places
           by
           the
           convenience
           of
           Rivers
           and
           Winter-Carriages
           ,
           that
           they
           have
           Charcoal
           above
           six
           times
           as
           cheap
           as
           it
           is
           in
           England
           ,
           tho
           indeed
           it
           is
           not
           half
           so
           good
           .
        
         
         
           Of
           Mines
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           there
           is
           one
           of
           Silver
           ,
           into
           which
           Workmen
           are
           let
           down
           in
           Baskets
           to
           the
           first
           Floor
           ,
           which
           is
           105
           Fathom
           under
           ground
           ;
           the
           Roof
           there
           ,
           is
           as
           high
           as
           a
           Church
           ,
           supported
           by
           vast
           Arches
           of
           Oar
           ;
           thence
           the
           Descent
           is
           by
           Ladders
           or
           Baskets
           to
           the
           lowest
           Mine
           ,
           above
           forty
           Fathom
           ,
           where
           they
           now
           Work.
           They
           have
           no
           Records
           so
           ancient
           as
           the
           first
           Discovery
           either
           of
           this
           or
           the
           Copper
           Mine
           ,
           which
           must
           needs
           have
           been
           the
           work
           of
           many
           Ages
           ;
           the
           Oar
           seldom
           yields
           above
           4
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           and
           requires
           great
           pains
           to
           Refine
           it
           ;
           they
           are
           also
           at
           the
           charge
           of
           a
           Water-Mill
           to
           drain
           the
           Mine
           ,
           and
           have
           the
           benefit
           of
           another
           that
           draws
           up
           the
           Oar.
           It
           yearly
           produces
           about
           Twenty
           thousand
           Crowns
           of
           Fine
           Silver
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           King
           has
           the
           Pre-emption
           ,
           
           paying
           one
           fourth
           less
           than
           the
           real
           Value
           .
           The
           Copper-Mine
           is
           about
           eighty
           Fathom
           deep
           ,
           of
           great
           extent
           ,
           but
           subject
           to
           damage
           by
           the
           falling
           in
           of
           the
           Roof
           ;
           yet
           that
           is
           sometimes
           recompenced
           by
           the
           abundance
           of
           Oar
           that
           the
           ruined
           Pillars
           yield
           ,
           tho
           most
           commonly
           the
           loss
           in
           that
           Case
           is
           very
           great
           ;
           the
           occasion
           of
           which
           falls
           is
           attributed
           to
           the
           throwing
           the
           Earth
           and
           Stones
           ,
           brought
           out
           ,
           upon
           the
           Ground
           over
           the
           Mine
           ,
           by
           which
           the
           Pillars
           become
           overcharged
           ,
           and
           give
           way
           ;
           and
           the
           reason
           of
           this
           is
           said
           to
           be
           ,
           that
           the
           profit
           arising
           to
           those
           that
           are
           concerned
           ,
           is
           so
           little
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           not
           able
           to
           work
           it
           off
           as
           they
           ought
           ;
           and
           unless
           the
           King
           abates
           considerable
           part
           of
           the
           Profit
           arising
           to
           the
           Crown
           from
           this
           Mine
           ,
           't
           is
           believed
           it
           will
           in
           few
           years
           be
           at
           a
           stand
           ,
           especially
           
           if
           the
           designs
           of
           making
           Copper
           ,
           that
           are
           on
           foot
           elsewhere
           ,
           do
           take
           any
           tolerable
           effect
           .
           The
           Copper
           yearly
           made
           out
           of
           this
           Mine
           ,
           amounts
           to
           the
           value
           of
           about
           Two
           hundred
           thousand
           pounds
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           King
           has
           a
           fourth
           part
           ,
           not
           by
           way
           of
           Preemption
           ,
           but
           in
           kind
           ;
           besides
           ,
           that
           upon
           the
           remainder
           ,
           he
           has
           a
           Custom
           of
           25
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           when
           it
           is
           exported
           unwrought
           .
        
         
           Lately
           a
           Gentleman
           of
           Italy
           came
           to
           Sueden
           with
           Proposals
           to
           make
           Copper
           a
           shorter
           and
           cheaper
           way
           than
           has
           hitherto
           been
           practised
           ,
           as
           to
           make
           that
           in
           five
           Days
           ,
           which
           before
           required
           three
           Weeks
           ,
           and
           with
           one
           fifth
           part
           of
           the
           Charcoal
           ,
           and
           with
           fewer
           hands
           .
           The
           Bargain
           was
           made
           ,
           and
           his
           Reward
           agreed
           to
           be
           a
           Hundred
           thousand
           Crowns
           ;
           the
           first
           Proof
           he
           made
           succeeded
           
           to
           admiration
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           came
           to
           work
           in
           earnest
           ,
           and
           had
           got
           his
           new-invented
           Ovens
           built
           to
           his
           mind
           ,
           the
           Miners
           ,
           as
           he
           complained
           ,
           pickt
           out
           the
           very
           worst
           Oar
           ,
           and
           were
           otherwise
           so
           envious
           and
           untractable
           ,
           that
           he
           failed
           of
           success
           ,
           and
           lost
           his
           Reward
           ,
           and
           not
           without
           difficulty
           obtained
           leave
           to
           buy
           Oar
           ,
           and
           practice
           his
           Invention
           at
           his
           own
           Charge
           ,
           as
           he
           now
           does
           .
        
         
           Iron-Mines
           and
           Forges
           are
           in
           great
           numbers
           ,
           especially
           towards
           the
           Mountainous
           parts
           ,
           where
           they
           have
           the
           convenience
           of
           Water-falls
           to
           turn
           their
           Mills
           .
           From
           these
           ,
           besides
           supplying
           the
           Country
           ,
           there
           is
           yearly
           exported
           Iron
           to
           the
           value
           of
           near
           Three
           hundred
           thousand
           pounds
           .
           But
           of
           late
           years
           ,
           the
           number
           of
           these
           Forges
           has
           been
           so
           much
           increased
           ,
           that
           each
           endeavouring
           to
           undersell
           
           
           and
           scarce
           can
           be
           stopt
           till
           it
           come
           at
           some
           Lake
           ,
           or
           very
           large
           Plain
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           Summer
           season
           the
           Fields
           are
           cloathed
           with
           variety
           of
           Flowers
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Country
           overspread
           with
           Strawberries
           ,
           Rasberries
           ,
           Currants
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           which
           grow
           upon
           every
           Rock
           .
           In
           their
           Gardens
           ,
           Mellons
           are
           brought
           to
           good
           perfection
           in
           dry
           years
           ;
           but
           
             Apricocks
             ,
             Peaches
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Wall-fruits
           ,
           are
           almost
           as
           rare
           as
           Oranges
           ;
           they
           have
           Cherries
           of
           several
           sorts
           ,
           and
           some
           tolerably
           good
           ,
           which
           cannot
           be
           said
           of
           their
           
             Apples
             ,
             Pears
          
           ,
           and
           Plumbs
           ,
           that
           are
           neither
           common
           ,
           nor
           well-tasted
           ;
           all
           kinds
           of
           Roots
           are
           in
           plenty
           ,
           and
           contribute
           much
           to
           the
           Nourishment
           of
           the
           poor
           People
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Sun
           at
           highest
           is
           above
           the
           Horizon
           of
           Stockholm
           Eighteen
           hours
           and
           an
           half
           ,
           and
           for
           some
           Weeks
           makes
           a
           continual
           Day
           .
           In
           Winter
           ,
           the
           Days
           are
           proportionably
           shorter
           ,
           the
           Sun
           being
           up
           but
           five
           hours
           and
           a
           half
           ,
           which
           defect
           is
           so
           well
           suppli'd
           as
           to
           Lights
           ,
           by
           the
           Moon
           ,
           and
           the
           whiteness
           of
           the
           Snow
           ,
           and
           clearness
           of
           the
           Sky
           ,
           that
           Travelling
           by
           Night
           is
           as
           usual
           as
           by
           Day
           ;
           and
           Journeys
           begun
           in
           the
           Evening
           as
           frequently
           as
           in
           the
           Morning
           .
           The
           want
           of
           the
           
           Sun's
           heat
           is
           repaired
           by
           Stoves
           within
           doors
           ,
           and
           warm
           Furs
           abroad
           ;
           instead
           of
           which
           ,
           the
           meaner
           sort
           use
           Sheep-skins
           ,
           and
           other
           the
           like
           Defences
           ;
           and
           are
           generally
           better
           provided
           with
           Cloathing
           ,
           befitting
           their
           Condition
           ,
           and
           the
           Climate
           they
           live
           in
           ,
           than
           the
           Common
           People
           of
           
           any
           part
           of
           Europe
           ,
           tho
           where
           any
           neglect
           or
           failure
           happens
           ,
           it
           usually
           proves
           fatal
           ,
           and
           occasions
           the
           loss
           of
           Noses
           ,
           or
           other
           Members
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           of
           Life
           ;
           unless
           the
           usual
           Remedy
           to
           expel
           the
           Frost
           when
           it
           has
           seized
           any
           part
           ,
           be
           early
           applied
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           remain
           in
           the
           Cold
           ,
           and
           rub
           the
           part
           affected
           with
           Snow
           ,
           till
           the
           Blood
           return
           to
           it
           again
           .
        
         
           What
           has
           been
           said
           in
           relation
           to
           Sueden
           ,
           is
           in
           the
           main
           applicable
           to
           Finland
           ,
           except
           only
           that
           hitherto
           no
           Mines
           have
           been
           discovered
           there
           .
           It
           s
           chiefest
           Commodities
           are
           Pitch
           ,
           and
           Tar
           ,
           all
           sorts
           of
           Wooden-ware
           ,
           Dried
           Fish
           ,
           Cattle
           ,
           Train
           Oyl
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           The
           Remainder
           also
           of
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           in
           what
           relates
           to
           the
           
           Laws
           ,
           Government
           ,
           Customs
           ,
           and
           Natural
           Dispositions
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           equally
           belongs
           to
           them
           ,
           with
           this
           difference
           ,
           that
           the
           Finlanders
           are
           rather
           more
           hardy
           and
           laborious
           ,
           more
           Clownish
           ,
           Ignorant
           ,
           and
           Superstitious
           ,
           than
           the
           Suedes
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           II
        
         
           Of
           the
           Provinces
           and
           Cities
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           Country
           is
           divided
           into
           Twenty
           five
           Provinces
           ,
           each
           of
           which
           is
           governed
           by
           an
           Officer
           ,
           called
           Landshofdingh
           ,
           whose
           Authority
           comprehends
           that
           of
           Lord
           Leiutenant
           ,
           and
           Sheriff
           together
           ,
           except
           where
           there
           is
           a
           General
           Governor
           ,
           as
           in
           Finland
           ,
           and
           upon
           the
           Borders
           of
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           to
           whom
           the
           Governor
           of
           each
           Province
           is
           subordinate
           ,
           and
           has
           thereby
           a
           more
           restrained
           Authority
           ;
           these
           Officers
           are
           placed
           by
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           take
           an
           Oath
           ,
           to
           keep
           the
           Province
           for
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           and
           his
           Heirs
           ,
           to
           govern
           according
           to
           the
           
           Laws
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           such
           Instructions
           as
           they
           shall
           receive
           from
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           and
           to
           quit
           the
           Province
           whenever
           he
           shall
           call
           them
           thence
           .
        
         
           To
           them
           and
           their
           Subordinate
           Officers
           (
           who
           are
           all
           of
           the
           King
           's
           chusing
           )
           the
           Execution
           of
           Judicial
           Sentences
           ,
           the
           Collection
           of
           the
           King's
           Revenues
           ,
           the
           care
           of
           Forests
           ,
           Parks
           ,
           and
           other
           Crown
           Lands
           ,
           &c.
           is
           committed
           .
        
         
           Of
           Cities
           ,
           those
           of
           
             Stockholm
             ,
             Gottenburgh
             ,
             Calmar
          
           ,
           and
           Two
           or
           Three
           more
           ,
           may
           deserve
           that
           Name
           :
           The
           other
           Corporations
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           make
           not
           an
           Hundred
           ,
           scarce
           exceed
           some
           Villages
           in
           England
           ;
           they
           are
           all
           Governed
           by
           Burgomasters
           ,
           and
           Counsellors
           Chosen
           by
           the
           King
           out
           of
           their
           own
           Body
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           ,
           such
           as
           are
           of
           the
           quality
           of
           Burghers
           ,
           no
           Gentleman
           accepting
           of
           those
           
           Employments
           .
           Their
           Offices
           and
           Salaries
           are
           for
           Life
           ,
           or
           rather
           during
           their
           good
           Behaviour
           .
           The
           Priviledges
           of
           Cities
           are
           derived
           from
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           most
           part
           are
           owing
           to
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           
             Gustavus
             Adolphus
          
           ,
           the
           Author
           of
           their
           best
           and
           most
           regular
           Constitutions
           at
           Home
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           of
           their
           Glory
           Abroad
           .
        
         
           The
           City
           of
           Stockholm
           lies
           in
           59
           Degrees
           ,
           20
           Min.
           North
           Latitude
           ,
           and
           about
           41
           Longitude
           .
           About
           300
           years
           ago
           ,
           it
           was
           only
           a
           bare
           Island
           with
           Two
           or
           Three
           Cottages
           for
           Fishers
           ;
           but
           upon
           the
           Building
           of
           a
           Castle
           there
           ,
           to
           stop
           the
           inroads
           of
           the
           Russians
           ,
           and
           the
           Translation
           of
           the
           Court
           thither
           ,
           it
           grew
           by
           degrees
           to
           surpass
           the
           other
           more
           Ancient
           Cities
           ,
           and
           it
           is
           at
           present
           the
           Metropolis
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           supposed
           to
           be
           as
           Populous
           as
           Bristol
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Castle
           here
           ,
           which
           is
           covered
           with
           Copper
           ,
           is
           a
           Place
           of
           no
           Strength
           or
           Beauty
           ,
           but
           of
           great
           use
           ,
           being
           a
           spacious
           Building
           ,
           that
           ,
           besides
           Entertaining
           the
           Court
           ,
           furnishes
           Room
           for
           most
           of
           the
           great
           Offices
           ,
           the
           National
           Court
           of
           Justice
           ,
           Colledges
           of
           War
           ,
           Chancery
           ,
           Treasury
           ,
           Reduction
           ,
           Liquidation
           ,
           Commerce
           ,
           Execution
           ;
           as
           also
           ,
           an
           Armory
           ,
           Chappel
           ,
           Library
           ,
           Archives
           ,
           &c.
           
           It
           Lodges
           very
           few
           of
           the
           Inferiour
           Officers
           and
           Servants
           of
           the
           Court
           ;
           they
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Foot
           Guards
           ,
           being
           Quartered
           upon
           the
           Burghers
           at
           their
           Landlords
           Charge
           for
           Lodging
           ,
           Fire
           and
           Candle
           .
        
         
           In
           this
           City
           there
           are
           Seven
           large
           Churches
           built
           of
           Brick
           ,
           and
           covered
           with
           Copper
           ,
           besides
           Two
           more
           now
           Building
           ,
           and
           Three
           or
           Four
           Wooden
           Chappels
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Palace
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           place
           of
           their
           Assembly
           at
           the
           Convention
           of
           Estates
           ,
           and
           the
           Depository
           of
           their
           Priviledges
           ,
           Titles
           ,
           and
           such
           other
           Records
           as
           concern
           their
           Body
           ,
           is
           a
           very
           stately
           Pile
           ;
           as
           is
           also
           the
           Bank
           ,
           built
           at
           the
           City's
           Charge
           ;
           which
           ,
           together
           with
           several
           Magnificent
           Houses
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           are
           covered
           with
           Copper
           ,
           and
           make
           a
           handsome
           Prospect
           ;
           most
           of
           the
           Burghers
           Houses
           are
           built
           of
           Brick
           ,
           except
           in
           the
           Suburbs
           ,
           where
           they
           are
           of
           Wood
           ,
           and
           thereby
           exposed
           to
           the
           danger
           of
           Fire
           ;
           which
           commonly
           ,
           when
           it
           gets
           to
           a
           head
           ,
           destroys
           all
           before
           it
           ,
           in
           the
           Quarter
           where
           it
           happens
           ;
           to
           repair
           which
           Misfortune
           ,
           they
           sometimes
           send
           the
           Dimensions
           of
           the
           House
           they
           intend
           to
           build
           into
           Finland
           ,
           where
           the
           Walls
           and
           several
           Separations
           
           are
           built
           of
           Pieces
           of
           Timber
           laid
           one
           upon
           another
           ,
           and
           joined
           at
           the
           Corners
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           mark'd
           ,
           taken
           down
           ,
           and
           sent
           by
           Water
           to
           Stockholm
           ,
           there
           to
           be
           set
           up
           and
           finish'd
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           are
           kept
           in
           good
           Repair
           ,
           will
           last
           Thirty
           or
           Forty
           Years
           ,
           and
           are
           warmer
           ,
           cleanlier
           ,
           and
           more
           healthful
           than
           those
           of
           either
           Brick
           or
           Stone
           .
           To
           prevent
           the
           Danger
           of
           Fire
           ,
           the
           City
           is
           divided
           into
           Twelve
           Wards
           ,
           and
           in
           each
           of
           these
           is
           a
           Master
           and
           Four
           Assistants
           ,
           who
           upon
           notice
           of
           any
           Fire
           are
           immediately
           to
           repair
           to
           it
           ,
           as
           also
           all
           Porters
           and
           Labourers
           ,
           and
           to
           range
           themselves
           under
           the
           Master
           of
           their
           respective
           Wards
           :
           There
           is
           also
           a
           Fire-Watch
           by
           Night
           ,
           who
           walks
           about
           only
           to
           that
           purpose
           ;
           and
           in
           each
           Church-Steeple
           Watch
           is
           kept
           ,
           and
           a
           Bell
           Tolled
           upon
           the
           
           first
           appearance
           of
           any
           Fire
           .
        
         
           The
           Government
           of
           this
           City
           is
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Great
           Stadtholder
           ,
           who
           is
           also
           a
           Privy
           Counsellor
           ;
           he
           sits
           once
           a
           Week
           in
           the
           Town
           House
           ,
           and
           presides
           also
           in
           the
           College
           of
           Execution
           ,
           assisted
           by
           an
           Under
           Stadtholder
           ,
           and
           the
           Bailiff
           of
           the
           Castle
           ;
           next
           to
           him
           are
           the
           Four
           Burghmasters
           ,
           one
           for
           Justice
           ,
           another
           for
           Trade
           ,
           the
           Third
           for
           the
           Polity
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           the
           Fourth
           has
           the
           Inspection
           over
           all
           Publick
           and
           Private
           Buildings
           ,
           and
           determines
           such
           Cases
           as
           arise
           on
           that
           account
           ;
           with
           them
           the
           Counsellors
           of
           the
           City
           always
           sit
           and
           give
           their
           Votes
           ,
           the
           Majority
           of
           which
           concludes
           :
           Their
           Number
           is
           uncertain
           ,
           but
           usually
           about
           Twenty
           ,
           most
           Merchants
           and
           Shop-keepers
           ,
           or
           such
           as
           have
           served
           the
           King
           in
           some
           Inferior
           Employments
           ;
           
           and
           besides
           their
           Salary
           they
           have
           an
           Immunity
           from
           such
           Impositions
           as
           are
           laid
           on
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           to
           support
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           which
           pays
           all
           its
           Officers
           and
           Servants
           ,
           and
           maintains
           a
           Guard
           of
           300
           men
           ,
           and
           defrays
           the
           Charge
           of
           all
           Publick
           Buildings
           and
           Repairs
           .
           To
           support
           this
           Expence
           ,
           besides
           a
           Duty
           belonging
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           upon
           Goods
           Imported
           and
           Exported
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           about
           4
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           of
           the
           Customs
           paid
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           amounts
           to
           about
           4000
           
             l.
             per
             An.
          
           )
           the
           Magistrates
           impose
           a
           Yearly
           Tax
           on
           the
           Burghers
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           are
           assisted
           by
           a
           Common-Council
           of
           Forty
           eight
           (
           which
           chuses
           its
           own
           Members
           )
           ,
           and
           meets
           every
           Spring
           to
           proportion
           the
           Payments
           for
           the
           ensuing
           Year
           .
           On
           the
           Richer
           Traders
           they
           usually
           impose
           40
           ,
           50
           ,
           
           or
           60
           
             l.
             sterling
          
           ;
           and
           upon
           others
           of
           a
           meaner
           Condition
           ,
           as
           Shoe-makers
           ,
           Taylors
           ,
           &c.
           5
           or
           6
           l.
           and
           no
           Housekeeper
           less
           than
           15
           s.
           besides
           Quartering
           the
           Guards
           ,
           Inferior
           Officers
           ,
           and
           Servants
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           with
           other
           lesser
           Charges
           ;
           which
           all
           together
           ,
           would
           be
           thought
           a
           great
           burthen
           even
           in
           Richer
           Countries
           ;
           neither
           is
           it
           otherwise
           esteemed
           by
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           this
           City
           ,
           who
           can
           scarce
           be
           kept
           in
           heart
           by
           the
           Priviledges
           they
           enjoy
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           Customs
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           Trade
           of
           the
           Place
           ,
           which
           must
           needs
           pass
           through
           their
           hands
           ;
           the
           Natives
           of
           other
           parts
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Foreigners
           ,
           being
           obliged
           to
           deal
           only
           with
           the
           Burghers
           ,
           except
           those
           of
           the
           Gentry
           that
           make
           Iron
           ,
           who
           have
           a
           Privilege
           to
           sell
           it
           immediately
           to
           Strangers
           .
        
         
         
           This
           City
           is
           in
           a
           manner
           the
           Staple
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           to
           which
           most
           of
           the
           Goods
           of
           their
           own
           Growth
           ,
           viz.
           
             Iron
             ,
             Copper
             ,
             Wire
             ,
             Pitch
             ,
             Tarr
             ,
             Masts
             ,
             Deals
             ,
          
           &c.
           are
           brought
           to
           be
           Exported
           .
           The
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Commodities
           Imported
           from
           abroad
           come
           to
           this
           Port
           ,
           where
           there
           is
           a
           Haven
           capable
           of
           receiving
           1000
           Sail
           of
           Ships
           ,
           and
           has
           a
           Bridge
           or
           Key
           near
           an
           English
           Mile
           long
           ,
           to
           which
           the
           greatest
           Vessels
           may
           lye
           with
           their
           Broadsides
           :
           The
           only
           Inconvenience
           is
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           Ten
           Miles
           from
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           the
           River
           very
           crooked
           ,
           and
           no
           Tides
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           III.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Laws
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           Laws
           of
           Sueden
           were
           anciently
           as
           various
           as
           the
           Provinces
           were
           numerous
           ,
           each
           of
           which
           had
           Statutes
           and
           Customs
           peculiar
           to
           its
           self
           ,
           enacted
           as
           occasion
           required
           by
           the
           
           Lagh-man
           or
           Governor
           of
           the
           Province
           ,
           who
           was
           chosen
           by
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           Invested
           with
           great
           Authority
           ,
           especially
           while
           the
           Kingdom
           was
           Elective
           ,
           his
           Suffrage
           concluding
           the
           Province
           he
           governed
           .
           This
           variety
           was
           necessarily
           attended
           with
           great
           Confusion
           ;
           for
           remedy
           whereof
           ,
           about
           Four-score
           Years
           ago
           ,
           one
           Body
           of
           Laws
           was
           compiled
           for
           the
           direction
           of
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           ;
           
           yet
           this
           Collection
           is
           but
           an
           imperfect
           piece
           ,
           and
           the
           Laws
           so
           few
           ,
           and
           concieved
           in
           such
           general
           terms
           ,
           that
           in
           most
           cases
           they
           need
           the
           assistance
           of
           the
           Civil
           Law
           ;
           and
           after
           all
           ,
           the
           Final
           Determination
           depends
           much
           upon
           the
           Inclinations
           of
           the
           Bench
           ;
           which
           in
           a
           poor
           Countrey
           ,
           where
           Salaries
           are
           small
           ,
           is
           often
           filled
           with
           such
           as
           are
           of
           Weak
           Parts
           ,
           and
           subject
           to
           Corruption
           upon
           very
           small
           Temptations
           .
           The
           Effects
           of
           this
           would
           be
           more
           visible
           ,
           if
           each
           Superior
           Court
           did
           not
           keep
           a
           Cheque
           upon
           the
           Lower
           ,
           and
           the
           King's
           Court
           of
           Revision
           over-awe
           them
           all
           ,
           to
           which
           all
           Civil
           Causes
           importing
           the
           Sum
           of
           70
           l.
           are
           appealable
           ;
           and
           very
           few
           end
           before
           they
           have
           been
           brought
           thither
           .
           In
           this
           Supreme
           Court
           his
           Majesty
           very
           frequently
           sits
           with
           great
           Patience
           
           and
           Application
           ;
           and
           in
           Seven
           Years
           time
           has
           determined
           more
           Causes
           than
           the
           Senators
           did
           in
           Twenty
           before
           .
        
         
           His
           Majesty
           is
           observed
           always
           to
           make
           a
           short
           Mental
           Prayer
           at
           first
           sitting
           down
           there
           .
        
         
           In
           this
           Court
           the
           President
           of
           the
           Chancery
           ,
           and
           Two
           or
           Three
           other
           privy
           Counsellors
           ,
           do
           also
           sit
           ,
           so
           does
           the
           Chancellor
           of
           the
           Court
           (
           an
           Officer
           next
           in
           degree
           to
           a
           Privy
           Counsellor
           )
           who
           is
           President
           of
           the
           Under
           Revision
           ,
           where
           he
           and
           Two
           Secretaries
           do
           put
           Business
           into
           a
           Method
           fit
           to
           be
           brought
           before
           the
           King.
           
        
         
           The
           Courts
           of
           Justice
           inferior
           to
           this
           are
           of
           three
           Degrees
           ;
           of
           the
           lowest
           Degree
           of
           first
           Instance
           ,
           there
           is
           one
           in
           each
           Corporation
           ,
           (
           besides
           Stockholm
           ,
           in
           which
           there
           are
           Three
           )
           ,
           as
           also
           in
           each
           District
           or
           Territory
           ,
           whereof
           every
           
           Province
           contains
           several
           ,
           some
           above
           Twenty
           ;
           in
           the
           former
           (
           Cities
           )
           an
           Alderman
           or
           Counsellor
           presides
           ,
           and
           has
           some
           of
           his
           Brethren
           for
           Assistants
           ;
           in
           the
           latter
           ,
           the
           Governor
           of
           the
           Territory
           ,
           with
           a
           standing
           Jury
           ;
           his
           Court
           is
           Ambulatory
           ,
           and
           usually
           kept
           near
           or
           upon
           the
           place
           where
           the
           Fact
           or
           Trespass
           was
           committed
           .
        
         
           In
           these
           Courts
           Examinations
           are
           taken
           ,
           and
           matters
           not
           exceeding
           Forty
           Shillings
           are
           determined
           ,
           the
           rest
           transmitted
           to
           the
           next
           Superior
           Court
           ,
           of
           which
           in
           every
           Corporation
           there
           is
           one
           ,
           where
           the
           Burghmaster
           is
           President
           ,
           and
           the
           Aldermen
           Assistants
           ;
           and
           so
           in
           every
           Province
           there
           is
           one
           or
           more
           of
           these
           Courts
           ,
           the
           President
           whereof
           retains
           the
           name
           of
           
           Lagh-man
           ,
           without
           other
           Authority
           than
           that
           of
           a
           Judge
           ;
           from
           
           these
           all
           Causes
           of
           Blood
           must
           be
           transmitted
           to
           the
           respective
           National
           Courts
           ,
           where
           they
           are
           determined
           without
           further
           Appeal
           ;
           and
           thither
           also
           all
           Civil
           Actions
           ,
           not
           exceeding
           20
           l.
           may
           be
           appealed
           ;
           of
           these
           National
           Courts
           there
           are
           Three
           ,
           one
           for
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           held
           at
           Stockholm
           ;
           another
           for
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Gothia
           ,
           kept
           at
           Iencopingh
           ;
           and
           a
           Third
           for
           the
           Dukedom
           of
           Finland
           ,
           at
           Abo
           :
           In
           each
           of
           these
           a
           Privy
           Counsellor
           is
           President
           ,
           and
           above
           half
           the
           Assessors
           are
           to
           be
           Gentlemen
           :
           All
           these
           Courts
           sit
           continually
           ,
           or
           at
           most
           have
           but
           short
           Vacations
           ;
           and
           not
           being
           pestered
           with
           too
           much
           Formality
           give
           Causes
           a
           speedy
           dispatch
           ,
           unless
           they
           be
           retarded
           by
           some
           under-hand
           Engagements
           .
        
