by the king a proclamation restraining the abusive venting of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation restraining the abusive venting of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.). by robert barker, printer to the kings most excellent maiestie: and by the assignes of iohn bill, imprinted at london : [i.e. ] arms without "c r" at top. those selected to sell must also have license to do so. "giuen at our court at newmarket, the thirteenth day of march, in the ninth yeere of our reigne." reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry and trade -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . tobacco industry and trade -- bermuda islands -- early works to . monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- history -- charles i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion by the king. ¶ a proclamation restraining the abusiue venting of tobacco . whereas the kings most excellent maiestie being informed of the abuses dayly arising of the vngouerned selling and retailing of tobacco , by his proclamation lately published , did prohibit all his people , that after the feast of candlemas , which is now last past , none of them out of certaine cities and townes therein specified to haue beene appointed , and within those cities and townes no other but certaine persons named , as in the said proclamation is expressed , and such as from time to time as should be permitted , should sell or deliuer any tobacco by retaile , herein requiring due obedience vntill his maiestie should make other declaration , as by the same proclamation appeareth . sithence which , a great number of his maiesties louing subiects haue repaired to some lords , and others of his maiesties priuie councell , being his maiesties commissioners appointed to treat with them , and haue humbly desired letters patents of licence to sell tobacco by retaile , whereunto his maiesties said commissioners haue consented : but because it is both conuenient and necessary that the number of those that be licensed to sell tobacco by retaile , and also their names be knowne , that in time conuenient notice may be taken from them how much tobacco in each yeere they retaile and uent : that vpon knowledge thereof , his maiesty for preuenting of the issuing out of the realme too great a proportion of the stocke of this kingdome , may giue order for the quantity of tobacco that shall be yeerely brought in : and being resolued that any who from henceforth shall presume to vtter or sell tobacco , not being licensed , shall seuerely be proceeded against : for these and for other causes , the king our soueraigne lord straightly defendeth and commandeth , that neither such as by pretext of being formerly nominated as meet men to retaile tobacco , nor any other from henceforth presume to sell or vtter tobacco by retaile , vntill they shall haue obtained his maiesties licence in that behalfe , any permission or tolleration that may be pretended by the said proclamation , or any other signification notwithstanding , vpon such paines of censure in the court of star-chamber and elsewhere , as may be inflicted vpon contemners of his maiesties commands publiquely proclaimed . wherein his maiestie is pleased , that a part of the fines set vpon the contemners of this command , be conferred vpon those that giue notice of the offenders , so as they may be brought to iudgement . giuen at our court at newmarket , the thirteenth day of march , in the ninth yeere of our reigne . god saue the king. imprinted at london by robert barker , printer to the kings most excellent maiestie : and by the assignes of iohn bill . . hymnus tabaci a poem in honour of tabaco. heroïcally composed by raphael thorius: made english by peter hausted mr of arts camb. hymnus tabaci. english thorius, raphael, d. . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason e _ e _ ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing t thomason e _ thomason e _ estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; :e [ ], :e [ ]) hymnus tabaci a poem in honour of tabaco. heroïcally composed by raphael thorius: made english by peter hausted mr of arts camb. hymnus tabaci. english thorius, raphael, d. . kinschot, louis van, - . hausted, peter, d. . , [ ], p. printed by t.n. for humphrey moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the princes arms in st pauls churchyard, london : . editor's preface signed: lud. à kinschot. in verse. running title reads: tabaco. "cheimonopegnion" has separate dated title page and pagination; register is continuous = thomason e. [ ]. annotation on thomason copy: "jan: "; imprint date crossed through. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng tobacco -- poetry -- early works to . a r (thomason e _ e _ ). civilwar no hymnus tabaci: a poem in honour of tabaco. heroïcally composed by raphael thorius: made english by peter hausted mr of arts camb. thorius, raphael c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion hymnvs tabaci ; a poem in honour of tabaco . heroically composed by raphael thorivs : made english by peter havsted mr of arts camb . london , printed by t. n. for humphrey moseley , and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the princes arms in st pauls churchyard , . ludowic à kinschot , to the reader . it is almost two yeers , ( curteous reader ) since this elegant poem of tabaco , by some notwithstanding either through negligence or ignorance main'd and mangled , came to our hands . which being approv'd by men of most learned judgments , i thought it was in no wise longer by me to be suppress'd . but a perfect copy being hitherto wanting , i blush'd not to require it of the author ; although at that time i was altogether unacquainted with him . who , as he is most loving and curteous , soon subscrib'd to our petition . he therfore sent me a copy , partly more adorn'd , and partly more augmented : with which he also sent other companions full of wit and pleasantness . these were certain letters , which to set in place of a preface , will be neither strange from the argument of the book or our intention . for it is far from me to arrogate to my self the labours of another man . the author therefore of this work is raphael thorius , who as he is a physitian famous , if any at this day , so is he also no vulgar poet . the argument indeed seems light , but what is handled by such a physitian , doth not onely delight , but teach ; unless any man will object against the siphylide of fracastorius , who by an argument almost infamous got to himself so great a name . thou shalt here see the invention of tabaco ascrib'd to bacchus ; how fitly , they cannot be ignorant , who as the poet saith , plerunque alternis admiscent pocula fumis . be favourable therefore curteous reader , to this work , and enjoy it , and when thou dost recreate thy minde with reading it , remember the common verse , usus habet laudem , crimen abusus habet . lud. à kinschot . raphael thorius to ludowic à kinschot . for so great a benefit i give my utmost thanks most renowned sir , not to you alone but to those great men also , rutgersius , and heinsius , by whose liberality and your own i have been so spendidly entertain'd : not as a stranger , but as the familiar parish priest , intending perhaps with my conceits to add unto your merriment . i never thought apollo had bequeath'd so good an omen to this little poem , as to make it acceptable to such palats , or that indeed it would have become the age of sixteen yeers being rashly put forth , unwarily undertak'n , and without care composed . notwithstanding since by its own good fate , it hath found such courteous entertainment ; i will neither take from it the benefit of its own happy genious , nor deceive your expectation . but shall be rather liberal to those who are liberal , joyning a younger brother to it , something better habited : both i freely offer to the judgements both of your self , and those before mentioned . send it to the press when you think best convenient : but being abroad , cherish it ; be favouroble also to the father , and defend against the censure of severe cato's , an old man playing among children . but that i have given to you what to other friends hath been denied , the place and persons are sufficient reasons : for here it is a crime to be a poet , neither is he accounted wise that after the first appearance of his beard , sleepes in pernassus : otherwise is your opinion , to whom the muses in gray haires are acceptable , and who easily acquit sophocles , his tragedy being read , from the accusation of madness ; moreover , being in this kind of learning esteem'd princes , not undeservedly ye sustain the part of judges , no man daring to contradict your sentence . and this doth also comfort me in throwing so hazardous a die , that what you have once approved , no man will venture to disprove . but to you , the best of men , i give many and particular thanks , that being in face unknown , you abounded in so much friendship toward me , that you thought me worthy of your love , and lastly have undertaken the care of this infant and helpless poem : which to requite , i can onely subscribe to your requests and remain a willing observe of your commands . i send you therefore the first hymn corrected , to which , more furniture being added , i have joyn'd the second . although i had rather intitle them a book then a hymn : i should more carefully excuse the lightness of the subject , were not the argument sutable to my art : however it be , i never shall repent to appear upon the scene with such authorities . your elegant epigram i shall be glad to see in the front , to the ornament both of the work and of the work-man ; who , in the threshold of our friendship , gives you his hand as the pledge of his eternal fidelity . farewel . london , febr. . . omnibus paeti-sugis . morbifugae vires plantae , miracula stirpis caelitus ostensae , partes diducit in omnes thorius , & primo fumos orditur ab ovo . vos quibus ad patum vigilanti stertere naso , fumigerisque placet replere vaporibus auras , ore favete omnes . coelo delabitur alto planta beata , udo non aspernanda cerebro ; scilicet in medijs habitat vis enthea fum●s , et parvo ingentes clauduntur cortice vires . ludicra narrantur ; sed & haec quoque seria ducunt veraque sub ficto latitat sapientia paeto . lud. à kinschot . in paetologiam doctissimi raph. thorij d. m. amici intimi . qvod jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant , quod fumos bibit omnis ager , bibit omnis ab aula ad caulam fumosa domus , quod pascere fumos fumosos equitum cum dictatore magistros , quod pueros fumare juvat , fumare puellas , mollius indignor : quin tecum ignosco puellis et pueris , aulis , caulis , equitumque magistris . prime pater paeti , fumantum gloria , thori , non fumum ex fulgore , sed ex fumo dare lucem sedule ; te praetore magis lippire decenter quam lachrymâ ridente putant ; jucunda cuique te medico tussis cui nec pituita molesta est , creditur instanes membris emungere morbos . at mihi quod sacra latet in vertigine multo praecipuum est ; hos te calices fecisse disertum : haec aliquid certe fumo facundia debet . faecundi calices , felix vertigo , saliva nobilis , insignes lachrymae , gratissima tussis . me quoque , si parcè videor laudare merentes insolitas calicumque super praeconia laudes , me quoque vicinis afflatum credite fumis , et sicco titubare mero ; brevis iste futurus est furor : exierit sensim vesania primi turbinis , aggrediar stabilis de nare tepenti fundere cum fumis quae vor per saecula vectent verba vetentque mori , nolint jovis ira velignes . profumi ! sed & hic furor est ; ignosci evobis , fumosoque mihi : cessem fumare , tacebo sobrius , & sapiam , labris is encomia , linguâ , dentibus occludam : quid enim , si thorius unum arguit ipse sui reliquum fecisse stuporem ? in eandem . carmina sputantur fumi potoribus , audi massiliae si quem fumea vina juvant , thorius exemplo docuit spumantia multum pocula , fumantes omnia posse tubos . constanter . tabaco . book i. of harmelsse bowles i mean to sing the praise , and th'herb which doth the poets fancy raise ; aid me , o a phoebus ; thee i do invoke . fill me a pipe ( boy ) of that lusty smoke , that i may drink the god into my brain , and so inabled , write a buskin'd strain , for nothing great or high can come from thence , where that blest plant denies his influence . no mortal had the honour to descry this noble herb first , but a diety ; 't was found by bacchus , when the god wound up to his true height , by his own charming cup , led th' indians forth under the warlike b spear , whose glittering head an ivy twine did wear ; and the all-soveraign weed being found out thus , too late ( alas ) hath been made known to us . the twice-born liber seeing that his foes ( whom the parch'd desart cliffs as yet inclose ) had furious war begun , with hot alarms , doth call his ivy-crowned troops to arms , and the swift lynxes to be yoak'd , commands ; the great bassarides in order'd bands , march with their valiant leader to the field ; and all his furious priests obedience yeild to his behests , and follow : nor yet will c silenus ( though grown old ) at home sit still . the drugdges and the carriages go next , and amongst them is led ( " an ample text , for antiquaries to glosse on ) the sage silenus saddle-asse , grown lame with age ; the fearfull indians here and there do fly ; and while they sought their flying enemy , the weary troops having too long in vain wandred about upon the sandy plain , grow faint , and their provisions all are spent , and bacchus wants what he himself first lent unto us men , the liquor of the vine . ( " pity that he who gave , should e're lack wine ! ) the d old mans vessel too being quite drawn dry , does in this chariot overturned ly . the e maenades and satyrs , and the rout of untam'd youth ( impatient of the drought ) do wound the intrals of their mother earth , longing to see some gentle spring gush forth . but all in vain , necessity makes them bold to taste the salt drink ; their own bladder hold unnatural draughts ! but yet such is their woe , that those unnatural draughts do fail them too . so tyrant-like , thirst in their bodies reigns , all moisture does forsake their dryed veins . the sterner face of horrour now controuls the sinking troops ; some breathe their toasted souls out of their reeking jaws ; others are found to own borrow supplies from their mutual wound ; who finding too those fountains to grow dry , in a despair drink their last cup and dy . while thus the army is about to fall , and generall death is threatned over all , f a courteous vale , which not far off did die , presents a fair hope to the fainting eie ; an obscure herbage shews a doubtful face , confused made by distance of the place . at which the nimble-sighted evius cri'd , o my companions , let 's awhile abide : why with disgrace should we forsake the field ? yon neighbour-vale will us wish'd succour yeild . these words applyed balsame to their sore , and made them close those veins they broach'd before . which having done slow , yet labour'd pace , ( as weaknesse would permit ) they reach the place . and being there , behold a wood o're spread with vast thick leaves , lifts up its brisking head , offering his aid , " a wel-grown plant , and tall , which we of later times tabaco call . bacchus o're-joy'd , salutes the powerful weed , hail thou that art our help in greatest need ; i do acknowledge thee a gift divine , and of near kindred to that * tree of mine . more he had said , but that his followers deaf unto such courtship , pluck the long'd-for leaf , which they betwixt their green-di●d teeth do bite , and with if slake their barking appetite . not so , silenus : many years had made him wiser far , to taste he is afraid : not his own ill , the danger of his mates shall teach the vertue of their new-found cates . not is it long before th' event discries the uncouth power that in tabaco lies ; through the whole camp ( a wondrous thing to tell , ) like drunken men , they vomited and fell . the earth doth seem to glide in circlewise , ( " * copernicus from hence learnt his device , ) and their sick brains beleeve the heavens in love to meet the rising earth , do downwards move . a most invincible desire of sleep doth seize them all ; the goat-foot satyrs keep lowd snortings on the lands , and by their side the f mimallons ( or femall priests ) abide lock'd up in silence , ( in a happy hower . " most blessed drug , hadst thou no other power ? ) but this not long : new life and spirits apace run back t' inform each member , and do chase dull drowsinesse from them ; now again they rise , their feet are firm , lightning comes frō their eies . with brawny arms they shake the leavy spear , and with loud cries do wish the foe were near . silenus sees , and wonders to behold th' infeebled host so suddenly grown bold ; o my good friends , he cries , we came not hither without some god propitious to us ; neither let us forget still to confesse the same , and sing just praises to great bacchus name . nor let us be ashamed now to call tabaco our health , our spirit , our life , our all ; who but for that had fell , for ought we know , a sacrifice to the insulting foe ; the weak unto the powerful ; and so wee had yeilded them a bloudlesse victorie : but let them now come on , and they shall find our strength grown great , to that as great a mind . yet let us carefull be ; though we have gain'd a gift from heav'n , it must not be profan'd by blind and ignorant usage : for this know , if old silenus any skil does owe to his gray hairs , some secret poison lies in the rare plant , hid from our outward eies . trust not the green juice then unto your maw , eat not the leaf , there 's danger in it raw : phoebus shall cook it for us , so we may take wholesome draughts purg'd by his searching ray . for sure kind nature , if we may be bold so far her cabinet-councels to unfold , invented it a banquet for the brain , not for the belly . let each lusty swain rub the dri'd herb then twixt his hands ; wch done and hous'd in pipes , let us intreat the sun to fire it for us , that the warm cloud may ( being subtle grown , and apt to find the way ) with the more ease the winding stair obtain , which leads unto the chamber of the brain . silenus thus commanded , they obey ; part of the satyrs without all delay prepare the canes , and some the leaves do break into a dust-like substance ; others take the pipes and fill them , nothing now but fire is wanting to them ; which they all desire . the old g man from his wallet draws a glasse which in old time the quaint invention was of bold prometheus , when ( to get a name ) he from heav'ns furnace stole th'eternall flame . lo , here is fire , he saith ; that said , he lays dry'd leaves together ; and that done , assays to catch the sun-beams ; to those leaves applies his glasse , which round does from the center rise . the darted rays like to sword points , do wound the yeilding fewel on the parched ground ; heat by degrees steals in , and lodges there , whence smoke is sent to tell that fire is neare . the satyrs all applaud him , and do bear their * master on their shoulders , up they rear their voices to the stars : but th'old sire first adventures with the pipe to quench his thirst . from thence he gently sucks a precious cloud , which his wide nosthrils vent again : aloud the satyrs laugh ; but he fill'd with delight to taste the sudden sweetnesse , findes new might disperst through his whole body , like as when crown'd bowls do adde quick spirits unto men . moisture returns into his mouth ; no more salt thirst or bitter hunger ( as before ) afflicts him ; onely a short giddinesse makes his legs fail , and temperate sweat does dresse his face in pearly drops : but yet not long , they vanish , he remains unhurt and strong . under the covert of the cooling shade , which by the thick-leav'd indian plant was made , silenus lays him down , and being there , began to tell how sciences first were made known to mortals ; and most liberall of the rich treasure of his mind , does fall to speak of natures secrets , and rare powers , so with sweet talk cheating the slow-pac'd howers . the youthfull crue do imitate their syre , and their tabaco in their pipes they fire ; but yet unskill'd to nose it right , it rears a coughing , not without some grieflesse tears . while merry thus they sport them on the grasse , behold , their messengers , who long ( alasse ) had been expected , do return , and bring plenty of wine and victuals to their king and camp , at which eccho's of joy do tear wth loud and pleasant notes the passive air . their pipes they tune to song , and high in mirth , low they do bow their knees towards the earth unto