         
           Actions
           relating
           to
           the
           Sea
           are
           Triable
           in
           the
           ordinary
           Courts
           ,
           
           according
           to
           their
           Sea-Laws
           ,
           founded
           upon
           those
           Ancient
           ones
           of
           Wisby
           in
           Gothland
           ,
           which
           have
           formerly
           been
           as
           famous
           in
           the
           Baltick
           Sea
           ,
           as
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           Rhodes
           and
           Oleron
           in
           other
           places
           .
           The
           Court
           of
           Admiralty
           has
           not
           any
           peculiar
           Jurisdiction
           in
           the
           Administration
           of
           these
           Laws
           ,
           but
           only
           in
           such
           matters
           as
           directly
           concern
           the
           King's
           Fleet
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           places
           that
           belong
           immediately
           to
           the
           Admiralty
           .
        
         
           For
           Causes
           Ecclesiastical
           there
           is
           a
           Consistory
           in
           each
           Diocess
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           respective
           Bishop
           is
           President
           ,
           where
           Causes
           of
           Bastardy
           ,
           Contracts
           of
           Marriage
           ,
           and
           other
           matters
           of
           that
           nature
           ,
           are
           try'd
           ;
           and
           Church-Censures
           of
           Penance
           ,
           Divorce
           ,
           &c.
           inflicted
           :
           These
           Courts
           have
           not
           Power
           to
           administer
           an
           Oath
           ,
           nor
           to
           inflict
           any
           Corporal
           Punishment
           .
           
           From
           them
           there
           lies
           an
           Appeal
           to
           the
           respective
           National
           Court
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           Cases
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           as
           in
           all
           other
           matters
           .
        
         
           For
           matters
           relating
           to
           the
           Mines
           ,
           besides
           Inferior
           Courts
           ,
           and
           Officers
           settled
           in
           the
           respective
           parts
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           a
           General
           Court
           ,
           called
           the
           College
           of
           the
           Mines
           ,
           sits
           at
           Stockholm
           ,
           of
           which
           most
           commonly
           the
           President
           of
           the
           Treasury
           is
           chief
           ,
           with
           a
           Vice-President
           ,
           and
           other
           Assessors
           ;
           the
           Laws
           in
           this
           regard
           are
           more
           exact
           and
           particular
           than
           in
           other
           matters
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           most
           part
           Justice
           very
           carefully
           administred
           .
        
         
           The
           Power
           of
           executing
           all
           Judicial
           Sentences
           is
           lodged
           in
           the
           Governors
           of
           the
           Provinces
           ,
           the
           Stadtholders
           of
           Stockholm
           ,
           and
           other
           places
           ,
           and
           from
           them
           derived
           to
           Inferior
           Officers
           ,
           who
           are
           
           accountable
           to
           the
           National
           Courts
           ;
           whither
           they
           may
           be
           Convened
           and
           punish'd
           ,
           upon
           plain
           Proof
           of
           Default
           .
           But
           the
           Proof
           being
           difficult
           ,
           and
           Ministers
           of
           Justice
           apt
           to
           favour
           each
           other
           ,
           they
           take
           great
           liberty
           to
           delay
           Execution
           ,
           or
           to
           arbitrate
           ,
           and
           put
           their
           own
           sense
           upon
           Sentences
           ;
           so
           that
           this
           part
           of
           Justice
           is
           administred
           the
           worst
           of
           all
           others
           ,
           and
           has
           an
           Influence
           not
           only
           at
           home
           ,
           but
           lessens
           the
           Credit
           of
           the
           Suedish
           Subjects
           abroad
           ,
           against
           whom
           Justice
           cannot
           be
           obtained
           without
           great
           difficulty
           .
        
         
           The
           ordinary
           Charges
           of
           Law-Suits
           are
           no
           where
           more
           moderate
           than
           in
           Sueden
           ;
           the
           greatest
           burthen
           arising
           from
           a
           late
           Constitution
           ,
           That
           all
           Declarations
           ,
           Acts
           ,
           and
           Sentences
           ,
           must
           be
           written
           upon
           Seal'd
           Paper
           of
           different
           
           Prizes
           ,
           from
           Two
           pence
           to
           Seven
           Shillings
           a
           Sheet
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Quality
           of
           the
           Cause
           ,
           the
           Benefit
           of
           which
           accrues
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           is
           computed
           to
           bring
           in
           about
           3000
           l.
           a
           year
           ;
           other
           Charges
           are
           very
           few
           ,
           every
           man
           being
           permitted
           (
           in
           Criminal
           Actions
           compelled
           )
           to
           plead
           his
           own
           Cause
           :
           Accordingly
           the
           Practice
           of
           the
           Law
           is
           below
           a
           Gentleman
           ,
           and
           rather
           the
           Refuge
           than
           the
           Choice
           of
           meaner
           persons
           ,
           who
           are
           very
           few
           in
           Number
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           most
           part
           very
           poor
           .
        
         
           The
           Custom
           of
           a
           Jury
           of
           Twelve
           men
           is
           so
           ancient
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           that
           their
           Writers
           pretend
           it
           had
           its
           Original
           among
           them
           ,
           and
           was
           thence
           derived
           to
           other
           Nations
           ;
           but
           at
           present
           it
           is
           disused
           every
           where
           ,
           except
           only
           in
           the
           Lower
           Courts
           in
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           there
           the
           Jury-men
           are
           
           for
           Life
           ,
           and
           have
           Salaries
           ;
           they
           have
           this
           peculiar
           to
           themselves
           ,
           that
           among
           them
           there
           must
           be
           an
           unanimous
           Concurrence
           to
           determine
           a
           Cause
           ,
           which
           in
           other
           Courts
           is
           done
           by
           a
           Majority
           of
           Voices
           .
        
         
           Titles
           to
           Estates
           are
           rendred
           more
           secure
           ,
           and
           less
           subject
           to
           Contests
           ,
           by
           the
           Registers
           that
           are
           kept
           of
           all
           Sales
           and
           Alienations
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           of
           other
           Engagements
           of
           them
           :
           The
           Purchaser
           running
           the
           hazard
           of
           having
           an
           After-Bargain
           take
           place
           of
           his
           ,
           if
           he
           omit
           the
           Recording
           of
           his
           Transaction
           in
           the
           proper
           Court.
           
        
         
           In
           Criminal
           Matters
           ,
           where
           the
           Fact
           is
           not
           very
           evident
           ,
           or
           where
           the
           Judges
           are
           very
           favourable
           ,
           the
           Defendant
           is
           admitted
           to
           purge
           himself
           by
           Oath
           ,
           to
           which
           is
           oftentimes
           added
           the
           Oath
           of
           Six
           or
           Twelve
           other
           men
           ▪
           
           who
           are
           all
           Vouchers
           of
           his
           Integrity
           .
        
         
           Treason
           ,
           Murther
           ,
           Double
           Adultrey
           ,
           Burning
           of
           Houses
           ,
           Witchcraft
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           Heinous
           Crimes
           ,
           are
           punished
           with
           Death
           ,
           which
           is
           executed
           by
           hanging
           of
           Men
           ,
           and
           beheading
           of
           Women
           ;
           to
           which
           burning
           alive
           or
           dead
           ,
           quartering
           and
           hanging
           in
           Chains
           ,
           is
           sometimes
           added
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Crime
           .
           Criminals
           of
           the
           Gentry
           and
           Nobility
           ,
           are
           usually
           shot
           to
           Death
           .
        
         
           The
           Punishment
           of
           Stealing
           ,
           is
           of
           late
           instead
           of
           Death
           ,
           changed
           into
           a
           kind
           of
           perpetual
           Slavery
           ,
           the
           Guilty
           party
           being
           condemned
           to
           work
           all
           his
           Life
           for
           ☞
           the
           King
           ,
           in
           making
           Fortifications
           ,
           or
           other
           Drudgery
           ,
           and
           always
           has
           a
           Collar
           of
           Iron
           about
           his
           Neck
           ,
           with
           a
           Bow
           coming
           over
           his
           Head
           ,
           to
           which
           is
           a
           Bell
           
           fastened
           ,
           that
           rings
           as
           he
           goes
           along
           .
        
         
           Duels
           between
           Gentlemen
           ,
           if
           the
           one
           Party
           be
           kill'd
           ,
           are
           punish'd
           with
           the
           Survivor's
           Death
           ,
           and
           a
           Note
           of
           Infamy
           upon
           the
           Memory
           of
           both
           ;
           if
           neither
           be
           kill'd
           ,
           they
           are
           both
           condemned
           to
           a
           Prison
           ,
           with
           Bread
           and
           Water
           for
           two
           years
           ,
           to
           which
           is
           added
           a
           Fine
           of
           1000
           Crowns
           ;
           or
           one
           years
           Imprisonment
           ,
           and
           2000
           Crowns
           .
           Reparation
           of
           Honour
           in
           case
           of
           Affront
           ,
           is
           referred
           to
           the
           respective
           National
           Court
           ,
           where
           Recantation
           and
           Publick
           Begging
           of
           Pardon
           is
           usually
           inflicted
           .
        
         
           Estates
           as
           well
           acquired
           ,
           as
           inherited
           ,
           descend
           to
           the
           Children
           in
           equal
           Portions
           ,
           of
           which
           a
           Son
           has
           two
           ,
           and
           a
           Daughter
           one
           ;
           nor
           is
           it
           in
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Parents
           to
           alter
           this
           Proportion
           without
           
           the
           Intervention
           of
           a
           Judicial
           Sentence
           in
           case
           of
           their
           Children's
           disobedience
           ,
           only
           they
           may
           bequeath
           a
           Tenth
           of
           their
           acquired
           Possessions
           to
           such
           Child
           ,
           or
           other
           ,
           as
           they
           will
           favour
           .
           Where
           an
           Estate
           descends
           incumbred
           with
           Debts
           ,
           the
           Heir
           usually
           takes
           two
           or
           three
           Months
           time
           ,
           as
           the
           Law
           allows
           ,
           to
           search
           into
           the
           Condition
           of
           the
           Deceased's
           Estate
           ,
           and
           then
           either
           accepts
           the
           Inheritance
           ,
           or
           leaves
           it
           to
           the
           Law
           ,
           which
           in
           that
           case
           Administers
           ;
           as
           lately
           ,
           besides
           other
           Instances
           ,
           was
           practised
           upon
           the
           decease
           of
           the
           late
           
             Rix
             Drost
             Count
             Magnus
             De
             la
             Gardier
             ,
          
           the
           King's
           Unkle
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           IV.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Natural
           Inclinations
           and
           Dispositions
           of
           the
           Suedes
           .
        
         
           THE
           Nature
           of
           the
           Climate
           ,
           which
           affords
           a
           very
           healthful
           and
           dry
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           sharp
           Air
           ,
           disposes
           the
           Natives
           to
           a
           vigorous
           Constitution
           ;
           and
           that
           confirm'd
           by
           a
           hardy
           Education
           ,
           course
           Fare
           ,
           hard
           Lodgings
           ,
           &c.
           qualifies
           them
           to
           endure
           whatever
           uneasy
           Circumstances
           befal
           them
           ,
           better
           than
           those
           that
           are
           born
           in
           a
           more
           moderate
           Country
           ,
           and
           more
           indulgently
           bred
           .
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           it
           seems
           as
           if
           the
           severity
           of
           the
           Clime
           should
           in
           a
           manner
           cramp
           the
           
           
           
           
           
           Faculties
           of
           their
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           indispose
           them
           for
           any
           great
           degree
           of
           Dexterity
           and
           Nimbleness
           ;
           and
           the
           same
           may
           be
           said
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           ,
           of
           their
           Minds
           too
           ,
           which
           seldom
           are
           found
           endued
           with
           any
           eminent
           share
           of
           Vivacity
           or
           Pregnancy
           of
           Wit
           ;
           yet
           by
           Industry
           ,
           Experience
           ,
           and
           Travelling
           ,
           not
           a
           few
           of
           them
           arrive
           at
           a
           mature
           and
           solid
           Judgment
           ,
           being
           led
           by
           their
           Genius
           to
           serious
           things
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           that
           have
           Patience
           to
           go
           through
           with
           the
           Studies
           they
           apply
           themselves
           to
           ,
           become
           Excellent
           ,
           and
           merit
           the
           Title
           of
           great
           and
           able
           Men
           ;
           but
           this
           seems
           not
           to
           be
           the
           Talent
           of
           this
           Nation
           ,
           they
           being
           generally
           more
           apt
           to
           sit
           down
           with
           superficial
           Acquisitions
           ,
           than
           to
           pursue
           their
           Studies
           to
           a
           fundamental
           degree
           .
        
         
         
           This
           Disposition
           of
           Body
           and
           Mind
           qualifies
           them
           more
           for
           a
           Life
           of
           Labour
           and
           Fatigue
           ,
           than
           of
           Art
           and
           Curiosity
           ,
           and
           the
           effect
           of
           it
           is
           visible
           in
           all
           Orders
           of
           Men
           among
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           Nobility
           mostly
           apply
           themselves
           to
           a
           Military
           Life
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           are
           more
           famous
           for
           Courage
           ,
           and
           enduring
           Hardships
           ,
           than
           for
           Stratagems
           and
           Intrigues
           .
           They
           that
           are
           employed
           in
           the
           Administration
           of
           Civil
           Affairs
           ,
           tho
           they
           are
           indeed
           Laborious
           and
           Indefatigable
           in
           their
           business
           ,
           yet
           they
           seldom
           raise
           their
           Speculations
           above
           what
           the
           necessity
           of
           their
           Employments
           require
           ,
           their
           Abilities
           proceeding
           not
           so
           much
           from
           Study
           ,
           as
           Experience
           in
           the
           Tract
           of
           business
           .
        
         
           In
           point
           of
           Learning
           ,
           they
           ,
           like
           their
           Neighbours
           the
           Germans
           ,
           
           are
           more
           given
           to
           Transcribe
           ,
           and
           make
           Collections
           ,
           than
           Digest
           their
           own
           Thoughts
           ;
           and
           commonly
           proportion
           their
           Studies
           to
           their
           occasions
           .
        
         
           In
           matters
           of
           Trade
           ,
           they
           more
           easily
           do
           the
           Drudgery
           ,
           than
           dive
           into
           the
           Mystery
           ,
           either
           of
           Commerce
           or
           Manufactures
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           usually
           set
           up
           for
           Masters
           before
           they
           be
           half
           taught
           ;
           so
           that
           in
           all
           such
           things
           as
           require
           Ingenuity
           ,
           Neatness
           ,
           or
           Dexterity
           ,
           they
           are
           forc'd
           to
           be
           served
           by
           Strangers
           .
           Their
           Common
           Soldiers
           endure
           Cold
           and
           Hunger
           ,
           and
           long
           Marches
           ,
           and
           hard
           Labour
           to
           admiration
           ;
           but
           they
           learn
           their
           Duty
           very
           slowly
           ,
           and
           are
           serviceable
           more
           by
           their
           Obedience
           to
           command
           ,
           and
           standing
           their
           Ground
           ,
           than
           by
           any
           great
           forwardness
           to
           attack
           their
           Enemy
           ,
           or
           in
           nimbleness
           and
           address
           
           in
           executing
           their
           Orders
           ;
           and
           so
           their
           Peasants
           are
           tolerably
           Laborious
           when
           need
           compels
           them
           ,
           but
           have
           little
           regard
           to
           Neatness
           in
           their
           Work
           ,
           and
           are
           hardly
           brought
           to
           quit
           their
           old
           ,
           slow
           ,
           and
           toilsome
           Methods
           ,
           for
           such
           new
           Inventions
           as
           are
           more
           dextrous
           and
           easy
           .
        
         
           The
           Dispositions
           more
           peculiar
           to
           the
           several
           degrees
           of
           these
           People
           ,
           are
           ,
           That
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           are
           naturally
           Men
           of
           Courage
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           Warlike
           Temper
           ,
           have
           a
           graceful
           Deportment
           ,
           inclined
           to
           value
           themselves
           at
           a
           High
           rate
           ,
           and
           make
           the
           best
           Appearance
           they
           possibly
           can
           ,
           that
           they
           may
           gain
           the
           respect
           of
           others
           ;
           and
           are
           therefore
           more
           excessive
           in
           the
           number
           of
           their
           Attendants
           ,
           Sumptuous
           Buildings
           ,
           and
           Rich
           Apparel
           ,
           than
           in
           the
           plentifulness
           of
           their
           Tables
           ,
           or
           
           other
           less
           observ'd
           Occasions
           .
           They
           never
           descend
           to
           any
           Employments
           in
           the
           Church
           ,
           the
           Practice
           of
           Law
           or
           Physick
           ,
           or
           the
           Exercise
           of
           any
           Trade
           ;
           and
           tho
           to
           gain
           experience
           in
           Maritine
           Affairs
           ,
           they
           submit
           to
           the
           lowest
           Offices
           abroad
           ,
           yet
           at
           home
           there
           is
           but
           one
           Example
           known
           of
           a
           Gentleman
           ,
           that
           accepted
           the
           Command
           of
           a
           Merchant's
           Ship.
           
        
         
           The
           Clergy
           are
           but
           moderately
           Learned
           ,
           and
           little
           acquainted
           with
           the
           Disputes
           about
           Religion
           ,
           as
           having
           no
           Adversaries
           to
           oppose
           ;
           they
           affect
           Gravity
           ,
           and
           long
           Beards
           ;
           are
           esteemed
           for
           their
           Hospitality
           ,
           and
           have
           great
           Authority
           among
           the
           Common
           People
           .
           The
           Burghers
           are
           not
           very
           Intelligent
           in
           Trade
           ,
           nor
           able
           to
           do
           their
           business
           without
           Credit
           from
           abroad
           ;
           rather
           inclined
           to
           impose
           upon
           those
           they
           can
           over-reach
           ,
           
           than
           follow
           their
           Calling
           in
           a
           fair
           way
           .
           The
           Peasants
           ,
           when
           Sober
           ,
           are
           very
           obsequious
           and
           respectful
           ,
           but
           Drink
           makes
           them
           mad
           and
           ungovernable
           ;
           most
           of
           them
           live
           in
           a
           very
           poor
           Condition
           ,
           and
           are
           taught
           by
           necessity
           to
           practice
           several
           Arts
           in
           a
           rude
           manner
           ,
           as
           the
           making
           their
           Shooes
           ,
           Cloathes
           ,
           &c.
           the
           several
           Instruments
           of
           Husbandry
           ,
           and
           other
           necessaries
           ,
           that
           they
           cannot
           spare
           Money
           to
           buy
           :
           And
           to
           keep
           them
           to
           this
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           favour
           the
           Cities
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           permitted
           to
           more
           than
           one
           Taylor
           ,
           or
           other
           such
           Artisan
           ,
           to
           dwell
           in
           the
           same
           Parish
           ,
           tho
           it
           be
           never
           so
           large
           ,
           as
           many
           of
           them
           are
           above
           twenty
           Miles
           in
           compass
           .
        
         
           In
           general
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           said
           of
           the
           whole
           Nation
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           a
           People
           very
           Religious
           in
           their
           way
           ,
           and
           constant
           frequenters
           of
           the
           
           Church
           ,
           eminently
           Loyal
           and
           Affected
           to
           Monarchy
           ,
           Grave
           even
           to
           Formality
           ;
           Sober
           ,
           more
           out
           of
           necessity
           ,
           than
           Principles
           of
           temperance
           ;
           apt
           to
           entertain
           Suspitions
           ,
           and
           to
           envy
           each
           other
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Strangers
           ;
           more
           inclined
           to
           pilfering
           ,
           and
           such
           secret
           Frauds
           ,
           than
           to
           such
           open
           Violences
           ,
           as
           breaking
           of
           Houses
           ,
           or
           Robbing
           on
           the
           Highways
           :
           Crimes
           as
           rarely
           committed
           in
           this
           ,
           as
           in
           any
           Country
           whatever
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           V.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Religion
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           CHRISTIANITY
           was
           not
           received
           into
           Sueden
           ,
           till
           about
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Ninth
           Century
           ;
           and
           not
           into
           Finland
           till
           near
           three
           hundred
           Years
           after
           ;
           and
           if
           not
           first
           Preached
           ,
           was
           at
           least
           first
           Established
           by
           English
           Divines
           ,
           of
           whom
           the
           chiefest
           was
           St.
           Sigfrid
           ,
           who
           ,
           as
           their
           Histories
           relate
           ,
           quitted
           the
           Arch-Bishoprick
           of
           York
           ,
           to
           become
           the
           Apostle
           of
           the
           Goths
           ,
           as
           they
           stile
           him
           ;
           with
           him
           three
           of
           his
           Nephews
           that
           he
           brought
           thither
           ,
           were
           Martyred
           by
           the
           
             Heathen
             Goths
          
           .
           So
           also
           was
           St.
           Eskill
           ,
           and
           other
           English
           ,
           by
           the
           Suedes
           ;
           and
           about
           the
           Year
           1150.
           
           St.
           Henry
           ,
           
           an
           English
           Bishop
           ,
           accompani'd
           St.
           Erick
           ,
           King
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           in
           his
           Expedition
           to
           Finland
           ,
           which
           the
           King
           conquered
           ,
           and
           the
           Bishop
           converted
           into
           Christianity
           ;
           he
           also
           was
           Martyred
           by
           the
           Infidels
           ,
           and
           lies
           buried
           at
           Abo
           ,
           the
           Metropolis
           of
           that
           Country
           .
        
         
           The
           Reformation
           ,
           as
           well
           there
           ,
           as
           in
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           began
           soon
           after
           the
           Neighbouring
           parts
           of
           Germany
           had
           imbraced
           
           Luther's
           Tenets
           ,
           and
           was
           established
           according
           to
           his
           Platform
           .
           The
           Tyranny
           of
           King
           Christian
           the
           Second
           ,
           who
           then
           wore
           these
           three
           Northern
           Crowns
           ,
           gave
           an
           opportunity
           to
           Gustavus
           ,
           the
           Founder
           of
           the
           present
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           both
           to
           alter
           Religion
           ,
           and
           advance
           himself
           to
           the
           Regal
           Dignity
           ,
           which
           till
           that
           time
           was
           Elective
           ,
           but
           was
           then
           made
           Hereditary
           to
           his
           Family
           ;
           in
           which
           
           it
           has
           since
           continued
           ,
           as
           the
           Lutheran
           Religion
           has
           also
           done
           in
           the
           Country
           ,
           never
           but
           once
           disturbed
           from
           abroad
           ,
           and
           since
           that
           disturbance
           never
           distracted
           at
           home
           with
           Non-conformity
           ;
           all
           the
           Orders
           of
           Men
           agreeing
           in
           a
           constant
           Attendance
           on
           Divine
           Service
           ,
           and
           a
           Zeal
           for
           their
           own
           Way
           ,
           without
           any
           nice
           Enquiries
           into
           disputable
           Points
           ,
           either
           in
           their
           own
           Tenets
           ,
           or
           those
           of
           other
           Churches
           ;
           whereby
           it
           becomes
           the
           business
           of
           their
           Preachers
           ,
           rather
           to
           persuade
           the
           Practice
           of
           Piety
           ,
           than
           to
           oppose
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           others
           ,
           or
           defend
           their
           own
           .
        
         
           The
           Church
           is
           governed
           by
           an
           Archbishop
           and
           Ten
           Bishops
           ,
           whose
           Studies
           are
           confined
           to
           their
           own
           Employments
           ,
           being
           never
           called
           to
           Council
           ,
           but
           only
           at
           the
           Assembly
           of
           the
           States
           ,
           
           nor
           troubled
           with
           the
           Administration
           of
           any
           Secular
           Affair
           :
           their
           Revenues
           are
           very
           moderate
           ,
           the
           Archbishop
           of
           Upsall
           not
           Importing
           400
           l.
           a
           year
           ,
           and
           the
           Bishopricks
           after
           that
           Proportion
           .
           Under
           them
           are
           Seven
           or
           Eight
           Superintendents
           ,
           who
           have
           all
           the
           Power
           of
           Bishops
           ,
           and
           only
           want
           the
           Name
           ;
           and
           over
           each
           Ten
           Churches
           is
           a
           Provost
           or
           Rural
           Dean
           ,
           with
           some
           Authority
           over
           the
           Inferior
           Clergy
           ,
           of
           whom
           the
           Sum
           total
           may
           best
           be
           computed
           by
           the
           Number
           of
           Churches
           ,
           which
           in
           Sueden
           and
           Finland
           is
           short
           of
           Two
           thousand
           ;
           to
           which
           the
           Addition
           of
           Chaplains
           and
           Curates
           will
           encrease
           the
           Body
           of
           the
           Clergy
           to
           near
           Four
           thousand
           persons
           ;
           they
           are
           all
           the
           Sons
           of
           Peasants
           or
           mean
           Burghers
           ,
           and
           can
           therefore
           content
           themselves
           with
           the
           small
           Income
           of
           their
           
           Places
           ,
           which
           besides
           more
           inconsiderable
           Dues
           ,
           arises
           from
           Glebe-Lands
           ,
           and
           one
           Third
           of
           the
           Tythes
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           other
           two
           Thirds
           are
           annexed
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           to
           be
           employ'd
           in
           Pious
           Uses
           :
           However
           ,
           the
           Clergy
           have
           generally
           wherewithal
           to
           exercise
           Hospitality
           ,
           and
           are
           the
           constant
           Refuge
           of
           Poor
           Travellers
           ,
           especially
           Strangers
           ,
           who
           use
           to
           go
           from
           Priest
           to
           Priest
           ,
           as
           elsewhere
           from
           Constable
           to
           Constable
           .
        
         
           The
           Clergy
           of
           each
           Diocess
           ,
           upon
           the
           Death
           of
           their
           Bishop
           ,
           propose
           Three
           persons
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           either
           chuses
           one
           of
           them
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           ,
           to
           succeed
           in
           that
           Office
           ;
           which
           is
           also
           practised
           in
           the
           Choice
           of
           Superintendents
           .
           In
           the
           Choice
           of
           an
           Archbishop
           all
           the
           Chapters
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           vote
           ,
           but
           the
           
           Determination
           is
           altogether
           in
           the
           King's
           breast
           .
           His
           Majesty
           hath
           also
           the
           Patronage
           of
           most
           Churches
           ,
           some
           few
           only
           being
           in
           the
           Disposal
           of
           the
           Nobility
           .
           Many
           of
           their
           Churches
           are
           adorn'd
           with
           variety
           of
           Sculptures
           ,
           Painting
           ,
           Gilding
           ,
           &c.
           
           All
           of
           them
           are
           kept
           neat
           and
           clean
           ,
           and
           in
           good
           Repair
           ,
           furnish'd
           as
           well
           in
           Countrey
           as
           City
           with
           Rich
           Altar-Clothes
           ,
           Copes
           ,
           and
           other
           Vestments
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           more
           regular
           Government
           of
           the
           Church
           it
           has
           been
           found
           necessary
           to
           cause
           the
           Ancient
           Ecclesiastical
           Laws
           and
           Canons
           to
           be
           revised
           by
           a
           Committee
           chosen
           out
           of
           the
           several
           Bodies
           of
           the
           Estates
           ,
           who
           have
           spent
           some
           years
           in
           that
           matter
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           presented
           the
           King
           with
           a
           New
           System
           of
           Church-Laws
           ;
           wherein
           
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           having
           caused
           such
           Alterations
           to
           be
           made
           as
           he
           thought
           fit
           ,
           has
           lately
           approved
           and
           publish'd
           them
           .
        
         
           Of
           these
           ▪
           some
           that
           concern
           their
           Religion
           in
           general
           ,
           shall
           here
           be
           taken
           notice
           of
           .
           By
           these
           New
           Canons
           it
           is
           ordain'd
           ,
           That
        
         
           
             If
             any
             Suedish
             Subject
             change
             his
             Religion
             ,
             he
             shall
             be
             banish'd
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             lose
             all
             Right
             of
             Inheritance
             both
             for
             himself
             and
             his
             Descendants
             .
          
           
             If
             any
             continue
             Excommunicated
             above
             a
             Year
             ,
             he
             shall
             be
             Imprisoned
             a
             Month
             with
             Bread
             and
             Water
             ,
             and
             then
             banish'd
             .
          
           
             If
             any
             bring
             into
             the
             Countrey
             Teachers
             of
             another
             Religion
             ,
             
             he
             shall
             be
             Fin'd
             and
             Banish'd
             .
          
           
             Foreign
             Ministers
             shall
             enjoy
             the
             Free
             Exercise
             of
             their
             Religion
             ,
             only
             for
             themselves
             and
             Families
             .
          
           
             Strangers
             of
             a
             different
             Religion
             shall
             have
             no
             Publick
             Exercise
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             their
             Children
             shall
             be
             baptized
             by
             Lutheran
             Ministers
             ,
             and
             educated
             in
             that
             Religion
             ▪
             otherwise
             they
             shall
             not
             have
             the
             Privileges
             of
             Suedish
             Subjects
             .
          
        
         
           These
           Laws
           ,
           as
           they
           oblige
           the
           Clergy
           to
           a
           more
           constant
           Attendance
           on
           all
           the
           parts
           of
           their
           Duty
           ,
           than
           has
           formerly
           been
           practised
           ,
           so
           they
           require
           the
           Laity
           to
           frequent
           the
           Church
           on
           all
           occasions
           ;
           and
           the
           Civil
           Magistrates
           ,
           especially
           on
           Days
           of
           
           great
           Solemnity
           ,
           make
           very
           strict
           search
           ,
           and
           punish
           such
           as
           are
           found
           absent
           from
           Church
           without
           a
           just
           Excuse
           ,
           with
           Imprisonment
           and
           other
           Severities
           :
           But
           the
           Clergy
           are
           not
           intrusted
           with
           the
           sole
           Administration
           of
           these
           Laws
           ,
           nor
           impower'd
           by
           them
           to
           transact
           matters
           of
           any
           great
           moment
           ,
           without
           the
           concurrence
           of
           the
           Civil
           Power
           ;
           for
           besides
           that
           many
           Causes
           ,
           formerly
           Triable
           in
           Ecclesiastical
           Courts
           ,
           are
           now
           transferr'd
           to
           the
           Secular
           Magistrates
           ;
           the
           King
           reserves
           to
           his
           own
           cognizance
           several
           cases
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           especially
           the
           Point
           of
           Excommunication
           ,
           which
           the
           Clergy
           are
           not
           permitted
           to
           pronounce
           against
           any
           one
           ,
           till
           the
           King
           hath
           been
           acquainted
           with
           the
           Case
           ,
           and
           gives
           
           leave
           ;
           which
           Caution
           is
           used
           because
           of
           the
           consequence
           ,
           which
           is
           ,
           the
           Loss
           of
           a
           Subject
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           VI.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Vniversities
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           LEARNING
           ,
           whatever
           their
           Modern
           Writers
           pretend
           ,
           can
           plead
           no
           great
           Antiquity
           in
           this
           Countrey
           ;
           the
           Institution
           of
           an
           University
           at
           Upsall
           being
           not
           above
           Three
           hundred
           years
           ago
           ;
           and
           few
           Monuments
           extant
           of
           a
           more
           Ancient
           Date
           ,
           but
           only
           Funeral
           Inscriptions
           ,
           rudely
           cut
           upon
           Rocks
           and
           unhew'n
           Stones
           ,
           which
           are
           every
           where
           found
           ;
           but
           as
           they
           have
           no
           Date
           ,
           so
           they
           seldom
           express
           more
           than
           the
           Names
           of
           Persons
           ,
           of
           whom
           no
           other
           Memory
           remains
           ;
           that
           which
           makes
           them
           most
           remarkable
           
           is
           ,
           That
           they
           are
           writ
           in
           the
           Ancient
           Gothic
           Language
           ,
           and
           the
           Runick
           Character
           .
        
         
           The
           most
           Curious
           Piece
           of
           Learning
           among
           them
           ,
           is
           a
           Translation
           of
           the
           Evangelists
           into
           the
           Gothic
           Tongue
           ,
           done
           about
           Twelve
           or
           Thirteen
           hundred
           Years
           ago
           ,
           by
           Ulphila
           ,
           a
           Bishop
           of
           the
           Goths
           in
           Thracia
           ,
           of
           which
           they
           have
           the
           sole
           Ancient
           Manuscript
           Copy
           that
           is
           known
           to
           be
           in
           the
           world
           .
           Since
           the
           Reformation
           ,
           
             Gustavus
             Adolphus
          
           was
           the
           first
           great
           Patron
           Learning
           had
           in
           this
           Countrey
           ,
           by
           whom
           the
           Universities
           that
           had
           been
           much
           impair'd
           ,
           were
           endow'd
           with
           tolerable
           Salaries
           for
           Professors
           in
           most
           Sciences
           .
           These
           his
           Daughter
           Queen
           Christina
           somewhat
           augmented
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Fame
           of
           her
           own
           
           Learning
           ,
           and
           the
           favourable
           Reception
           she
           gave
           to
           Scholars
           ,
           drew
           several
           Learned
           men
           from
           abroad
           ,
           that
           have
           left
           good
           Proofs
           of
           their
           Abilities
           ,
           and
           raised
           an
           Emulation
           in
           the
           Natives
           ,
           whose
           best
           Performance
           is
           in
           the
           History
           ,
           Antiquities
           ,
           and
           Ancient
           Laws
           of
           the
           Countrey
           .
        
         
           The
           University
           of
           Upsall
           consists
           of
           a
           Chancellor
           ,
           who
           is
           always
           a
           great
           Minister
           of
           State
           ;
           a
           Vice-Chancellor
           ,
           always
           the
           Archbishop
           ;
           a
           Rector
           ,
           chosen
           out
           of
           the
           Professors
           ,
           of
           whom
           there
           are
           about
           Twenty
           that
           have
           each
           150
           l.
           a
           Year
           Salary
           .
           The
           ordinary
           Number
           of
           Students
           is
           above
           Seven
           or
           Eight
           hundred
           ;
           Fifty
           of
           which
           are
           maintain'd
           by
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           some
           few
           others
           were
           formerly
           
           by
           Persons
           of
           Quality
           ;
           the
           rest
           ,
           that
           cannot
           subsist
           of
           themselves
           ,
           spend
           the
           Vacation
           in
           gathering
           the
           Charity
           of
           the
           Diocess
           they
           belong
           to
           ,
           which
           is
           commonly
           given
           them
           in
           Corn
           ,
           Butter
           ,
           dry'd
           Fish
           or
           Flesh
           ,
           &c.
           upon
           which
           they
           subsist
           at
           the
           University
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Year
           .
           They
           live
           not
           Collegiately
           ,
           but
           in
           Private
           Houses
           ;
           nor
           wear
           Gowns
           ,
           nor
           observe
           other
           Discipline
           ,
           than
           what
           their
           own
           Necessity
           or
           Disposition
           leads
           them
           to
           .
        
         
           The
           other
           University
           of
           Abo
           ,
           in
           Finland
           ,
           is
           constituted
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           ,
           but
           less
           numerous
           in
           Professors
           and
           Students
           .
        
         
           There
           was
           a
           Third
           at
           Lunden
           in
           Schonen
           ,
           which
           ,
           having
           been
           interrupted
           by
           the
           late
           Wars
           ,
           is
           thought
           fit
           to
           be
           discontinued
           ,
           
           because
           its
           Neighbourhood
           to
           Denmark
           nourish'd
           in
           the
           Students
           an
           Affection
           for
           that
           Crown
           ,
           to
           which
           that
           Province
           formerly
           appertain'd
           ;
           yet
           it
           is
           again
           restor'd
           .
        
         
           In
           each
           Diocess
           there
           is
           one
           Free
           School
           ,
           where
           Boys
           are
           fitted
           for
           the
           University
           ;
           and
           other
           trivial
           Schools
           ,
           to
           which
           Children
           are
           sent
           to
           learn
           to
           Read
           ,
           Write
           ,
           and
           Sing
           their
           Prayers
           ;
           a
           Custom
           so
           universal
           ,
           that
           very
           few
           of
           them
           want
           this
           degree
           of
           Education
           ;
           and
           further
           than
           that
           ,
           such
           as
           are
           not
           design'd
           for
           Studies
           ,
           do
           very
           seldom
           go
           ,
           nor
           waste
           their
           time
           in
           other
           needless
           Improvements
           .
        
         
           Publick
           Provisions
           for
           the
           Poor
           ,
           are
           very
           few
           ;
           there
           's
           not
           above
           Five
           or
           Six
           Hospitals
           
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           a
           little
           Alms-house
           in
           each
           Parish
           ,
           maintain'd
           by
           the
           Charity
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ;
           to
           which
           for
           the
           most
           part
           they
           are
           very
           well
           disposed
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           Abilities
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           VII
           .
        
         
           Of
           their
           Marriages
           and
           Funerals
           .
        
         
           MArriages
           in
           Sueden
           are
           totally
           govern'd
           by
           the
           Will
           of
           the
           Parents
           ,
           and
           founded
           so
           much
           upon
           Interest
           ,
           that
           the
           Inclination
           of
           the
           Parties
           is
           little
           regarded
           ,
           nor
           the
           Nation
           much
           troubled
           with
           the
           Extravagancies
           of
           Lovers
           :
           Stealing
           of
           Matches
           is
           scarce
           heard
           of
           in
           an
           Age
           ;
           nor
           can
           the
           Church
           give
           License
           to
           Marry
           ,
           without
           Publication
           of
           the
           Banns
           :
           Persons
           of
           Quality
           of
           both
           Sexes
           commonly
           remain
           unmarried
           till
           Thirty
           or
           above
           ,
           because
           their
           Fortunes
           on
           both
           sides
           being
           in
           their
           Parents
           hands
           while
           
           they
           live
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           in
           a
           condition
           to
           maintain
           a
           Family
           ,
           till
           the
           Death
           of
           Relations
           ,
           or
           Advancement
           to
           Office
           ,
           furnish
           them
           with
           the
           Means
           of
           subsisting
           .
           The
           Women
           ,
           while
           young
           ,
           have
           generally
           Fair
           Complexions
           ,
           tolerable
           Features
           ,
           and
           good
           Shapes
           ;
           and
           some
           of
           them
           are
           accounted
           more
           eminent
           for
           Chastity
           before
           Marriage
           ,
           than
           Fidelity
           after
           ;
           they
           are
           very
           fruitful
           ,
           and
           seldom
           fail
           of
           a
           Numerous
           Issue
           :
           They
           are
           no
           where
           made
           greater
           Drudges
           than
           here
           ,
           the
           meaner
           sort
           being
           ,
           besides
           the
           ordinary
           offices
           of
           their
           Sex
           ,
           put
           to
           Plow
           and
           Thrash
           ,
           to
           Row
           in
           Boats
           ,
           and
           bear
           Burthens
           at
           the
           Building
           of
           Houses
           ,
           and
           on
           other
           occasions
           .
        
         
           Domestick
           Quarrels
           rarely
           happen
           ,
           and
           more
           seldom
           become
           Publick
           ;
           the
           Husbands
           being
           as
           apt
           
           to
           keep
           the
           Authority
           in
           their
           own
           hands
           ,
           as
           the
           Wives
           by
           Nature
           ,
           Custom
           ,
           or
           Necessity
           ,
           are
           inclin'd
           to
           be
           Obedient
           :
           Divorces
           ,
           and
           other
           Separations
           between
           Man
           and
           Wife
           ,
           scarce
           ever
           happen
           ,
           but
           among
           the
           Inferior
           sort
           ,
           when
           the
           Innocent
           Party
           is
           allowed
           to
           marry
           again
           :
           Cousin-Germans
           may
           not
           Marry
           without
           the
           King's
           Dispensation
           ,
           which
           is
           more
           frequently
           granted
           ,
           than
           refused
           .
        
         
           In
           Wedding
           Entertainments
           they
           have
           ever
           affected
           Pomp
           and
           Superfluity
           beyond
           the
           proportion
           of
           their
           Abilities
           ;
           for
           by
           the
           Excess
           of
           one
           Day
           ,
           oft-times
           many
           of
           them
           involve
           themselves
           in
           such
           inconveniences
           as
           they
           feel
           many
           Years
           .
           The
           same
           is
           observable
           in
           their
           Funeral
           Solemnities
           ,
           which
           are
           usually
           accompanied
           with
           more
           
           Jollity
           and
           Feasting
           than
           befits
           the
           Occasion
           ;
           and
           to
           gain
           time
           to
           make
           their
           Preparations
           ,
           they
           commonly
           Transport
           their
           Dead
           to
           Vaults
           within
           ,
           or
           adjoyning
           to
           their
           Churches
           ,
           where
           they
           remain
           unburied
           some
           Months
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           several
           Years
           ;
           but
           of
           late
           these
           ,
           and
           other
           unnecessary
           Expences
           begin
           by
           degrees
           to
           be
           laid
           aside
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           conformity
           to
           the
           Frugality
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           as
           in
           compliance
           with
           their
           present
           Fortunes
           ,
           which
           are
           narrower
           now
           than
           they
           have
           formerly
           been
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           VIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           and
           Court
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           CHARLES
           XI
           .
           the
           present
           King
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           was
           born
           November
           the
           25th
           ,
           1655.
           
           Two
           years
           after
           his
           Father
           ,
           
             Charles
             Gustave
          
           X.
           of
           the
           House
           of
           
             Deux
             Ponts
          
           ,
           was
           advanced
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           up
           on
           the
           Abdication
           of
           Queen
           Christina
           ,
           whose
           Cousin-German
           he
           was
           ,
           being
           the
           Son
           of
           
             Iohn
             Casimir
          
           ,
           Prince
           Palatine
           of
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           and
           Catherine
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           Daughter
           to
           Charles
           IX
           .
           and
           Sister
           to
           
             Gustavus
             Adolphus
          
           ,
           Queen
           
           Christina's
           Father
           .
           This
           Kings
           Mother
           ,
           Princess
           
             Hediwing
             Eleonora
          
           ,
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Holstein
           ,
           and
           Sister
           to
           the
           present
           Duke
           ,
           had
           no
           other
           Child
           ,
           and
           
           upon
           the
           Decease
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           her
           Husband
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           1660.
           was
           made
           Regent
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           five
           Great
           Officers
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           held
           that
           Post
           till
           the
           Year
           1672.
           when
           the
           King
           ,
           her
           Son
           ,
           was
           declared
           Major
           ,
           and
           took
           the
           Government
           .
        
         
           His
           Majesties
           Education
           in
           his
           Minority
           ,
           by
           his
           own
           Genius
           ,
           and
           the
           Indulgence
           of
           his
           Mother
           ,
           (
           if
           not
           by
           the
           contrivance
           of
           the
           Principal
           Ministers
           )
           was
           mostly
           in
           order
           to
           a
           Military
           Life
           ;
           in
           which
           Exercises
           ,
           such
           as
           Fencing
           ,
           and
           Riding
           the
           Great
           Horse
           ,
           he
           took
           more
           pleasure
           ,
           and
           made
           better
           proficiency
           ,
           than
           in
           such
           Studies
           as
           required
           more
           intention
           of
           the
           mind
           .
           Besides
           the
           Suedish
           and
           High-Dutch
           Languages
           ,
           which
           his
           Majesty
           learned
           in
           his
           Infancy
           ,
           and
           
           speaks
           both
           equally
           well
           ;
           he
           was
           not
           perfected
           in
           any
           other
           ,
           having
           only
           a
           smattering
           of
           French
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           hath
           so
           great
           an
           Aversion
           ,
           that
           he
           will
           neither
           own
           ,
           nor
           be
           brought
           to
           speak
           so
           much
           of
           it
           as
           he
           understands
           ;
           which
           want
           concurring
           with
           (
           if
           not
           causing
           in
           him
           )
           a
           reserved
           Temper
           ,
           and
           backwardness
           to
           Conversation
           with
           Strangers
           ,
           makes
           it
           more
           difficult
           for
           Foreign
           Ministers
           to
           entertain
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           and
           himself
           uneasy
           upon
           their
           Addresses
           .
        
         
           None
           ever
           better
           conquered
           this
           Difficulty
           ,
           than
           Mr.
           Warwick
           ,
           who
           ,
           having
           learned
           a
           little
           High-Dutch
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           entertain'd
           his
           Majesty
           in
           ordinary
           Discourse
           ,
           without
           much
           mixture
           of
           business
           ,
           he
           thereby
           became
           the
           Favourite
           Foreign
           Minister
           ,
           and
           had
           the
           Honour
           to
           be
           singled
           
           out
           by
           his
           Majesty
           on
           all
           occasions
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           year
           1674.
           his
           Majesty
           was
           Crowned
           ,
           and
           presently
           after
           engaged
           in
           a
           War
           that
           gain'd
           him
           an
           eminent
           degree
           both
           of
           Experience
           and
           Honour
           ,
           having
           never
           lost
           a
           Battle
           in
           which
           he
           was
           Personally
           present
           .
        
         
           At
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           Anno
           1680.
           he
           married
           the
           Princess
           
             Ulrica
             Eleonora
          
           ,
           Sister
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           a
           Lady
           as
           Eminent
           for
           Piety
           ,
           Virtue
           ,
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Qualities
           ,
           truly
           Great
           and
           Noble
           ,
           as
           for
           her
           Birth
           and
           Extraction
           .
           These
           ,
           with
           her
           great
           Charity
           to
           the
           Poor
           ,
           and
           Liberality
           to
           all
           ,
           have
           gain'd
           her
           the
           Hearts
           of
           the
           whole
           Nation
           ,
           and
           surmounted
           the
           Aversion
           they
           naturally
           have
           to
           those
           of
           her
           Country
           .
           By
           her
           his
           Majesty
           hath
           already
           had
           
           Seven
           Children
           ;
           five
           Princes
           ,
           four
           of
           which
           are
           Dead
           ;
           and
           two
           Princesses
           ,
           and
           has
           fair
           hopes
           of
           a
           more
           numerous
           Issue
           .
        
         
           The
           King
           is
           of
           a
           Middle
           Stature
           ,
           and
           well-set
           ,
           his
           Hair
           brown
           ,
           of
           a
           healthful
           and
           vigorous
           Constitution
           ,
           and
           Sanguine
           Complexion
           ,
           never
           attacqued
           with
           any
           Violent
           Sickness
           ,
           but
           what
           has
           been
           occasion'd
           by
           some
           outward
           Accidents
           ;
           of
           which
           two
           especially
           have
           endangered
           his
           Life
           :
           one
           was
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           when
           his
           Majesty
           riding
           on
           the
           Ice
           ,
           it
           brake
           ,
           and
           he
           fell
           into
           the
           Water
           ,
           which
           brought
           him
           into
           a
           Fever
           ,
           that
           he
           narrowly
           escaped
           .
           The
           other
           happened
           by
           the
           fall
           off
           his
           Horse
           ,
           when
           he
           broke
           his
           Leg
           ,
           and
           was
           so
           ill
           treated
           by
           his
           Surgeons
           ,
           that
           besides
           the
           danger
           of
           his
           
           Life
           then
           ,
           the
           effects
           of
           their
           miscarriage
           ,
           are
           still
           seen
           in
           his
           Majesties
           halting
           .
           There
           have
           happened
           to
           him
           two
           Accidents
           more
           ,
           which
           have
           impaired
           his
           Strength
           ,
           and
           it
           's
           fear'd
           may
           shorten
           his
           Days
           .
           One
           was
           ,
           That
           at
           Hunting
           ,
           Monsieur
           Wachmaster
           being
           in
           danger
           to
           be
           kill'd
           by
           a
           Bear
           ,
           the
           King
           was
           so
           eager
           to
           rescue
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           broke
           a
           Vein
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           like
           to
           have
           bled
           to
           Death
           ,
           and
           since
           hath
           been
           subject
           to
           bleeding
           upon
           any
           motion
           .
           The
           other
           was
           ,
           That
           his
           Majesty
           hath
           formerly
           accustomed
           himself
           to
           ride
           Post
           such
           long
           Stages
           ,
           and
           with
           so
           great
           speed
           ,
           that
           he
           hath
           often
           been
           near
           suffocated
           by
           the
           heat
           ;
           the
           expence
           of
           his
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           the
           Agitation
           of
           his
           Blood
           ,
           whereof
           the
           effects
           are
           still
           observed
           ,
           and
           feared
           by
           those
           about
           him
           .
        
         
         
           He
           possesses
           many
           Excellent
           and
           Princely
           Qualities
           ,
           an
           Exemplary
           Piety
           ,
           and
           Religious
           Disposition
           ,
           that
           shews
           its
           self
           in
           all
           his
           Actions
           ;
           and
           invincible
           Courage
           ,
           that
           has
           oft
           exposed
           his
           Person
           to
           great
           dangers
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           his
           Wars
           ,
           but
           in
           his
           Divertisements
           .
        
         
           His
           Chastity
           and
           Temperance
           are
           very
           regular
           at
           least
           ;
           if
           there
           be
           any
           Instances
           of
           his
           failing
           in
           the
           latter
           upon
           any
           extraordinary
           Occasion
           or
           Entertainment
           ,
           he
           hath
           never
           been
           known
           ,
           or
           scarce
           suspected
           to
           violate
           the
           former
           .
        
         
           Frugality
           is
           practised
           by
           his
           Majesty
           in
           a
           high
           degree
           ,
           and
           his
           Parsimonious
           Temper
           appears
           on
           all
           Occasions
           ;
           that
           if
           his
           Subjects
           think
           him
           too
           pressing
           for
           Money
           ,
           they
           have
           the
           Satisfaction
           to
           see
           and
           believe
           that
           
           it
           is
           laid
           either
           out
           ,
           or
           up
           for
           their
           Good
           ,
           not
           expended
           in
           profuse
           Liberalities
           ,
           or
           vain
           Divertisements
           ,
           to
           which
           his
           Majesty
           is
           a
           perfect
           Stranger
           ;
           neither
           delighted
           with
           Plays
           ,
           Gaming
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Recreations
           ,
           besides
           Riding
           ,
           Fencing
           ,
           and
           Hunting
           .
        
         
           His
           peaceable
           Demeanour
           may
           perhaps
           more
           justly
           be
           ascribed
           to
           the
           State
           of
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           than
           his
           own
           Nature
           ,
           which
           more
           powerfully
           inclines
           him
           to
           the
           Fatigue
           of
           a
           Camp
           ,
           than
           the
           Ease
           of
           a
           Court
           ;
           and
           suits
           better
           with
           a
           Martial
           Familiarity
           ,
           than
           the
           shews
           of
           Grandeur
           ,
           and
           the
           Solemnities
           of
           State.
           The
           Cholerick
           Temper
           that
           hath
           been
           incident
           to
           all
           his
           Ancestors
           ,
           hath
           sometimes
           carried
           him
           to
           low
           Expressions
           of
           his
           Anger
           ,
           as
           well
           towards
           the
           greater
           
           as
           meaner
           sort
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ;
           but
           the
           fit
           is
           usually
           soon
           over
           ,
           and
           is
           recompenced
           by
           his
           placability
           and
           readiness
           to
           forgive
           those
           that
           have
           offended
           him
           .
        
         
           His
           Respect
           to
           his
           Mother
           seems
           to
           equal
           ,
           if
           not
           exceed
           ,
           his
           Kindness
           to
           his
           Consort
           ,
           who
           hath
           the
           Satisfaction
           of
           his
           Constancy
           ,
           but
           little
           share
           in
           his
           Secrets
           ,
           and
           not
           very
           much
           of
           his
           Conversation
           ,
           which
           he
           frequently
           bestows
           on
           the
           Queen-Mother
           ,
           and
           usually
           eats
           in
           her
           Apartment
           .
        
         
           His
           Majesty's
           most
           diligent
           Inspection
           into
           all
           the
           Affairs
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           besides
           that
           it
           makes
           all
           his
           Ministers
           more
           circumspect
           ,
           hath
           gain'd
           him
           a
           great
           stock
           of
           Experience
           .
           The
           smallest
           matters
           are
           not
           below
           his
           notice
           ,
           and
           nothing
           of
           any
           
           moment
           is
           concluded
           ,
           before
           he
           hath
           been
           consulted
           ;
           this
           is
           the
           Employment
           of
           all
           his
           time
           ,
           scarce
           any
           hour
           of
           the
           Day
           passing
           from
           five
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           when
           he
           constantly
           rises
           ,
           in
           which
           business
           of
           one
           nature
           or
           other
           ,
           is
           not
           before
           him
           .
        
         
           The
           Frugality
           of
           his
           Majesties
           Temper
           ,
           is
           every
           where
           visible
           in
           his
           Court
           ,
           in
           which
           there
           is
           little
           regard
           had
           to
           Splendor
           and
           Magnificence
           ,
           either
           in
           Furniture
           ,
           Tables
           ,
           or
           Attendants
           ,
           or
           other
           things
           of
           that
           Nature
           .
           The
           Principal
           Officer
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           is
           the
           Upper
           Marshal
           ,
           formerly
           called
           the
           Marshal
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           Office
           is
           now
           held
           by
           Count
           
             Iohn
             Steenbeck
          
           ;
           next
           to
           him
           ,
           are
           the
           Marshal
           and
           Intendant
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           with
           about
           eight
           or
           ten
           that
           are
           stiled
           Gentlemen
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           who
           wait
           
           at
           the
           King's
           Table
           .
           That
           which
           makes
           the
           best
           Appearance
           ,
           is
           the
           Foot-Guards
           ,
           which
           consist
           of
           2200
           Men
           ,
           of
           which
           one
           Company
           is
           always
           in
           the
           Castle
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           in
           the
           other
           parts
           of
           the
           City
           .
           The
           Collonel
           of
           the
           Guards
           is
           next
           the
           King's
           Person
           in
           all
           Publick
           Solemnities
           ;
           and
           the
           Captain
           that
           has
           the
           Watch
           ,
           lies
           in
           the
           Room
           next
           to
           his
           Majesty's
           Bedchamber
           .
           There
           is
           another
           Guard
           of
           250
           Men
           ,
           of
           which
           about
           ten
           at
           a
           time
           wait
           on
           Foot
           with
           Halberts
           ,
           and
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           when
           the
           King
           travels
           in
           Ceremony
           .
        
         
           Next
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           the
           Queen-Mother
           is
           ranked
           both
           in
           the
           Addresses
           of
           Foreign
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           on
           all
           other
           occasions
           .
        