the men which did the bottles bring ; ( such petulant sport through the whole host did ring ) nor yet the old mans lame and crazie asse being return'd , can unsaluted passe . with junkets first , next they do chear their souls with lusty wines , checkering their pipes & bowls . all things are fill'd with smoak , songs , dances , cries ; till midnight pours sweet sleep into their eyes . the morn no sooner with her rosie wing , had fann'd cool air upon them , but their king , the carefull bacchus , summons them to rise : the like does good silenus , and applies sage counsell to the army , who the night before had been steeped in soft delight . enough , my friends , enough , y' have given the reign to wine and mirth , be now your selves again ; call back your wonted anger to your brow , and think of nought but wars and conquest now . compose your arms then to a present fight , the foe is near perhaps , though out of sight ; in order'd ranks march on ; but first take heed to store your selves with our new precious weed , made ready for your pipes , your pipes made fit unto your mouths , with fire to kindle it , and suddenly with this prodigious face of smoke and horrour , we the foe shall chase . be men , and doubt not but eternall fame shall trumpet unto after-times , your name . this said , with nimble diligence they all strive who shall first obey their generall ; who by this time is in his chariot , prest for action , eminent above the rest : and by his chariot ( slowly as he can ) the unkemb'd asse carries the good h old man ; for war unmeet , yet eloquent , and fit for sage advice , when dangers call for it . the numerous host with equall wings does fly , and with stout spirits wish for th' enemy , who is at hand ; for presently * he rears over the neighbour hill his growing spears . the bloud begins to boyl in bacchus brest , some shake their brazen timbrels , and the rest beat up their warlike drums : but all combine to whet their resty anger with good wine . their ready pipes are fir'd , and with their breath , they cast a mist before the face of death : breathing out fire and smoak , they forward goe in enquipage to meet the coming foe . a sudden fear and trembling does possess th' affrighted * indians , who suppose no less then the dire sooty powers of hell to bee marching against them ; part of their army flee , and wisely wary , fearing future harms , trust rather to their legs , then to their arms : some do for mercy crave , and without stroke , submit their willing necks unto the yoke : but quickly ( though too late ) their eyes grow clear , to see their errour and their panick fear . asham'd to be deluded so , they cry , they blush and sigh for their lost liberty , but bacchus chears them , 〈◊〉 whom cannot bacchus chear ? so temper'd with a sweetness he doth bear his awfull majesty , that they grow glad by such a band so to be vanquished ; one day doth see , ( " as they would mingle souls , ) the victors and the conquer'd mingling bowles without all diffrence , as if equally they both had sacrific'd to victory . the wine grows busie , and betwixt each cup ( " as in a play 'twixt th' acts ) their pipes strike up ; they do admire their native herb , but yet grieve they no sooner knew the use of it . thus they with smoke their inward cares do smother , and so by one cloud do expel another . thence was the famous plant at first made known to men ; and thus have i it's cradle shown . what vertues in the noble weed do rest , what constitutions it agrees with best , and what diseases it will cure , is now thy task , my muse . " rub my contracted brow , and waken all the heat that 's in my brain , to adde a genius to another strain . tabaco king of plants i well may call ; others have single vertues , this hath all . all herbs to him do loyall homage yeild , the vanqush'd hellebore leaves him the field , the loos'ning rhubarb too , and merry vine , the balsam good for wounds , the beans for swine ; field penny-royal which the mind does chear , and poppy , which a heavy head doth wear . o the great goodness of the gods , who set so rich a jem in a small cabinet ! whose seed , though small as dust or atomes light , deceiving both the touch and nimble sight , like a thick wood strait covers all the fields , and surest aid in doubtful sickness yeilds ; of which effects who seeks the cause to know , a labour difficult doth undergo : for whether a salt mixture do abound , this plants admired substance to compound ; or whether nature grown more liberall , her richest bounties on this herb let fall : or that each countries various situation , the soil or seasons cause the alteration ; or that it have an inbred sympathie with young and aged tempers to agree , in natures secret bosome lies conceal'd , nor is by humane studies yet reveal'd ; yet by examples , if we may advance so search the winding ways of ignorance : first , to dissolve the whole into like parts , perhaps may give some light to furture arts , whereby at length the discontented mind , of not the truth , truth's image yet may find . what ever is in nature which doth fall under the power of taste , men salt do call ; which is twofold ; or that which doth inhere in the corporeal mass , and dwelleth there , from which not subtle vulcans looser flame , with all the art he hath , can wooe the same , but couchant in the ashes doth remain , from whence it doth the name of fixed gain ; or else that lighter fugitive , that flies with the kind smoke up towards the airy skies . ( " with which we see in candles pointed flames , " on whited seilings drunkards write their names ) to this our learnedest physitians give the name of flying salt , or fugitive . nor must we forget how the teeming earth , pregnant with much salt mixture , giveth birth to her dear off-spring , from whose womb is sent to every plant his proper nutriment ; ( " the hand of nature ordering things so well , ) hence have the fruits their taste , the flowers their smell . in whose dark caverns most confused lies the bitter nitre imitating ice ; fountains of sulphur here a place does claime , there brimstone , cozen germance to the flame , with deadly arsnick , here quick-silver flowes , which is resolv'd with hurt of head and nose : sharp coppras , and these elements among the biting alome that contracts the tongue ; with many more , from whose large fountains springs that great diversity of taste in things . if there be any now who fain would know to which of all these tabaco doth owe it's birth and vertues , he with ease may see it from the a brimstone draws his pedigree . for who is he so blind , but well may gather , seeing the childe , who 't is that is the father ? both b fat , both smelling strong , both do inherit an ambitious height fed by a nitrous spirit , equally sharp , they both hold fast amain , both loving fire , " and are belov'd again . rub't with thy hand , " to recompence that toyl , in gratitude it bribes thee with an oyl : c green wounds it closeth with a safe delay , and from the ulcer'd , drives the filth away ; a quick and vigorous taste it doth beget , and in the mouth it leaves a lasting heat : so soveraign , if diffused , is the smell , it doth contagion from bad aires expell . the heavy head it hath a power to rear , and with smart sneezings makes the nostrils clear . once turn'd to airy vapour by the flame , big with that active salt , whose pride does aim at heavenly towers , it climbes the capitoll , where like a goddesse sits the humane soul ; there gives supplies to the exhausted brain , and makes the drowsie minds grow quick again . thou glory of the earth , a gift from heaven , most happy plant , who wer 't not only given t' refresh the pesants limbs , whom toyl and sweat have weary made , or kill the love of meat ; nor yet t' infuse without the help of food into decayed nerves new strength , new bloud ; but hast a nobler office ; thou art eyes to the dark mind , a lantern to the wise , when e're a sudden night the brains possesse by too much cockering of the genius : or when the tired understanding brings forth only shadows of disjoynted things , unapt to frame ideas that are cleare , or being fram'd , unapt to keep them there . for thou no sooner arm'd with light doest come , but ( like a shining taper into a room obscure before ) all things turn clear and bright ; the black clouds fly , and cares that fast do bite ; th' inventing power shines forth , & now descries the worlds large fabrick to the mentall eyes . th' eternall species now do naked stand in comely order rank'd by natures hand , and all the notions of th' inlightned brain do now return to their true shapes again . how often have i seen ( a mighty throng of greedy ears hanging upon his tongue ) a learned oratour trembling for fear , confound his heads , unable quite to bear his studied method out — when at the last ( amazement so prevail'd ) that words and matter have together fail'd ! vvho hath no sooner sacrificed unto his pettish memory a grain or two of th' generous plant , but he could straightways find all his lost figures in his scatter'd mind ; his runnagate words too which were lately fled , and hid in some dark corner of his head , he apprehendeth now , ( " as if a torch were lighted up in favour of his search , ) and to the wondring people does dispence , the ample treasures of his eloquence ; moreover if two i warriours shall joyn fight , train'd up i' th camp of the old k stagirite , vvhom a desire to know , or love of praise hath urged on a mortall war to raise , who with all spleen an angry soul affords against each other draw their bilbo words ; striving by weight of reason t' overthrow , or subtle windings to intrap the foe . incompassed they are with youthfull bands , mongst whom the iudge of the fair quarrel stands , applauding all their equall nerves of wit , and by applauding , adding strength to it ; till at the last their strength doth fade away , ( " as what humane force but will at length decay ? ) in which decay of soul , let one of them but take a single whiffe o' th' sacred fume , and yee shall straight discover a new birth of spirits , ( as when antaeus touch'd the earth his mother , and from thence did stronger rise giving new battle to his l enemies . ) the waiward faster vanquished doth ly , and 't is the drinker 's crown'd with victory . but if they both shall it convenient hold to fetch new weapons , or to whet the old , at this true vulcans forge , with wonder then yee shall behold those two recover'd men , draw out a cruell bloudy war in length , maintain'd by equall nerves , by equall strength ; nor will they part untill the far-spent night and weary judge cuts off the tedious fight . so at the trojan war fame tels of old , how that heroick pair of m brethren bold , betwixt themselves a friendly strife did raise , 'cause one of them the indian plant did praise ; the elder damn'd it , yet dissemblingly , loving indeed what he did seem to fly : hot darts the younger at his brother aim'd , and for the herb a solemn war proclaim'd . but e're the trumpets sounded to the fight , our warriours both take care their pipes to light ; eager upon 't , each other they provoke , and fire their wits with the most precious smoke , loading the empty quivers of their mind vvith headed arrows , which they ( most unkind ) mutually shoot ; their nimble tougue's the bow , their breasts the buts at which their shafts do go ; many are sent , many retorted be upon the spenders head as cruelly . nor are there any pawses in the field , but what the draughts of the sweet fume do yeild , from whose warm aid repaired strength did grow , and eager fury which should overthrow . untill their rage increasing with their might , the sentence of the n king , who took delight to see such pretty and unheard of play , commands a period to the doubtfull fray . thus fell the herb , and stood by his own power , and wars there be about it at this hower ; nought being so certain , but a present wit and grace of speech will doubtfull render it . — but i have lost my self , and am at gaze , vvandring too far in th' academick o maze . an other webbe i have to weave , " i will retire awhile , and sharpen my blunt quill . the birth and composition i have shown o' th' wholesome herb , in a verse which i dare own : to whom the plant does show a smiling brow , on whom it frowns : to which diseases , now , it doth professe it self an enemie , to which a friend , shall my next labour bee ; as soon as some tabaco i have tane , impoverish'd the pipe , t' inrich my brain . the end of the first book . tabaco . book ii. remove the candle and the pipes ; ( ho there ! ) we 've tane a large draught of the fired ayr : while our inventions haste , and there remain perfect ideas in our hight'ned brain ; let us make good the words which we have spoke , we scorn to feed the world with nought but smoke ; dulness will seaze us , and gray-hairs ( a thing beardless apollo cannot brook ) will bring mandates for a divorce 'twixt us and thee , cirrha , q thy temple and our piety . say muses how the indians conquer'd were what trophaees great god bacchus raised there , how that fierce nation was with pleasing awe soft'ned to th' observation of his law , how he their bloody banquets chang'd , and made of the destroying sword a saving spade ; and with what ease ( as one who playes ) the r old man did the vertues of s that leafe unfold . perchance the north-commanding king , who led t you through the calm sea from the cloven head of mount parnassus to his guilded hall , this your discourse unto his ear may call , who though on its natural sent he no price sets , yet if perfumed with your violets , and odoriferous breath ( as sweet as those ) amongst his pillowes it may finde repose . the conqueror once planted in his throne , did not with bloody weapons prey upon their lives or goods , nor did he go about to make strange lords driving the natives out : nor like a tyrant sought with violence to force his trembling subjects to obedience ; experience having tutor'd him that where fear is thick sowen , nothing is reap'd but fear . with smiling brow and gentle compellation he crept into the favour of the nation , whose easie love did their hard hearts incline to capability of discipline ; and with its powerful retorick provoke the churlish soyl to undergo the yoke . the land had ill report for beasts which there inhabited , the spotted linx , " the bear , wolves , tigers , swift-foot lybards , and the stout lions ( " as captains ) mingled with the rout , there all unpunished in ambush lay for lives of beasts and men which were their prey ; nor had they care those enemies to destroy ; in mutual slaughter was their onely joy ; their great delight it was , their chiefest good to spoil the neighbouring field with fire & blood ; and having slain , inhumanly t' appose upon their reeking table their boyl'd foes : the gentle victor * hated much to be a partner in their savage gluttony , who in their thirst of blood did not surceafe to sprinkle on them a desire of peace . their king he longd to see , and those vast parts , and into their gross minds t' instil the arts . out of his many such as he knew to be of civil garb smooth'd by urbanity , a few he did select , ( these liberty , the larger use of wine and venery had feeble made , until th' heroick ayr o' th' noble plant , and business did repair their near exhausted nature , and restore them to that strength which they had lost before ) balanus and amphoria he did call , merry neander too , good fellows all ; to these the one-ey'd pelias he thought fit to joyn , and idmon famous for his wit , " nimble to break a jest in verse or prose , but laught at for the blew bunch on his nose ; the mumping trullus too , who always feard he should be mockd for having of no beard : close at their backs creeps aper , who of late a jolly drinker was , but wayward fate ( " knowing his belly t' have no need of ears ) had rob'd him of his hearing , who now bears a presence not so welcome as before ; ill chance into u mirth's pallace bard the w door , commanded to retire he was , but he ( poor soul ) was deaf to leave good company . the petty king x haematoes , then whom none crueller to bring the captives home , and being there , devour them , prov'd to have his empire not far off , whom a large cave shut up from sight of sun : there ye might see shambles of human flesh ( o cruelty ! ) bodies of young and old men there did lie pin'd up in coops , fatted with paste to die by th' buchers hand . hither with dogs and darts , with wide-mash'd nets and all their hunting arts , with merry cornet , and the horns shril sound mixt with the filling crys o' the deep-mouth hound ; the troup turns in . here doth the tyrant dwell , ( just such a palace hath the god of hell ) the caves large mouth gap'd wide about the door , ( " a fearful sight ! ) mens bones did pave the floor , the turrets of the same with horrid looks show'd like a garden set with hartichokes when their rough heads into long scales are grown , and their proud tops are almost thistle-down . it fortun'd here to be a feast that day , and their fat things unto the fire they lay ; the noise without did summon from his cave the king , on whose head a green plume did wave : he stares a while , then flies into his den , so does a second , so a third agen , forgetting all ( such was their suddain fear ) to bar the gate and keep the strangers there : in this amazement idmon first did enter the unknown passage ( famous for that venture ) led by a quick-nos'd dog ; then followed the youthful crue groping as they were led ; for there no windows were , nor any light , onely a little glimmering strook down right from the grotts mouth , which with a doubtful ray seem'd as they pass'd to stammer out the way ; silenus in the midst does nothing fear , but bacchus thought him safest in the reer : at length they come drawn by the stink of meat nastily drest , into a hall repleat with steam and noise , where the most horrid face of a cruel kitchen that e'r eye did trace struck the first ent'rers dumb ; ful caldrons here of reeking heads plaid ov'r the fire , and there fast'ned to dog-tree spits shoulders and thighes of men dropt into dishes ; ( " drop mine eyes ) and the preparers of this goodly feast were women-cookes girded about the wast : hard by in francks ( like fatted boares ) there lay ( reserv'd as dainties for the next feast day ) the bodies of ten men ; these passed by not without tears , god bacchus on doth hye to seek haematoës , whom the trusty nose of the fierce mastie does at length disclose lurking in a dark hole , whom ( being found ) he thus accosts , low lowting on the ground ; rise o thou , wretch , and learn to look on men ; harmless we come , nor minde to pay agen thy slaughters void of all humanity , with the just slaughter both of thine and thee ; we do forgive , to pitty we incline ; our manners are not steep'd in blood , but wine . yet if in blood ye take so great delight , and have so burning a desire to fight ; make war with beasts , from th' herds the lions drive , but spare your neighbour-men , keep them alive : into your bellies cram not such odious meats , nor with such y filthy trophies deck your gates : wolves do not know such rage ; tygers invade not tygers , nor yet is th' lion made a feast to th' angry lion ; take away this most inhuman diet then , and lay these sadder relicks of your tyranny low under earth forgotten ; happily we shall finde honester dishes : " and your feast , " by our new cates shall not be spoild , but grac't . * he nothing clear did answer , through his throat was only sent an obscure grunting note ; and with a look worthy his speech , he ' obey'd the † monitor unwillingly , and laid commands upon his trembling clients , " who prepared to act what he did bid them do . the cursed meat gave place , and in its room on cleanly spits pleasanter viands come ; shoulders of staggs , and sowes , the fearful hare , the duck and mallard , and what else their care , and hunters labour did provide — the ground 's their their table , ( time will not allow them to provide them better tables now ) bacchus sat first , silenus next , the third haematöes ; which done , the humble board without all order was incompass'd round by the lords of bacchus court ; then on the ground in jolly knots the common souldiers sate , each with a painted target on his back . " the courtly liber gently his hands does wring , " and with soft words thus strokes the * barbarous king . the fates be kinde unto us , never may we have a just case to repent this day the joyning of our hands , but happy be these fair beginnings of our amity . banish ( my friends ) these unclean rites , and live the life of men , " merit the name i give : and thou my brother , king , forgive i pray our ruder entrance " and our longer stay , condemn not our free language , which shall prove signes to confirm , and bonds to tye our love : this entertainment may hereafter be a benefit to your posterity ; nor shall your youth repent they heard us tell ( the best of human things ) how to live well . be this thy pledge , then which no holier thing is in thy vowes ; thus spake the god and king . this said , a bowle of liquor straight he drunk , which flow'd but lately from a tall tree trunk that stood hard by in leather bags . the * beast next took the bowle , " which quakes to be imbrac't by such a hand , and though unknown till then , belching the clotted blood of wretched men , the nectar forceth down , ( " o cruel doom " so good a guest should have so bad a room ! ) " the noble liquor hating such disgrace " made offer to return and quit the place , " but he not willing to it , sends forth raw " and filthy belches from his stinking maw ; at which laugh'd pelias , idmon held his nose , but liber becken'd to them to compose themselves , and with words fitted to that end , settled the wavering countenance of his * friend . you ' have play'd the man , he cries , but pray you show whether the liquour pleaseth you or no . with that his front and eyebrowes being drawn to th' crown of 's head , thus the great beast did yawn ; beleeve me ( stranger-guest ) the sort of bloud from whatsoever throat it flow'd , is good : not better comes from 'a beardlesse youth then this ; i doe not fear to drink the second dish if any proves so kind to fill it mee . bacchus reply'd , it shall be given thee ; but yet take heed , alas thou canst not tell ( good man ) what danger in this bloud doth dwell . to adde bowles to bowles is an unseemly thing , and hurtfull too , by thine own harm ( o king ) i willingly will not permit thee know ; better thy ' experience to another owe . but 't is to me a miracle to see how of your home-bred riches yee should bee so ignorant ! this pleasing liquour which your duller palate doth so much bewitch , the tribute is but of an obvious tree , which by small pains , less cost obtain'd may bee ; whose willing branches ever open stand ready t' imbrace the knife and wounding hand , pouring forth rivers that do know no ending , eternall streams from living fountains sending . be rul'd , and let the earth's good bounty then obtain its lawfull use ; why ( " being men ) should yee account it a brave thing to owe your fat to humane veins ? and lurking low in th'earths close womb , like serpents , remov'd quite from men and sun , t' extinguish natures light ? yee have the shape of men , the breasts , nor are courage and strength wanting in you for warre ; so many good things then why will yee have to lie intombed in a lazy grave ? your manly character is losse , and though your food be bloud , your colour is not so : but a blue palenesse on your swoln face sits , and your retired eyes are two deep pits . no difference is betwixt your cheeks and nose ; your face a bladder seem ; s , scurf only grows , not hair upon your temples ; your lips swell with putrefaction ; your loose teeth distill black bloud , and not without great pains yee draw your often stopped breath — your nerves have not the power ( though you the will ) to thrust your ribs out when your lungs do fill . your weakness by short pantings is bewray'd as on your breast there were a mountain laid ; slow is your pace , your knees each other beat , and no desire yee have of wholesome meat ; it is your chief delight , your greatest praise , on the dull ground to slumber out your days . vvhich plagues by this dark irksom cave are bred , ( through which nor winds nor sun e're travailed , ) help'd by your noysom fare ; or rather sent by th' angry gods unto your punishment ; but for your barbarism you dearly pay , your foul draughts now returning the same way . they entred through your mouths , as if the would admonish you at length to know your good . but oh ( such stupidness doth you possess ! ) your harm yee know not , you own good much less . saw yee that jolly smoke , which now arose ( as through a chimney ) from the old * mans nose ? that smoke but now was dust , and it is scant a brace of days since that dust was a plant , on which a neighbour † island of small fame once hath bestow'd an honourable name . the end of all your mischiefs hope from hence . you gray-hair'd syre , who can with ease dispence the secrets of dame nature ; tell i pray the vertue of the remedy , and the way it cures ; be sudden and defer not then to breathe wish'd health upon these wretched men . silenus laid his pipe from out his hand , and said , great things they are which you cōmand : yet if you think these ears to which i speak vvorthy of such great mysteries to partake , i will begin . but first let libertie unto those poor sick men be given , whom i beheld not long ago with fetters bound , in nasty straw lying upon the ground . haematoës nodded a consent , their bands are loos'd , which done , creeping on both their hands , bearing the sad marks of their foul disgrace each in his sullied and unmanlike face , affraid of light like beasts from out a stall , trembling , they 'r led into the merry hall . th' old father could not hold his tears , yet said , o my companions live , be not dismaid ; a better fortune waits yee : ( " then descries the pipe ) here , saith he , your recovery lies , onely be willing to be cur'd : first , than ( " pointing to one ) thou poor and weak * old man , vvhose veins salt rhewm does fil in stead of blood ; whose feeble legs though they have long withstood and wrastled with the gout , do faulter now ; whose blear-eyes run , and narrower do grow : thou shalt be blind , despise my aid ; imbrace my art , thou shalt see clear as th' eagles race . that said , a cloud of smoke the forthwith blows into his greazy cap , and clapping close the limber brims unto his head , shuts in the old mans face ( " as in a bag t'had bin . ) the biting smoke into his eyes did go , and caus'd a showre of tears from thence to flow . all things about him plainer far appear'd , and light comes in , his window 's being clear'd : and now with ease he able is to say , how many carbuncles themselves display upon his * master's rough and cragged nose , who in examination farther goes asking him what they were , how great their number ; he shows his fingers and replies with wonder , so many strawberries i there do see , and such as in our woods are wont to bee . the old blade shook his sides , his fellows too laugh'd out aloud , " they could none other doe . worthy t'have joynts without one gouty knot , silenus cries , come suck , but fail you not to close your lips , and ope your nosthrils wide , that easily the smoke from thence may glide as from a pair of tunnels : he did so . the cave turns round , and the man sick does grow ; he feels a tempest in his belly grumbling , and the raw morsels up and down are tumbling in his disorderd stomack , till at last they find the way , and up he doth them cast . behold your gouts destruction , he cryed , thus is the humour at the fountain dryed . twice shalt thou do this , ( " in its proper place ) when th' moon a lies hid , or shines with biggest face ; ( like a full tide , for then the moisture b springs , ) after a dinner of fat chitterlings . the cisterns purg'd thus , the dregs being gone , the nourishment will then much purer run , flattering the joynts as it does pass , and free from all malignant reliques will it bee ; nor the distorted sinews be grown o're with chaulkie hardnesse as they were before : then shall thy feet be nimble as thy mind , t' out-dance the satyrs , and out-run the wind . yet if there should some foot-steps still remain of the salt rhewm , fly to thy pipe again , 't will vanish straight , and thou possess from thence a far more active and an able sense . nor does this soveraign medicine asswage the gouts sad torment , but the colicks rage ; it cures the fearfull c stopping of the guts , which 'twixt the throat & seat no difference puts ; the swelling of the head it drives away , and bribes the d ears musicians not to play . thus it will do , where it a lover finds that constant is , nor ( like a coward ) minds the rivall chidings of his wife , when she 'gainst th' harmlesse smoke venteth her cruelty , because ( " forsooth ) their kissing it does sowre , and with forc'd rhewm spatters her clean-rub'd floore . there was a man , as ancient stories tell , that on the sea's unwholesome shore did dwell ; the noisom shore abounded with diseases , 'mong which they say thus one the body seizes : first , a fierce pain the belly seems to bore , but as its violence increaseth more , the members all are stretc'd as with a rope , nor any strength remains , nor any hope . thus he afflicted , phoebus did implore , and phoebus soon with medicines doth him store ; but his endeavours all were vanity , till better fortune gave this remedy ; tabaco freeing him from pains and fears , hence he ador'd heav'ns gift , and many years in health from former evils did obtain , nor was he more vext with this vanquish'd pain . nor will it suffer that fierce e friend of hell which in a hollow tooth doth love to dwell , t' inhabit there , but conjures him from thence : for when the humour once is felt to pinch the roots o' th' teeth , and a swoln cheek forth puts , ( such as an ape shows when he cracketh nuts ; ) mouthe but the smoke awhile , and thou shalt see both pain and swelling banished will bee . many griefs else which an ill aire hath bred , here have their cure , thus are they vanquished . the drilling f showers which from the g roofs arch'd top , do on the tender h bellows daily drop , hindring the blasts which keep the flame alive , and thickned in the middle region , strive to hang like i clouds , stopping the door o' th'voice , light as gnawn parchment , are in a small trice ( " taking the powerfull smoke ) brought forth , " and there " no bur remains , but straightway all is cleare . why should i tell yee of the mumps ? or bee troubled to name the rope invisible ? the vertiginous disease , " that sudden devil , " sometimes a prologue to the falling evill ? or the k wine-sicknesse , " when the wit's i'th'suds ? or l dropping noses shortly threatning flouds ? all these are cur'd by smoke , if it be tryed when the disease is ripe , and then applyed . nor do there want whose youth and sinful arts have drawn diseases on their hidden parts ; vvhether the channels of the vrine be coroded by a nitrous spurcity , or bounteous nature freely doth bestow her broken meat ; keeps open house below : let such men too from hence expect their cure ; nor let them fear who do the stone indure , from whom the pot such horrid cries doth hear , " that it doth wish it had not that one ear ; vvho m there screw faces , and such looks express , as does prometheus on mount caucasus . i do not play the poet now , nor fain dreams of parnassus , but my words are plain : known things i speak , and such as heretofore my self have felt , e're i began t' implore tabaco's aid , e're , at my greatest need , i found the vertues of th'admired weed . for ( i 'le confess ) my better days worn out vvith the high-feeding bacchus , and the rout of drinking satyrs did my old vessell fill vvith leaks , and made it subject to that ill , to know which pleasure is , to cure is more and greater profit . vvhat i heretofore did in my self not without pain indure , in others now shall be my joy to cure . but seeing there an equall care should bee t' expell diseases , and to keep us free ; listen all yee who do desire to know , being once well , how to preserve yee so . some do by nature ( as a poyson ) hate tabaco , some most foolishly do prate against it , cause they of the former dayes liv'd long and sound without it . let both these abstain , for 't is not comely , or to fight 'gainst prudent nature , or t' infuse a right mind into him who ( stubborn ) does despise his ancestors , being fools to grow more wise . he who does love it , let him know his why , not like an imitating ape let fly at all , without or councell , or end known , advent'ring upon actions not his own . a generation there be agen , who drink it that they may seem gentlemen , and show their breeding onely , who ne're think whether the things be good or bad , they drink . it is rustick shamefac'tness , and can never show comely in a well-bred man . " so have i seen , at christmasse , when my lord " hath set a clownish tenant at his board , " th' amazed wretch takes all that 's carved him , why ? " because he wanted wit how to deny . tabaco is not an indifferent thing , but to the drinker good or bad does bring : first , try thy body then , and learn to know whether thy chimny carry smoke or no . hast thou a great n round head ? a front that stāds like a fair foreland ? brawny arms and hands ? large shoulders , a broad brest , fat flesh , a tongue that 's ever moist ? take it , and fear no wrong . but let o lean men forbear , whose necks are hard , their foreheads narrow , small their head , their lard and puddings pinching , cheeks that up do rear their fleshlesse bones , and nosthrils that are clear . for as the force of p spirits to their brain comes in but in thin troops and weak : so again , when th' smoke appears , they all away do run as mists are frighted with the winters sun . nor set the q ruddy man on whose cheek glowes a flushing that does imitate the roses whose breath draws thick , and whose coughs frequent are , once touch the pipe , but utterly forswear both in and all good fellowship , for fear he buyes his pleasure at a rate too dean : for he a fire already kindled has within his lungs , and cherisheth ( alas ) a feaver in his heart , " his own decay , and in a lingring flame doth melt away . but if to smoke thy love be grown so great , that not thy solemn'st vows can conquer it , but reason must yeild unto blind desire , take then the r coltsfoot , for his temperate fire warms but in flames not , whose light brushing air cleanseth the inward vlcers , and makes fair the ſ cabbin of the brest . once , if thou hast some hidden cause which makes thy body wast , or if a generall distemper dwels in every ill-affected part , or els an active feaver in thy bloud be found , or thou endur'st the raging of a wound , eschew that syren-weed tabaco than , which pleasing kills , ' appear to be a man . hard though it be , yet from the flatterer run , and do not feed thine own destruction . besides all this , sometimes it fortunes so , that streams of bloud upwards & downwards flow in plenteous manner , which a death portends , nature having given the reyns unto both ends . in such a case what ever happen may , then from the t deadly bowles fly , fly away . for thence the current of thy bloud does swell , thy fits of vomiting do grow more fell , till at the last ( " to make an end of wo , ) thy life and lease will out together go . but i am here arrested , and bid stand by a writ of reason , seeming with one hand to pluck down what i with the other built , and thus i am accused of the guilt . u if from tabaco heavy sleep be sent , and sleep a chain to bind the excrement , unjustly then is that condemn'd to be hurtful , which merits praise , not obloquie . w know then that in the indian herb doth ly a double power , a diverse quality . the salt on one hand spurs slow nature on , and like a furious rider makes her run : the sleep-creating clouds , and sulphurous smother useth the reyns , and stops her on the other . but as the lusty and untamed steed when on the small guts he is made to bleed , flies out inrag'd , and scorneth ( " as before ) to obey the ruling bridle any more : so is it here , when the retentive force begins to fail , ( " as 't is with that wild horse ) every light touch disorders nature quite , and makes her forward rush with all her might ; nor is it easie when she 's at the top of all her speed , quickly to take her up : " thus it appears if rightly understood , " the x spur more harm does , then the y bridle good . so much it doth conduce to th' good of men t' observe the nature , manner , and the when ; with the just measure and the weight of things , so bodies gather strength , so vertue springs ; both by too much , or by too little fall . what better thing then wine ? yet not to all , nor at all howers must it be given ; for then 't would hurtfull prove ; there is a season when 't is certain death to drink it , and agen it maketh mad , there is a season when . sometime too large a draught doth take away the reason quite for a whole night and day ; when if the surfet loseth not his ty , the drunkard dies , or at least seems to dy . near is our pattern : blithe adonis ( late ) while he thy bacchanals did celebrate ( o king lenaeus ) steep'd in wine and sleep , the rest of thy feast under earth did keep . buried alive , supposed dead he was , but the next day digg'd up again ( alas ! ) manifest signes of return'd life were read in'his bloudy hands and in his broken head , with knee and elbow he bad fought 'gainst death , and in the narrow coffin lost his breath . this can be said 'gainst wine : but against us and our z art of healing , what so barbarous can be objected by an adversary ? who by tabaco hath been known to dy ? or from what man hath it his reason stole ? in great feasts rather when the spacious bowle keeps order'd rounds ; if there be any known so desperate that he will with loss of 's own take others healths , and ( superstitious ) think t' observe the mad laws made state of drink ; that nor his reason nor his feet decline , give him the pipe , with the hot fuming wine ; let him he med'cinall vapour interpose , and with the smoke damask his wrinckled nose : with an unblemish'd face he then shall rise , and with a well-fram'd speech he shall seem wise ; when the rude multitude who ignorant be of the soveraign herb , or else incapable , shall carrying torches in their nose appear , ' yet stumble too with all the light they bear . for even thy a fire ( twice-born ) by th' smoke is staid , thy active rage is by the fume allaid . ( nor let that envy move that praiseth thee ) a more strict league and friendship cannot bee betwixt the loadstone and the steel , then is between thy spirit-raising vine and this . for ( " like a pair of friends an ages wonder ) they tast far nobler b joyn'd , then when asunder . nothing tabaco hath but what is good ; as of a slain sow , every part is food . the ashes which after the flame do ly as of no use , do turn to ivory c rusty and yellow teeth ; the smoke obeys , and ( strange to hear ) being commanded , d stays : for lay thy finger to thy mouth , and blow , narrowing the passage first , but gently through , and thou shalt straight discern it will not fail to leave an oyl upon the yellow nail : good for young girls who have rough and e scabby hands , on which , as on fen grounds , the water stands . for being apply'd , it smooths and drains them quite , and renders them , even unto wonder white . for th' piercing air thorow the secret pores shaketh the heart , and having set both dores o' th' stomach ope , from thence wind-musick plays , to the hearers mirth , and to the minstrels ease . thus they the laughter of their friends do gain , and purchase beauty with a little pain . the vertues i have told ; what mischiefs are , or onely seem to be , i 'le now declare . first , 't is objected , that f tabaco duls the edge of the inlightned mind , and puls a cloudy darknesse on the active brain , bringing in black oblivion there to reign : that when to seek his notions he shall come , misplac'd and lost they 'll be i' th' smokie roome . a hainous crime : but such as calumny hath feign'd , or nice simplicity . i answer 't is not , 'cause it cannot be , that the immortall soul whose pedigree is drawn from heaven , should in poor manner thus unto corporeal harms b' obnoxious . if th' instrument be lame , i do confesse the action halts , yet with the cause doth cease . but th' mind of man untouch'd remains , although as with black clouds encompass'd , it doth throw no lazy beams abroad . just so the sun , when 'twixt his globe and us the moon doth run , or else some cloud does for a time keep close : ( " as if the world for him were at a losse ) though even then in his full glory bright , and to the darker stars lendeth more light . the mind no spot receives but from the mind ; idlenesse , luxury , and the giddy wind of light inconstancy , with the sudden fire of anger , these indeed do all conspire to shadow reason , and o'rethrow the wit , blotting the notions which before were writ . that which we love we can remember well ; o' th' many drinkers of tabaco , tell me but of one who readily cannot say into which chest he did his treasure lay ; ( so stupifi'd a brain he had ) or else who hath forgotten where his mistresse