         
           She
           is
           a
           Princess
           of
           great
           Virtue
           and
           Goodness
           ,
           and
           would
           be
           more
           esteemed
           ,
           if
           she
           were
           not
           
           diverted
           from
           the
           Exercise
           of
           Liberality
           ,
           by
           the
           Inclination
           she
           has
           to
           Building
           ,
           which
           she
           has
           gratified
           in
           the
           Structure
           of
           a
           very
           Magnificent
           House
           ,
           about
           six
           Miles
           from
           Stockholm
           ;
           it
           has
           one
           Front
           towards
           a
           great
           Lake
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           looks
           upon
           a
           Garden
           of
           a
           Thousand
           Yards
           long
           ,
           adorned
           with
           very
           fine
           and
           choice
           Statues
           ,
           the
           Spoils
           of
           Germany
           and
           Denmark
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           number
           of
           Cascades
           ,
           that
           are
           supplied
           with
           very
           good
           Water
           from
           an
           Eminence
           about
           a
           Mile
           distant
           .
        
         
           Her
           Court
           and
           Revenue
           is
           governed
           by
           Count
           
             Charles
             Gyldenstern
          
           ,
           and
           next
           to
           him
           is
           the
           Marshal
           of
           her
           Court
           ,
           and
           other
           Officers
           ;
           as
           also
           a
           Governess
           of
           the
           Maids
           of
           Honour
           ,
           who
           are
           six
           ,
           with
           other
           inferior
           Servants
           .
        
         
           The
           Queen
           Consort
           ,
           besides
           what
           has
           already
           been
           said
           of
           
           her
           ,
           is
           a
           great
           lover
           of
           Reading
           ,
           and
           together
           with
           the
           Northern
           Languages
           ,
           speaks
           French
           perfectly
           well
           ;
           she
           is
           of
           a
           Melancholy
           Disposition
           ,
           and
           lives
           very
           retired
           ,
           seldom
           stirring
           out
           of
           her
           own
           Apartment
           ,
           and
           that
           of
           the
           Prince
           and
           Princesses
           .
        
         
           The
           Elder
           Princess
           was
           born
           in
           the
           Year
           1681.
           
           And
           the
           Prince
           in
           the
           Year
           following
           ;
           both
           of
           a
           delicate
           Constitution
           ,
           of
           great
           hopes
           ,
           and
           Educated
           with
           much
           care
           .
           The
           Younger
           Princess
           was
           born
           Anno
           1688.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           IX
           .
        
         
           Of
           his
           MAJESTY'S
           Government
           .
        
         
           HIS
           Majesty
           was
           no
           sooner
           Crowned
           ,
           but
           he
           found
           himself
           engaged
           in
           the
           War
           then
           on
           foot
           ;
           and
           espoused
           the
           French
           Interest
           ,
           in
           Consideration
           of
           a
           Subsidy
           of
           200000
           l.
           a
           Year
           ,
           in
           which
           the
           first
           Blow
           was
           the
           Defeat
           of
           Feldt
           Marshal
           Wrangel
           ,
           and
           his
           Army
           in
           Germany
           ;
           a
           Disaster
           so
           little
           foreseen
           ,
           or
           provided
           for
           ,
           that
           it
           made
           a
           more
           easy
           way
           for
           all
           the
           Miseries
           that
           ensued
           upon
           it
           ,
           and
           gave
           the
           King
           more
           eminent
           Occasions
           of
           shewing
           his
           Courage
           in
           defence
           of
           his
           Kingdoms
           and
           People
           ;
           for
           as
           the
           Success
           of
           that
           
           Action
           turned
           the
           Byass
           of
           the
           Danish
           Councels
           ,
           and
           presented
           the
           favourable
           opportunity
           they
           expected
           ,
           to
           engage
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           which
           they
           began
           with
           the
           surprizal
           of
           Holstein
           ,
           and
           the
           Taking
           of
           Wismar
           ,
           and
           thence
           translated
           it
           into
           Schonen
           ;
           so
           that
           when
           the
           King
           was
           called
           into
           those
           Parts
           to
           make
           Head
           against
           the
           Danes
           ,
           he
           found
           the
           effects
           of
           his
           Ministers
           Deficiency
           in
           making
           due
           Preparations
           ;
           Four
           of
           the
           Six
           Fortified
           Places
           of
           that
           Province
           being
           already
           in
           the
           Enemies
           hands
           ,
           and
           the
           Inhabitants
           at
           liberty
           to
           express
           their
           Affections
           for
           Denmark
           .
        
         
           To
           encounter
           these
           Difficulties
           ,
           and
           a
           more
           Potent
           Enemy
           ,
           assisted
           by
           more
           Powerful
           Confederates
           ,
           the
           King
           at
           first
           had
           but
           a
           Handful
           of
           Men
           ,
           and
           empty
           Magazines
           ;
           the
           Forces
           
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           being
           scatter'd
           into
           Germany
           and
           Leifland
           ,
           the
           Borders
           of
           Norway
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea-Service
           ;
           from
           all
           which
           places
           his
           Majesty
           received
           nothing
           but
           accounts
           of
           Losses
           and
           Misfortunes
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Fortune
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           all
           its
           Ancient
           Glory
           ,
           seem'd
           to
           be
           confin'd
           to
           his
           Majesty's
           Person
           and
           his
           little
           Army
           ,
           with
           which
           in
           the
           compass
           of
           One
           Year
           ,
           he
           won
           Three
           Pitch'd
           Battels
           ;
           and
           in
           one
           of
           them
           he
           is
           said
           to
           have
           Charged
           Thirteen
           times
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           a
           Brigade
           ;
           and
           yet
           ,
           which
           is
           very
           remarkable
           ,
           doth
           value
           himself
           for
           not
           having
           drawn
           the
           Blood
           of
           any
           one
           man.
           
        
         
           In
           the
           course
           of
           this
           War
           the
           King
           gain'd
           a
           great
           Stock
           of
           Military
           Experience
           ,
           without
           any
           Tincture
           of
           those
           Vices
           that
           
           commonly
           prevail
           in
           a
           Camp
           ;
           and
           was
           so
           indefatigable
           ,
           and
           perpetually
           employed
           ,
           that
           he
           scarce
           had
           his
           Boots
           off
           in
           Three
           Years
           time
           :
           The
           Streights
           he
           was
           often
           reduced
           to
           ,
           taught
           him
           many
           excellent
           Lessons
           ,
           especially
           the
           Necessity
           of
           putting
           the
           Kingdom
           into
           a
           better
           Posture
           of
           Defence
           than
           he
           found
           it
           :
           Besides
           ,
           his
           Officers
           ,
           with
           the
           chief
           Ministers
           about
           him
           ,
           Baron
           
             Iohn
             Guldenstiern
          
           ,
           made
           it
           their
           business
           to
           possess
           his
           Majesty
           with
           an
           ill
           opinion
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           discovered
           the
           Malversations
           that
           the
           Ruling
           Lords
           had
           been
           guilty
           of
           in
           his
           Minority
           ;
           which
           sunk
           so
           deep
           with
           him
           ,
           that
           as
           his
           displeasure
           fell
           upon
           some
           of
           those
           Lords
           during
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           a
           Slight
           upon
           them
           all
           ,
           neither
           communicating
           his
           Counsels
           ,
           
           nor
           acquainting
           them
           with
           the
           Success
           of
           his
           Actions
           ,
           which
           they
           were
           left
           to
           learn
           from
           Passengers
           and
           Masters
           of
           Ships
           ;
           so
           after
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           Peace
           ,
           and
           his
           return
           to
           Stockholm
           in
           the
           year
           1680
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           call'd
           together
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           gave
           them
           a
           Summary
           Account
           of
           the
           State
           of
           Affairs
           during
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           the
           Issue
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           proposed
           to
           them
           to
           inspect
           the
           Occasions
           of
           the
           great
           Losses
           the
           Kingdom
           had
           sustain'd
           ,
           to
           find
           out
           means
           to
           deliver
           the
           Government
           from
           the
           Streights
           (
           or
           rather
           States
           )
           it
           laboured
           under
           ,
           and
           to
           consult
           for
           its
           further
           Security
           .
        
         
           The
           Odium
           of
           all
           the
           Losses
           and
           Misfortunes
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           was
           easily
           fix'd
           upon
           the
           Ministers
           that
           had
           managed
           Affairs
           
           in
           the
           King's
           Minority
           ;
           and
           therefore
           a
           Committee
           was
           chosen
           out
           of
           the
           several
           Bodies
           of
           the
           States
           ,
           to
           enquire
           into
           the
           Miscarriages
           and
           Evil
           Counsels
           of
           those
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           pass
           Sentence
           upon
           the
           Delinquents
           :
           And
           to
           this
           end
           the
           Registers
           of
           the
           Council
           were
           examin'd
           ,
           the
           dammage
           arising
           from
           each
           Resolution
           computed
           ,
           and
           every
           Senator
           that
           had
           Voted
           therein
           was
           charged
           with
           his
           Proportion
           of
           it
           ;
           and
           that
           with
           so
           much
           Rigour
           ,
           that
           their
           whole
           Estates
           have
           not
           sufficed
           to
           make
           Satisfaction
           :
           To
           this
           the
           States
           also
           found
           ,
           that
           the
           Power
           the
           Senators
           attributed
           to
           themselves
           ,
           had
           helped
           to
           produce
           these
           bad
           effects
           ,
           and
           therefore
           declared
           ,
           That
           as
           they
           the
           States
           needed
           no
           such
           Mediators
           between
           the
           King
           and
           them
           ;
           so
           neither
           did
           
           they
           find
           ,
           that
           the
           Article
           of
           his
           Majesty's
           Coronation-Oath
           ,
           (
           in
           which
           he
           had
           promised
           to
           rule
           the
           Kingdom
           with
           the
           Advice
           of
           the
           Senators
           )
           did
           oblige
           him
           to
           think
           it
           necessary
           any
           longer
           to
           have
           their
           Concurrence
           to
           any
           Counsels
           he
           thought
           fit
           to
           take
           ;
           or
           continue
           their
           Salaries
           to
           more
           of
           them
           than
           he
           was
           pleased
           to
           employ
           :
           Upon
           which
           several
           of
           them
           were
           laid
           aside
           ;
           and
           the
           rest
           ,
           instead
           of
           their
           former
           Title
           of
           Counsellors
           ,
           or
           Senators
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           were
           stiled
           the
           King's
           Counsellors
           ;
           a
           Method
           which
           perhaps
           in
           time
           may
           cost
           the
           Crown
           dear
           ,
           there
           being
           left
           none
           to
           bear
           the
           Burthen
           between
           the
           King
           and
           the
           Complainants
           .
           And
           to
           give
           greater
           strength
           to
           this
           ,
           the
           States
           declared
           also
           ,
           That
           tho
           the
           Regents
           ,
           during
           
           a
           Minority
           ,
           might
           be
           called
           to
           account
           for
           their
           Administration
           ;
           yet
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           who
           received
           his
           Crown
           from
           God
           ,
           was
           only
           accountable
           to
           God
           for
           his
           Actions
           ,
           and
           tied
           by
           no
           other
           Engagements
           than
           what
           his
           Coronation-Oath
           imported
           ;
           namely
           ,
           To
           rule
           the
           Kingdom
           according
           to
           Law
           :
           Which
           Article
           was
           further
           explain'd
           in
           the
           following
           Convention
           .
        
         
           To
           remedy
           the
           great
           Necessities
           the
           Government
           was
           reduc'd
           to
           ,
           and
           discharge
           the
           vast
           Debts
           contracted
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           several
           very
           Important
           Conclusions
           were
           made
           ;
           for
           both
           a
           very
           large
           Benevolence
           was
           granted
           ,
           towards
           which
           every
           person
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           that
           receiv'd
           Wages
           paid
           the
           Tenth
           Peny
           ;
           every
           whole
           Farm
           Five
           Crowns
           ,
           which
           is
           near
           as
           
           much
           as
           the
           usual
           Rent
           of
           those
           Farms
           ;
           and
           the
           Cities
           a
           proportionable
           Contribution
           ;
           and
           that
           for
           Two
           Years
           ,
           or
           if
           a
           War
           hapned
           ,
           for
           Four
           :
           And
           a
           Resolution
           was
           taken
           to
           establish
           a
           New
           Colledge
           of
           Reduction
           ,
           with
           Power
           to
           reunite
           to
           the
           Crown
           all
           such
           Lands
           ,
           as
           by
           former
           Kings
           had
           been
           alienated
           by
           way
           of
           Donation
           ,
           or
           sold
           at
           an
           undervalue
           .
        
         
           The
           Choice
           of
           the
           Members
           of
           this
           Colledge
           ,
           and
           the
           Particulars
           of
           their
           Instructions
           ,
           were
           left
           to
           his
           Majesty
           ;
           the
           States
           only
           prescribing
           some
           general
           Bounds
           ,
           and
           especially
           providing
           ,
           That
           of
           such
           Lands
           as
           were
           to
           be
           reunited
           ,
           the
           value
           of
           70
           l.
           a
           year
           should
           be
           left
           to
           the
           Possessor
           .
        
         
           The
           care
           of
           the
           future
           Security
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           the
           States
           
           recommended
           to
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           praying
           him
           to
           make
           such
           an
           Establishment
           of
           the
           Militia
           ,
           and
           Preparation
           of
           the
           Fleet
           and
           Fortresses
           ,
           as
           should
           appear
           needful
           :
           So
           favourable
           was
           this
           Conjuncture
           for
           the
           Advancement
           of
           the
           King's
           Authority
           ,
           that
           he
           scarce
           needed
           to
           ask
           whatever
           he
           desired
           ;
           each
           Body
           of
           the
           States
           striving
           which
           should
           out-bid
           the
           other
           in
           their
           Concessions
           .
           The
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           ,
           who
           universally
           depend
           on
           the
           King
           ,
           as
           not
           being
           able
           to
           subsist
           upon
           their
           own
           private
           Fortunes
           ,
           without
           some
           additional
           Office
           ,
           were
           under
           a
           Necessity
           to
           comply
           with
           every
           thing
           ,
           rather
           than
           hazard
           their
           present
           Employments
           ,
           or
           future
           Hopes
           of
           Advancement
           ;
           their
           Interest
           therefore
           obliged
           them
           to
           keep
           pace
           with
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           Army
           
           that
           sate
           in
           their
           House
           ,
           and
           some
           others
           of
           their
           Brethren
           ,
           who
           vigorously
           promoted
           the
           King's
           Affairs
           .
        
         
           The
           Clergy
           ,
           Burghers
           ,
           and
           Peasants
           ,
           were
           easily
           persuaded
           ,
           That
           the
           Miseries
           they
           had
           suffered
           ,
           proceeded
           from
           the
           too
           great
           Power
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ;
           that
           the
           King
           could
           never
           be
           too
           much
           trusted
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           having
           so
           oft
           exposed
           his
           Life
           to
           the
           greatest
           Dangers
           in
           Defence
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           it
           was
           their
           Duty
           to
           make
           all
           the
           grateful
           Returns
           they
           were
           able
           ;
           besides
           ,
           they
           were
           glad
           of
           an
           occasion
           of
           humbling
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           who
           in
           Prosperity
           were
           always
           imperious
           ,
           and
           concluded
           ,
           that
           the
           burthen
           falling
           upon
           them
           ,
           would
           redound
           to
           their
           own
           ease
           .
        
         
           These
           Dispositions
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           added
           to
           the
           excessive
           Affection
           
           they
           had
           for
           the
           King's
           Person
           ,
           from
           an
           Opinion
           of
           his
           Piety
           ,
           and
           Admiration
           of
           his
           Courage
           ,
           gave
           him
           an
           opportunity
           to
           lay
           the
           Foundations
           of
           as
           
             Absolute
             a
             Sovereignty
          
           ,
           as
           any
           Prince
           in
           Europe
           possesses
           .
           The
           Project
           of
           which
           great
           Alteration
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           (
           as
           was
           supposed
           )
           received
           from
           Baron
           
             Iohn
             Gyldenstiern
          
           ,
           a
           Minister
           of
           Great
           Abilities
           ,
           and
           as
           great
           an
           Enemy
           to
           the
           Senate
           :
           He
           had
           waited
           on
           the
           King
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           drawn
           to
           himself
           the
           Management
           of
           all
           weighty
           Affairs
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           expected
           to
           hold
           the
           same
           Post
           upon
           this
           Great
           Revolution
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           former
           Constitution
           he
           could
           not
           hope
           ▪
           but
           before
           this
           Assembly
           ,
           and
           soon
           after
           his
           return
           from
           an
           Embassy
           in
           Denmark
           ,
           he
           died
           ,
           not
           without
           suspicion
           of
           Foul
           play
           .
        
         
         
           Upon
           these
           Foundations
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           after
           the
           Separation
           of
           the
           States
           ,
           set
           his
           Ministers
           earnestly
           to
           work
           ,
           and
           with
           an
           Unwearied
           Application
           took
           Cognizance
           of
           their
           Proceedings
           .
        
         
           Foreign
           Affairs
           were
           committed
           to
           Count
           
             Benedict
             Oxenstiern
          
           ,
           Monsieur
           Ehrenstien
           ,
           and
           Monsieur
           Oernstedt
           ,
           persons
           of
           great
           Experience
           and
           Abilities
           :
           The
           Count
           began
           to
           be
           employ'd
           in
           Publick
           Affairs
           at
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Munster
           ,
           at
           which
           he
           was
           for
           some
           time
           ,
           and
           has
           since
           been
           for
           the
           most
           part
           in
           Embassies
           ;
           especially
           in
           Germany
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           return'd
           from
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Nimeguen
           ,
           where
           he
           had
           (
           't
           is
           said
           upon
           his
           Lady's
           account
           )
           entertain'd
           a
           violent
           Aversion
           to
           France
           ;
           and
           being
           made
           President
           of
           the
           Chancery
           in
           the
           room
           of
           Count
           
             Magnus
             de
             la
             Gardie
          
           ,
           who
           was
           laid
           aside
           ,
           he
           took
           care
           to
           give
           
           his
           Majesty
           the
           same
           Impressions
           ,
           laying
           before
           him
           how
           that
           Court
           ,
           by
           corrupting
           his
           Ministers
           ,
           had
           engag'd
           Sueden
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           of
           which
           his
           Majesty
           had
           felt
           the
           miseries
           ;
           and
           was
           forced
           to
           sit
           down
           with
           the
           Loss
           of
           some
           Territories
           in
           Germany
           ,
           besides
           Forty
           Sail
           of
           good
           Ships
           ,
           and
           above
           100000
           men
           ;
           all
           which
           might
           either
           have
           been
           prevented
           or
           repair'd
           ,
           if
           France
           had
           not
           sacrific'd
           Sueden
           to
           its
           own
           Interest
           :
           That
           the
           Subsidy
           was
           rather
           distributed
           by
           French
           Commissaries
           ,
           and
           employ'd
           in
           their
           own
           Service
           ,
           than
           paid
           to
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           who
           oft
           times
           in
           his
           greatest
           need
           could
           not
           be
           supplied
           out
           of
           that
           Fund
           :
           That
           his
           Majesty
           could
           neither
           be
           Master
           of
           his
           own
           Counsels
           ,
           nor
           make
           any
           tolerable
           Figure
           in
           Europe
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           he
           was
           esteemed
           a
           Pensioner
           and
           a
           Mercenary
           .
        
         
         
           These
           and
           the
           like
           Reasons
           moved
           the
           King
           to
           command
           each
           Member
           of
           the
           Privy
           Council
           to
           put
           in
           Writing
           what
           Measures
           they
           thought
           advisable
           for
           him
           to
           take
           ,
           in
           relation
           to
           Foreign
           Affairs
           ;
           in
           which
           some
           of
           them
           argued
           very
           warmly
           for
           France
           ;
           but
           the
           Reasons
           on
           the
           other
           side
           were
           more
           prevalent
           with
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           who
           thereupon
           took
           such
           Resolutions
           as
           produced
           the
           Guaranty
           League
           with
           Holland
           ,
           and
           other
           Counsels
           ,
           that
           Sueden
           has
           since
           pursu'd
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           management
           of
           Affairs
           at
           Home
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           employed
           Baron
           
             Claudius
             Flemingh
          
           ,
           whose
           Father
           having
           been
           ill
           used
           by
           the
           Regents
           in
           the
           King's
           Minority
           ,
           had
           left
           him
           several
           Projects
           ,
           that
           fell
           in
           with
           the
           Designs
           on
           foot
           ,
           and
           enabled
           him
           to
           go
           through
           with
           the
           Reduction
           of
           Crown-Lands
           ,
           being
           made
           President
           of
           
           that
           Colledge
           ,
           and
           assisted
           with
           a
           competent
           number
           of
           Assessors
           :
           He
           began
           to
           examine
           the
           Titles
           of
           those
           that
           held
           any
           Lands
           that
           had
           formerly
           belonged
           to
           the
           Crown
           ;
           and
           where
           any
           such
           were
           found
           to
           have
           been
           alienated
           by
           way
           of
           Donation
           for
           pretended
           Services
           ,
           or
           were
           situated
           in
           forbidden
           places
           ,
           (
           that
           is
           ,
           within
           Six
           miles
           of
           any
           of
           the
           King's
           Castles
           )
           they
           were
           reunited
           to
           the
           Crown
           without
           further
           dispute
           ;
           the
           Value
           of
           70
           
             l.
             per
             An.
          
           being
           reserved
           to
           the
           Possessor
           :
           As
           to
           Crown-Lands
           that
           had
           been
           sold
           ,
           enquiry
           was
           made
           into
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           Price
           ,
           and
           the
           Real
           Value
           of
           the
           Estate
           .
           Where
           Ready
           Money
           had
           been
           paid
           ,
           the
           Interest
           of
           5
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           was
           allowed
           for
           it
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           Yearly
           Value
           of
           the
           Estate
           exceeded
           that
           Interest
           ,
           the
           said
           Overplus
           ,
           and
           the
           
           
           
           
           
           Interest
           of
           it
           at
           8
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           from
           the
           first
           Alienation
           ,
           was
           computed
           ,
           and
           frequently
           made
           to
           amount
           to
           as
           much
           as
           the
           Capital
           it self
           ;
           which
           being
           by
           that
           means
           satisfied
           ,
           the
           Estate
           return'd
           to
           the
           King.
           Where
           Lands
           had
           been
           given
           in
           Payment
           of
           Arrears
           ,
           there
           no
           Interest
           was
           allow'd
           ,
           the
           Capital
           being
           accounted
           unfruitful
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Yearly
           Value
           of
           such
           Lands
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Interest
           ,
           was
           deducted
           from
           the
           Principal
           ;
           which
           being
           soon
           eaten
           out
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           Lands
           return'd
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           but
           the
           Possessor
           also
           became
           indebted
           to
           him
           ;
           and
           he
           was
           to
           accept
           it
           as
           an
           Act
           of
           Grace
           ,
           if
           his
           Majesty
           took
           the
           Lands
           ,
           and
           forgave
           the
           Debt
           .
        
         
           By
           these
           Methods
           the
           King
           recover'd
           a
           very
           great
           Revenue
           ,
           tho
           with
           the
           Impoverishing
           of
           most
           Families
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           many
           of
           
           them
           ,
           such
           whose
           Ancestors
           ,
           and
           themselves
           also
           had
           spent
           their
           Lives
           and
           Fortunes
           in
           the
           Crown
           's
           Service
           ,
           which
           Considerations
           could
           not
           be
           regarded
           ,
           nor
           Exceptions
           made
           in
           favour
           of
           any
           in
           particular
           ,
           without
           adding
           to
           the
           Discontents
           of
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           who
           more
           patiently
           suffered
           ,
           while
           the
           Case
           was
           general
           .
        
         
           The
           same
           Baron
           Flemingh
           was
           also
           made
           president
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Colledge
           of
           Liquidation
           ,
           a
           Court
           erected
           not
           only
           to
           be
           a
           Barrier
           to
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           keep
           all
           Creditors
           off
           ,
           till
           their
           Accounts
           were
           first
           stated
           and
           approved
           in
           that
           Colledge
           ;
           but
           his
           business
           was
           also
           to
           find
           out
           such
           as
           were
           any
           ways
           indebted
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           to
           form
           the
           Charge
           against
           them
           ,
           and
           demand
           Payment
           ,
           which
           was
           not
           to
           be
           refused
           upon
           pretence
           (
           as
           
           it
           sometimes
           was
           the
           Case
           )
           that
           the
           Party
           had
           greater
           Sums
           due
           from
           the
           Crown
           ,
           but
           the
           King's
           Debt
           was
           to
           be
           paid
           first
           ,
           and
           without
           any
           delay
           ,
           and
           the
           Party
           left
           to
           State
           his
           Accounts
           afterwards
           in
           the
           Colledge
           of
           Liquidation
           .
           And
           wherein
           such
           Acts
           were
           used
           towards
           many
           ,
           by
           making
           (
           as
           they
           call
           them
           )
           Observations
           upon
           the
           Price
           ,
           the
           time
           of
           delivering
           the
           Species
           of
           Money
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           that
           several
           of
           the
           King's
           Debts
           have
           been
           paid
           without
           a
           farthing
           of
           Money
           ,
           and
           not
           a
           few
           Pretenders
           have
           thereby
           been
           made
           Debtors
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           payment
           extorted
           with
           great
           Rigour
           .
        
         
           The
           payment
           of
           the
           Fleet
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           committed
           to
           Baron
           
             Hans
             Wachtmeister
          
           ,
           (
           in
           the
           place
           of
           the
           Great
           Admiral
           ,
           Count
           S●eenbeck
           )
           who
           prevailed
           to
           have
           it
           removed
           
           from
           Stockholm
           ,
           its
           ordinary
           Station
           ,
           to
           a
           Harbor
           fortified
           for
           that
           purpose
           in
           the
           Province
           of
           Bleaking
           ,
           and
           named
           Carlscrone
           ,
           as
           being
           both
           nearer
           to
           Denmark
           ,
           and
           Germany
           ,
           earlier
           free
           from
           Ice
           in
           the
           Spring
           ,
           and
           the
           Parts
           adjacent
           abounding
           with
           Timber
           .
           In
           that
           ,
           and
           other
           places
           ,
           great
           diligence
           was
           used
           ,
           both
           to
           repair
           the
           Old
           Ships
           ,
           which
           amounted
           not
           to
           Twenty
           Sail
           ,
           and
           to
           build
           New
           Ones
           ,
           of
           which
           since
           that
           time
           ,
           about
           Twenty
           from
           Eighty
           to
           Forty
           Guns
           ;
           and
           Eight
           or
           Ten
           of
           less
           force
           ,
           have
           been
           built
           by
           Two
           English
           ,
           and
           other
           Master
           builders
           .
        
         
           The
           Establishment
           of
           the
           Militia
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           made
           his
           own
           peculiar
           Care
           ,
           as
           having
           more
           immediately
           felt
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           Disorder
           it
           had
           been
           in
           ,
           and
           learnt
           by
           Experience
           the
           necessity
           
           of
           such
           a
           Standing
           Force
           ,
           as
           might
           answer
           the
           ends
           of
           its
           Institution
           .
        
         
           In
           what
           manner
           his
           Majesty
           proceeded
           herein
           ,
           shall
           be
           shown
           in
           another
           place
           .
        
         
           In
           this
           interval
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           published
           several
           new
           Laws
           ;
           one
           against
           Duels
           ,
           the
           substance
           of
           which
           is
           already
           mentioned
           ;
           another
           to
           fix
           the
           Right
           of
           Precedency
           among
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Officers
           ;
           wherein
           next
           after
           the
           Privy-Counsellors
           ,
           the
           Soldiers
           are
           principally
           considered
           ;
           each
           considerable
           Office
           ,
           being
           ranked
           according
           to
           its
           Dignity
           and
           Precedency
           ,
           determined
           according
           to
           that
           Rank
           ,
           without
           any
           respect
           to
           Birth
           or
           Quality
           .
        