dwels ; and i of the few haters will give you a dozen for that one , ( " good men and true ) who shall be so far dos'd , they shall not say , when being ask'd , what they did yesterday ; to whom their names have been forgotten long , and th' elements even of their mother tongue . for in these men either pestiferous flames , a hurtfull poyson , or th' disease that claims his name from a sudden stroak , or being too bold with the g fifth part of venus when grown old , have hurt the brain — nor will the h spirit ( of a near kin to th' aire ) his office overthrown , stay longer there . for if by th' excellent leaf the memory should receive injury , how could it bee that troops of learned men should love it so , who know as much as lawfull is to know . whose breasts do swell with wisdome , whose chief pleasure is in their stored minds to heap up treasure , and then pour forth what they were hoarding long to rings of people with a ready tongue . but it makes sad the marriage bed far more chast then the i leaf th' athenian matrons wore at ceres feasts , i hear the women say ; nor is this quarrel but of yesterday : tas been the matrons hate since k mars his whore set forth a law it should be brought no more into her loved cyprus as before : which thus was caus'd . bacchus from being at ods with men , returns to th' banquet of the gods ; store of tabaco with him he did bring as signes of victory ( then a new found thing ) " till that did burn , the gods were all on fire : " liber begun to take it , they admire ; jove was the next , then mars and vulcan follow , mercury those , and last the boury apolla : lustily through their nose the smoak they take , as if an other aetna they would make . the goddesses pleas●d with the novelty laught all the while , but they , when they did see how much to sleep that night the gods were given , angry , decreed it should be banish'd heaven ; the rites of thessaly be still admir'd , to keep their husbands waking was they desir'd : therefore next day ' soon as the smoaky feast began again , ( fiercer then all the rest ) the goodly matron venus on it flies ; pipes , fire , tabaco , broke and scattred lies ; and being down she spurns them with her feet , ( wonder such wrath should come from one so the war-like pallas who stood by was sad ( sweet ) to see the wanton queen of love so mad ; diana smil'd , and the l nine girles who sport themselves on m pindus top was sorry for 't . the scatter'd reliques up they take , and place them in their bosoms with a solemn grace ; entreating bacchus for a new supply , a soveraign aid to th' vow of chastity . a foul reproach it is ( forsooth ) to tame the rage of n cyprus and her lustful flame ; to strengthen vertue , with a rare tie to bind to the limbs vigor , empire to the minde . for 't is a scandal to the plant to doubt that it th' instinct of nature should put out like hemp , or water lillies ; happily it may the number bate , not utterly destroy the gift of procreation : forth natural heat having this ſ bridle on , what it doth from the number take away i' the goodness of the breed it doth repay . an excellent benefit where the fortun 's mean , not able numerous off-spring to maintain , or where the common-wealth rejoyceth more in th' strength and quality then in the store . hence hath it ever good esteemed bin for the white beard , and for the downy chin , teaching them both good husbandry , how they are both in the bottom , and the top to spare , while nimble flames of youth it doth suppress , and tho' t lukewarm ashes maketh lukewarm less , freeing the world from giddiness , the jolly stripling from rage , and the gray head from folly . " but o ye , ladies , why should your hatred be unto the noble hearb inplacable ? within your gardens give 't place 't is fit , for even you may stand in need of it ; can ye be cruel still when i assure you , that it will fits of the * mother cure ? when th' womb beyond the bounds does upwards rush , and at the belly like a u ram doth push , righly apply'd 't will bear her back a main and force her take her proper seat again , sooner and easier then the heavy weight of two great captains on thy belly laid ; or a whole pregnant sow of lead , — moreover set thy princely bowls aside ( thou twice-born god ) & then the bounteous wide earth can affoord no dainty half so good for an old man ; whether you 'l call it food for the humor radical , or a gentle draught for the dry brain , or else a weapon caught up to expel his sences enemies : for it doth add a quickness to blear eyes , it takes the prendent isicle from the nose , the mutiny in the ear it doth compose : " and if thy ill-spent youth hath fill●d thy bones with griping aches , and thy brest with grones , " and th' waiting maid which cross thy back doth ly from rest blocks up the haven of thine eye here seek thy help and finde ; for the kinde smoke stealing into the veins shall not provoke onely thy grief and thee to sleep , but shall , to make the night seem short , before thee call the lively shapes and images of things : nor such dire monsters as the onion brings to the late eater , or the pulse , the bean , the lintless , " which are known to banish clean all pleasant dreams . the garlick who doth eat , or takes the foolish henbane for his meat , who makes a supper of the mad night shade , him horrid looks shall in his sleep invade ; a strange confused generation of living creatures fore his eyes shall run , such as are not , nor yet shall ever be in the aire centaures , harpyes in the sea : a troop of dragons from the cloven earth shall with black devils spitting fire come forth : sometimes a storm at sea shall seem to rave ; and he neer drown'd shall graple with a wave : then he shall stand upon a rock on high , seeming shall fall , and really shall cry ; sometimes the swords of thieves shall make him fear ; sometimes again he shall behold a bear broke from the chain , ready his life to take , and in the moment he should die , shall wake . but o morpheus with our p incense being appeas'd shall with much better tapestry be pleas'd to hang the bed-chamber of the brain , and yeeld to the contented fancy a rich field charg'd with fresh stories and fair pleasing shapes , not such as men may say are q natures scapes , but such as true born children shall be , and to each private genius shall agree : for what men waking love and do turn over with pleasure , they shall in their sleep recover . the courtier , oratour , and the souldier , the juggler , merchant , and the marriner , the fisher , waggoner , and husbandman , the painter , coryer , and physitian , the poet , lover , and the advocate , " the projector too , that cankor of the state , by our soft potion lul'd asleep before , i' th night their daily bus'ness shall act o're in perfect figures ; not as when fools behold forms in the doubtful twilight , and grow bold to judge them so as they do seem to be : or when the newly-risen moon they see , when through a sea of racking clouds it stears an even race ; nor do they clog mens ears with any tedious discourse , or frame ( though in a dream an argument that 's lame : ) fair structures oftentimes they build in verse , and in the morning clearly them rehearse : others , do other things as clearly too that thou wouldst swear sleep here had nought to do . for 't is not like the drowsiness gotten by the deadly poppy , which the minde does tye in iron chains , nor the disturbing shade which is by the uncertain hemlock made , whose weaker geivs thrown ov'r the members , keep , them nor intirely awake nor yet asleep . so good philemon and his aged spouse th' unhappy baucis , ( " ev'r their simple house was turn'd into a temple ) having made a supper of r them , by their shape betraid thinking them parsneps , when at night they spead their weary limbs upon their humble bed , nor fully awake , nor weight upon their eyes enough to make them sleep , they both did rise , and through their cottage narrow entrance , quite bereav'd of minde , they wandred in the night , shaking with cold and horror till at last having a great part of the time thus past ) with rough saluting of the posts half dead , brought back their bruished limbs unto their bed . but whom tabacos clearer spirit shall binde in silken ties , shall in the morning finde both minde and body strong , and with delight shall tell how quietly he pass●d the night . onely be sure he hath a prudent care he does not trade in vile and common ware , sophisticate by art , but naturall : for the same goodness doth not reach to all . " he who desires to find out the true breed " of the heroicall and generous weed , while 't is i' th' leaf , may thus his longing crown , 't is y sharp and thick , i' th' ●and , in the eye brown , i' th' nose a violet , the root of tuscany gives not so large and rich a sent as he . burn't in the pipe , it will a taste disclose like castors ragwort , or our z ladies rose . but the thin limber leaf bormuda yeilds , or such as grows in the virginian fields , regard it not , " but send it to the fen : and leave such hay unto the beasts of men . for it doth a prick the tunicles of the eie , to the pia mater is an enemie ; who drink shall idle be , unapt for pains , a lazinesse shall creep through all their veins , they shall be ever yawning , and above all things they shall the chimny corner love . and except hunger raise them , take delight to snort by th' fire till it be late i' th' night . but o ye sacred off-spring of the b nine , ( " whose birth , whose life , whose works are al divine ) you who do dig from wisdomes paper pits , learnings bright ore , and fine it with your wits , above all other men see yee do fly that c hucksters mischief and damn'd villany ; and found out by his symptomes , without fail send it to th' flames in grosse , not by retail . the dainties wafted from an other shore some do adulterate while the deadly gore of rank goats ( which a scythian's club did slay ) they mingle with them ; some an other way do manifest injury to the noble weed , dropping into 't the oyl of annis seed , or the less greazy fennell , and to these to give 't a touch of vitriol some do please , whereby a taste unto the tongue they gaine much like the sweetnesse of a lybian cane . all these are naught and womanish ; for he who unto nature will adde art , must be at natures mouth instructed first , or shall disturb the work , giving no help at all . yet if thou wilt be wanton to thy praise , with a light chip of the wood aloes , give fire unto thy pipe , so shalt thou reap a fragrant savour spread through the whole heap , and with a gratefull odour chear the brain . but above all things see that ye refrain the d smoke awhile ; do not the pipe repeat too suddenly after y' have taken meat ; for then the l cooke 's at work , the m kitchen dore close to them shut ; knock not too soon therefore at the' upper gate , for fear he angry grow , and the half boyled dishes from him throw , which to the guts conveigh'd with too much speed , do windy murmurings in the belly breed , the happy quiet of the mind devoure , and from our businesse steal the precious hower . 't is n alike dangerous with naked head , with open roof , and chimny uncovered , to take the smoke ; for the cold air will then the pores being open , quickly pierce the skin , and suddenly reclose them , whence is bred to the hairs horrour , heavinesse to the head . love not to drink 't o alone , nor take thou pleasure to fill thy brain beyond his true just measure . with a compunion take 't ; " if thou hast none , " let books or businesse act the part of one : " with comely pauses use 't , in such a fashion , " that thou a dialogue make 't , not an oration . to speak and do by turns , the muses love , and nature surfets never did approve . at the first p giddinesse thou feel'st , forbear ; and for that time write thy nil ultra there : and if it vanish not , for help repair to a draught of beer , or to the open air , and suddenly the tumult shall be staid , and by a little art the tempest laid . " to close up all , take this for thy last ground , " study thine own dimensions , and having found the measure of thy head , turn then about in thine own sphere , seek not thy self without : for who observes the laws of nature , he shall be sound , wise , and fortunate to me . thus the * old man in his discourse did play , while bacchus lords , as on their backs they lay , did silent hang upon the speakers tongue . the vertues they had learn'd , but still they long of such a noble hearb to know the breed , the art of planting , and the choice o' th' seed : but good silenus stammering for thirst . and withall drowsie too , none of the durst intreat him to proceed — for wine , for wine , a calling he did keep , and having largely drunke , he fell asleep . what he hath left imperfect shall now be our work to finish though as dry as he . " your gentle gales and influence we want , " who are true lovers of the honour'd plant : " for though far short of his high sounding string " we'll now the georgicks of tabaco sing . first , that the harvest answer may the pain , from off a lusty stock a k plump seed gain , whose leaf is long and thick : side-slips despise , the best doth still from the main branch arise . the next care is the l place , an herb so strong , by a hungry soyl cannot be nourish'd long . in hearty grounds it thrives ; and takes delight , ( like to the vine ) where the glebe is full of might . fair hils be loves , and fields that pleasantly towards the warm south in the suns bright ey : where th' earth is light , no mosse by nature laid , no binding clay , nor marle to check the spade ; and where the valiant furrows hard and dry , suffer the rending plow-shears cruelty . when thou hast found a soyl thus rich , take heed thou dost not m twice in one place sow thy seed : for with the first birth all that 's good doth come leaving behind nought but a barren wombe . change every year thy earth , for thy wandring guest prepare new seats , so shall thy furrows rest , and a new genius gain . the field being found , let none be cunninger to till the ground in his right season ; in one small hole shut n three seeds or more , in equall spaces put , that nature may ( like to a loving mother ) give equall portions as to one to'th other : so though some prove for mice or moles a feast , thou maist preserve a hope yet in the rest . but if they prosper all , and thou dost see their multitude will their destruction bee , " drive then all foolish pity from thy heart ; take from the number , act a thracian's part ; that , having room , the better it may thrive , of many brothers , leave but one alive . when the fat soyl and sun 's drawn out in length , to'th' leaves ranknesse give , to the stock strength ; then is thy time , the lower boughs cut down , that greater vertues may the other crown . o reap not too soon ; when the leaves turned are , and the seed grows black within his bowle , prepare thy knives , and let thy weapons ready stand , for know the noble vintage is at hand . close to your prayers ye honourers of the smoke , and with your best devotions see y' invoke the heavens for smiles : fair weather now we need for showers t'th ' leaf do no less damage breed , then doth a wet september to ripe grapes , when it is gather'd , half thy labour 's done ; yet flag not here , with equall courage run through that behind : thy industry , thy cost , if thou shalt fail in the last act , are lost . take ' speciall care of the two things remain . first from the leaf the watry humour drain , ( corruptions parent ) else thou shalt inherit for thy leaves dung . next let the fiery spirit which sleeping does in the fat oyl lie hid , be ' awak'd , and rouz'd , and through each vein be spread . that therefore on the herb no spoil be made by ' the thirsty sun-beams dry it in the shade , on small cords hung : then take it down and lay it on a heap together , that it may from the bottom heat and rise , & from thence dart the hidden vertue to each outward part ; so shall the heap grow warm , swell , sweat & smoke , and fire too if the meeting be not broke . be sure you do dissolve the diet then , and when dispersed , hang them up agen . this method use , till by heating it be made active , and by the drying fixt and staid . and that on neither hand thou wander wide , let thine own eyes and reason be thy guide : for as the line too little in like sort that of too much unto perfection's short : in a just measure nature takes delight . but if an errour happen , set it right not with the burning wine , salt pickle , not with hony , least of all chamber-pot ; such trash as this your hucksters use , who prize above the health , the smell o' th' merchandize . from the herb it self expect thy aid , presse then the juice p from out the courser leaves , which when the gathering was , did scape the careless hand , and o're the coals see it doth boyling stand . in which " mede as tub dip thy * old swain , and he ( like aeson ) shall turn young again . let these suffice to board with 't blesse thy lot , for now thou hast an ample treasure got , which to the planter large revenue brings , to th' merchants chests , and custome-house of kings . physitians peradventure curse it sore , for making autumnes healthfull , and them poore , and it sometimes affords ( such things will bee ) to the crows a dinner from the gallow tree ; when poor knaves buy t , and so do fondly spend their coin and houres given them for better end . but while we see a fair and happy day to'th' good and frugall , they who ' will perish , may : and he who shall an offer'd gemme deny , may that man live to want it e're he dy . from whom a ship at sea , a suit in law , a scolding wife , or an ill debtour draw sleep from the eyes , and quiet from the mind , in the gentle leaf he a soft truce may find ; and for the gift , giv 't the deserved meed . what swelling words against the noble weed the peevish man may vomit ( too unkind ! ) we to the waves commit them and the wind . let it be damn'd to hell , and call'd from thence proserpines wine , the furies frankincense the devils addle egges , or else to these , a sacrifice grim pluto to appease , a deadly weed which it's beginning had from the foam of cerberus when the cur was mad . we at the titles laugh ; praise , and proclaime the wideness of the bore from whence they came . pretty poetick styles ! and when we please with the like art we can return all these . if any lover of the truth shall now what is by me here written , disallow , 'gainst my opinion let his reasons fight ; his arguments let him commit to white : " so , without hate did monopolies , run " a course to make paper dear , as we have done . the end . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a e- a i make bold to change the poets patron , & in stead of sir w. paddie , to intitle phoebus to it : b thyrsus , or a spear wound about with ivy was the ensign of bacchus , as the club of hercules , the trident of neptune , &c. and this may seem to be given to him emblematically to shew us , that wine does secretly wounds , carrying a cuspis , a sting , or sharp and pointed weapon hid under the ivy leaves , the pleasure of drinking it and beholding it dancing and sparkling in the glasse . c the foster father to bacchus , whom the poets feign to be the superintendent or governour of the satyrs . d silenus . e furious women , who served in the sacrifices of bacchus ; {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , insanire . f the first finding of tabaco . * the vine . * whose opinion is , that the sun stands still , and the earth ( being one of the planets ) moves . f the women-priests of bacchus spoken of before : so called from the mountain mimas sacred to bacchus ; or ( as others ) from the gr. word {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , to imitate ; because it was their use ( carrying horns and spears wrapt about with ivy in their hands ) to imitate his expedition into india . g silenus . * silenus . h silenus . * the enemy . * the enemies of bacchus . tabaco the catholike medicine . fixed salt . flying salt . a tabaco . the pedigree . i am conscious that bitumen is not properly brimstone , but a fat clay , clammy like pitch , of the nature of brimstone : but because i know not in our english tongue one word which can fully & truly expresse it ; therefore i am bold to borrow the name of one of his nearest kindred . b the symptomes . c the vertues . i disputants . k aristotle . l in uno hercule plures hostes sentit an●aeus . m podalyrius and machaon , two excellent physitians and surgeons , the sons of aesculapius , who were both present at the trojan war , and maintain'd a fierce disputation concerning the nature of simples . n agamenon , who procured and fomented the disputation betwixt the two brethren . o lycaeum was aristotles school at athens , also the intricate and winding groves and pleasant walks about it . q a town in the little country of phocis in greece , where apollo was most religiously worshiped : or otherwise one of the tops of the mountain parnassus , the other being called nissa . r silenus . s tabaco t the muses . * bacchus . u the brain . w the ear . x from {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} blood : a king amongst the canibals . y the bones of the slain . * haematöes . † bacchus . * haematöes . * haematöes . * haemat . * silenus † tabaca , an island in the indies from whence the herb had its name . * one of those who by the cannibals were reserved for the next feast . * silenus a at the change and full . b in mens bodies . c the stopping of the small guts , suffering nothing to passe downwards , by reason of which is caused a great griping in that plaee ; and also a filthy stink sent up by the throat , making one to smell alike at both ends . this disease is called in latine volvulus , from volvo , to wrap about or intwine , quia pluribus orbibus & anfractibus involutum est . from whence the greeks call it {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} from {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , ver●ere or volvere , which indeed gives the name of ilia to the small guts ; although some would have the name of this disease to come from {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , misericordia , quia doler miserandus est ; for a miserable disease it is indeed . d a whistling or singing in the head . e the tooth-ach . f a flux of rhewm . g the brain . h the lungs . i flegme . k the word is hellucus , which is nothing else but gravitas capitis vino create ; and some would derive it from the word {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} . hesterno enim vino languentem {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} vocant graeci , l it is in the latine clangosas nares , which word is referred unto the voice quando gravi tono incepta in acutum desinit ; piping noses , or noses sounding like a trumpet : but i hope i have no whit injured my authour by rendring the word in a nearer cause . m at the chamber-pot . n who may take tabaco . o who not . p lean men have but few spirits , which tabaco overcomes . q tabaco not good for such as have sudden flushings , inveterate coughs , and short breath , which are symptomes of consumptions and feaverish distempers . r for such men coltsfoot better . ſ in what cases tabaco is to be refused . t tabaco . u objection . w answer . x the ' sal volatilis , or the flying salt , which is in tabaco , pricking nature forward to the avoiding of excrements . y the sulphurous quality in tabaco , which courts nature to sleep and by consequence restrains the excrements . z by tabaco . a the hot fume sent from wine . b tabaco and wine best when joyn'd . c tabaco ashes a good dentifrice . d stays in oyl . e the oyl good against scabs and tetters . f objections against tabaco answered . g hor. car. lib. . ode . h which informs the brain . i agnus castus is a certain shrub , which in latin is called also vitex , like unto a willow , it takes the name from chastity which it procures ; and the athenian women were wont in their thosmophoria , or feasts of ceres , to carry leaves of this about them , and to lye upon them , that they might preserve themselves chast . k venus . l the muses . prosit mihi vos dixisse puellas . sat. . so juvenall makes himself merry with them calling them girles , who could not chuse but he very old , being so often called upon by the ancient poets : but he supposed them to be of the same nature with other women , who though they be never so old , yet delight to be acounted young ; and therefore the seems in a jeer to bribe them for poetick fury with the flattering name of girles . m a mountain in thessaly consecrated to apollo and the muses . n venus , so called from the ●●le cyprus . ſ the allaying vertue of tabaco . t the fainter lust of old men . * tabaco good against the mother . u quid si ego hîc nostrum dicerem ad uteri fominei similitudinem aliuderé qui inde nemen uteri sortire videtur quod duplex sit . et ab uiraque in auas se dividit partes quae in diversum diffusae ac replexae circumplicantur in medu● eor●●●m arietis ? nee ideò labas●it conjectura mea si arietem hoc in loce pro machinâ militari accipi contendas : tant●●dem enim est . o the godof sleep ; or ( as some ) minister seu filius somni , qui jussu domini vel patris {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} hoc est formus vel vulius hominum , verba ipsa , mores , et gestus imitatur . p tabaco , which causeth pleasant and rational dreames . q monsters as the other . r hemlocks . y symptomes of the best tabaco . z otherwise call'd the rose of jerusalem . a the effects of ill tabaco . b muses . c bad and sophisticate tabaco . d take it not too suddenly ' after meat ; it causeth too hasty a concoction . l the digestive heat in the stomach . m the mouth of the stomach . n keep your head warm when you take it . o take it not alone , or if you do , let there be pauses interposed . p when to leave . * sïenus . k the choice of the seed . l the soyl . m sow not two years together in one place . n the manner of planting . o the time when to gather it . p a cleanly & wholsom way to recover decaid tabaco . * decrepid tabaco . by the king. a proclamation for restraint of the disordered trading for tobacco proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king. a proclamation for restraint of the disordered trading for tobacco proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . [ ] sheets by robert barker, and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, [imprinted at london : anno dom. m.dc.xx. [ ]] caption title. dated at end: greenwich the nine and twentieth day of iune, in the eighteenth yeere of our reigne .. imprint from colophon. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- commerce -- great britain -- law and legislation. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ¶ by the king. ¶ a proclamation for restraint of the disordered trading for tobacco . whereas wee , out of the dislike wee had of the vse of tobacco , tending to a generall and new corruption both of mens bodies and maners , and yet neuerthelesse holding it of the two more tolerable , that the same should be imported amongst many other vanities and superfluities , which came from beyond the seas , then permitted to be planted here within this realme , thereby to abuse and misimploy the soile of this fruitfull kingdome , did by our proclamation dated the thirtieth day of december now last past straitly charge and commaund all and euery person and persons , of what degree or condition soeuer , that they or any of them by themselues , their seruants , workemen or labourers , should not from and after the second day of february then next following , presume to sow , set or plant , or cause to be sowen , set or planted within this our realme of england and the dominion of wales , any sort or kinde of tobacco whatsoeuer , and that they , or any of them , should not maintaine or continue any olde stockes or plants of tobacco formerly sowen or planted , but should forthwith vtterly destroy and root vp the same . and whereas we haue taken into our royall consideration aswell the great waste and consumption of the wealth of our kingdomes , as the endangering & impairing the health of our subiects , by the inordinate libertie and abuse of tobacco , being a weede of no necessary vse , and but of late yeeres brought into our dominions , and being credibly informed , that diuers tobacconists , and other meane persons taking vpon them to trade and aduenture into the parts beyond the seas for tobacco , to the intent to forestall and engrosse the said commoditie , vpon vnmerchantlike conditions , doe transport much gold bullion and coyne out of our kingdomes , and doe barter and vent the staple commodities of our realme at vnder-values , to the intent to buy tobacco , to the discredit of our natiue merchandizes , and extreame enhansing of the rates and prices of tobacco , and the great disturbance and decay of the trade of the orderly and good merchant : we taking the premisses into our princely consideration , and being desirous to put a remedie to the said inconueniences , which wee haue long endeauoured , though with lesse effect then wee expected , haue resolued to make some further redresse , by restraining the disordered traffique in that commoditie , and reducing it into the hands of able persons that may manage the same without inconuenience , whereby the generall abuse may be taken away , and the necessary vse ( if any be ) may be preserued . we doe therefore not only by these presents , straitly charge and commaund , that our said proclamation restraining the planting of tobacco , be in euery respect obserued and performed according to the tenour thereof , vpon the penalties therein contained ; but also that no person or persons whatsoeuer , englishmen , denizens or strangers , ( other then such as shall be authorized and appointed thereunto by letters patents vnder our great seale of england ) doe import or cause to be imported into this our realme of england or dominion of wales , or any part of them or either of them , any tobacco , of what nature , kind , or sort soeuer , after the tenth day of iuly next ensuing the date hereof , from any the parts beyond the seas , vpon paine of forfeiture to us of all such tobacco so to be imported contrary to the true meaning of these presents , and vpon such further paines and penalties as by the lawes and statutes of this realme , or by the seueritie or censure of our court of starrechamber may be inflicted vpon the offendors , for contempt of this our royall command . and likewise that no master , merchant , or purser of any ship or other uessell , doe at any time or times after the said tenth day of iuly , presume or attempt to take into their ships to be imported into this realme and dominion , or either of them , any sort , maner , or quantity of tobacco whatsoeuer , but onely to the vse of such person and persons as shal be so as aforesaid authorized and appointed vnder our great seale of england to import the same , & which shal be by them , their deputies , seruants or factors deliuered to the said masters , merchants or pursers of ships to be imported , vpon the paines and penalties aforesaid . and to the intent that no such offendor may colour or hide his offence and contempt , by shadowing the tobacco to be brought in , contrary to our pleasure before expressed , vnder pretence of former store , we doe hereby signifie and declare our will and pleasure , and doe straitly charge and command , that all and euery person and persons which now haue , or hereafter shall haue within or neere the cities of london or westminster , in their hands , custody or possession , any tobacco heretofore imported , or hereafter and before the said tenth day of iuly now next ensuing to be imported into this realme , amounting to the quantitie of ten pounds weight or aboue , shall before the said tenth day of iuly now next comming , bring the same vnto the house commonly called , the hawke and feasant , situate in cornehill in the said citie of london , and shall cause the same to be there sealed and marked by such person and persons , and with such marke or seale as by us shal be for that purpose assigned and appointed , without giuing any fee or allowance for the said seale or marke . and to the intent that the tobacco to be hereafter imported by warrant or authoritie vnder our great seale , may be knowen and distinguished from such as shall be secretly and without warrant brought in by stealth , we doe likewise charge and command , that all such tobacco as from and after the said tenth day of iuly shall be imported by force of any such warrant or authoritie and none other , except the olde store aforesaid to be sealed as aforesaid , shall be sealed and marked with such seale and marke as aforesaid . and we doe hereby prohibite all person and persons from and after the said tenth day of iuly , to buy , vtter , sell or vent within the said kingdome and dominion , or either of them , any roll or other grosse quantitie of tobacco whatsoeuer , before the same be so as aforesaid marked or sealed , vpon paine of forfeiture vnto us of all such tobacco so bought , vttered , solde or vented contrary to the intent of these presents , and vpon such further penalties as by our lawes , or by the censure of our court of starrechamber may be inflicted vpon the offenders , as contemners of our royall command . and for the better execution of this our pleasure , wee doe hereby command all and singular customers , comptrollers , searchers , waiters , and other officers attending in all and euery the ports , creekes , or places of lading or vnlading , for the taking , collecting , or receiuing of any our customes , subsidies or other duties , to take notice of this our pleasure ; and we do hereby command , and giue power and authority vnto them , and euery or any of them , from time to time , as well to search any ship or other uessell or bottome , riding or lying within any port , hauen or creeke within their seuerall charge and place of attendance , for all tobacco imported contrary to the intent of this our proclamation , and the same being found , to seize and take to our vse , as also to take notice of the names , and apprehend the bringers in , and buyers of the same , to the end they may receiue condigne punishment for their offences , vpon paine that euery of the said officers which shal be found negligent , remisse or corrupt therein , shall lose his place and entertainment , and vndergoe such paines and penalties as by our lawes , or the censure of our said court of starrechamber may be inflicted vpon them for the same . and likewise we doe hereby will , ordaine and appoint , that it shal and may be lawfull to and for such person and persons , as shal be so as aforesaid authorized and appointed by letters patents vnder our great seale , to import tobacco by himselfe or themselues , or his or their deputie or deputies , with a lawfull officer to enter into any suspected places at lawfull and conuenient times , and there search , discouer and finde out any tobacco imported , vttered , solde or vented , not marked or sealed as aforesaid , contrary to the true meaning hereof , and all such tobacco so found , to seize , take away and dispose of , and the owners thereof , or in whose custody the same shal be found , to informe and complaine of , to the end they may receiue punishment according to our pleasure before herein declared . and further we doe by these presents will and require all and singular mayors , sheriffes , iustices of peace , bayliffes , constables , headboroughes , customers , comptrollers , searchers , waiters , and all other our officers and ministers whatsoeuer , that they and euery of them in their seuerall places and offices be diligent and attendant in the execution of this our proclamation , and also aiding and assisting vnto such person and persons , and his and their deputies and assignes as we shall so as aforesaid authorize and appoint to import tobacco , aswell in any search for discouery of any acte or actes to be performed contrary to the intent of these presents , as otherwise in the doing or executing of any matter or thing forthe accomplishment of this our royall command . and lastly our will and pleasure is , and wee doe hereby charge and command our atturney generall for the time being , to informe against such persons in our court of starrechamber from time to time , whose contempt and disobedience against this our royall command shall merit the censure of that court. giuen at our manour of greenwich the nine and twentieth day of iune , in the eighteenth yeere of our reigne of england , france and ireland , and of scotland the three and fiftieth . god saue the king. ❧ imprinted at london by robert barker , and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . anno dom. m.dc.xx . a treatise deuided into three parts, touching the inconueniences, that the importation of tobacco out of spaine, hath brought into this land viz. in the first is shewed how treasure was vsually brought into this land. in the second, what hath and doth hinder the bringing of it, with other inconueniences. in the third, how to remedie the one, and the other. bennett, edward. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a treatise deuided into three parts, touching the inconueniences, that the importation of tobacco out of spaine, hath brought into this land viz. in the first is shewed how treasure was vsually brought into this land. in the second, what hath and doth hinder the bringing of it, with other inconueniences. in the third, how to remedie the one, and the other. bennett, edward. [ ] p. [for john budge, [london : ]] caption title. signed at end: ed: bennett. publisher's name and publication date from stc. on the nd page the last line ends: kingdome if that were not. consists of leaves, the first of which is signed a . signatures: [a]?. reproduction of the original in the cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- great britain -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - tcp staff (michigan) text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a treatise deuided into three parts , touching the inconueniences , that the importation of tobacco out of spaine , hath brought into this land. viz. in the first is shewed how treasure was vsually brought into this land. in the second , what hath and doth hinder the bringing of it , with other incoueniences . in the third , how to remedie the one , and the other . the chiefe spring from whence the mayne current of treasure flowing into all christendome , hath his originall , is in the indies , and by the spanish gouernement is forced to set first into spaine , and thence is deuided into all other countries , according to the quantitie of goods , which out of their aboundance they furnish to supply their wants : hence it followes that the commodities of this land , are the mynes from whench treasure is drawne into this kingdome . and the meanes from whench wee vsually draw it from spaine are these . first , ( our goods being conuerted into money ) wee prouided , so many necessarie commodities of that land , as were sufficient to supply the wants of this kingdome , and all the rest wee brought home in bullion , witnesse the ship taken at cales . anno . in which was supposed to be pounds in money . it should therefore ensue that almost twentie yeares of peaceable commerce , which wee haue had since his maiesties reigne , should haue replenished this land aboundantly with siluer , had there not beene some especiall cause to haue hindred it , but what hath stopped the entrance of it , i le discouer . the maine decay of trade , and the chiefe cause that hindreth the importation of bullion out of spaine is tobacco , for there is consumed by all computation , yearely in this land , three hundred thousand weight , and i deuide all the tabaccoes wee buy for this kingdome , into three sorts and values . the best at vi . shillings the pound , the second at iii. s.vi.d . the third at ii.s.vi.d. for neere about these prizes they cost , and almost xii . pence the pound for the custome there , which is v. shillings per pound , but to speake with the least i le say iiii . shillings per pound , so then it doth cost there , first penny sxtie thousand pound , and the disorderly saile of our goods to buy it , hath abased the price of our commodities through all spaine , bisky , and portingale , . per cent. so what it doth cost , and what is lost yearely , amounteth to a hundred thousand pounds , all which would bee brought into this kingdome if that were not . but who will hazzard to send home siluer now when he may put it of by exchange , thereto the tobacconists at as much profit as it is worth heere at the mynt , for so i haue done this yeare . now if this weede were prohibbited , all men would stand vpon the orderly saile of their goods , & not sell vnder or . per cent. outward , as formerly they haue done , when little tobacco came out of spaine , and the most part of our returnes would be in bullion , for on that we get . per cent. and on no other commoditie , ( tobacco accepted ) is any man certaine to get so much . then who would not rather bring home ready money then goods , for which hee is vncertaine when to haue money . this is the vse of the french and dutch-men , which maketh their countries so aboundant in siluer , for no country is so smoakt as ours . in so much , that both spainiards & al other nations say tauntingly to vs , when they see al our goods