         
           At
           the
           next
           Assembly
           of
           the
           States
           in
           the
           Year
           1683.
           besides
           a
           benevolence
           equal
           to
           that
           granted
           the
           last
           Sessions
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           
           obtained
           such
           farther
           Advantages
           ,
           as
           the
           ends
           he
           designed
           did
           require
           ;
           for
           not
           only
           the
           Reunion
           of
           the
           70
           l.
           a
           year
           reserved
           by
           the
           former
           Session
           ,
           was
           consented
           to
           ,
           and
           that
           without
           the
           least
           difficulty
           ,
           because
           those
           of
           the
           Nobility
           that
           had
           lost
           most
           ,
           did
           thereby
           revenge
           themselves
           of
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           Army
           :
           And
           others
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           the
           great
           Sticklers
           in
           the
           Reduction
           ,
           by
           which
           themselves
           had
           lost
           little
           or
           nothing
           ,
           if
           the
           Reservation
           of
           70
           
             l.
             per
             Annum
          
           had
           stood
           ;
           but
           the
           Article
           
             of
             ruling
             the
             Kingdom
             according
             to
             Law
             ,
          
           was
           also
           further
           explained
           ,
           and
           the
           States
           declared
           ,
           That
           his
           Majesty
           was
           not
           thereby
           tied
           to
           the
           Laws
           then
           in
           being
           ,
           but
           might
           alter
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           add
           thereto
           such
           Constitutions
           ,
           as
           he
           thought
           most
           useful
           for
           the
           present
           State
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           that
           whatever
           Instructions
           
           he
           pleased
           to
           give
           any
           Colledge
           or
           Officer
           ,
           the
           same
           were
           a
           Law
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           all
           others
           that
           they
           concerned
           ,
           added
           only
           this
           ,
           That
           they
           hop'd
           his
           Majesty
           would
           communicate
           to
           the
           States
           such
           Laws
           as
           were
           of
           a
           general
           Nature
           ,
           and
           intended
           to
           be
           binding
           to
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           .
           And
           whereas
           his
           Majesty
           had
           laid
           before
           the
           States
           ,
           the
           undue
           Proceedings
           of
           the
           Ministers
           at
           his
           Father's
           Death
           ,
           whose
           Testament
           they
           rescinded
           ,
           and
           alter'd
           the
           Frame
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           he
           had
           prescribed
           to
           be
           observ'd
           in
           the
           King's
           Minority
           ;
           the
           States
           declared
           ,
           That
           the
           Authors
           of
           those
           Alterations
           ,
           were
           no
           honest
           Patriots
           ,
           and
           left
           them
           to
           the
           King's
           Justice
           ,
           promising
           that
           in
           case
           of
           his
           Majesty's
           Decease
           ,
           during
           his
           Successor's
           Minority
           ,
           they
           would
           see
           his
           Testament
           punctually
           fulfilled
           ,
           and
           
           the
           Form
           of
           Government
           thereby
           prescribed
           ,
           inviolably
           observed
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           Assembly
           of
           the
           States
           in
           1686.
           renewed
           the
           usual
           Benevolence
           which
           was
           asked
           to
           enable
           the
           King
           to
           pay
           his
           Debts
           ,
           and
           made
           some
           further
           Concessions
           in
           the
           matter
           of
           the
           Re-union
           ,
           rather
           to
           take
           off
           the
           Odium
           from
           the
           King
           and
           his
           Ministers
           ,
           than
           to
           add
           any
           Authority
           to
           his
           Majesty's
           Proceedings
           .
        
         
           These
           and
           the
           like
           Concessions
           ,
           have
           rendred
           his
           Majesty
           an
           
             Absolute
             Monarch
          
           ,
           to
           which
           his
           Subjects
           submit
           without
           any
           contest
           ;
           and
           had
           not
           those
           other
           pressures
           that
           accompanied
           it
           made
           it
           uneasy
           ,
           there
           would
           scarce
           have
           been
           found
           in
           that
           Loyal
           Kingdom
           any
           one
           Person
           disaffected
           to
           the
           Government
           ;
           but
           the
           loss
           of
           Estates
           ,
           they
           supposed
           to
           have
           right
           to
           ,
           has
           created
           Discontents
           in
           many
           of
           
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           ,
           and
           the
           frequent
           and
           heavy
           Taxes
           imposed
           by
           the
           States
           are
           no
           less
           sensible
           to
           those
           of
           inferior
           Degrees
           ;
           that
           perhaps
           the
           King
           of
           Sueden
           has
           lost
           as
           much
           in
           the
           Affection
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           he
           has
           gain'd
           in
           his
           Revenue
           ;
           yet
           this
           is
           not
           like
           to
           produce
           any
           bad
           Effects
           ,
           since
           the
           King
           knows
           so
           well
           how
           to
           make
           himself
           obeyed
           ,
           and
           has
           such
           effectual
           means
           in
           his
           hands
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           restrain
           any
           disorders
           ,
           but
           to
           engage
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Nation
           to
           his
           Interest
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           Distribution
           of
           all
           Imployments
           of
           any
           Value
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           belongs
           to
           his
           Majesty
           ;
           and
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           others
           ,
           are
           under
           a
           greater
           necessity
           than
           ever
           ,
           of
           rendring
           themselves
           acceptable
           to
           him
           ,
           that
           they
           may
           get
           Employments
           .
           
           Besides
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           has
           lately
           thought
           fit
           to
           cause
           all
           that
           are
           in
           Office
           to
           renew
           their
           Oath
           of
           Fidelity
           ;
           the
           Tenor
           of
           which
           has
           been
           accommodated
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           .
           The
           Instructions
           also
           of
           all
           Governors
           of
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           other
           ,
           both
           Civil
           and
           Military
           Officers
           ,
           have
           been
           revised
           and
           renewed
           :
           And
           as
           a
           new
           Body
           of
           Laws
           Ecclesiastical
           is
           already
           published
           ;
           so
           the
           Common
           Laws
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           are
           under
           Consideration
           ,
           to
           be
           rendred
           more
           plain
           ,
           full
           ,
           and
           suitable
           to
           the
           present
           State
           of
           things
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           mind
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           are
           his
           Advisers
           in
           this
           Change
           ;
           yet
           all
           this
           Power
           and
           Provision
           is
           not
           by
           the
           Court
           it self
           thought
           sufficient
           to
           keep
           an
           Oppressed
           People
           from
           Disorders
           ;
           nor
           would
           it
           likely
           long
           do
           so
           ,
           if
           the
           King
           did
           not
           by
           great
           
           Applications
           and
           Deferences
           court
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           and
           by
           no
           small
           degrees
           of
           Compliance
           with
           them
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           Ecclesiastical
           ,
           but
           even
           in
           Civil
           Affairs
           ,
           cultivate
           their
           Fidelity
           and
           Affection
           ;
           and
           this
           ,
           because
           the
           Priests
           have
           very
           great
           and
           uncontroulable
           Interest
           and
           Authority
           among
           the
           Common
           People
           (
           who
           only
           can
           make
           Disturbances
           )
           and
           can
           at
           their
           pleasure
           inflame
           ,
           or
           appease
           them
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           X.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Privy-Council
           .
        
         
           THE
           Ancient
           Constitution
           ,
           which
           gave
           them
           the
           Title
           of
           Senators
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           gave
           them
           also
           Authority
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           advise
           in
           all
           business
           of
           Importance
           ,
           but
           in
           some
           Cases
           to
           admonish
           and
           over-rule
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           was
           not
           at
           Liberty
           to
           transact
           any
           weighty
           Affairs
           without
           the
           Concurrence
           of
           a
           majority
           of
           the
           Senate
           ;
           and
           tho
           the
           King
           chose
           them
           ,
           yet
           the
           States
           received
           their
           Oath
           ,
           which
           rather
           exprest
           their
           Fidelity
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           in
           general
           ,
           than
           to
           the
           King
           ;
           their
           Office
           was
           for
           Life
           ,
           and
           not
           only
           attempts
           upon
           their
           Person
           ,
           but
           Defamation
           of
           them
           ,
           was
           accounted
           Treason
           .
        
         
         
           But
           the
           
             Late
             Revolution
          
           has
           effectually
           delivered
           the
           King
           from
           this
           (
           as
           they
           call
           it
           )
           Encroachment
           upon
           Royalty
           and
           Prerogative
           ,
           and
           reduced
           those
           Officers
           to
           the
           Title
           ,
           and
           proper
           Duties
           of
           Privy-Counsellors
           ,
           putting
           it
           into
           the
           King's
           Power
           to
           employ
           them
           as
           he
           thinks
           fit
           ,
           to
           ask
           their
           Counsel
           as
           he
           sees
           occasion
           ,
           and
           to
           lay
           such
           of
           them
           aside
           ,
           as
           he
           finds
           convenient
           ,
           which
           his
           Majesty
           accordingly
           practices
           ;
           some
           of
           them
           being
           laid
           aside
           ,
           and
           the
           remainder
           ,
           together
           with
           those
           the
           King
           hath
           added
           to
           them
           ,
           are
           disperst
           into
           various
           Imployments
           ,
           and
           very
           rarely
           meet
           in
           a
           Body
           ;
           his
           Majesty
           transacting
           all
           Affairs
           ,
           both
           Domestick
           and
           Foreign
           ,
           with
           the
           proper
           Officers
           ,
           to
           whom
           they
           are
           immediately
           intrusted
           ,
           without
           the
           Participation
           of
           the
           
           whole
           Council
           .
           The
           number
           of
           Privy-Counsellors
           is
           at
           present
           about
           Eighteen
           ,
           each
           of
           them
           has
           a
           Salary
           of
           300
           l.
           a
           year
           ,
           and
           most
           have
           other
           beneficial
           Employments
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XI
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           States
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           Boundless
           Liberality
           of
           the
           three
           last
           Sessions
           of
           the
           States
           hath
           left
           that
           Body
           little
           more
           than
           its
           Ancient
           Name
           ,
           and
           a
           Power
           of
           Consent
           to
           such
           Impositions
           as
           the
           King's
           Occasions
           require
           ,
           which
           he
           chuses
           rather
           to
           receive
           through
           their
           hands
           ,
           than
           imploy
           his
           Authority
           in
           a
           matter
           so
           apt
           to
           Administer
           occasion
           of
           Discontent
           :
           Their
           usual
           time
           of
           Assembly
           ,
           is
           once
           in
           three
           Years
           ,
           or
           oftner
           ,
           if
           the
           Affairs
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           require
           it
           .
           The
           Letters
           for
           calling
           them
           together
           ,
           are
           sent
           to
           the
           Governors
           of
           Provinces
           ,
           who
           thereupon
           write
           to
           each
           Nobleman
           and
           Gentleman
           in
           their
           Province
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Bishops
           ,
           
           who
           cause
           the
           same
           to
           be
           published
           in
           all
           Churches
           .
        
         
           The
           Body
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           are
           represented
           by
           one
           of
           each
           Family
           ,
           of
           which
           there
           are
           about
           a
           Thousand
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           with
           them
           the
           Collonel
           ,
           Lieutenant-Collonel
           ,
           Major
           ,
           and
           one
           Captain
           of
           each
           Regiment
           sit
           and
           vote
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           besides
           the
           Bishops
           and
           Superintendents
           in
           each
           Rural
           Deanery
           ,
           or
           Ten
           Parishes
           ,
           one
           is
           chosen
           ,
           and
           maintained
           at
           the
           Charge
           of
           his
           Electors
           ;
           these
           make
           a
           Body
           of
           about
           Two
           hundred
           .
        
         
           The
           Representatives
           of
           the
           Burghers
           are
           chosen
           by
           the
           Magistrates
           and
           Common-Council
           of
           each
           Corporation
           ,
           of
           which
           Stockholm
           sends
           Four
           ,
           others
           Two
           ,
           and
           some
           One
           ,
           who
           make
           about
           One
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Peasants
           of
           each
           District
           ,
           chuse
           one
           of
           their
           own
           Quality
           to
           appear
           for
           them
           ,
           whose
           Charges
           they
           bear
           ,
           and
           give
           him
           Instructions
           in
           such
           matters
           as
           they
           think
           need
           Redress
           ;
           they
           are
           about
           Two
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           .
        
         
           Their
           first
           meeting
           (
           when
           at
           Stockholm
           )
           is
           in
           a
           large
           Room
           in
           the
           Castle
           ,
           called
           the
           Hall
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           where
           his
           Majesty
           being
           seated
           on
           a
           Throne
           ,
           and
           the
           Privy-Counsellors
           sitting
           at
           some
           distance
           ,
           the
           President
           of
           the
           Chancery
           makes
           them
           a
           Complement
           in
           the
           King's
           Name
           ,
           and
           then
           a
           Secretary
           reads
           his
           Majesty's
           Proposals
           to
           them
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           are
           acquainted
           with
           the
           State
           of
           Affairs
           since
           their
           Recess
           ,
           and
           the
           present
           occasion
           of
           their
           Advice
           and
           Assistance
           .
           To
           which
           ,
           first
           ,
           the
           Marshal
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           who
           is
           chosen
           by
           the
           King
           ,
           returns
           an
           
           answer
           ,
           and
           kisses
           the
           King's
           hand
           ;
           and
           after
           him
           ,
           the
           Archbishop
           in
           the
           Name
           of
           the
           Clergy
           ;
           the
           first
           Burgher
           master
           of
           Stockholm
           ,
           for
           the
           Burghers
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           the
           Peasans
           for
           his
           Brethren
           .
           They
           then
           separate
           into
           four
           several
           Houses
           ,
           and
           chuse
           a
           Secret
           Committee
           ,
           composed
           of
           an
           equal
           Number
           of
           each
           Body
           ,
           who
           receive
           from
           the
           King's
           Ministers
           such
           further
           Informations
           of
           his
           Majesty's
           Pleasure
           ,
           as
           are
           not
           thought
           fit
           to
           be
           communicated
           in
           publick
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           prepare
           such
           matters
           as
           are
           to
           be
           proposed
           to
           the
           several
           Bodies
           .
           In
           each
           House
           matters
           are
           concluded
           by
           majority
           of
           Voices
           ;
           and
           if
           one
           or
           more
           of
           these
           Bodies
           differ
           in
           Opinion
           from
           the
           rest
           ,
           they
           are
           either
           brought
           over
           by
           persuasions
           ,
           or
           the
           point
           remains
           unconcluded
           .
        
         
         
           When
           the
           Affairs
           proposed
           by
           the
           King
           are
           finished
           ,
           they
           then
           insinuate
           their
           Grievances
           ,
           each
           Body
           severally
           ,
           to
           which
           the
           King
           returns
           such
           Answers
           as
           he
           thinks
           sit
           ;
           and
           to
           each
           Member
           of
           the
           three
           Inferiour
           Bodies
           an
           Authentick
           Copy
           is
           delivered
           ,
           as
           well
           of
           the
           general
           Conclusion
           made
           by
           the
           whole
           States
           ,
           as
           of
           the
           King's
           Answer
           to
           the
           Grievances
           of
           his
           respective
           Body
           ,
           which
           he
           carries
           home
           to
           his
           Electors
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XII
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           THE
           standing
           Revenues
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           arise
           from
           Crown-Lands
           ,
           Customs
           ,
           Poll-Money
           ,
           Tythes
           ,
           Copper
           and
           Silver-Mines
           ,
           Proceedings
           at
           Law
           ,
           and
           other
           less
           considerable
           Particulars
           ;
           which
           are
           calculated
           in
           all
           to
           near
           a
           Million
           of
           Pounds
           a
           Year
           ;
           of
           which
           the
           Lands
           make
           above
           one
           Third
           ,
           and
           the
           Customs
           almost
           a
           Fourth
           .
           The
           Poll-money
           is
           paid
           only
           by
           the
           Peasants
           ,
           each
           of
           which
           above
           Sixteen
           ,
           and
           under
           Sixty
           ,
           pays
           about
           Twelvepence
           a
           year
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           Treasury-Chamber
           ,
           a
           President
           (
           now
           Baron
           
             Fabian
             Wrede
          
           )
           with
           Four
           Counsellors
           ,
           and
           other
           
           Officers
           sit
           ,
           and
           act
           as
           a
           Court
           of
           Justice
           ,
           in
           such
           matters
           as
           relate
           to
           the
           King's
           Revenue
           ;
           but
           they
           make
           no
           Assignments
           ,
           that
           being
           the
           business
           of
           the
           Contoir
           of
           State
           ,
           in
           which
           the
           Commissary
           ,
           in
           conjunction
           with
           the
           President
           ,
           dispose
           of
           all
           Payments
           ,
           but
           yet
           not
           without
           Orders
           immediately
           from
           the
           King
           :
           At
           the
           beginning
           of
           every
           Year
           they
           make
           a
           Calculation
           of
           what
           is
           likely
           to
           come
           in
           ,
           and
           what
           will
           remain
           above
           the
           ordinary
           Charge
           ;
           which
           they
           lay
           before
           his
           Majesty
           ,
           and
           receive
           his
           Orders
           what
           Debts
           shall
           first
           be
           paid
           .
           The
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           King's
           Money
           passes
           through
           the
           Bank
           ,
           and
           thereby
           saves
           the
           Charge
           of
           Officers
           ,
           to
           recieve
           and
           pay
           it
           ,
           there
           being
           between
           the
           Contoir
           of
           State
           ,
           and
           the
           Bank
           ,
           only
           one
           Rent-master
           (
           as
           they
           stile
           him
           )
           who
           keeps
           account
           with
           
           them
           both
           ,
           and
           gives
           Assignments
           according
           to
           the
           Orders
           he
           recieves
           .
        
         
           The
           Revenue
           is
           supposed
           at
           present
           to
           exceed
           the
           ordinary
           Charge
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           and
           the
           King
           having
           lately
           had
           three
           several
           extraordinary
           Contributions
           ,
           and
           vast
           Forfeitures
           from
           the
           Faulty
           Ministers
           of
           State
           ,
           as
           also
           great
           Advantages
           in
           recovering
           the
           Debts
           due
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           would
           have
           his
           Coffers
           well
           fill'd
           ,
           if
           the
           Building
           of
           Ships
           ,
           and
           paying
           of
           Debts
           contracted
           in
           the
           last
           War
           ,
           had
           not
           drain'd
           them
           in
           some
           measure
           .
           In
           1686
           it
           was
           told
           the
           States
           in
           the
           King's
           Name
           ,
           That
           in
           Six
           Years
           time
           his
           Majesty
           had
           paid
           Debts
           to
           above
           Two
           Millions
           of
           Pounds
           (
           tho
           many
           of
           them
           were
           paid
           with
           little
           Money
           )
           ,
           besides
           the
           Building
           of
           about
           Thirty
           Ships
           :
           And
           yet
           't
           is
           generally
           
           believed
           ,
           the
           King
           is
           not
           ill
           provided
           with
           Ready
           Cash
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           great
           necessity
           for
           such
           Provision
           ,
           to
           supply
           any
           pressing
           occasion
           ,
           since
           the
           Credit
           of
           Sueden
           is
           very
           low
           Abroad
           ;
           and
           at
           Home
           the
           ordinary
           Taxes
           are
           so
           high
           ,
           that
           the
           people
           cannot
           long
           furnish
           any
           Additional
           and
           Extraordinary
           Assistances
           ;
           that
           as
           the
           Crown
           has
           resumed
           all
           former
           Liberalities
           ,
           and
           with
           Rigour
           exacted
           its
           utmost
           Right
           ,
           so
           it
           must
           chiefly
           depend
           upon
           those
           Funds
           ,
           little
           being
           to
           be
           expected
           from
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           no
           Credit
           from
           Abroad
           in
           case
           of
           Extremity
           ,
           since
           those
           that
           have
           formerly
           trusted
           the
           Crown
           ,
           have
           been
           so
           very
           ill
           used
           ;
           and
           neither
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           if
           they
           should
           interpose
           their
           Engagements
           ,
           are
           in
           a
           condition
           to
           make
           them
           good
           ;
           nor
           can
           any
           Dependance
           
           be
           made
           upon
           the
           Security
           either
           of
           the
           Crown-Lands
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Branch
           of
           the
           Revenue
           ,
           since
           the
           late
           Resumption
           of
           those
           Lands
           ,
           and
           Revocation
           of
           such
           Securities
           ,
           have
           destroy'd
           all
           future
           Faith.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Forces
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           Reputation
           gain'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Conquests
           made
           by
           Sueden
           in
           this
           and
           the
           last
           Age
           ,
           has
           not
           so
           much
           been
           owing
           to
           its
           Native
           Strength
           ,
           as
           to
           Foreign
           Assistance
           of
           
             Germans
             ,
             French
             ,
             English
          
           ,
           and
           especially
           Scots
           ,
           of
           whom
           they
           have
           used
           great
           Numbers
           in
           all
           their
           Wars
           with
           
             Moscovy
             ,
             Poland
             ,
             Germany
          
           ,
           and
           Denmark
           ;
           and
           by
           them
           the
           Art
           of
           War
           and
           Military
           Discipline
           has
           been
           by
           degrees
           introduced
           into
           this
           Nation
           ,
           that
           in
           former
           times
           had
           only
           the
           advantage
           of
           Courage
           and
           Numbers
           ;
           for
           tho
           the
           
             Original
             Constitution
          
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           its
           Division
           into
           Hundreds
           and
           other
           larger
           Portions
           ,
           that
           still
           retain
           Military
           Names
           ,
           seems
           to
           have
           been
           
           the
           work
           of
           Armies
           ,
           and
           the
           frequent
           Expeditions
           of
           the
           Goths
           ,
           and
           other
           Inhabitants
           of
           these
           parts
           ,
           shew
           ,
           That
           in
           all
           Ages
           they
           were
           addicted
           to
           War
           and
           Violence
           ;
           yet
           it
           was
           in
           a
           disorderly
           and
           tumultuous
           manner
           ;
           their
           Infantry
           always
           consisting
           of
           unexperienced
           Peasants
           ,
           raised
           for
           the
           occasion
           ,
           and
           disbanded
           as
           soon
           as
           it
           was
           over
           .
           The
           Feudal
           Laws
           indeed
           (
           which
           are
           supposed
           to
           have
           had
           their
           Birth
           amongst
           these
           people
           )
           provided
           for
           a
           competent
           Number
           of
           Cavalry
           ,
           all
           Estates
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           being
           held
           by
           Knights
           Service
           ;
           and
           while
           the
           Kingdom
           was
           Elective
           ,
           the
           Kings
           were
           bound
           to
           maintain
           some
           Forces
           of
           Horse
           out
           of
           the
           Revenues
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           but
           this
           Establishment
           had
           been
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           corrupted
           ,
           and
           the
           Kingdom
           so
           shatter'd
           with
           Domestick
           Broils
           ,
           that
           it
           made
           a
           
           very
           inconsiderable
           Figure
           ;
           and
           was
           little
           known
           in
           Europe
           ,
           till
           the
           Crown
           became
           Hereditary
           ,
           and
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           concerned
           in
           the
           Strength
           and
           Prosperity
           of
           the
           Nation
           :
           Since
           that
           time
           the
           Standing
           Forces
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           have
           been
           augmented
           ,
           yet
           not
           so
           effectually
           established
           as
           its
           necessities
           required
           ;
           for
           it
           generally
           happened
           ,
           that
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           were
           so
           backward
           in
           fitting
           out
           their
           Horse
           ,
           and
           the
           Levies
           of
           Foot
           not
           being
           to
           be
           made
           without
           the
           consent
           of
           the
           Peasants
           in
           the
           Assembly
           of
           the
           States
           ,
           it
           was
           so
           hardly
           obtain'd
           ,
           that
           the
           Regiments
           were
           very
           thin
           ,
           and
           Recruits
           extreme
           difficult
           ;
           nor
           were
           the
           Officers
           Salaries
           so
           punctually
           paid
           ,
           as
           to
           enable
           them
           to
           be
           in
           readiness
           on
           all
           occasions
           .
        
         
         
           To
           remedy
           these
           Inconveniences
           ,
           the
           present
           King
           ,
           on
           whom
           the
           States
           had
           conferr'd
           an
           
             Absolute
             Power
          
           ,
           to
           put
           the
           Militia
           into
           such
           a
           Method
           as
           he
           should
           think
           fit
           ,
           has
           made
           such
           Regulations
           in
           all
           the
           Particulars
           relating
           to
           this
           Matter
           ;
           as
           were
           requisite
           to
           bring
           it
           to
           Perfection
           .
        
         
           The
           new
           Injunctions
           he
           has
           made
           about
           the
           Cavalry
           ,
           that
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           furnish
           ,
           are
           so
           exact
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           not
           in
           their
           power
           to
           put
           either
           the
           Man
           or
           the
           Horse
           that
           are
           once
           Listed
           ,
           to
           other
           Employments
           than
           what
           are
           there
           specified
           ,
           but
           must
           have
           them
           in
           a
           continual
           Readiness
           ,
           whenever
           they
           are
           call'd
           upon
           ,
           with
           such
           Arms
           and
           Equipage
           ,
           as
           his
           Majesty
           hath
           directed
           .
           In
           default
           of
           which
           ,
           severe
           Penalties
           are
           inflicted
           ,
           and
           the
           Estates
           they
           hold
           by
           that
           Service
           subject
           to
           Confiscation
           .
        
         
         
           For
           the
           Infantry
           ,
           the
           King
           has
           taken
           the
           like
           Care
           ;
           and
           whereas
           ,
           formerly
           no
           Levies
           could
           be
           made
           but
           by
           Consent
           of
           the
           States
           ,
           and
           that
           but
           by
           small
           parcels
           at
           a
           time
           ,
           and
           with
           such
           disturbance
           ,
           that
           on
           those
           occasions
           't
           was
           usual
           for
           half
           the
           Peasants
           to
           run
           into
           the
           Woods
           ,
           and
           other
           hiding
           places
           to
           escape
           being
           made
           Soldiers
           This
           has
           been
           remedied
           by
           the
           King's
           Commissioners
           ,
           who
           have
           distributed
           the
           Infantry
           of
           each
           Province
           proportionably
           to
           the
           Number
           of
           Farms
           ,
           each
           of
           which
           of
           the
           Value
           of
           about
           60
           or
           70
           l.
           a
           Year
           (
           not
           being
           appropriated
           to
           the
           Officers
           or
           other
           peculiar
           Services
           )
           is
           charged
           with
           one
           Foot
           Soldier
           ,
           who
           receives
           from
           the
           Farmer
           ,
           Dyet
           ,
           Lodgings
           ,
           ordinary
           Cloaths
           ,
           and
           about
           Twenty
           Shillings
           a
           Year
           in
           Money
           ;
           or
           else
           ,
           a
           little
           Wooden
           House
           is
           built
           for
           
           him
           at
           the
           Farmer
           's
           Charge
           ,
           who
           must
           also
           furnish
           him
           with
           as
           much
           Hay
           ,
           as
           will
           keep
           a
           Cow
           in
           Winter
           ,
           and
           Pasturage
           in
           Summer
           ,
           and
           Plow
           and
           Sow
           for
           him
           such
           a
           parcel
           of
           Ground
           as
           will
           afford
           him
           Bread
           ;
           they
           that
           are
           marry'd
           ,
           (
           as
           many
           of
           them
           are
           ,
           )
           generally
           accept
           this
           latter
           Condition
           ;
           the
           unmarried
           Soldiers
           usually
           abide
           with
           the
           Farmer
           ,
           but
           are
           not
           bound
           to
           do
           him
           any
           Service
           without
           Wages
           ;
           when
           they
           have
           once
           taken
           the
           Peasants
           Money
           ,
           and
           are
           Listed
           in
           the
           King's
           Service
           ,
           they
           can
           never
           quit
           so
           long
           as
           they
           are
           able
           to
           serve
           ,
           and
           if
           they
           desert
           ,
           are
           punished
           with
           Death
           :
           The
           first
           Institution
           of
           this
           Method
           was
           very
           burdensome
           to
           the
           Peasants
           ,
           who
           were
           at
           great
           Charge
           to
           hire
           their
           Men
           ,
           which
           cost
           them
           10
           and
           sometimes
           20
           l.
           apiece
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           they
           must
           
           do
           whenever
           their
           Soldier
           dies
           .
           This
           in
           peaceable
           times
           will
           not
           be
           so
           chargeable
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           in
           times
           of
           War
           ;
           when
           Men
           will
           be
           unwilling
           to
           serve
           ,
           and
           Recruits
           more
           frequently
           needed
           ;
           and
           as
           this
           is
           part
           of
           the
           Project
           hitherto
           unexperienced
           ,
           so
           most
           believe
           it
           will
           be
           found
           very
           difficult
           ,
           if
           not
           impracticable
           .
        