landed ( to vse their owne words ) que todo esso se pagtaa con humo ; that al that wil be paid in smoak ; now our gracious soueraigne , knowing it to be a vitious and most pernitious weede laid great impositions on it , thereby to hinder the importation ; but that brings the more damage to this state , for ( except it be prohibited ) our people will buy it what soeuer it cost , and the more it doth cost the more is our losse ; for no sooner did his maiestie lay an imposition on it heere , but the king of spaine laid two there , the one vpon his owne subiects , the other on vs ; but wee pay all , for they must raise it on vs ; and no sooner had his highnesse granted a patent for it heere , but forthwith the king of spaine , made it his owne comoditie there , to no other end but to keepe vp and raise the price of it still more and more , for if they get all our goods for smoake , we neede no more misery as i thinke . to conclude this then , say our kings maiestie receiues sixteene thousand pounds per annum . for the patent of it ( i doe not say he gets it ) but receaues it , and of his owne goods already in the land , and not of any thing brought in by the patentees . but i say the k. of spaine getteth a hundred thousand pounds per an . thereby , for the goods he hath from vs for tobacco would cost him yearely so much if that were not . all which would bee brought into this kingdome . and now hauing thus plainely shewed how it hinders yearely the importation of a hundred thousand pounds , it of force followeth that it hath kept backe neere twelue hundred thousand pounds , or at least a million since his maiesties reigne , which were it in the land , what inestimable benefite would it bring yearely to his maiestie , and the whole kingdome by encrease of trade , who can rightly imagine , for mony is the soule and sinewes of trade , and a well gouerned trade , the true fountaine of treasure . but this is not all the good it hath done to spaine , nor the preiudice it hath brought to england , which remaines to be spoken of in the next point . the good then that we haue done to spaine by buying our tobacco from them , hath caused them since the yeare . to inhabite the teritories of caracoes cumana cumanagotta trinidado oronoque & now at least all maracaibo , for in those daies ( i was an eye witnesse to it ) their people went thither more vnwilling then ours now goe to virginia and the summer ilands , ( yet the king gaue them leaue to carry & recarry all things custome-free : ) but now the case is altered , for if they would giue leaue to as many to goe as would , they would soone leaue few enough in spaine . but whosoeuer goeth now , attaines vnto it by great suit and especiall licence , which will cost at least fifty pounds for each person ere he obtaine it . so sodaine did the gaine by bringing tobacco draw so many thither . and although that were the chiefe hopes , that drew them thither , yet now they bring not tobacco onely but many other beneficiall and necessary commodities , as ginger , hides , sugar , sarsaparilla , balsam , peeta caraua , gumme , allome and wo●d . insomuch that the king reapeth already yearely benefit by it at least . li. and yearely it encreaseth . now the hurt it hath done to this land more then formerly mentioned is , that it hath altogether hindered that plantation in virginia , which in short time might yeeld his maiestie as much or more profit , then the afore said places do to the king of spaine besides the generall good it would bring to all this common wealth , cannot be imagined , for if his magestie graunt this one priuiledge to them , the lucre of gaine by tobacco , will draw thither more inhabitants in one yeere then the company haue done with all their care and charge euer since the plantation ; and let them once be drawne thither , they will quickely finde better commodies then tobacco , as the spaniards haue done in the foresaid places , so that the only meanes were to cause importation of a hundred thousand pounds per annum of treasure , & suddenly to inhabite virginia , and to draw from thence greate benefit into this land , is nothing but prohibiting the bringing in of spanish tobacco ; and suffer it only to be brought from virginia & summer-islands , which i presume our soueraigne lord the kings maiestie may as lawfully doe as the king of spaine may forbid vs the importation of pepper and silke into his kingdome , which he hath done vnder penaltie , of losse of life and goods . againe , tobacco is no commoditie of the groweth of spaine , but of the indies , with whom we haue no commerce . if any alledge that those countries yeeldes not so good tobacco as the spa : indies , i answere , there is some as good tobacco brought from virginia and the summer ilands , as the first tobaccos were that we had out of spaine . and no doubt , but as they discouering further into the land , found better grounds for tobacco : so will our people doe also as they goe further . but say they doe not altogether finde so good grounds as the spa : indies are for that purpose : must we of force therefore haue spanish tobacco , to our so great preiudice . we see their spanish wines are better then english beere , shall we vtterly forsake that , and vse the other . also we see gascoine wines are better then rochell wines , yet the gouernment of rochell will not suffer their people to spend any but the grouth of their owne vines , and the labours of their owne people . and these countries of spaine that haue wines of their owne growing , will not suffer any other to come in , be theirs neuer so bad and the other neuer so good , till their owne prouision be spent : and be they so carefull for their owne conseruation , and shall we be so carelesse of ours : nay , god forbid , i hope better order will bee taken by his maiestie , and this most honourable assembly . it may be some man seeing this , will thinke , i am interressed in the virginia company : but the worshipfull of the company know the contrary . it s the zeale i beare to the good of the state in generall that makes me speake . if so what i point at take effect , i shal be most glad , although to my own preiudice , for till it be forbidden i will trade in it , and make no question but to get by it as well as any other man , but i defie the perticular gaines that brings a generall hurt . and thus i haue shewed what hinders the importation of treasure . to conclude this point , shut the gates of entrance of tobacco , and you open the gate for the entry of treasure : but open the gate for the entry of tobacco , and you shut the gate of the entrance of treasure . ed : bennett . by the king a proclamation touching the sealing of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation touching the sealing of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) james i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.). by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : m.dc.xxvii [ ] requiring virginia tobacco already imported to be sealed within one month. "giuen at our court at white-hall, the thirtienth day of march, in the third yeere of our reigne of great britaine, france, and ireland. reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- bermuda islands. monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- colonies -- commerce. great britain -- history -- james i, - . broadsides -- london (england) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion diev et mon droit . honi ✚ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 y ✚ pense royal blazon or coat of arms ❧ by the king. ¶ a proclamation touching the sealing of tobacco . whereas we ( by the aduice of our commissioners for our reuenue ) haue resolued to import a quantity of spanish tobacco ( not exceeding fifty thousand weight in any one yeere ) and vtterly to prohibite the importation of any other forreine tobacco , which is not of the growth of our owne plantations , and to prohibite also the planting of all tobacco within these our realmes of england and ireland , and islands there to belonging or adiacent , as by our proclamation , dated the seuenteenth day of february last ( for the reasons therein expressed ) it doth at large appeare : now , because wee are informed , that it will much conduce to our seruice , and the setling of that businesse , for the preuenting of the stealing in of all forreine tobacco , and discouery of the offendours , and for the clearing of all others , who are not offendors , from future trouble , that all the tobacco of the growth of our plantations already imported , shal be sealed by our commissioners to that purpose appointed , aswell as that which shal be hereafter imported , in such sort as by our sayd proclamation is already directed , that so the tobacco of our plantations may bee distinguished from the forreine tobacco , and the tobacco planted within these our realmes , which are prohibited : our will and command therfore is , and we doe hereby declare & publish our royall pleasure to be , that our said commissioners appointed by us for this seruice , shal with al cōuenient speed , seale all the tobacco of the growth of our said plantations already imported in such sort , as they are directed to seale that which shall be hereafter imported . and if any person whatsoeuer , hauing any such tobacco , of the growth of our said plantations , or any of them , which shall refuse to haue the same sealed , or which shall not offer the same to be sealed , as aforesayd , and the same shall hereafter , at any time after one moneth , from the date hereof , be discouered , that the same shall bee taken and reputed for forreine tobacco , or for tobacco of the growth of these our realmes , which hath been prohibited , and which they durst not auow the keeping of , and as such prohibited tobacco shal be taken , and seized as other prohibited tobacco , according to the tenor and true meaning of our said former proclamation , whereof wee will , that euery person , whom it may concerne , do take notice at their perill . giuen at our court at white-hall , the thirtieth day of march , in the third yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france and ireland . god saue the king. ¶ imprinted at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . m. dc . xxvii . a solemne ioviall disputation, theoreticke and practicke; briefely shadowing the lavv of drinking together, with the solemnities and controversies occurring: fully and freely discussed according to the civill lavv. which, by the permission, priviledge and authority, of that most noble and famous order in the vniversity of goddesse potina; dionisius bacchus being then president, chiefe gossipper, and most excellent governour, blasius multibibus, aliàs drinkmuch ... hath publikely expounded to his most approved and improved fellow-pot-shots; touching the houres before noone and after, usuall and lawfull. ... faithfully rendred according to the originall latine copie. disputatio inauguralis theoretico-practica jus potandi breviter adumbrans. english multibibus, blasius. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a solemne ioviall disputation, theoreticke and practicke; briefely shadowing the lavv of drinking together, with the solemnities and controversies occurring: fully and freely discussed according to the civill lavv. which, by the permission, priviledge and authority, of that most noble and famous order in the vniversity of goddesse potina; dionisius bacchus being then president, chiefe gossipper, and most excellent governour, blasius multibibus, aliàs drinkmuch ... hath publikely expounded to his most approved and improved fellow-pot-shots; touching the houres before noone and after, usuall and lawfull. ... faithfully rendred according to the originall latine copie. disputatio inauguralis theoretico-practica jus potandi breviter adumbrans. english multibibus, blasius. brathwaite, richard, ?- . aut marshall, william, fl. - , ill. [ ], , [ ], - , [ ] p., leaves of plates at the signe of red-eyes [i.e. printed by e. griffin], oenozphthopolis [i.e. london] : mdcxvii [ ] the imprint is fictitious; in fact printed in london by e. griffin (stc). the "ph" in "oenozphthopolis" is a greek letter phi. the place name is probably a mistranscription of "oenozytholpoli" in a latin edition. the roman numeral date is made with turned c's. "the smoaking age, or, the man in the mist" has separate dated title page with imprint "oenozphthopolis. at the signe of teare-nose. mdcxvii."; pagination and register are continuous. "a solemn joviall disputation" is sometimes attributed to richard brathwait, but is in fact his translation, with additions, of the pseudonymous "disputatio inauguralis theoretico-practica jus potandi breviter adumbrans" by blasius multibibus (pseudonym). "the smoaking age" is apparently brathwait's alone. the plates, signed by william marshall, bear the titles "the lawes of drinking." and "the smoaking age or the life and death of tobacco.". "at least ny-arents copy has a leaf of letterpress explanation preceding each frontispiece, lacking in most (all other?) copies."--stc. these are not included in pagination above. reproduction of the original in cambridge university library (second part only). created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng drinking of alcoholic beverages -- early works to . tobacco -- early works to . smoking -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - rina kor sampled and proofread - rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the smoaking age , or , the man in the mist : with the life and death of tobacco . dedicated to those three renowned and imparallel'd heroes , captaine whiffe , captaine pipe , and captaine snuffe . to whom the author wisheth as much content , as this smoaking age can afford them . divided into three sections . . the birth of tobacco . . pluto's blessing to tobacco . . times complaint against tobacco . satis mi●…ipauci lectores , satis est unus , satis est nullus . upon tobacco . this some affirme , yet yeeld i not to that , 't will make a fat man leane , a leane man fat , but this i 'm sure ( hows'ere it be they meane ) that many whiffes will make a fat man leane . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . at the signe of teare-nose . m. d. cxvii . upon the errata's . the authors absence , with the intricacie of this copie , caused these escapes here committed , to be so many . but no wonder , if subjects of this nature become subject to error , when they tre●… of so giddie an humour , as liquour and vapour . correct them , as you shall meet them , with a consorious candor . pag. . lin . . for abilished , read abolished . p. . l. . for priv●…tion , read privation . p. . l. . for ference , r. terence . p. ●… . l. . for you , r. him . p. . l. . for flap dragon , r. slap-dragon . p. . l. . to deleatur . p. . l. . of suppleatur . p. . l. . for defie , r. define . p. . l. for celphalgia , r. cephalgia . p. . l. . begge suppleatur . p. . l. . for though , r. thought . p. . l. . for either r. ever . ib. l. . for stop , r. s●…eepe . p. . l. ●…lt . for intricatest , r. intimatest . p. . l. . for and , r. one . p. . l. . for artificiall , r. artificially . p. . l. . for sotary , r. votary . ib. l. . for eares , r. yeares . p. . l. . for bath , r. have ▪ p. . l. . an suppleatu●… . ib. l. ul●… . ●…or resembrance , r. resemblance . p. . l. . for at , r. as . p. . l. . for sole●…ysims , r. soloecis●…es . ib. l. . for word-joyning , r. word ▪ coyning . ib. l. . for legatum , r. l●…gatum . p. . l. . for of . r. to . p. . l. . for diet , r. riet . to my learned , judicious , and most experienced friend , t. c. doctor of physicke : all successe to his conscionable endevours . sonnet . to you , in whom knowledge & goodnesse meet , whose ends are honest , and whose sole content is to revive your heart-sicke patient , in humblest sort , as clients use to greet their pious patrons , doe i make retrait : to whom i owe my selfe , my life , my love , my praise , my prayers , next to the powers above . the high physitian , in whose glorious hand the globes of heaven and earth contained are , give blessing to your cure , cure to your care , prosper your practice both by sea and land , and give successe to what you understand : for in you i have found , what 's rare to finde , a curious knowledge in a vertuous minde . for th'artlesse mounteb anke , whose cure 's to care how to deceive a gull , so much i hate it , i wish but execution of the statute , to such penurious venters of base ware , who , as hippocrates relateth , dare purchase , by patients death , a little art , which they by peece-meale sell at ev'rie mart. for you , so long as life runs th'row these veines , i will retaine a gratefull memorie , and blaze the fame of your integritie ●…n such a●… these , or in some choycer straines , to gratifie your care , your cure , your paines : for if we honour him that gives us wealth , what owe we him that gives us life and health ? " for had i treasure offer'd , i 'de refuse it , " wanting the sov'raigne meanes of health to use it . eucapnus nepenthiacus , neapolitanus . to my worthy approved and judicious friend , alexander riggby esquire , all generous content . assumpsits are law-ties in courts above , so be assumpsits in respect of love ; this hath induc'd me , sir , to render you , neare to my day , a tender of my due . for in gants aged-towne last time we met , i promis'd you , and promises are debt , to publish some choice subject in your name , and in this toy have i perform'd the same ; which , give 't no pleasing relish to your minde , it shall by fire be purged and refin'd , where by the airie substance of my booke , may be resolv'd to nothing else but smoake , but how so re this subject you approve , it acts his life and death that many love ; so a●… , be you but pleas'd to see his death , next time we meet wee 'll laugh him out a breath : meane while accept this gage , till i have time to mold my love in an exacter line . for th' court , where now my suit depending is , hath forc'd me write in forma pauperis ; from whence dismist , your equall selfe shall heare my muse can mount unto an higher sphoere . yours entirely , eucapnus nepenthiacus , neapolitanus . the stationer to the reader . this manuscript falling into my hand , for the deserving esteeme of the author , whose name it bore , i communicated it to the serious perusall of sundrie judicious censors , who highly approved the curious conceit and invention of the author : who composed it ( as hee hath since ingenuously acknowledged ) in his infancie of judgement , which made him altogether averse from publishing it . howsoever the subject seeme light , you shall finde it like a delightfull soile , so plenteously interveined with pregnant passages , pleasant allusions , liberall and unforc'd relations , as i make little doubt , but it will afford a pleasing relish to any ones palate , who through criticisme of censure is not prejudicate . read , reape , and returne . to whomsoever , whensoever , or wheresoever . some few yeares agoe , one boraccio fumiganto , a burmudan , made repaire unto me ; and upon discourse of the plantation of tobacco , entreated mee upon all termes of love and familiarity betwixt us , that i would addresse my pen to treat of that subject ; being , as ●…e verie truly affirmed , a principall help to discourse , especially to our young english gallants , whose first salutation to their acquaintance is , will you take a pipe of tobacco ? but my answer was no lesse roughly than roundly returned , replying , that alexander severus would have smoaked such sellers of smoake , and xerxes would have pulled their skin over their eares ; if these smoakie merchants , being such as this burmudan was , had vended , or vented those commodities in their time . with this answer , my fuming fumiganto seemed much discōtented , taxing me of prejudicacie , in condemning a science ( for so this factor termed it ) which was not onely hugg'd but honoured by our hopefull gentrie ; whose desire was rather to be matriculated in the exquisite taking of a pipe , than in the tossing of a pike ; in a quiffe and a quaffe , than shaking of a staffe . presently upon this affront , came in a trinidadan with a varinan , who desi ou●… to heare what subject it was that made us so hot , i replyed , it was tobacco , the verie fume whereof , as it doth ever , had driven us to that distemper . o insolence , or rather impudence , quoth the trinidadan ! shall a weed , the wealth of many ilands , and the delight of the queene of ilands , receive that aspersion ? tellme , tellme ( quoth hee ) thou profest mamothrept to all generous humours , how should long and lingri●…g hou●…es bee consumed , how should discourse , wanting matter , be continued , how should entertainment or the life