         
           As
           all
           the
           common
           Soldiers
           are
           thus
           provided
           for
           at
           the
           Country's
           Charge
           ,
           so
           all
           Officers
           both
           of
           Horse
           and
           Foot
           are
           maintained
           by
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           hath
           appropriated
           so
           much
           of
           the
           Lands
           lately
           reunited
           ,
           or
           formerly
           belonging
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           to
           that
           purpose
           .
           So
           that
           every
           Officer
           has
           a
           convenient
           House
           ,
           and
           competent
           Portion
           of
           Land
           to
           live
           upon
           ,
           scituate
           in
           that
           part
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           where
           the
           Regiment
           he
           belongs
           to
           is
           quartered
           ;
           as
           also
           the
           Rent
           
           of
           so
           many
           other
           Farms
           as
           make
           up
           his
           pay
           ,
           (
           which
           tho'
           it
           be
           somewhat
           less
           than
           formerly
           ,
           )
           yet
           being
           punctually
           paid
           either
           in
           Money
           ,
           Corn
           or
           other
           Comodities
           ,
           they
           find
           it
           more
           profitable
           ,
           than
           when
           they
           were
           to
           solicite
           for
           it
           at
           the
           Treasury
           .
        
         
           A
           Colonel
           of
           Foot
           has
           ,
           of
           these
           Lands
           the
           yearly
           Rent
           of
           about
           300
           l.
           and
           the
           rest
           proportionably
           ,
           which
           amounts
           to
           about
           2500
           l.
           a
           Year
           ,
           for
           all
           the
           Officers
           both
           upper
           and
           under
           ,
           of
           one
           Foot
           Regiment
           .
           And
           there
           being
           in
           
             Sweden
             ,
             Finland
          
           and
           Liefland
           28
           Regiments
           of
           Foot
           ,
           under
           this
           Establishment
           the
           Maintenance
           of
           all
           the
           Officers
           belonging
           to
           them
           ,
           costs
           the
           King
           about
           70000
           l.
           a
           Year
           ;
           what
           Charge
           the
           Cloathing
           of
           the
           common
           Soldiers
           once
           in
           two
           or
           three
           Years
           ,
           their
           Arms
           and
           such
           other
           Necessaries
           
           may
           put
           the
           King
           to
           ,
           cannot
           be
           so
           easily
           computed
           .
        
         
           The
           Officers
           of
           Horse
           are
           provided
           for
           after
           the
           same
           manner
           with
           such
           large
           Allowance
           as
           is
           requisite
           .
           There
           are
           Fifteen
           Regiments
           of
           Horse
           thus
           established
           ,
           and
           the
           Maintenance
           of
           their
           Officers
           is
           computed
           to
           be
           about
           80000
           l.
           a
           Year
           ,
           all
           which
           arises
           from
           the
           Rents
           of
           Crown
           Lands
           ,
           as
           do
           also
           the
           Wages
           of
           Civil
           Officers
           in
           the
           Country
           ,
           who
           have
           Farms
           annex'd
           to
           their
           Employments
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           as
           the
           Militia
           .
        
         
           The
           Laws
           the
           King
           hath
           made
           for
           maintaining
           this
           Constitution
           are
           every
           exact
           and
           particular
           ,
           and
           provide
           with
           great
           Caution
           ,
           that
           neither
           the
           Peasants
           shall
           be
           oppress'd
           ,
           nor
           the
           Lands
           and
           Houses
           ruin'd
           ;
           to
           which
           end
           all
           such
           Lands
           are
           yearly
           visited
           ,
           and
           the
           
           Possessor
           compell'd
           to
           make
           such
           Repairs
           as
           are
           found
           needful
           ;
           and
           as
           every
           Officer
           upon
           his
           first
           coming
           to
           such
           an
           Estate
           ,
           subscribes
           an
           Inventory
           of
           it
           ,
           so
           upon
           Advancement
           he
           cannot
           take
           Possession
           of
           another
           Charge
           ,
           till
           he
           hath
           put
           that
           Estate
           into
           as
           good
           a
           Condition
           as
           he
           found
           it
           ,
           and
           in
           case
           of
           Death
           his
           Heirs
           cannot
           inherit
           ,
           till
           that
           be
           done
           .
        
         
           In
           times
           of
           Peace
           ,
           all
           Trespasses
           and
           Crimes
           comitted
           by
           the
           Soldiery
           fall
           ordinarily
           under
           the
           Cognizance
           of
           a
           Civil
           Magistrate
           ,
           who
           has
           the
           same
           Authority
           over
           them
           ,
           as
           over
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           King's
           Subjects
           ,
           except
           when
           they
           are
           encamped
           ,
           or
           in
           Garrison
           ,
           or
           any
           way
           under
           
             flying
             Colours
          
           ;
           in
           all
           which
           Cases
           ,
           as
           also
           in
           all
           Matters
           that
           relate
           solely
           to
           their
           Profession
           ,
           their
           Officers
           have
           Jurisdiction
           over
           them
           ,
           without
           whose
           
           leave
           a
           private
           Soldier
           is
           not
           permitted
           to
           lodge
           out
           of
           his
           Quarters
           ,
           nor
           be
           absent
           a
           day
           from
           the
           Parish
           he
           belongs
           to
           ;
           the
           inferior
           Officers
           cannot
           be
           absent
           from
           their
           Charge
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Colonel's
           Permission
           ,
           nor
           Captains
           and
           those
           above
           them
           without
           the
           King's
           leave
           ;
           and
           the
           good
           Effect
           of
           the
           Officers
           constant
           Residence
           ,
           upon
           their
           respective
           Charges
           ,
           appears
           in
           the
           quiet
           and
           peaceable
           Behaviour
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           have
           not
           hitherto
           broke
           out
           into
           any
           Enormities
           ,
           nor
           given
           the
           common
           People
           any
           great
           occasion
           of
           complaint
           .
        
         
           To
           keep
           them
           in
           Discipline
           ,
           each
           Company
           meets
           ,
           and
           is
           exercised
           ,
           once
           a
           Month
           ,
           and
           every
           Regiment
           once
           or
           twice
           a
           Year
           ,
           at
           which
           times
           only
           they
           wear
           the
           the
           Kings's
           Cloaths
           ,
           which
           at
           their
           return
           ,
           are
           carefully
           laid
           up
           in
           the
           Churches
           .
        
         
         
           For
           their
           Government
           in
           time
           of
           War
           the
           King
           hath
           lately
           caused
           the
           Articles
           of
           War
           to
           be
           reviewed
           and
           printed
           ,
           together
           with
           a
           new
           Establishment
           of
           Courts
           Marshal
           ,
           and
           Instructions
           for
           the
           
             Auditors
             General
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Officers
           concern'd
           in
           the
           Ministration
           of
           Justice
           .
        
         
           And
           for
           his
           Majesty's
           Information
           on
           all
           occasions
           ,
           a
           Book
           hath
           been
           lately
           made
           ,
           specifying
           the
           Names
           of
           every
           Military
           Officer
           in
           the
           King's
           Army
           ,
           the
           time
           when
           they
           first
           came
           into
           the
           Service
           ,
           and
           by
           what
           Steps
           they
           have
           risen
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           at
           one
           view
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           knows
           the
           Merit
           and
           Services
           of
           any
           Officer
           .
        
         
           The
           Forces
           in
           Pomerania
           and
           Bremen
           ,
           as
           also
           the
           Regiment
           of
           Foot
           Guards
           are
           not
           under
           this
           Establishment
           ,
           but
           are
           paid
           in
           Money
           .
        
         
         
           The
           whole
           Body
           of
           the
           King
           of
           
           Sweden's
           Forces
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           best
           and
           most
           exact
           Account
           ,
           is
           as
           follows
           :
        
         
           The
           establish'd
           Militia
           in
           
             Sweden
             ,
             Finland
          
           and
           
             
               Liefland
               are
               ,
               Men
            
             
               Cavalry
               15
               Regiments
               ,
               is
               17000
            
             
               Infantry
               28
               Regiments
               ,
               is
               35000
            
             
               Foot
               Guards
               Regiment
               ,
               2000
            
             
               Forces
               in
               Pomeren
               and
               Bremen
               6
               Regiments
               ,
               is
               6000
            
             
               In
               all
               ,
               50
               Regiments
               ,
               6000
            
          
        
         
           Each
           Regiment
           ordinarily
           consists
           of
           1200
           Men
           (
           but
           some
           of
           more
           )
           of
           which
           96
           are
           Officers
           ;
           and
           such
           care
           is
           taken
           to
           keep
           them
           compleat
           ,
           that
           it
           very
           seldom
           happens
           ,
           that
           20
           Men
           at
           a
           time
           are
           wanting
           in
           a
           Regiment
           ;
           and
           as
           they
           are
           always
           in
           a
           readiness
           ,
           so
           a
           great
           Body
           of
           them
           may
           quickly
           be
           brought
           together
           ,
           especially
           towards
           the
           Borders
           of
           
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           where
           in
           twenty
           Days
           time
           the
           King
           of
           Sueden
           can
           have
           an
           Army
           of
           20000
           Men.
           
        
         
           Above
           the
           ordinary
           Establishment
           the
           King
           hath
           annex'd
           to
           each
           Regiment
           about
           twenty
           supernumerary
           Farms
           ,
           to
           answer
           any
           extraordinary
           Accidents
           of
           Fire
           ,
           &c.
           and
           to
           furnish
           a
           Subsistence
           for
           such
           Officers
           ,
           as
           are
           past
           Service
           .
        
         
           For
           common
           Soldiers
           that
           Age
           or
           Wounds
           have
           rendred
           unfit
           for
           War
           ,
           there
           is
           one
           general
           Hospital
           ,
           which
           has
           a
           good
           Revenue
           ,
           and
           besides
           that
           ,
           every
           Officer
           that
           is
           advanced
           ,
           pays
           to
           it
           a
           Sum
           of
           Money
           proportionable
           to
           the
           Charge
           he
           arises
           to
           .
           A
           Colonel
           pays
           100
           Crowns
           ,
           and
           others
           in
           proportion
           .
        
         
           Besides
           the
           Arms
           in
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           Militia
           ,
           there
           is
           a
           considerable
           
           Magazine
           at
           Stockholm
           ,
           and
           another
           at
           the
           Castle
           of
           Iencopingh
           towards
           the
           Borders
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           and
           these
           ,
           as
           occasion
           serves
           ,
           are
           furnish'd
           from
           a
           considerable
           Iron-work
           at
           Oerbro
           in
           Nervia
           which
           is
           continually
           employed
           in
           making
           Arms
           of
           all
           sorts
           .
           In
           the
           Castle
           of
           Iencopingh
           a
           Train
           of
           Artillery
           stand
           always
           in
           readiness
           .
           This
           is
           the
           sole
           Inland
           Fortress
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           which
           less
           needs
           such
           Artificial
           Strengths
           ,
           as
           well
           for
           other
           Reasons
           ,
           as
           because
           Nature
           in
           very
           many
           places
           has
           provided
           it
           with
           such
           Passes
           ,
           as
           that
           a
           handful
           of
           Men
           may
           defend
           against
           a
           great
           Army
           .
        
         
           On
           the
           Borders
           of
           Norway
           ,
           beside
           some
           small
           Forts
           ,
           that
           keep
           the
           Passages
           over
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           there
           is
           the
           Castle
           of
           Bahunz
           scituate
           upon
           a
           Rock
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           a
           deep
           River
           ,
           but
           overlookt
           by
           the
           Rocks
           near
           it
           .
        
         
         
           The
           City
           of
           Gottenburgh
           is
           a
           well
           fortified
           place
           ,
           but
           wholly
           Commanded
           by
           the
           Neighbouring
           Hills
           .
        
         
           The
           Town
           of
           Marstrand
           ,
           and
           the
           Castle
           of
           Elfsburgh
           lie
           towards
           the
           Sea
           :
           on
           that
           side
           towards
           Denmark
           are
           
             Waerburgh
             ,
             Halmstad
             ,
             Landscrone
          
           and
           Malmo
           ,
           places
           of
           good
           defence
           .
           Upon
           the
           Baltick
           Shoar
           are
           Carlescrone
           and
           Calmar
           ,
           with
           two
           small
           Forts
           at
           the
           entrance
           of
           the
           River
           leading
           to
           Stockholm
           .
           The
           Northern
           parts
           are
           covered
           with
           Lapland
           ,
           the
           Borders
           of
           Finland
           towards
           Russia
           with
           vast
           Woods
           and
           Morasses
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           parts
           with
           Castles
           and
           Forts
           .
           In
           Liefland
           ,
           besides
           
             Riga
             ,
             Revell
          
           and
           Narva
           ,
           which
           are
           very
           strong
           places
           ,
           there
           are
           several
           considerable
           Fortresses
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XIV
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Trade
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THO'
           Sueden
           has
           in
           all
           Times
           furnisht
           Europe
           with
           those
           necessary
           Comodities
           it
           abounds
           with
           ,
           yet
           either
           the
           Warlike
           Temper
           ,
           the
           Idleness
           or
           Ignorance
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           has
           formerly
           kept
           them
           from
           being
           much
           concern'd
           in
           Trade
           ,
           and
           given
           Strangers
           the
           Management
           and
           Advantage
           of
           it
           ,
           which
           for
           a
           long
           time
           ,
           the
           Hans
           Towns
           scituate
           on
           the
           Baltick
           Sea
           ,
           monopolized
           ,
           till
           the
           Seven
           Provinces
           of
           the
           Netherlands
           were
           Erected
           into
           a
           Republick
           ,
           and
           became
           Sharers
           with
           them
           :
           Before
           that
           time
           very
           little
           Iron
           was
           made
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           but
           the
           Oar
           ,
           being
           
           run
           into
           Pigs
           ,
           was
           carried
           to
           Dantzick
           ,
           and
           other
           Parts
           of
           Prussia
           ,
           and
           there
           forged
           into
           Bars
           ;
           for
           which
           reason
           the
           Country
           Smiths
           in
           England
           call
           Foreign
           Iron
           Dansk
           or
           Spruce
           Iron
           .
           The
           Nation
           owes
           the
           greatest
           Improvements
           it
           has
           made
           in
           Trade
           to
           the
           Art
           and
           Industry
           of
           some
           ingenious
           Mechanicks
           ,
           that
           the
           Cruelty
           of
           the
           Duke
           
             de
             Alva
          
           drove
           into
           these
           parts
           :
           their
           Success
           invited
           great
           Numbers
           of
           
             Reformed
             Waloons
          
           to
           transplant
           thither
           ,
           whose
           Language
           and
           Religion
           remains
           in
           the
           places
           they
           settled
           in
           ,
           where
           they
           erected
           Forges
           and
           other
           Conveniences
           for
           making
           of
           Iron
           Guns
           ,
           Wire
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Manufactures
           of
           Copper
           ,
           Brass
           ,
           and
           Iron
           which
           for
           the
           most
           part
           are
           still
           carried
           on
           by
           their
           Posterity
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Suedish
           Navigation
           was
           very
           inconsiderable
           ,
           till
           Queen
           Christina
           at
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           War
           in
           1644.
           obtained
           from
           Denmark
           a
           Freedom
           from
           Customs
           for
           all
           Ships
           ,
           and
           Goods
           belonging
           to
           Suedish
           Subjects
           ,
           in
           their
           Passage
           thro'
           the
           Sound
           ,
           and
           establisht
           in
           her
           own
           Dominions
           that
           difference
           in
           Customs
           that
           still
           subsists
           between
           Suedish
           and
           Foreign
           Ships
           ,
           and
           is
           in
           proportion
           of
           4
           ,
           5
           ,
           6
           ,
           the
           first
           called
           Wholefree
           ,
           the
           second
           Half
           ,
           and
           the
           last
           Vnfree
           ,
           so
           that
           where
           a
           whole
           free
           Suedish
           Ship
           pays
           400
           Crowns
           ,
           half
           free
           pays
           500
           ,
           and
           a
           Foreign
           Vessel
           600.
           
        
         
           But
           as
           great
           as
           this
           Advantage
           was
           ,
           it
           had
           but
           little
           effect
           ,
           till
           the
           English
           Art
           of
           Navigation
           bridled
           the
           Hollanders
           ,
           and
           opened
           the
           Intercourse
           between
           England
           and
           Sueden
           .
           Since
           that
           time
           
           their
           Commerce
           has
           been
           much
           augmented
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           ours
           that
           way
           ,
           and
           Goods
           transported
           by
           both
           ,
           or
           either
           Party
           according
           to
           the
           various
           junctures
           of
           Affairs
           .
           When
           Sueden
           has
           been
           engaged
           in
           a
           War
           ,
           the
           English
           Ships
           have
           had
           the
           whole
           Employ
           ;
           but
           in
           times
           of
           Peace
           ,
           the
           Advantage
           is
           so
           great
           on
           the
           Suedish
           side
           ,
           and
           Merchants
           so
           much
           encouraged
           by
           Freedom
           in
           Customs
           to
           employ
           their
           Ships
           ,
           that
           English
           Bottoms
           cannot
           be
           used
           in
           that
           Trade
           ,
           but
           only
           while
           Sueden
           is
           unprovided
           with
           a
           number
           of
           Ships
           sufficient
           for
           the
           Transportation
           of
           their
           own
           Commodities
           ;
           whether
           it
           be
           feasible
           to
           lay
           a
           Duty
           upon
           Suedish
           Ships
           ,
           importing
           Goods
           into
           England
           ,
           proportionable
           to
           what
           is
           laid
           upon
           Foreign
           Vessels
           there
           ,
           or
           whether
           the
           Matter
           be
           of
           so
           great
           Importance
           as
           to
           merit
           such
           a
           Resolution
           ,
           
           does
           not
           belong
           to
           this
           Discourse
           to
           determine
           .
        
         
           The
           chief
           Commodities
           Sueden
           vends
           ,
           are
           Copper
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Tar
           ,
           Masts
           ,
           Deals
           ,
           and
           Wooden
           Ware
           ,
           (
           besides
           the
           Commodities
           exported
           from
           Liefland
           )
           to
           the
           value
           of
           about
           700000
           l.
           a
           Year
           ,
           in
           return
           of
           which
           they
           receive
           from
           abroad
           Salt
           ,
           Wines
           ,
           and
           Brandy
           ,
           Cloth
           ,
           Stuffs
           ,
           Tobacco
           ,
           Sugar
           ,
           Spices
           ,
           Paper
           ,
           Linnen
           ,
           and
           several
           other
           sorts
           of
           Goods
           which
           are
           supposed
           commonly
           to
           ballance
           their
           Exportations
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           exceed
           them
           .
        
         
           Their
           Trade
           to
           Portugal
           for
           Salt
           is
           accounted
           most
           necessary
           ,
           as
           without
           great
           quantities
           of
           which
           they
           cannot
           subsist
           .
           That
           with
           England
           is
           more
           beneficial
           ,
           because
           it
           takes
           off
           almost
           half
           their
           own
           Commodities
           ,
           and
           brings
           in
           near
           two
           thirds
           of
           Money
           for
           one
           
           of
           Goods
           .
           The
           worst
           is
           their
           French
           Trade
           ,
           in
           regard
           it
           rather
           supplies
           their
           Vanities
           ,
           than
           Necessities
           ,
           and
           gives
           little
           or
           no
           vent
           to
           the
           Commodities
           of
           the
           Country
           .
        
         
           The
           general
           Direction
           of
           their
           Trade
           belongs
           to
           the
           Colledge
           of
           Commerce
           ,
           which
           consists
           of
           the
           President
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           Four
           Councellors
           ,
           who
           hear
           Causes
           of
           that
           nature
           ,
           and
           redress
           any
           Disorders
           that
           happen
           .
           The
           Bank
           at
           Stockholm
           is
           of
           great
           benefit
           to
           Trade
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           regard
           that
           the
           King's
           Customs
           for
           that
           City
           are
           paid
           in
           there
           ,
           as
           also
           that
           the
           Merchants
           ordinarily
           make
           Payments
           to
           each
           other
           by
           Bills
           drawn
           upon
           it
           ,
           which
           eases
           them
           of
           a
           great
           Trouble
           in
           Transporting
           their
           Money
           from
           place
           to
           place
           ,
           that
           would
           otherwise
           be
           very
           difficult
           and
           chargeable
           .
           This
           Bank
           
           is
           well
           constituted
           ,
           and
           was
           in
           very
           good
           Credit
           ,
           whilst
           it
           had
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           for
           its
           Guarrantees
           ,
           of
           which
           it
           has
           now
           but
           the
           Shadow
           ;
           those
           States
           being
           (
           and
           are
           now
           stiled
           )
           the
           Kings
           (
           not
           Kingdoms
           )
           States
           so
           that
           all
           its
           Foundation
           derives
           now
           from
           the
           Will
           and
           Pleasure
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           which
           may
           on
           several
           occasions
           diminish
           not
           only
           its
           own
           Sufficiency
           ,
           but
           also
           the
           Confidence
           of
           those
           that
           make
           use
           of
           it
           .
           The
           Management
           of
           the
           Trade
           of
           Sueden
           has
           always
           in
           the
           main
           been
           in
           the
           Hands
           of
           Strangers
           ,
           most
           of
           the
           Natives
           wanting
           either
           Capacity
           or
           Application
           ,
           and
           all
           of
           them
           Stocks
           to
           drive
           it
           ;
           for
           without
           Credit
           from
           abroad
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           able
           to
           keep
           their
           Iron-works
           going
           :
           and
           therefore
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           Winter
           ,
           they
           usually
           make
           Contracts
           with
           the
           English
           ,
           
           and
           other
           Foreigners
           ,
           who
           then
           advance
           considerable
           Sums
           ,
           and
           receive
           Iron
           in
           Summer
           ;
           Were
           it
           not
           for
           this
           necessity
           ,
           Foreign
           Merchants
           would
           have
           but
           little
           Encouragement
           ,
           or
           scarcely
           Permission
           to
           Live
           and
           Trade
           amongst
           them
           ,
           and
           even
           as
           the
           Case
           stands
           ,
           their
           Treatment
           of
           them
           is
           as
           rigorous
           ,
           as
           in
           any
           Country
           ,
           occasioned
           chiefly
           by
           the
           Envy
           of
           the
           Burghers
           ,
           who
           cannot
           with
           any
           Patience
           see
           a
           Stranger
           thrive
           among
           them
           .
           This
           is
           less
           sensible
           to
           Hollanders
           and
           others
           ,
           many
           of
           whom
           become
           Burghers
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           by
           their
           near
           way
           of
           Living
           are
           less
           subject
           to
           Envy
           ,
           but
           is
           more
           especially
           the
           Case
           of
           the
           English
           Merchants
           ,
           who
           find
           it
           not
           their
           Interest
           to
           become
           Burghers
           ,
           and
           usually
           live
           somewhat
           too
           high
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Interest
           of
           England
           in
           the
           Trade
           of
           Sueden
           may
           be
           computed
           ,
           by
           the
           Necessity
           of
           their
           Commodities
           to
           us
           ,
           and
           the
           vent
           of
           ours
           there
           ;
           their
           Copper
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           Tar
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Masts
           ,
           &c.
           cannot
           be
           had
           elsewhere
           ,
           except
           from
           America
           ,
           whence
           it
           has
           been
           supposed
           such
           Supplies
           may
           be
           furnished
           ;
           and
           if
           so
           ,
           this
           Consideration
           ought
           in
           reason
           to
           have
           an
           Influence
           on
           the
           Suedish
           Councels
           ,
           and
           engage
           them
           to
           make
           the
           English
           Trade
           with
           them
           as
           easie
           as
           possible
           ,
           that
           the
           Merchants
           be
           not
           driven
           upon
           new
           Designs
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           our
           Importations
           thither
           ,
           it
           has
           already
           been
           said
           ,
           that
           they
           scarce
           amount
           to
           one
           third
           of
           what
           we
           export
           from
           thence
           ,
           and
           consist
           chiefly
           of
           Cloth
           ,
           Stuffs
           ,
           and
           other
           Woollen
           Manufactures
           ,
           of
           which
           has
           been
           formerly
           vended
           yearly
           there
           to
           the
           value
           of
           
           about
           50000
           l.
           besides
           these
           ,
           Tobacco
           ,
           New-Castle
           Coals
           ,
           Pewter
           ,
           Lead
           ,
           Tin
           ,
           Fruits
           and
           Sugar
           ,
           with
           several
           other
           of
           our
           Commodities
           are
           sold
           at
           this
           Market
           ;
           as
           also
           good
           quantities
           of
           Herrings
           from
           Scotland
           ,
           with
           other
           of
           their
           Wares
           ,
           that
           in
           all
           we
           are
           supposed
           to
           vend
           Goods
           to
           about
           100000
           l.
           a
           Year
           ,
           whereof
           if
           any
           more
           than
           half
           be
           paid
           for
           ,
           it
           is
           extraordinary
           .
           But
           the
           making
           of
           Cloth
           in
           Sueden
           to
           supply
           the
           Army
           ,
           &c.
           which
           has
           been
           formerly
           endeavoured
           without
           Success
           ,
           being
           now
           encouraged
           and
           assisted
           by
           the
           Publick
           ,
           and
           undertaken
           by
           some
           Scots
           and
           others
           ,
           has
           of
           late
           ,
           and
           does
           now
           prove
           a
           great
           hindrance
           to
           the
           Vent
           of
           our
           Cloth
           there
           .
           And
           to
           favour
           this
           Undertaking
           ,
           English
           Cloth
           is
           now
           ,
           (
           unless
           it
           be
           such
           finer
           Cloths
           as
           cannot
           be
           
           made
           here
           )
           clogg'd
           with
           such
           excessive
           Duties
           ,
           as
           render
           the
           Importation
           of
           it
           impracticable
           .
           These
           Undertakers
           have
           got
           Workmen
           from
           Germany
           ,
           and
           some
           from
           England
           ,
           and
           besides
           the
           German
           Wool
           they
           use
           ,
           they
           receive
           great
           quantities
           from
           Scotland
           (
           supposed
           to
           be
           practiced
           out
           of
           England
           )
           without
           which
           they
           cannot
           work
           .
           Yet
           as
           at
           present
           ,
           the
           English
           Trade
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           is
           of
           the
           Importance
           above
           mentioned
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           Abatements
           aforesaid
           ,
           it
           is
           however
           considerable
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           so
           ,
           while
           their
           Commodities
           continue
           to
           be
           necessary
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           are
           concern'd
           in
           it
           ,
           will
           deserve
           as
           they
           need
           ,
           Protection
           and
           Encouragement
           .
        