of societie be preserved , how should hospitalitie now showne not so much in the ●…himney , is in the nose of the gentrie , he discovered ? nay more , how should some companies be maintained , if this soveraigne receipt to all maladies , were not countenanced ? what companies , said i ? marrie the company of pipe-makers , sirrah stoicke ; whereof one brachifort , who is no small foole , hath procured a benefit , to inhance the rints of his pate by the rents of the pipe , and smoake them who made pipes for others smoake . is it possible , quoth i ? yes , my cringing criticke ( said the varinan ) that it is , and yet you disesteeme our qualitie . besides , i heare , quoth hee , that one aestivus nepenthiacus , a grand monopolist , and a judicious practist in his profession , hath of late renounced his practice , wherein hee was a right hopefull beginner , to betake himselfe to the plantation of tobacco ; wherein i will not justifie his triall of experiments , being for the most part more deceiving than thriving ; but sure i am hi●… artificiall stoves , limbecks , 〈◊〉 , and other artfull inventions , have prov'd him a dogmaticall doctor in his profession . whereto i answered , that indeed i had heard of his rare experiments , but how little nepenthiacus had gained by them , might appeare by this , that as he had formerly left his profession , so now of late he was enforced to leave his nation , to worke wonders among the wilde irish. where report was , hee intended to remaine till he had reduced all those bogs and marishes to plots of tobacco ; so beneficiall is he to the state , though prejudiciall to himselfe . this , quoth the trinidadan , may bee all easily done , if he exactly observe his geometricall ascents & descents , which by his mathematicall line , which hee hath alwayes in readinesse , with all facilitie may bee attained . for in that glorie of ilands , wherein i have long time remained , works of greater difficultie than this have beene effected : but to insist on any of these i will not , because they would seeme incredible to the shallow and barraine apprehension of the vulgar : yet to make instance of one for all , i hold it not altogether fruitlesse . i have seene the seeds of tobacco sowne in a bed of gourds , and in a moneths space the whole bed of gourds were into leaves of tobacco changed . where at smiling , i have read ( quoth i ) all ovids metamorphosis , and i finde there no such transmutation . no marvell ( answered he ) those were fictions , these true and native relations : besides , you are to know that travellers in their surveyes , assume a priviledge above the authoritie of authors . traversing thus our ground , as one cloyed with this discourse , i had a desire to leave them to themselves , and addresse my selfe to mine owne affaires ; but boraccio fumiganto , my familiar friend , and one who had more interest in mee than the other two , st●…pt betwixt ●…ee and the doore , conjuring me upon that inviolable league of amitie so long professed & protested , that i would rest satisfied by giving way to their entreatie ; promising withall , that my travell should not be unrequited , if i would prosecute some thing touching the praise-worthy invention of tobacco , which they with such importunitie desired : but modestly , as seemed me , did i answer : that my labours , as they deserved no such courtesie , so did i ever scorne they should bee mercenarie : besides , if i should give way to their request by publishing ought concerning the singular use of that commoditie , yet might my taske seeme uselesse , the oyle of my lamp fruitlesse , being employed in that subject so much pressed , so frequently printed , and therefore needlesse . whereat the varinan seemed much incensed , vowing , that many yeares were not past since hee first set foot in this i le , how then could it appeare that any author would doe him that favour , being no english-borne but a stranger , to undertake for the vent of his commoditie any labour ? to which objection i replyed , that the english were ever courteous unto strangers , many times approving better of them , than of their owne naturall inhabitants . and whereas , he could not be induced to beleeve that any author would addresse his pen to write in his favour : i assured him , that i had read the titles of divers bookes treating of the use and commerce of tobacco ; as the poem of that english musaeus , 〈◊〉 , tobacco battered . likewise , another pleasant poeticall paradox in the praise of the p. wherein is learnedly proved , and by impregnable reasons evinced , that tobacco is the onely soveraigne experimentall cure , not onely for the neapolitan itch , but generally for all maladies incident to mans bodie . which discourse is with no lesse exactnesse prosecuted , than rodolphus agricola's was in his tract of the vanitie of knowledge ; cornelius agrippa in his discourse of the uncertaintie of knowledge ; or erasmus in his so much admired encomion in the praise of folly . besides many other judicious relations of late yeares published by our english navigators , all tending to the praise of that excellent knowledge in the plantation of tobacco : and those exquisite effects which in forraine countries it hath effected . so as the herbe moli , so highly prized and praised by homer , could not bee more usefull to the wandring ithacus , in repelling the charmes of circe , than this indian weed hath beene ever by their reports powerfull to the travelling arabs , to inure them to all extremitie . what then should tasks of this nature be any more revived , seeing so generous and generall an use of it hath made it approved ? so as , whoseever should write against it , might have more adversaries to oppose him ; than he had reasons through his whole discourse to alledge for him . yea but , replyed the trinidadan , for all this , it is not unknowne how the emperour eudorus hath divers times inhibited this to all his courtiers : yea , and long since , so bitterly inveyed against the humorous and phantasticke use thereof ▪ as publikely all those great professours , who formerly did partake of nature with the s●…lamander , to shew how conformable they would be to the opinion of their empero●…r , broke their tobacco-pipes , to manifest their distaste of what they so violently had affected , by throwing away those instruments by which their smoak was usually conveyed . all this , said i , i●… no lesse than truth ; yet , h●…w long did th●… distaste continue ? did not th●…se brave tindarian spirits quickly retai●…e what they had so seemingly disclaimed ? so as , no meat can be well digested ( so powerfull is custome being once retained ) till a pipe of tobacco be exhaled , ●…ea some times a whole petoun of indian f●…me ●…e exhausted . for howsoever , to please the emper●…ur , whose prince●…y ●…nd impartiall censure without respect to impost , seem 〈◊〉 of your profession a little bitter , their pipes were battered , their tobacco scattered , and this late introduced relique of gentilitie cashered ; yet by meanes of a meagre matachin , o●…e samius argilloplastes , they were shortly supplyed , wheresoever , or whomsoever this pleasing humour had disfurnished . since which time , both court and citie have no lesse steemed with your fume , my deare trinidadan , than the academie , that golden grove of hesp●…rie , with your late-knowne smoak my varinan , or the country , that court-ape of vanitie , with your vulgar stuffe , my stale burmudan . what academie , said the varinan ? sure i am , if you meane either of those two sisters , whose renowne our verie coast admireth , and whose unequall'd paritie those countries who never saw them affecteth , you erre much in your judgement ; for the masters and governours of private houses , ( this i dare avouch upon mine owne knowledge ) are such cautelous guides and guardians ●…ver that charge wherin they stand interessed , as they cannot endure the smell of this indian hag , for so they terme it , to evaporate within their cloysters . so as , being one time there ( whereby you shall easily gather how ignorant these sage magnifico's were in the artfull profession of the pipe ) it was my fortune to consort with a joviall fri●… of young pupills , all freshmen save one or two , who had received seasoning from the pump for their absurdities . with whom having traversed two or three pipes of rich varina , with some bottles from fons . clitonius which procured urina , just as we were canvassing a fresh pipe , in comes a senior master , tutor ( as i afterwards understood ) to those lively lads with whom i consorted ; who seeing the chamber all in a fume , grew into a monstrou●…●…ume himselfe , so as taking up some odde pipes which lay scattered upon the table , i will henceforth ( quoth hee ) prevent you boyes of your piping ; and with that , he threw all their pipes into the fire , intending to burne them ; and so he might , but not as he meant ; for his purpose was to consume them . at this conceited tale of the varinan , after wee had a little space laughed , i replyed ; that such ignorance was now from the academicks wholly exiled : for the grea●…est and gravest students well perceived , that long studie would dull and rebate the understanding , being by no externall receipt cheered . upon which speech , all these three antagonists with joynt force , made towards me , reassailing me with new reasons to undertake the defence of their trade , objecting , how by mine owne mouth they would condemnè me , if they could not now at last after many perswasions ; prevaile with me . for ( said they ) you confesse the citie , court , countrey : yea , the treasurie of all knowledge , even the academies affect , it , and will you in a stoicke reluctancie oppose it ? besides this , you have sundrie affectionate allies , all agents of happie employment and hopefull improvement , who since their plantation in tortouga have dealt in this commoditie , to their profit and succeeding memorie , which may bee an irresistable motive to induce it . to which powerfull objections i a little relented , yet so , as i expressely told them , i would not much insist upon their conveniencies or inconveniencies of their trade , being of late time inured to dangerous sophistication , having knowne by report of an experienced chymicke , divers ounces of quick-silver extracted from one pound of tobacco : but to discourse of the life and death of tobacco ; as first of his birth and education ; secondly of his planting and propagation , i should doe my endevour : whereto they all joyntly consented ; upon which consent i addressed my pen to this ensuing tract here presented . the smoaking age . or , the life and death of tobacco . in tartarie ( i reade ) not farre from the burmudoes , there dwelt a rich hander , whose name was nepenthes : enricht he was with all the best of temporall fortunes ; and to make his blessings more consummate , with a chaste and continent wife , called vsque●…aughin . yet that he might acknowledge , there was nothing in this interins of mans life so absolute , which was not sometimes attended with crosses , or at least , all●…yed ▪ to make humane frailtie confesse a more soveraigne power : hee tasted ( one distaste ) in the overflow of his fortunes , which was , want of children . much he had , and great possessions was he master of : but who should be his heire he knew not , being bereft ( of that onely one of humane blessings , hope of issue . long had he now lived with his vertuous wife , when behold he was made happy in hope , though the event answered not his expectation so fully as hee imagined , and thus it fell out . these two good inhabitants dwelling neere to the sea , they used now and then to walke upon the sea shoare , not onely to refresh themselves with the coole temperature of the aire , but in meere compassion to entertaine ( such shipwrack't soules as destitute of hope or meanes , were throwen upon that coast ▪ it chanced that an apothecary of the burmudoes , ( intending to goe into hoemonia where the best and soveraignest herbes , plants , soots , and aromotaries are said to be ) he was intercepted by pirots , who rifling him of that poore estate hee had , threw him over ship-boord : but see what refuge he found in the ocean ? the polype fish ( which naturally loveth sweet savours , & is exceedingly delighted with perfumes or any fragrant smell , taking this apothecary in her nose , presently approches him , and swallowes him ( for he was but a little dapper knave ) quite downe . the poore apothecary thus imprisoned , yet not quite bereft of sense , but to know where he was , remembers himself , recollects his spirits , & with an expert and successive hand , tries this conclusion ; he called ●…o mind how he had some purging comsits about him , for ( he being costive in his body , used them upon all occasions : ) these he ministers to the fish , which she no sooner had received , then , as the scolopendra is said to avoyd her very entrals , till she has rid her selfe of the hooke , so she purged backeward and forward : sicke she was , and heart-sick of the apothecarie , and in great extremity , till delivered of him : for any mā may judge , if one pill had such extreme force , what force was he of that ministred these pils ? not farre from the banke side , was this poore apothecary set at liberty : when behold , he begins now to wrastle with a second death : the billowes of the sea menacing ruine ; the whirlepits gaping to devour him ; little hope or none is left him ; for there 's no purge in all his boxes will save him . the poore man thus distressed , though to dye hardly resolved , yet he sees no remedy , to die he must be enforced ; and surely had dyed , if thse two compassionate ilanders , that ever were prest and addrest to pitty others miseries , had not rescued him . a little cock-boat being tied to the shoare-side , ( though unfit to endure any rough tempest , ) nepenthes unlooseth and in meere compassion ( though in this adventure he hazzarded himselfe , and was much disswaded by his wife to the contrary ) yet sets he forth towards him , and by the sudden calmnesse of the tempests intimating , that the gods themselves were pleased with a worke of that merit , he takes him up into his boat , and brings him with a mutuall joy , in safety to the shoare . the apothecary as yet amazed with his new-past danger , and as one new come out of a trance , thinking these two ilanders had beene neptune and tethis his queene , and no mortall creatures , made this druggary speech unto them following . brave and puissant neptune , and you sacred queene of the nine iles , lady maioresse of the great ocean , governesse of the lower elements , commandresse of all the skaly generation , from the sea-horse to the sea-mouse , umpiresse of all differences in this watery region , &c : may a poore ship-wrackt pothecarie speake to your excellence ? one that hath ministred triackles , antidotes , receits & cordials to all ( or most of your patients ) within your flourishing iles of the burmudoes ; and now is enforced ( like a poore supplicant ) al drugs of rheubarbe , carduus sanctus , coloquintida , artemisia , oenanthe , and what herbes or plants soever were preservative against the scotoma , oedema , lithiasis , paralysis , celphalgia , lycanthropia ; all diseases , ulcers , morbs or contagions wheresoever or howsoever arising , all these ( i say ) set aside , i am now enforced to crave pardon at your highnesse feet . with this : the two ilanders interrupted him , demanding the reason why hee should pardon ? o ( replied the apothecary ) i see the judgements of neptune be now ( and not without cause ) powred upon me ; oft have i ( and with watery eyes i speake i●… ) ministred instead of purging materials , such as were binding : this , this , ( and with that he beat his brest exceedingly ) have my false drugs brought me to : i have oft times ministred for potions , poysons to torment my patients ; that i might increase my estate by their infirmities : i never consulted with my doctor for my patients health , but how to augment my wealth , by his lingring sicknesse . punish me therefore great neptune , throw me into the sea , that i may poyson as many fish as i have poysoned men . nepenthes willing to waine him from this strange distraction , bad him be comforted , and with this serious speech shewed him his errours . my friend , as thou ascribest , the cause of thy present misery , to thy forepast impiety , and as thou wishest neptune might censure-thee according : o thy demerits , having deserved the worst of men : so i would have thee know i am neither neptune that can or will censure , nor shee tethis that should shew thee rigour ; two ilanders we are that will shew thee our best of welcome , and hospitality shall be the worst punishment we will inflict upon thee : onely , as thou ex : pressest thy owne sorrow for the contempt of thy profession : redeeme the time thou hast lost , and retire with us ; if we can yeeld thee comfort use us : for never past misery by this shore unpitied , if we could either remedy it , or redresse it . with great thankes went the apothecary along with them to a neighbour grange adjoyning , where with all curtesie he was entertained . it chanced one day , that usquebaughin sitting discontentedly in her garden , began to expostulate the cause of her barrennesse , and thus ( though hervertues never before so farre transgressed their limits , or lesse expressed themselves ) she proceeded . wretched vsquebaughin , what crime hast thou committed , what offence hast thou done , or what worke of hospitality hast thou omitted : that thou ( and that onely thou ) shouldst be deprived of that commune bounty of nature ? others have flourishing issues ; and though their estates be lesse , yet they know , who shall possesse them : but i ( that have no issue , bereft of the greatest of comforts , what avayleth it me to possesse abundance , when all this shall succeed to a doubtfull heire ? yet is my griefe enlarged ! who will not judge how nepenthes got it ? that hath no issue to whom he may leave it ; sure ( will some imagine ) extortion hath been the meanes of his raising , which makes his house so quickly declining . true , true , ( unhappy woman ) many such surmises will arise from thy barrennesse : though thy husbands vertues be never so transparant . i will retire my selfe therefore to some desolate place , that as , i am deprived of comfort , i may be deprived of light ; nor would i have an imputation aspersed on my husbands honour , through my defect . whilst she was descanting thus her own griefes silently , that the silence of the place and privacie of her passions might augment them : cantharides ( for so was the apothecarie called ) came into the garden , where seeing this disconsolate woman ( all a mort ) wiping her teare-swolne-eyes , to minister no lesse solace in her afflictions , than she had done before to his , he thus with milde aspect , and compassionate respect , spake unto her . if griefes be best allayed when communicated , or afflictions best eased , when they find partners : be not such an enemie to your selfe ( sweet mistris ) as so to engrosse your owne passions to your selfe , as to shrowd them from others . nor indeed can griefes be concealed . the face is the best secretary of the heart ; and will expresse in silence , what passions move disturbance . but it may be , you wish one of more secrecie to impart your woes unto ; of secrecie you cannot , of discipline you may . and though judgment wanteth yet shall secrecy and fidelity supply the place , where more serious advice cannot instruct : suspect me you need not , for my life is due unto you ; and let this protestation serve for confirmance : when i cease to be yours , i will cease to be mine owne . the gentle woman seeing the character of a good nature in his ill face , and one that seemed willing to requite so inestimable a benefit as hee had received , subjecting and consecrating his life where it was due : apprehended this occasion of delivering her surcharged brest , recalling to mind how by his profession , there might be some cure to the cause of her griefe . guest ( for so i will be bold to call you : ) i know sorrowes are best allayed when imparted , if hope of remedy , or least appearance of release be expressed : but so farre is the nature of my sore above the search or reach of cure , that in expressing them i seeme to augment them , because the opening of my malady , will instantly minister despaire of remedy : yet to satisfie your desire ( that generally our hospitality may afford content ) i will describe my griefes , though by the relation i expect no ease . know ( my friend ) that many yeares have my husband and i lived together , without least difference or debate betweene