         
           The
           last
           Treaty
           of
           Commerce
           between
           the
           Two
           Nations
           expired
           several
           Years
           ago
           ;
           and
           that
           of
           an
           older
           Date
           neither
           suits
           the
           present
           
           State
           of
           Things
           ,
           nor
           has
           been
           thought
           by
           the
           Suedes
           to
           subsist
           ;
           tho'
           now
           for
           their
           own
           Interest
           they
           insist
           upon
           the
           contrary
           ,
           accordingly
           their
           Treatment
           of
           the
           English
           is
           only
           in
           reference
           to
           their
           own
           convenience
           .
           And
           as
           the
           Subject
           of
           former
           Complaints
           still
           remains
           ,
           so
           new
           Burthens
           are
           frequently
           imposed
           upon
           them
           :
           Sometimes
           they
           have
           demanded
           of
           Merchants
           that
           were
           leaving
           the
           Country
           ,
           a
           sixth
           part
           of
           the
           Estate
           they
           had
           got
           in
           it
           ,
           and
           arrested
           their
           Effects
           on
           that
           account
           .
           And
           besides
           others
           ,
           that
           more
           directly
           concern
           their
           Trade
           ,
           the
           quartering
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           paying
           of
           Contributions
           has
           been
           exacted
           for
           some
           Years
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           the
           English
           forced
           to
           submit
           to
           it
           .
        
         
         
           In
           the
           Year
           1687.
           upon
           their
           Petition
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           for
           redress
           of
           these
           Impositions
           which
           were
           than
           laid
           very
           high
           ,
           upon
           some
           above
           50
           l.
           upon
           others
           40
           ,
           30
           ,
           &c.
           besides
           that
           such
           of
           them
           as
           kept
           House
           had
           Soldiers
           quartered
           upon
           them
           ,
           some
           3
           ,
           6
           ,
           or
           8.
           
           In
           answer
           to
           their
           Petition
           ,
           a
           Placaet
           was
           publish'd
           ,
           declaring
           that
           they
           should
           be
           exempt
           from
           those
           Payments
           ;
           but
           withal
           ,
           that
           no
           Foreign
           Merchant
           should
           continue
           to
           Trade
           in
           Sueden
           above
           Two
           Months
           in
           a
           Year
           ,
           unless
           he
           would
           become
           a
           Burgher
           .
           In
           pursuance
           of
           which
           Resolution
           their
           Ware-houses
           were
           shut
           up
           for
           some
           time
           ,
           and
           the
           Suedes
           seem
           resolved
           to
           proceed
           to
           extremity
           ;
           but
           have
           not
           put
           that
           Resolution
           generally
           in
           Execution
           ,
           tho'
           they
           seem
           to
           wait
           for
           an
           Opportunity
           ,
           and
           now
           and
           then
           they
           try
           it
           upon
           particular
           
           Persons
           ,
           to
           see
           how
           Foreign
           Princes
           will
           take
           it
           .
        
         
           The
           Law
           that
           exacts
           the
           third
           part
           of
           such
           Foreign
           Merchants
           Estate
           ,
           as
           die
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           has
           not
           in
           effect
           been
           so
           beneficial
           to
           the
           Suedes
           ,
           as
           frightful
           to
           the
           Merchants
           ,
           who
           (
           especially
           the
           English
           )
           for
           that
           and
           other
           reasons
           ,
           never
           think
           of
           marrying
           ,
           and
           settling
           there
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           their
           Affairs
           are
           in
           good
           order
           ,
           and
           they
           in
           a
           Condition
           to
           return
           home
           with
           a
           competent
           Estate
           and
           Credit
           ;
           upon
           which
           account
           England
           seems
           to
           be
           less
           concern'd
           to
           endeavour
           the
           repeal
           of
           that
           Law
           ,
           it
           being
           more
           useful
           to
           have
           Sueden
           a
           Nursery
           for
           young
           Merchants
           ,
           than
           a
           place
           of
           Settlement
           for
           those
           that
           have
           got
           Estates
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XV.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Suedish
           Conquests
           .
        
         
           THE
           ancient
           Expeditions
           of
           the
           Goths
           ,
           and
           the
           Kingdoms
           they
           erected
           in
           
             France
             ,
             Spain
             ,
             Italy
          
           and
           elsewhere
           ,
           upon
           the
           Ruins
           of
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           have
           little
           Connexion
           with
           the
           present
           State
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           only
           shews
           ,
           that
           their
           Nation
           was
           then
           much
           more
           populous
           and
           powerful
           ,
           than
           it
           has
           been
           in
           latter
           times
           ,
           which
           is
           generally
           ascribed
           to
           the
           use
           of
           Polygamy
           among
           them
           ,
           while
           they
           were
           Heathens
           ;
           but
           the
           Conquests
           which
           continue
           to
           be
           beneficial
           to
           Sueden
           at
           this
           day
           are
           of
           a
           much
           later
           Date
           .
        
         
         
           For
           it
           was
           not
           till
           the
           Year
           1560.
           that
           the
           Suedes
           got
           footing
           in
           Liefland
           ,
           When
           the
           
             Knights
             Templers
          
           ,
           who
           were
           Masters
           of
           those
           Parts
           ,
           being
           overthrown
           by
           the
           Muscovites
           ,
           King
           Erick
           of
           Sueden
           was
           invited
           by
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           Revell
           ,
           and
           the
           Country
           adjacent
           ,
           to
           take
           them
           into
           his
           Protection
           ,
           which
           he
           consented
           to
           ;
           and
           the
           Door
           being
           thus
           opened
           ,
           the
           Crown
           of
           Sueden
           has
           by
           degrees
           wrested
           from
           the
           Poles
           and
           Muscovites
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Liefland
           ,
           and
           some
           Provinces
           of
           Russia
           adjoyning
           to
           it
           ;
           Countries
           of
           inestimable
           value
           to
           Sueden
           ,
           as
           ,
           which
           both
           cover
           it
           from
           the
           Incursions
           of
           the
           Poles
           and
           Muscovites
           ,
           and
           furnish
           it
           with
           plentiful
           Supplies
           of
           Corn
           and
           other
           Commodities
           ;
           besides
           the
           Benefit
           it
           reaps
           by
           the
           vast
           Trade
           of
           those
           Parts
           .
           On
           the
           side
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           
           besides
           Yempterland
           and
           Hercadale
           ,
           Two
           Northerly
           Provinces
           lying
           opposite
           to
           Norway
           ,
           they
           have
           recovered
           the
           rich
           Countries
           of
           
             Schonen
             ,
             Halland
          
           and
           Blecking
           ,
           which
           joyn
           to
           the
           Body
           of
           Sueden
           ;
           and
           gave
           the
           Danes
           ,
           while
           they
           possess'd
           them
           ,
           free
           entrance
           into
           the
           very
           Heart
           of
           the
           Country
           .
           They
           have
           also
           got
           from
           the
           Danes
           the
           Territory
           of
           Bahnus
           ,
           which
           prevents
           all
           Inroads
           from
           that
           side
           of
           Norway
           .
           These
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Countries
           of
           Pomerania
           and
           Bremen
           ,
           are
           so
           considerable
           ,
           that
           their
           Writers
           own
           ,
           that
           the
           present
           Royal
           Family
           hath
           augmented
           the
           Kingdom
           near
           one
           half
           ;
           only
           with
           this
           Disadvantage
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Neighbours
           of
           Sueden
           are
           thereby
           disobliged
           ,
           and
           watch
           all
           opportunities
           to
           retrieve
           their
           Losses
           ;
           so
           that
           Sueden
           can
           never
           firmly
           depend
           upon
           the
           Friendship
           
           of
           
             Denmark
             ,
             Poland
             ,
             Muscovy
          
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Neighbouring
           Princes
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVI
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Interest
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           great
           Domestick
           Interest
           of
           Sueden
           has
           been
           of
           late
           thought
           to
           consist
           in
           the
           Advancement
           of
           the
           King's
           Revenue
           ,
           and
           Authority
           at
           home
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           make
           him
           more
           formidable
           abroad
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Nation
           has
           had
           no
           Interest
           distinct
           from
           the
           King
           's
           ;
           as
           the
           King
           on
           the
           other
           side
           would
           seem
           to
           have
           an
           inseparable
           Connexion
           with
           the
           Prosperity
           of
           his
           Subjects
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           most
           especially
           of
           the
           Yeomanry
           ,
           or
           Peasants
           ,
           who
           are
           accounted
           the
           Basis
           of
           the
           
           Kingdom
           ,
           rather
           than
           the
           Trading
           part
           ;
           therefore
           tho'
           the
           Peasants
           have
           not
           been
           spared
           from
           bearing
           a
           considerable
           Share
           of
           the
           common
           Burthen
           ;
           yet
           more
           care
           has
           been
           taken
           to
           make
           it
           sit
           easie
           upon
           them
           ,
           than
           upon
           the
           rest
           ,
           and
           they
           delivered
           from
           the
           Oppression
           of
           the
           Fellow
           Subjects
           ,
           which
           they
           formerly
           laboured
           under
           :
           the
           Encouragement
           of
           Trade
           and
           Manufactures
           is
           also
           the
           King's
           Care
           ,
           and
           great
           Wonders
           are
           expected
           from
           it
           ;
           but
           doubtless
           there
           is
           much
           more
           in
           their
           Imaginations
           ,
           than
           will
           ever
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Effect
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           also
           found
           the
           King's
           Interest
           to
           keep
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           very
           low
           .
           In
           Matters
           of
           Religion
           his
           Majesty
           has
           no
           other
           Interest
           than
           to
           maintain
           the
           present
           Establishment
           ,
           and
           keep
           the
           Clergy
           to
           the
           due
           Performance
           of
           
           their
           Duty
           ,
           which
           admits
           of
           little
           or
           no
           difficulty
           .
        
         
           In
           general
           the
           chief
           Domestick
           Interest
           of
           the
           King
           of
           Sueden
           is
           to
           preserve
           the
           Government
           in
           its
           present
           State
           ,
           and
           secure
           it
           such
           to
           his
           Successors
           ,
           it
           being
           constituted
           so
           much
           to
           the
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           that
           in
           that
           regard
           it
           can
           hardly
           be
           bettered
           by
           any
           Change.
           
        
         
           In
           relation
           to
           Foreign
           Affairs
           ,
           it
           is
           apparently
           the
           Interest
           of
           Sueden
           to
           avoid
           all
           offensive
           War
           ,
           as
           being
           already
           in
           the
           quiet
           Possession
           of
           as
           many
           conquer'd
           Provinces
           on
           all
           sides
           as
           it
           can
           well
           defend
           ;
           tho'
           more
           would
           not
           displease
           them
           ,
           if
           they
           could
           be
           got
           with
           safety
           ,
           to
           maintain
           a
           good
           Correspondence
           with
           Moscovy
           by
           a
           due
           Observation
           of
           the
           Treaty
           lately
           concluded
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           to
           end
           the
           Point
           of
           Separation
           
           of
           the
           Limits
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           only
           Matter
           that
           can
           be
           like
           to
           create
           Trouble
           on
           that
           side
           with
           Poland
           .
        
         
           Sueden
           has
           little
           occasion
           of
           difference
           ,
           or
           reason
           ,
           to
           apprehend
           any
           Quarrel
           ,
           neither
           does
           it
           seem
           the
           Interest
           of
           Sueden
           to
           aim
           at
           any
           further
           Enlargements
           in
           Germany
           ,
           but
           rather
           to
           use
           all
           good
           Offices
           to
           preserve
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Munster
           ,
           as
           the
           Foundation
           of
           its
           Right
           to
           Pomerania
           and
           Bremen
           ;
           which
           Provinces
           are
           of
           such
           Importance
           to
           Sueden
           ,
           as
           rendring
           it
           much
           more
           considerable
           to
           all
           Europe
           than
           it
           would
           otherwise
           be
           ,
           that
           they
           will
           never
           be
           parted
           with
           so
           long
           as
           Sueden
           is
           able
           to
           defend
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           Intercourse
           with
           Denmark
           ,
           has
           seldom
           been
           friendly
           ,
           nor
           have
           there
           ever
           wanted
           Grounds
           of
           Quarrels
           ,
           when
           the
           Conjunctures
           were
           favourable
           ;
           tho'
           at
           present
           
           Sueden
           seems
           to
           have
           little
           occasion
           of
           Misintelligence
           with
           that
           Crown
           ,
           unless
           on
           the
           account
           of
           the
           State
           of
           Affairs
           abroad
           ,
           and
           the
           several
           Interests
           they
           have
           to
           mind
           therein
           ;
           their
           Agreement
           in
           Point
           of
           Trade
           seems
           to
           cement
           them
           ,
           but
           their
           Emulation
           in
           regard
           of
           a
           Mediation
           ,
           and
           in
           other
           Points
           ,
           is
           as
           likely
           to
           keep
           them
           at
           a
           distance
           ;
           nor
           is
           it
           at
           all
           probable
           they
           ever
           will
           ,
           or
           can
           so
           far
           surmount
           their
           mutual
           Distrusts
           ,
           as
           actually
           to
           take
           part
           on
           the
           same
           side
           .
           But
           in
           regard
           of
           their
           own
           Affairs
           ,
           Sueden
           has
           gained
           so
           much
           from
           Denmark
           already
           ,
           and
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Trading
           part
           of
           Europe
           is
           so
           much
           concern'd
           to
           hinder
           it
           from
           getting
           more
           ,
           that
           being
           also
           inferior
           to
           Denmark
           by
           Sea
           it
           is
           not
           probable
           it
           will
           in
           many
           Years
           have
           any
           design
           of
           enlarging
           its
           Territories
           farther
           on
           
           that
           side
           ,
           tho'
           it
           has
           undoubtedly
           a
           longing
           Desire
           to
           Norway
           ,
           which
           would
           make
           it
           the
           sole
           Master
           of
           all
           Naval
           Stores
           .
           And
           Denmark
           is
           so
           much
           weaker
           at
           Land
           ,
           that
           Sueden
           has
           no
           reason
           to
           apprehend
           it
           ,
           unless
           Domestick
           Confusions
           do
           happen
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           times
           Denmark
           has
           been
           ready
           to
           foment
           ,
           and
           has
           frequently
           profited
           by
           them
           ;
           and
           it
           is
           not
           very
           improbable
           ,
           but
           it
           may
           ,
           in
           not
           many
           Years
           have
           an
           opportunity
           of
           doing
           so
           again
           ;
           for
           which
           reason
           especially
           it
           is
           the
           Interest
           of
           Sueden
           to
           carry
           fair
           ,
           and
           live
           at
           peace
           with
           Denmark
           .
        
         
           In
           Point
           of
           Alliances
           the
           less
           Sueden
           can
           depend
           upon
           its
           Neighbours
           ,
           the
           more
           careful
           it
           has
           been
           to
           entertain
           Friendship
           further
           from
           home
           ,
           especially
           with
           France
           ;
           which
           first
           began
           about
           150
           Years
           ago
           between
           Francis
           
           the
           First
           ,
           and
           Gustavus
           the
           First
           ,
           and
           subsisted
           till
           of
           late
           Years
           ,
           that
           the
           
           Emperor's
           Party
           was
           thought
           more
           agreeable
           to
           the
           Nation
           's
           Interest
           ,
           which
           it
           has
           accordingly
           espoused
           .
        
         
           The
           Friendship
           of
           England
           or
           Holland
           ,
           or
           both
           ,
           has
           ever
           been
           accounted
           indispensibly
           necessary
           to
           Sueden
           ,
           in
           regard
           of
           its
           Weakness
           by
           Sea
           ;
           neither
           has
           Sueden
           hitherto
           engaged
           in
           any
           War
           ,
           where
           both
           those
           Nations
           were
           Parties
           :
           and
           if
           such
           a
           Case
           should
           happen
           ,
           't
           is
           not
           to
           be
           doubted
           but
           Sueden
           would
           use
           all
           possible
           means
           to
           obtain
           a
           Peace
           ;
           for
           that
           the
           Country
           cannot
           subsist
           without
           a
           quick
           Vent
           of
           its
           own
           Commodities
           ,
           and
           continual
           Supplies
           of
           such
           Necessaries
           ,
           as
           it
           must
           receive
           from
           abroad
           ,
           of
           which
           it
           is
           very
           unusual
           to
           make
           any
           Provision
           before-hand
           ,
           or
           lay
           up
           greater
           
           Stores
           than
           what
           one
           Winter
           consumes
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVII
           .
        
         
           An
           Extract
           of
           the
           History
           of
           Sueden
           .
        
         
           THE
           Original
           of
           the
           Suedish
           Nations
           which
           their
           Historians
           ascribe
           to
           Magog
           ,
           Son
           of
           Iaphet
           ,
           whose
           Expedition
           thither
           they
           placed
           in
           the
           Year
           88
           ,
           after
           the
           Flood
           ,
           is
           built
           upon
           such
           uncertain
           Conjectures
           ,
           as
           neither
           deserves
           to
           be
           mention'd
           ,
           nor
           credited
           any
           more
           than
           the
           Names
           of
           the
           Kings
           supposed
           to
           succeed
           him
           ,
           invented
           by
           the
           Writers
           to
           fill
           up
           the
           Vacuities
           of
           those
           dark
           Times
           ,
           of
           which
           other
           Countries
           ,
           more
           likely
           to
           have
           been
           first
           
           planted
           ,
           can
           give
           so
           little
           account
           ;
           therefore
           tho'
           the
           Country
           might
           possibly
           have
           been
           early
           inhabited
           ,
           yet
           nothing
           of
           certainty
           can
           be
           known
           of
           it
           ,
           till
           the
           coming
           of
           Othinus
           ,
           or
           Woden
           ,
           who
           was
           driven
           out
           of
           Asia
           by
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           ,
           about
           Sixty
           Years
           before
           the
           Birth
           of
           Christ.
           From
           this
           Woden
           ,
           who
           (
           as
           their
           Histories
           report
           )
           conquer'd
           
             Moscovy
             ,
             Saxony
             ,
             Sueden
             ,
             Denmark
          
           and
           Norway
           ;
           all
           Northern
           Nations
           have
           been
           ambitious
           to
           derive
           their
           Extraction
           ;
           with
           him
           the
           Heathenish
           Religion
           ,
           that
           afterwards
           prevail'd
           in
           the
           North
           ,
           Witchcraft
           ,
           and
           other
           like
           Arts
           were
           brought
           in
           ;
           as
           also
           the
           Custom
           of
           raising
           great
           heaps
           of
           Earth
           upon
           the
           Graves
           of
           Persons
           of
           Note
           ,
           and
           Engraving
           of
           Funeral
           Inscriptions
           upon
           Rocks
           and
           Stones
           ,
           which
           yet
           remain
           in
           all
           Parts
           of
           the
           Country
           .
        
         
         
           To
           Woden
           ,
           after
           his
           Death
           ,
           Divine
           Honours
           were
           paid
           ,
           as
           the
           God
           of
           War
           ;
           and
           as
           the
           two
           first
           Days
           of
           the
           Week
           were
           named
           after
           the
           Sun
           and
           Moon
           ,
           and
           Tuesday
           after
           T
           is
           or
           Disa
           ,
           an
           ancient
           Idol
           ,
           so
           Wednesday
           had
           its
           Name
           from
           him
           ,
           as
           Thursday
           from
           Thor
           ,
           and
           Friday
           from
           Frigga
           ,
           which
           three
           last
           were
           long
           the
           chief
           Objects
           of
           the
           Northern
           Idolatry
           .
           The
           Succession
           of
           the
           Kings
           after
           Woden
           is
           full
           of
           confusion
           ;
           the
           Nation
           being
           sometimes
           parcell'd
           into
           several
           little
           Kingdoms
           ,
           sometimes
           into
           two
           ,
           Sueden
           and
           Gothia
           ;
           often
           subject
           to
           Denmark
           or
           Norway
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           Master
           of
           those
           Countries
           ,
           as
           also
           of
           others
           more
           distant
           ,
           where
           the
           Goths
           ,
           that
           forsook
           their
           Native
           Soil
           ,
           happened
           to
           plant
           themselves
           ;
           but
           when
           ,
           or
           on
           what
           particular
           occasions
           ,
           they
           made
           those
           Migrations
           ,
           
           is
           not
           certainly
           known
           ,
           nor
           how
           long
           they
           had
           been
           abroad
           when
           they
           first
           began
           to
           infest
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           about
           300
           Years
           after
           Christ.
           
        
         
           That
           the
           Saxons
           ,
           who
           were
           called
           into
           England
           about
           the
           Year
           450
           ,
           were
           originally
           a
           Colony
           of
           Goths
           is
           conjectured
           from
           the
           Agreement
           of
           their
           Language
           ,
           Laws
           and
           Customs
           .
           But
           that
           the
           Suedes
           and
           Goths
           ,
           joyned
           with
           the
           Danes
           and
           Norwegians
           in
           their
           Invasion
           of
           England
           ,
           about
           the
           Year
           800
           ,
           we
           are
           assured
           from
           our
           own
           Historians
           ,
           that
           expresly
           mention
           them
           ,
           with
           the
           Character
           of
           Barbarous
           and
           Pagan
           Nations
           ,
           as
           they
           then
           were
           ;
           and
           the
           same
           may
           be
           concluded
           from
           the
           many
           Saxon
           Coyns
           ,
           that
           are
           frequently
           found
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           in
           greater
           variety
           ,
           than
           in
           England
           ,
           which
           seem
           to
           have
           been
           the
           Dane
           Gilt
           ,
           or
           
           Tribute
           that
           the
           Nation
           then
           paid
           .
        
         
           The
           Normans
           also
           ,
           who
           about
           that
           time
           settled
           in
           France
           ,
           were
           in
           part
           Natives
           of
           this
           Country
           ,
           so
           that
           England
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Miseries
           that
           accompanied
           those
           Conquests
           ,
           owes
           a
           great
           part
           of
           its
           Extraction
           to
           these
           People
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           pass
           on
           to
           Times
           of
           more
           certainty
           ,
           it
           was
           about
           the
           Year
           830
           ,
           that
           the
           Emperor
           
             Ludovicus
             Pius
          
           sent
           Ansgarius
           ,
           afterwards
           Arch-bishop
           of
           Hamburgh
           ,
           to
           attempt
           the
           Conversion
           of
           the
           Suedes
           and
           Goths
           ,
           who
           at
           first
           had
           little
           or
           no
           Success
           ;
           but
           in
           his
           second
           Journey
           ,
           some
           Years
           after
           ,
           he
           was
           better
           received
           ;
           and
           baptized
           the
           King
           Olaus
           ,
           who
           was
           afterwards
           martyred
           by
           his
           Heathen
           Subjects
           ,
           and
           offered
           in
           Sacrifice
           to
           their
           Gods
           ;
           nor
           did
           Christianity
           become
           the
           general
           Religion
           of
           
           Sueden
           till
           about
           a
           Hundred
           Years
           after
           ,
           when
           it
           was
           planted
           by
           the
           English
           Bishops
           formerly
           mentioned
           ,
           sent
           for
           thither
           by
           another
           Olaus
           ;
           in
           whose
           time
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           that
           of
           Gothia
           were
           united
           ,
           but
           became
           afterwards
           to
           be
           separated
           again
           ,
           and
           continued
           so
           near
           Two
           Hundred
           Years
           ;
           when
           they
           were
           again
           joyn'd
           ,
           on
           Condition
           that
           the
           Two
           Royal
           Families
           should
           succeed
           each
           other
           by
           turns
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           for
           the
           space
           of
           One
           Hundred
           Years
           ,
           but
           not
           without
           great
           Disorders
           ,
           and
           much
           Blood
           shed
           .
        
         
           This
           occasion
           of
           Quarrel
           ,
           which
           ended
           in
           the
           Extirpation
           of
           the
           Gothick
           Family
           ,
           was
           succeeded
           by
           another
           ;
           for
           Waldemer
           ,
           Son
           of
           
             Berger
             ,
             Ierle
          
           or
           Earl
           ,
           who
           was
           descended
           from
           the
           Royal
           Family
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           being
           at
           that
           time
           chosen
           King
           ,
           by
           his
           Father's
           Advice
           ,
           
           
           he
           created
           his
           Three
           Brothers
           Dukes
           of
           
             Finland
             ,
             Sudermanland
          
           ,
           and
           Smaland
           ,
           with
           such
           a
           degree
           of
           Sovereignty
           in
           their
           respective
           Dukedoms
           ,
           as
           enabled
           them
           to
           disturb
           their
           Brother's
           Government
           ;
           who
           was
           at
           last
           forced
           to
           resign
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           his
           Brother
           Magnus
           ,
           
           which
           he
           left
           to
           his
           Son
           Berger
           ,
           
           who
           lived
           in
           continual
           Dissention
           with
           his
           Two
           Brethren
           ,
           Erick
           and
           Waldemar
           ,
           till
           he
           took
           them
           Prisoners
           ,
           and
           famish'd
           them
           to
           Death
           ,
           upon
           which
           he
           was
           driven
           on
           t
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           succeeded
           by
           Duke
           
           Erick's
           Son
        
         
           Magnus
           ,
           
           who
           was
           perswaded
           to
           suffer
           his
           Son
           Erick
           to
           be
           chosen
           King
           of
           Sueden
           joyntly
           with
           himself
           ,
           as
           his
           other
           Son
           Haquinus
           was
           of
           Norway
           .
        
         
           Both
           these
           Brothers
           made
           War
           upon
           their
           Father
           ,
           who
           thereupon
           caused
           the
           Eldest
           to
           be
           poysoned
           ,
           
           the
           other
           Haquinus
           ,
           being
           reconciled
           to
           his
           Father
           ,
           married
           Margaret
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           Waldemar
           ,
           King
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           in
           whose
           Person
           the
           Three
           Northern
           Kingdoms
           were
           afterwards
           United
           .
           This
           Magnus
           being
           deposed
           for
           his
           ill
           Government
           made
           place
           for
           his
           Sister's
           Son
        
         
           Albert
           ,
           
           Duke
           of
           Mechlenburgh
           ,
           of
           whom
           the
           Suedes
           were
           soon
           weary
           ,
           and
           offered
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           Margaret
           ,
           whose
           Husband
           Haquinus
           had
           left
           her
           Norway
           ,
           and
           her
           Father
           Denmark
           .
           King
           Albert
           ,
           therefore
           being
           beaten
           in
           a
           pitch'd
           Battle
           ,
           was
           taken
           Prisoner
           by
           this
        
         
           Margaret
           ,
           
           who
           succeeded
           him
           ,
           and
           enacted
           the
           Vnion
           of
           the
           Three
           Crowns
           into
           a
           Law
           ;
           which
           was
           ratified
           by
           the
           States
           of
           those
           Kingdoms
           ,
           but
           proved
           much
           to
           the
           Prejudice
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           to
           
           the
           Advantage
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           which
           People
           had
           always
           the
           Art
           or
           Luck
           to
           get
           their
           King's
           Favour
           ,
           and
           render
           the
           Suedes
           and
           Norwegians
           suspected
           ;
           conformable
           to
           Queen
           
           Margaret's
           Advice
           to
           her
           Successor
           .
        
         
           Sueden
           
             shall
             feed
             you
          
           ,
           Norway
           
             shall
             cloath
             you
             ,
             and
          
           Denmark
           
             shall
             defend
             you
          
           .
           At
           her
           request
           the
           Three
           Nations
           chose
           her
           young
           Nephew
        
         
           Erick
           of
           Pomerania
           ,
           
           reserving
           to
           her self
           the
           Government
           during
           his
           Minority
           which
           she
           out-lived
           ,
           and
           had
           time
           to
           repent
           ;
           at
           last
           she
           died
           of
           the
           Plague
           ,
           in
           the
           Year
           1412.
           
           This
           Erick
           married
           Phillippa
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Henry
           the
           4th
           .
           of
           England
           :
           of
           her
           their
           Histories
           relate
           ,
           that
           Copenhagen
           being
           besieged
           ,
           and
           King
           Erick
           in
           despair
           retreating
           to
           a
           Monastery
           ,
           she
           took
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           
           City
           ,
           and
           beat
           the
           Besiegers
           ,
           but
           afterwards
           having
           in
           the
           King's
           absence
           fitted
           out
           a
           Fleet
           that
           was
           unsuccessful
           ,
           at
           his
           return
           he
           so
           beat
           and
           abused
           her
           ,
           that
           she
           thereby
           miscarried
           ,
           and
           retiring
           into
           a
           Cloyster
           died
           soon
           after
           .
        
         
           The
           Oppression
           the
           Suedes
           lay
           under
           from
           Strangers
           ,
           and
           to
           whom
           the
           King
           committed
           the
           Government
           of
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           the
           Custody
           of
           all
           Castles
           ,
           contrary
           to
           the
           Articles
           of
           the
           Vnion
           ,
           made
           them
           at
           last
           throw
           off
           the
           Yoke
           ,
           and
           renounce
           their
           Allegiance
           to
           King
           Erick
           ,
           in
           whose
           place
           they
           substituted
           the
           General
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           
             Carl
             Knuteson
          
           ;
           with
           the
           Title
           of
           Protector
           ,
           which
           he
           held
           about
           Four
           Years
           ,
           till
           they
           were
           perswaded
           to
           accept
        
         
           Christopher
           of
           Bavaria
           ,
           
           whom
           the
           Danes
           and
           Norwegians
           had
           already
           chosen
           ;
           his
           short
           Reign
           
           gave
           the
           Suedes
           new
           Disgusts
           to
           the
           Vnion
           ,
           so
           that
           upon
           his
           Death
           ,
           they
           divided
           themselves
           and
           chose
        
         
           
             Carl
             Knuteson
          
           to
           be
           their
           King
           ,
           
           who
           had
           before
           been
           their
           Protector
           ,
           and
           remains
           a
           memorable
           Example
           of
           the
           Vicissitude
           of
           Fortune
           ;
           for
           after
           he
           had
           Reigned
           Ten
           Years
           he
           was
           driven
           out
           by
           a
           Danish
           Faction
           ,
           and
           retiring
           to
           Dantzick
           was
           reduced
           to
           great
           want
           .
        
         
           Christian
           of
           Oldenburg
           ,
           
           King
           of
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           succeeded
           him
           ,
           and
           renewed
           the
           Vnion
           which
           was
           soon
           dissolved
           ;
           Christian
           after
           a
           Reign
           of
           Five
           Years
           being
           turn'd
           out
           ,
        
         
           
             Carl
             Knuteson
          
           was
           restored
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           
           which
           he
           held
           only
           Three
           Years
           ,
           being
           over-power'd
           by
           a
           Faction
           of
           the
           Clergy
           ;
           and
           forced
           to
           forswear
           the
           Crown
           ,
           
           and
           retire
           into
           Finland
           ,
           where
           he
           again
           fell
           into
           want
           ;
           upon
           his
           Deposition
           his
           Daughter's
           Husband
        
         
           
             Erick
             Axelton
          
           was
           made
           Governour
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           was
           miserably
           shattered
           by
           Factions
           ,
           
             of
             which
             the
             Bishops
             were
             the
             greatest
             Ring-leaders
          
           ;
           in
           Favour
           of
           Christian
           of
           Denmark
           ,
           whom
           they
           endeavoured
           to
           restore
           ,
           but
           their
           Party
           being
           worsted
           ,
        
         
           
             Carl
             Knuteson
          
           was
           the
           third
           time
           received
           King
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           
           and
           continued
           so
           till
           his
           Death
           ,
           upon
           which
        
         
           
             Steno
             Sture
          
           ,
           
           a
           Noble
           Man
           of
           ancient
           Family
           ,
           was
           made
           Protector
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           he
           defended
           a
           long
           time
           against
           King
           Christian
           ,
           and
           his
           Successor
           ,
           to
           the
           Crowns
           of
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           but
           was
           at
           last
           forced
           to
           give
           place
           to
        
         
         
           Iohn
           ,
           
           who
           again
           restored
           the
           Vnion
           of
           the
           Three
           Crowns
           ,
           but
           pursuing
           his
           Predecessors
           steps
           in
           oppressing
           the
           Nation
           ,
           and
           imploying
           of
           Strangers
           ,
           he
           was
           soon
           expell'd
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
        
         
           And
           
             Steno
             Sture
          
           was
           again
           made
           Protector
           ;
           
           and
           he
           dying
           ,
        
         
           
             Suanto
             Sture
          
           succeeded
           in
           the
           same
           Quality
           .
           
           He
           had
           continual
           Wars
           with
           King
           Iohn
           all
           the
           time
           of
           his
           Government
           ,
           which
           at
           his
           Death
           was
           conferred
           on
           his
           Son
        
         
           
             Steno
             Sture
          
           the
           younger
           ,
           
           who
           withstood
           the
           Danish
           Faction
           which
           the
           Arch-bishop
           of
           Vpsall
           headed
           ;
           till
           dying
           of
           a
           Wound
           he
           received
           in
           a
           Skirmish
           against
           the
           Danes
           ,
        
         
           Christiern
           ,
           or
           Christian
           ,
           the
           II.
           King
           of
           Denmark
           and
           Norway
           ,
           was
           advanced
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           but
           behaved
           himself
           so
           tyrannically
           ,
           
           and
           shed
           so
           much
           innocent
           Blood
           ,
           especially
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           which
           he
           design'd
           utterly
           to
           root
           out
           ,
           that
           his
           Reign
           became
           intolerable
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Nation
           conspired
           against
           him
           under
           the
           Conduct
           of
        
         
           Gustavus
           the
           First
           ,
           
           descended
           from
           the
           ancient
           Kings
           of
           Sueden
           ,
           whose
           Father
           had
           being
           beheaded
           ,
           and
           his
           Mother
           had
           two
           Sisters
           imprison'd
           by
           Christiern
           :
           He
           was
           at
           first
           received
           Governour
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           two
           Years
           after
           had
           the
           Regal
           Dignity
           conferr'd
           on
           him
           ;
           and
           as
           the
           Danes
           and
           Norwegians
           had
           also
           expell'd
           King
           Christiern
           ,
           who
           had
           married
           Charles
           the
           
           5th's
           Sister
           ,
           and
           repaired
           to
           the
           Imperial
           Court
           for
           Succour
           ,
           which
           he
           could
           not
           obtain
           to
           any
           purpose
           ,
           being
           upon
           his
           Landing
           in
           Norway
           defeated
           ,
           and
           taken
           
           Prisoner
           ;
           in
           which
           State
           he
           continued
           to
           his
           Death
           :
           Therefore
           Gustavus
           was
           freed
           from
           all
           further
           trouble
           ,
           on
           that
           account
           ;
           and
           at
           liberty
           to
           redress
           the
           Disorders
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           were
           great
           :
           His
           first
           Contest
           was
           with
           the
           
             Clergy
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             the
             Authors
             of
             much
             Confusion
             in
             former
             Reigns
          
           ;
           to
           prevent
           which
           for
           the
           future
           ,
           he
           took
           all
           occasions
           to
           diminish
           their
           Revenues
           ,
           reuniting
           to
           the
           Crown
           all
           the
           Lands
           that
           had
           been
           given
           to
           the
           Church
           the
           last
           Hundred
           Years
           ;
           which
           together
           with
           the
           Reformation
           of
           Religion
           disquieted
           the
           first
           Ten
           Years
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           and
           occasioned
           frequent
           Commotions
           :
           Which
           being
           over
           ,
           the
           remainder
           of
           his
           time
           pass'd
           without
           any
           disturbance
           at
           home
           ,
           or
           Wars
           abroad
           ;
           save
           only
           with
           Lubeck
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           with
           Moscovy
           .
        
         
         
           Hitherto
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Sueden
           had
           for
           several
           hundred
           Years
           been
           Elective
           ,
           but
           was
           at
           this
           time
           made
           Hereditary
           to
           the
           Male
           Issue
           of
           Gustavus
           ,
           in
           a
           right
           Line
           of
           Succession
           ;
           with
           reservation
           ,
           that
           in
           default
           of
           such
           Issue
           the
           Right
           of
           Election
           should
           return
           to
           the
           Estates
           .
           Gustavus
           by
           his
           three
           Wives
           had
           four
           Sons
           ,
           and
           several
           Daughters
           ;
           his
           eldest
           Son
           ,
           Erick
           ,
           was
           to
           succeed
           to
           the
           Crown
           ;
           Iohn
           was
           made
           Duke
           of
           
             Finland
             ;
             Magnus
          
           ,
           Duke
           of
           Ostrogothia
           ;
           and
           Charles
           ,
           Duke
           of
           Sudermanland
           ;
           whereby
           those
           Provinces
           were
           in
           a
           manner
           dismembred
           from
           the
           Crown
           :
           An
           Error
           in
           Policy
           that
           Sueden
           has
           so
           oft
           smarted
           for
           ,
           that
           they
           have
           since
           made
           solemn
           Resolutions
           never
           to
           be
           guilty
           of
           it
           again
           ;
           thus
           having
           in
           his
           Reign
           of
           Thirty
           six
           Years
           brought
           the
           
           Kingdom
           into
           such
           a
           flourishing
           Condition
           ,
           as
           it
           had
           not
           seen
           in
           many
           Ages
           ,
           and
           entail'd
           a
           Crown
           upon
           his
           Family
           ,
           in
           which
           it
           still
           continues
           :
           He
           left
           it
           to
           his
           Son
        
         
           Erick
           ,
           
           who
           was
           thereby
           hindred
           from
           prosecuting
           his
           intended
           Voyage
           to
           England
           ,
           with
           hopes
           to
           marry
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           :
           He
           Reigned
           Nine
           Years
           ,
           Five
           of
           which
           he
           kept
           his
           Brother
           Iohn
           close
           Prisoner
           ,
           upon
           Suspicion
           of
           his
           designing
           to
           supplant
           him
           ,
           as
           he
           finally
           did
           ,
           but
           not
           before
           Erick
           his
           making
           a
           Peasant's
           Daughter
           his
           Queen
           ,
           and
           by
           several
           cruel
           and
           dishonourable
           Actions
           had
           lost
           the
           Affections
           of
           all
           his
           Subjects
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           was
           without
           much
           difficulty
           deposed
           ,
           and
           condemned
           to
           a
           perpetual
           Prison
           ,
           where
           he
           ended
           his
           Life
           .
           Upon
           
           his
           Deposition
           ,
           the
           Crown
           came
           to
        
         
           Iohn
           III.
           
           notwithstanding
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           had
           engaged
           their
           
             future
             Allegiance
          
           to
           King
           
           Erick's
           Son
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           by
           the
           Queen
           before
           Marriage
           .
           The
           War
           with
           Moscovy
           ,
           which
           began
           in
           King
           
           Erick's
           time
           ,
           about
           Liefland
           ,
           was
           carried
           on
           by
           this
           King
           with
           good
           Success
           ,
           and
           several
           Places
           taken
           ;
           to
           which
           not
           only
           Muscovy
           ,
           but
           Poland
           and
           Denmark
           also
           pretended
           ;
           for
           as
           the
           
             Knights
             Templers
          
           had
           transferr'd
           their
           Right
           to
           Liefland
           upon
           Poland
           ;
           so
           the
           Muscovites
           had
           agreed
           to
           deliver
           it
           to
           Magnus
           ,
           Duke
           of
           Holstein
           ,
           the
           King
           of
           
           Denmark's
           Brother
           ;
           in
           consideration
           of
           a
           small
           Acknowledgement
           to
           the
           Czar
           of
           Muscovy
           ,
           as
           the
           Supream
           Lord
           :
           So
           that
           Four
           
           great
           Nations
           claimed
           this
           Country
           at
           once
           ,
           which
           possibly
           might
           facilitate
           the
           Suedish
           Conquests
           .
        
         
           This
           Prince's
           Reign
           was
           disquieted
           by
           his
           Attempt
           to
           alter
           the
           
             Establish'd
             Religion
          
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           made
           considerable
           progress
           ;
           but
           was
           sometimes
           in
           doubt
           ,
           whether
           he
           should
           endeavour
           an
           Vnion
           with
           the
           Latin
           or
           Greek
           Church
           ;
           to
           the
           former
           of
           which
           he
           at
           last
           declared
           himself
           ;
           but
           could
           not
           prevail
           with
           his
           Subjects
           to
           follow
           his
           Example
           .
           He
           kept
           his
           Brother
           Erick
           Ten
           Years
           in
           Prison
           ,
           and
           then
           thought
           it
           necessary
           for
           Safety
           to
           have
           him
           poyson'd
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Advice
           which
           it
           is
           said
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           had
           given
           .
        
         
           His
           Brother
           Magnus
           did
           not
           Minister
           any
           Cause
           of
           Suspicion
           ,
           being
           disturbed
           in
           his
           Brain
           ,
           and
           
           uncapable
           of
           having
           any
           Design
           .
        
         
           But
           his
           Brother
           Charles
           gave
           him
           sufficient
           occasion
           of
           Jealousie
           ,
           and
           it
           was
           not
           without
           great
           difficulty
           ,
           that
           things
           were
           kept
           from
           coming
           to
           an
           extremity
           between
           them
           .
        
         
           After
           a
           Reign
           of
           Thirty
           six
           Years
           King
           Iohn
           died
           by
           the
           Fault
           of
           an
           ignorant
           Apothecary
           ,
           there
           being
           then
           no
           Physicians
           in
           Sueden
           ;
           to
           him
           succeeded
           his
           Son
        
         
           Sigismund
           ,
           
           whose
           Mother
           was
           Catharine
           ,
           a
           Princess
           of
           the
           Iagellan
           Family
           in
           Poland
           :
           To
           which
           Crown
           ,
           Sigismund
           had
           been
           Elected
           Five
           Years
           before
           his
           Father
           died
           :
           His
           Brother
           Iohn
           was
           in
           his
           Minority
           ;
           so
           that
           his
           Uncle
           Charles
           had
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           till
           Sigismund
           came
           
           from
           Poland
           to
           be
           Crowned
           in
           Sueden
           ;
           which
           was
           not
           till
           about
           a
           Year
           after
           his
           Fathers
           decease
           .
           His
           Coronation
           was
           retarded
           some
           Months
           ,
           by
           the
           Difficulties
           that
           arose
           about
           the
           Points
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           the
           Confirmation
           of
           Priviledges
           :
           All
           which
           were
           at
           last
           accommodated
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           after
           a
           Years
           stay
           in
           Sueden
           ,
           returned
           to
           Poland
           ,
           leaving
           the
           Kingdom
           in
           great
           Confusion
           ,
           which
           daily
           encreas'd
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           at
           his
           return
           some
           Years
           after
           ,
           
           he
           was
           met
           by
           his
           Uncle
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           an
           Army
           ,
           which
           defeated
           the
           Forces
           the
           King
           brought
           with
           him
           .
           Whereupon
           an
           Accomodation
           being
           patched
           up
           ,
           he
           returned
           to
           Poland
           ,
           leaving
           his
           Uncle
           to
           manage
           the
           Government
           .
           Which
           Post
           he
           held
           ,
           till
           the
           States
           being
           weary
           of
           Sigismund
           ,
           
           and
           having
           in
           vain
           brought
           him
           to
           consent
           to
           his
           Son's
           Advancement
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           which
           his
           Brother
           Iohn
           also
           refused
           :
           They
           conferr'd
           it
           upon
           his
           Uncle
           Charles
           the
           9th
           ,
           who
           thereby
           became
           engaged
           in
           a
           War
           with
           Poland
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           already
           with
           Muscovy
           ;
           
           the
           Scene
           of
           both
           being
           in
           Liefland
           ,
           where
           the
           Suedes
           lost
           Ground
           ,
           till
           the
           Affairs
           of
           Muscovy
           fell
           into
           such
           Confusion
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           forced
           to
           give
           Sueden
           a
           Peace
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           have
           its
           Assistance
           against
           the
           Poles
           and
           Tartars
           ;
           which
           was
           granted
           upon
           Terms
           very
           advantageous
           for
           Sueden
           ,
           and
           sent
           under
           the
           Conduct
           of
           Count
           
             Iacob
             de
             la
             Gardie
          
           ,
           who
           did
           Muscovy
           great
           Service
           ;
           but
           the
           Muscovites
           failing
           to
           perform
           the
           Conditions
           stipulated
           ,
           he
           broke
           with
           them
           ,
           and
           took
           the
           
           City
           of
           Novogrod
           ,
           and
           disposed
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           with
           others
           of
           the
           Neighbouring
           Provinces
           ,
           to
           desire
           Prince
           
             Charles
             ,
             (
             Phillip
          
           ,
           the
           King
           's
           younger
           Son
           )
           to
           be
           their
           Czar
           ;
           which
           was
           so
           long
           in
           treating
           about
           ,
           that
           the
           Opportunity
           was
           lost
           .
        
         
           The
           Year
           before
           this
           King's
           Death
           a
           War
           broke
           out
           with
           Denmark
           ;
           in
           which
           State
           he
           left
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           his
           Son
        
         
           
             Gustavus
             Adolphus
          
           ,
           
           who
           having
           ended
           the
           War
           with
           Denmark
           ,
           by
           the
           Mediation
           of
           Iames
           the
           1st
           ,
           of
           England
           ,
           applied
           himself
           to
           that
           in
           Leifland
           and
           Muscovy
           :
           To
           the
           Borders
           of
           which
           he
           sent
           his
           Brother
           ,
           not
           with
           an
           Intention
           to
           procure
           his
           Establishment
           in
           that
           Throne
           ,
           which
           he
           rather
           aimed
           at
           for
           himself
           ;
           But
           to
           induce
           the
           fortified
           Places
           adjacent
           to
           
           Finland
           and
           Liefland
           ,
           to
           accept
           of
           Suedish
           Garisons
           in
           Prince
           Charles
           Phillip's
           Name
           ,
           which
           succeeded
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           ,
           till
           another
           was
           chosen
           Czar
           ;
           with
           whom
           ,
           after
           various
           Success
           on
           both
           sides
           ,
           a
           Peace
           was
           concluded
           by
           the
           Mediation
           of
           England
           and
           Holland
           ;
           by
           which
           Sueden
           ,
           besides
           part
           of
           Liefland
           ,
           got
           the
           Country
           of
           Ingermanland
           ,
           and
           the
           Province
           of
           Kexholm
           ,
           with
           several
           fortified
           Places
           ,
           and
           wholly
           shut
           out
           the
           Muscovites
           from
           the
           East
           Sea.
           
        
         
           The
           Polish
           War
           ,
           that
           had
           some
           short
           Intervals
           of
           Truces
           ,
           was
           of
           a
           longer
           continuance
           ,
           and
           no
           less
           beneficial
           to
           Sueden
           ;
           which
           ,
           in
           the
           Course
           of
           it
           ,
           took
           Riga
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Places
           the
           Poles
           had
           in
           Liefland
           ,
           except
           only
           one
           Fort
           ,
           and
           thence
           carried
           the
           War
           into
           Prussia
           with
           the
           like
           Success
           ,
           till
           
           at
           last
           by
           the
           Interposition
           of
           
             England
             ,
             France
          
           ,
           &c.
           a
           Truce
           was
           concluded
           for
           six
           Years
           .
        
         
           This
           gave
           Gustavus
           leisure
           to
           engage
           in
           the
           German
           War
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           was
           both
           provoked
           by
           the
           Emperour
           ,
           and
           encouraged
           by
           others
           .
           The
           Year
           following
           he
           began
           that
           Expedition
           ,
           and
           on
           Iune
           24.
           arriving
           in
           the
           Mouth
           of
           the
           Odor
           ,
           he
           Landed
           his
           little
           Army
           that
           consisted
           of
           Sixteen
           Troops
           of
           Horse
           ,
           and
           Ninety
           two
           Companies
           of
           Foot
           ,
           making
           about
           Eight
           Thousand
           Men
           ,
           which
           ,
           besides
           other
           Additions
           ,
           was
           augmented
           by
           Six
           Regiments
           of
           English
           and
           Scotch
           under
           Duke
           Hamilton
           ,
           but
           more
           by
           the
           King
           's
           incredible
           Success
           .
        
         
         
           Upon
           his
           first
           approach
           Stetin
           and
           all
           Pomerania
           fell
           into
           his
           Hands
           .
           
           The
           Year
           following
           having
           joyned
           the
           
             Elector
             of
             Saxony
          
           ,
           he
           gave
           the
           
           Emperour's
           Army
           under
           General
           Tilly
           ,
           a
           total
           Overthrow
           near
           Liepsig
           :
           Whence
           he
           traversed
           Franconia
           ,
           the
           
             Palatinate
             ,
             Bavaria
          
           ,
           &c.
           till
           the
           next
           Year
           at
           the
           Battle
           of
           Lutzen
           (
           where
           his
           Army
           was
           again
           victorious
           )
           he
           was
           treacherously
           kill'd
           ,
           (
           as
           't
           is
           believed
           )
           by
           
             Francis
             Albert
          
           ,
           Duke
           of
           
             Saxon
             Lawemburgh
          
           ;
           not
           only
           to
           the
           great
           Joy
           of
           the
           Imperialists
           ,
           but
           of
           France
           and
           other
           his
           Friends
           ,
           who
           envied
           and
           feared
           the
           farther
           Encrease
           of
           his
           Greatness
           .
           By
           his
           Death
           the
           Crown
           fell
           to
           his
           Daughter
           ,
        
         
         
           Christina
           ,
           a
           Princess
           of
           Five
           Years
           old
           ,
           in
           whose
           Favour
           her
           Father
           had
           gained
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           alter
           the
           
             Hereditary
             Vnion
          
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           stiled
           ,
           which
           restrained
           the
           Succession
           to
           the
           Male
           Line
           .
           In
           her
           Minority
           the
           Chancellor
           
             Axel
             Oxenstiern
          
           had
           the
           Direction
           of
           the
           Suedish
           Affairs
           in
           Germany
           ;
           where
           the
           War
           was
           prosecuted
           with
           variety
           of
           Success
           ,
           but
           much
           to
           the
           Advantage
           of
           Sueden
           ;
           which
           was
           possest
           of
           above
           a
           Hundred
           fortified
           Places
           ,
           and
           had
           an
           Army
           exceeding
           100000
           Men
           ,
           when
           Prince
           
             Charles
             Gustave
          
           was
           Generalissimo
           .
           A
           little
           before
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Munster
           ,
           by
           which
           Sueden
           obtained
           for
           its
           Satisfaction
           ,
           the
           Dukedoms
           of
           
             Pomerania
             ,
             Bremen
          
           and
           Verdeu
           ,
           with
           the
           City
           of
           Wismar
           ,
           and
           a
           Right
           of
           Session
           ,
           
           to
           Vote
           in
           the
           Diets
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           Circle
           of
           
             Lower
             Saxony
          
           ,
           as
           also
           the
           Sum
           of
           five
           Millions
           of
           Crowns
           .
           The
           Queen
           had
           for
           several
           years
           entertained
           a
           Resolution
           to
           quit
           the
           Crown
           ,
           which
           she
           at
           last
           effected
           ,
           and
           after
           having
           procured
           Prince
           
             Charles
             Gustavus
          
           ,
           to
           be
           declared
           
             Hereditary
             Prince
          
           (
           whom
           the
           States
           would
           gladly
           have
           had
           the
           Queen
           married
           ,
           but
           neither
           he
           nor
           she
           were
           inclined
           to
           it
           )
           with
           much
           Solemnity
           she
           divested
           her self
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           released
           her
           Subjects
           from
           their
           Allegiance
           ,
           which
           the
           same
           day
           was
           conferred
           upon
           
        
         
           
             Charles
             '
             Gustavus
          
           ,
           who
           the
           year
           following
           made
           War
           upon
           Poland
           ,
           to
           revenge
           the
           Affront
           done
           to
           him
           ,
           in
           protesting
           against
           his
           Admission
           to
           the
           Crown
           ;
           his
           Progress
           at
           first
           surprized
           not
           only
           
           Poland
           ,
           but
           alarm'd
           all
           Europe
           ;
           for
           in
           three
           Months
           time
           he
           had
           taken
           all
           Prussia
           ,
           except
           Dantzick
           ;
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Lithuania
           ,
           the
           Cities
           of
           
             Warsaw
             ,
             Cracaw
          
           ,
           and
           other
           places
           in
           the
           Greater
           and
           
             Lesser
             Poland
          
           .
           Most
           of
           the
           People
           of
           those
           Provinces
           swearing
           Allegiance
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           being
           Deserted
           by
           King
           Casimir
           ,
           who
           was
           fled
           into
           Silesia
           ,
           but
           this
           Career
           of
           Prosperity
           did
           not
           long
           continue
           ;
           the
           first
           Consternation
           being
           over
           ,
           the
           Poles
           were
           as
           ready
           to
           fall
           from
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           been
           to
           embrace
           his
           Party
           ;
           besides
           ,
           the
           
             Emperour
             ,
             Moscovy
          
           ,
           and
           Holland
           ,
           became
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           as
           also
           Denmark
           ;
           which
           gave
           the
           King
           of
           Sueden
           an
           honourable
           Occasion
           of
           quitting
           Poland
           ,
           where
           he
           could
           not
           long
           have
           subsisted
           ;
           having
           therefore
           left
           his
           Brother
           ,
           Prince
           Adolph
           ,
           Governour
           of
           Prussia
           ,
           
           he
           hastened
           to
           Denmark
           ,
           which
           he
           soon
           reduced
           to
           a
           necessity
           of
           Buying
           Peace
           at
           the
           price
           of
           the
           Provinces
           of
           
             Schonen
             ,
             Halland
          
           ,
           and
           Bleaking
           ,
           which
           was
           concluded
           in
           the
           following
           Spring
           ,
           but
           broke
           out
           again
           in
           few
           Months
           .
        
         
           The
           King
           of
           Sueden
           unexpectedly
           Landing
           an
           Army
           the
           following
           Summer
           in
           Seelandt
           ,
           
           where
           he
           took
           the
           Castle
           of
           Cronenburgh
           at
           the
           Entrance
           of
           the
           Sound
           ,
           but
           had
           not
           the
           like
           Success
           at
           Copenhagen
           ,
           which
           was
           besieged
           and
           stormed
           in
           vain
           ;
           and
           being
           the
           following
           Summer
           relieved
           by
           a
           Fleet
           from
           Holland
           ,
           the
           Siege
           was
           turn'd
           into
           a
           Blockade
           ,
           and
           continued
           so
           till
           
             Charles
             Gustave
          
           ,
           having
           by
           his
           bold
           and
           successful
           Attempts
           in
           six
           years
           time
           drawn
           upon
           Sueden
           the
           Enmity
           of
           almost
           all
           Europe
           ,
           was
           taken
           away
           by
           a
           Feaver
           ,
           and
           left
           the
           Crown
           to
           his
           Son
        
         
         
           Charles
           XI
           .
           the
           present
           King
           ,
           
           whose
           Ministers
           obtain'd
           Peace
           with
           
             Poland
             ,
             Moscovy
          
           ,
           the
           
             Emperour
             ,
             Brandenburgh
             ,
             Holland
          
           ,
           and
           Denmark
           ,
           upon
           Honourable
           Conditions
           ,
           which
           continued
           till
           it
           was
           interrupted
           by
           the
           late
           War
           ;
           of
           which
           an
           Account
           has
           been
           given
           already
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A57454-e8730
           
             1250.
             
          
           
             1279.
             
          
           
             1290.
             
          
           
             1319.
             
          
           
             1363.
             
          
           
             1388.
             
          
           
             1396.
             
          
           
             1440.
             
          
           
             1448.
             
          
           
             1458.
             
          
           
             1463.
             
          
           
             1468.
             
          
           
             1471.
             
          
           
             1497.
             
          
           
             1501.
             
          
           
             1504.
             
          
           
             1512.
             
          
           
             1521.
             
          
           
             1559.
             
          
           
             1568.
             
          
           
             1592.
             
          
           
             1598.
             
          
           
             1604.
             
          
           
             1611.
             
          
           
             Sept.
             7.
             1631.
             
          
           
             Jan
             6.
             1654.
             
          
           
             1658.
             
          
           
             1660.