us : and in that prosperity and happines of estate ( if happines can consist in having sufficient ) as we have not only a competency in our selves , but have expressed and extended our bounties unto others : yet in this seeming beatitude , in this height of riches ( know my friend ) that we are made miserable , yea , in our riches despicable ; the cause is drawne from our want of issue , which you know ( if ever experience gave you that comfort ) to be the principall motive of true content ; ministring best solace to the parents griefes ; yea , and reviveing their memory , whē raked up in the ashes of oblivion . alas sir , what be these faire buildings , flourishing medes , spacious downes , which you see wee are here possessed of ? they must of necessity succeed to some , and it may be to some base tartarian , that will raze and deface the memory of our providence , with his security , riot , and superfl●…ous expence . and what shall remaine of us ? scarce so much as that we were ; but why doe i beat the aire , with a vaine repetition of misery ? you have heard sir the occasion of my griefe , the motive of my discontent ; and i know you imagine it to bee above the compasse of remedy , let it be sufficient that i have satisfied you , that can satisfie my selfe in nothing save griefe . this discourse the apothecary attentively observed : oftimes lifting up his hands to heaven , thanking the powers divine , that they had ministred him so ample and expedite an occasion , both of shewing argument of his thankfulnesse , and meanes to release this disconsolate woman of her pensivenesse . for this cantharides was excellent for many cures , but for none so famous as for sterility or barrennesse : for which exquisite art and knowledge , hee was famous through all the burmudoes ilands : so that as no place was then more savage , so no region or countrey had more fruitfull women in it . thus therfore , as soone as she had expressed the cause of her discontent , with cheerful countenance he thus addressed his speech ; i hope ( faire mistris ) this present occasion of your grieving shall be ( ere long ) the motivest cause of your joying : there is no cloud but it presages a following cleerenesse , no●… tempest ( but if over-past ) moves the mariners to more cheerefulnesse . the halcyons song they say ( mistris ) bodes a storme ; but the dolphins playing , portends a calme . some sing against their death , with the swan ; and some sing against their birth , with the lark●… . some plants are for expelling sorrow , as the mugwort ; as others to distract the senses with the hemlocke . some have vertue to cast sorrow on sleepe , as the saffron ; others to keepe them waking , as the moly . and elements skirmish one with another , lest man should be though onely to skirmish with himselfe . windes that rise in the shoares of l●…panthos , in the morning , send forth gusts from the north , in the evening , calmes from the west . this i speake ( gentle woman ) to expresse the limit of your griefe extended , the web of your passions contracted , and now your calme approching , after so many billowes over-flowing . the cause of your griefe i know to be moving : for all creatures have , and doe repose their greatest joy in their progeny : priam and his miserable hecuba before the ruine and desolation of that great and populous citie , which indured so many sieges ere it was sacked , were esteemed happy in all things , yet the complement of their happinesse consisted in their faire and flourishing issues . herotinus had as much temporall felicity , as humane debility could attaine unto , yet the extent of that felicity summ'd up it selfe in his sonnes . and true it is you say , that the posterity gives life to the deceased parent ; for as long as their issue surviveth , their image seemes revived , and nature seemes to proportion a second selfe in the child , being cast in the mould of the parent . but whence this discourse ! in expressing comforts of this nature , and not ministring to your discomfort , i seeme to imitate a rigorous and remorselesse physician , who before hee gives his patienta cordiall , applies unto him extreamest corasives . i am heartily glad ( gentle woman ) i am arrived here for your sake , and if divine powers , ( as sure they have ) may bee thought to have a hand in mens preservation , for a more excellent end or purpose , sure that aesculapius ( which lenge that publique staine to deserved honour ; that corrupter of hospitalitie ; that pearle of greatnesse , bottle-nosed bacchus . doest not remember , how those ambitious giants , had well nye scaled thy fathers palace ; overthrowne the mansions of heaven ; and made the whole fabricke of iove a pile of ruine ? and whence proceeded this , but from ioves too much lenitie ? ixion would have ( like thy bacchus ) beene a little too familiar with iuno , if ioves transpiercing eyes had not diverted his owne scandall , and preserved his queenes honour . but see what just judgement he ( in his powerfull majestie ) denounced on so impudent and ingratefull a villaine : in stead of loving , he is now rolling , and must so perpetually , the wheele of eternall anguish : blessed prevention ! deserved censure ! but thou ( as one either secure of thine one shame , or ignorant of publique infamie ) ●…itst in a whoores lap , makes carols to be sung in honour of thy bastard : o , is not this brave sport for bacchus ? yes , yes , thy tragedy yeelds ▪ him an ample and spacious argument of a delightfull comedy : for lately , i heare , hee presented an exquisite enterlude , all composed of thy follies : here presented one of his drunken attendants , thy queene laughing , another thy selfe sleeping , and bacehus brought in himselfe horning ; where , like a second al●…ides , he makes thy browes his columnes , on which he engraves his perpetuall motto , non ul●…ra . here is excellent worke for a silent asse to bee hood-winkt in ! what pilot , seeing an imminent tempest approaching , will not cast anchor , or retire to harbour ? but thou , seeing the tempest of thy shame , not imminent , but transparent , sleep'st with the dormouse , and risest with the snaile , horned . i will be briefe , though a matter of this consequence , requires a world of instruction : make me italian worke in their guts , play mee tereus part : thou hast no progne , but a strumpet ; no philom●…la , but an impudent prostistute . cut out her tongue , and shee will not blab thy shame : hang up bacchus for an ivie bush at everie taverne doore in hell. let monsieur claret ( who i am credibly enformed was his pandor ) bee drunke of none but tinkers , and let them drinke till they surfet , that they may spue him in the street againe . o that i could expresse the infinitenesse of the malady which thou art incident to , and knowes it not ; made a monster and observes it not ; laught at by thine owne planter , and sees it not ; balladed at by a nastie troope of gally-foists , villaines of the last edition ; proclai med recreants to the field of vertue , and whipped in the statute booke of s●…turne . and yet ( my squeamish cosin ) you cannot see into the eye●…ore of your reproach . p●…oebus so much respects you , hee will not visit you , lest his approach should publish your shame : luna , like a modest and chaste matrone , because her ordinarie habiliment is an horne , will not see you , lest she put you in minde of that badge you weare . the planets , as more favourable and auspicious than you are to your selfe , will not come neere your cave ( for they are verily resolved ) you are planet-strucke already . as i am your friend , so take my counsell ; put her away , that has put you in for all day ; live to bee your selfe , and not to be an impeachment to your selfe : some here of my fraternitie laugh at you , others in compassion pitie your miserie . neither pitie , nor scorne , are estates worth having : so cleere your disgrace , and wipe off the blemish laid upon your deitie , that those friends which pitied you , may convert their pitie into joy , others that scorned you , may convert their hate to envie . howsoever , remaine but your friend , as mercurie will rest ever your approved , &c. after the perusall of this letter , you may imagine what cold swounds came over poore pluto's heart : so as in the increase of his distractions , and decrease of his comforts , which he imagined matchlesse , by the new birth of his supposed heire : in the retirednesse of his passions ( which seeme most bitter when most retired ) hee thus conferred with himselfe ; expostulating the probabilities of these suspects , with the sinceritie of his approved and ever trustie friend mercurie ; of whose undoubted fidelitie hee made no question : yet because the long-rooted conceit of proserpina's constancie , and her generall respect to honour ingendred in him a doubtfulnesse how to resolve : yet in the end mercuries information is preferred before his first resolution . the divers enforcive causes whereof may appeare more amply in this private discourse to himselfe . pluto's passions . a letter pluto ? yes , and a bitter one : by these contents i should need an extraordinary night cap , for mine eares by all heavens consistories bee supposed hornes . and by whom should these monstrous appendices bee created ? the letter saith by bacchus . verie good ; then consequently am i mine owne pandor , that entertained a villaine to lye with my wife . yet i can hardly beleeve it : proserpina hath lived many yeeres with me , and was never yet detected : shee ever preferred her estimation above any inordinate thought of breach , or violation of honour ; and as proper personages were in my dominions , as ever bacchu●… will make : and can i thinke a drunken swad can so soone seduce my queene from her respect to honour ? no , no : sure mercurie would have me divorce my queene , to possesse her himselfe : i know not , if there bee knaverie in mercurie , there must needs be villanie in amitie . yet mercurie was ever a faithfull and approved friend to me : and sure such a report hee has heard , and that , no●… ordinarie neither , for it seemes it is confirmed by the generall rumour of the gods. why then pluto ( to make the conclusion agree with the premises ) thou art a cuckold : and that bladder-fac'd , goggle-ey'd , rheumaticke rascall , bacchus , has been penning a set speech in proserpina's note-booke . vvhat remedy ? i shall bee set in blacke and white for it : to bee the first prince of hell that ever bore horne for his crest , and mine impresse shall bee about it , inopem me copia fecit ; no rather , haec sunt insignia bacchi . miserable pluto . canst thou descant of thine owne shame without blushing ? to have thy gem soiled by a canker-worme ? a mop-fac'd rogue , that seldome or never lyes in sheets , but makes the taverne his lodging chamber , and the bulke his pillow . o inconstant proserpina , to chuse a lowsie knave , base in education , grosser in conversation , and odious to all but flemmish brittons ! could none satisfie thee ( unsatiate messalina ) but the dregs of pollution , and that never made difference twixt lust and love ? how thine eyes were dazled ? how farre thou disparagedst thy judgement ? couldst thou see any such excellencie in bacchus , or any one good condition to approve thy choyce ? was hee so farre above thy pluto , as thou preferredst him before thy pluto ? blush at thine impudence : or if bacchus grape have taken so deepe a tincture in thy blushlesse face , as thou canst not expresse thy shame by the outward character of a blush , at least send out a relenting teare , and that perhaps will mollifie the heart of thy abused husband . to whom should i appeale to ? if to mine owne judges , i shall rumour mine owne shame in hell , as it is dispersed already in heaven . if i appeale to earth , that rancorous troope of incarnate devils will answer mee , it is ordinarie with them to have cuckolds , and they never enacted law against that veniall errour . to bee briefe , they will absolutely conclude they have no law for it . if i appeale to my father iove , and present a bill of complaint to the senate of heaven against mine owne wife , i shall bee but laught at , and the cause will be protracted , and my selfe the while eternally tormented with delay of revenge : but what bids mercurie mee doe ? play tereus part , cut out her tongue , and she will not blab my dishonour : that were a ready way ; and yet hardly were that course secure either ; a woman will make a shift to speake , if her tongue be cut out : there is no hope in so desperate a cure . come , come , i have it : hang laughter : am i a proclaimed cuckold , and therfore a complete honest man , and will not i seeke remedy for mine imputation ? is it not a reproach for pluto , to bee termed a wittall , a plaine honest well-meaning cuckold ? by my regiment of s●…yx , lethe , and phlegeton : and by all my power i have in this inferiour government , i had rather be entituled knave , than honest . but where 's my revenge ? to iupiter pluto , to iupiter ; he will pittie his sonnes misfortune , and censure bacchus ( that slavering hogshead ) according to his deserts . if i put up this injurie , let me be thrust from my chaire of state , my kingdome of tartarie for ever . shew remorse on me , and inflict revenge ( thou tonitruous iupiter ) upon this horne-maker : for if thou doe not : flectere si nequeo superos , acheronta movebo . i will iupiter , i will ; i 'le play the giants part ; skale thy airy turrets ; raze downe thy burnish'd pyramids ; ravish the beauties of thy court ; and make one of my bas●…st slaves lye with thy queene before thy face . passion may be long silent , but not supprest : injuries may be endured , but not quite supplanted : i will first , like a poore solicitor , attend thy court with lenity , my next approach shall be in thunder . plvto seconds his passion with a complaint to iupiter , the processe whereof how it fell out , you shall heare afterward . vve must now returne to plutoes young hei●…e , and how suspicion arose from acarno the midwife , touching the birth of this young brat . one day swathling this wan●…on bastard , she perceived a marke in the childs brest , resembling the proportion of a vine : the feature of the leaves , spurges , and grapes , so artificiall naturall , as made the old trot exceedingly amazed : on she rowles to proserpina , and shewes her this wonder ; the good queene marvelled not a whit ( for she had no reason ) knowing it to be ba●…chus stampe : yet least this should be occasion of difference twixt her and pluto ; whose jealousie she had now a little perceived ; calls for iris the post-boy in hell , and commands him , after she had inchanted him with her ebon wand , that he might goe and come invisible , to take his course instantly to the north-part of ta●…tary , ( on which border , the iles of the burmudoes are seated ) and there he should find 〈◊〉 child in the c●…adle . vvhich child she enjoyned him with all expedition and taciturnity to convey from thence , and bring it to her ; where , at his returne hee should heare the rest of her will ; intending , as after appeared , to convey her young bacchus in his place , that all suspicion might be avoyded : and this stamp of the true father neither might ingender occasion nor argument of suspect or jealousie in the troubled head of her husband . on iris goes in his ambassage ( winged to make the course more speedy ) nor rests he his wearied body , till arrived at the utmost cape of burmudoes sea , where after long search , he findes the joyfull house of nepenthes : in he goes ( and in the darke covert of night , when cares get repose , and the ambitious thoughts of men find harbou●… ) he easily takes the poore infant from beside his sleeping parents . up hee mounts with the child , and with as much 〈◊〉 returnes to the care seased chamber of proserpina : where sitting alone ( for pluto was turned 〈◊〉 in heavens conclave ) seeing 〈◊〉 come into the chamber , with as quicke 〈◊〉 ( as if her senses before estranged from her , had beene suddenly revived . the child she receives , and the child with as cheerefull a countenance , flies into her bosome . pretty brat , that occasions no little griefe to thy poore parents , that in their sleepe possessed thee , but waking in the survey of their barrennesse makest their lives loathed , but their griefes must not be dilated by our pen ; we will leave them sorrowing , & returne to plutoes successe in his suit . pros●…rpina now at hearts ease , intending next morning to send her bastard to nepenthes house , that it might remaine there fostred in stead of their owne ; was prevented by her husbands returne ; who came in as she was committing and commending the child to the care , tuition , and safe convoy of her herald iris. how these two encountred may be imagined by plutoes former passion ; yet to make our discourse more complete , and the series of our tale with better concordance knit up ; you may suppose pluto entring his queenes chamber , and with sparkling eyes , severe looke and menacing aspect , thus chastising her . proserpina encountred by pluto . impudent minion ! doest thou imagine pluto has no eyes , because he weares horns ? let go the bastard ; he that fathers it is able to keepe it ; thou hast stuff'd my head with horne shavings ; made me infamous for ever ; derided in heaven ; contemned on earth ; and pittied in hell . none but bac●…hus ( insatiate strumpet ) to flie to , that on my knowledge is buzling with every milke-maide ! am i the rhynoceros thou hast branched ? the first cuckold of thy making ! and the first that ever was in hell created ! and thou it seemes ( to blinde my eyes ) wouldst cōvey this brat to some desclate promontory , some anchorage or sotary , for to pray for thy lewdnesse ? sure i thinke if ever it proved fryer it were not of the mothers mind , but ere five eares were expired , it would sing , the fryer has lost his breeches . out cockatrice , out : with what forehead canst thou plead for pardon ? i that tooke thee up , as earthly gallants , take up light commodities , stragling from thy mother , hath found thee now strayed from thy honour . i will never keepe holiday in thy remembrance hereafter , so long as thy wind-pipe is open . thy melody shall be converted to shriking ; thy best of delights to perpetuall dispairing ; and thy late banquetting to incessant tormenting . cuckold pluto , you strumpet , and none but bacchus to doe him that dishonour ! better could i have beene pacified , a●…d sooner had the passion of my eter●…all choll●…r been mittigated , if any within my owne regiment had done it : but a drunken slave , that in the height of his cups , will rumour my hornes to all his cup-shot assacinats ! goe to hell shall roare for ▪ t. thy liberty shall be perpetuall imprisonment ; thy life horrour ; and though thou wish death , yet , he shal not be so thankfull as come , if it be but to augment and aggravate thy misery . and for thy bastard , heare ioves decree . ioves decree . by the power of my command , iove the supernall commander of heaven , soveraigne of earth , head prince of the mediteranean , and absolute emperour of the tartars , planter of iles , establisher of nations , extirper of the bastard race , auspicious protector of chaste affections , ratefies this decree following : whereas pluto our well-beloved sonne , upon just complaint of bacchu●… , and his licentious queene pros●…rpina , hath informed us of illegitimate issue , descended from their unchaste loynes . and that the bastard ( as an apparant and evident note of his dishonour , continues in the court of hell , to a publike contumelie of the said pluto , and no lesse griefe to us . we therefore , to root out the very memory of such disgrace , and the being of so worthy an issue : doe in our power transforme the said bastard ( in resembrance of aca●…thus ) into a a plant ; which , to expresse his father shall still reserve the name of his progenitor bacchus : and therefore have we in his memory , called him ( as one commended to the care , protection , and tuition of his father ) tobacco , the curse whereof we referre to the consideration of our sonne pluto , whose injuries we in compassion feele in our selfe . and that our decree is not to be abbrogated nor disanulled ; we have here in our celestiall consistory , sealed it with the subscription of our glorious synode subsined , mars , mercury , saturn , neptune , aeolus ▪ &c. our decree is not to be adjorned , but with expedition confirmed . for proserpina , to pray is bootlesse ; prayers are out of season ; or to weepe and deplore her present misery , is fruitlesse ; teares cannot move remorse . the decree must be performed , and so it was : for medusa , that brave inchantresse , is sent for according to ioves decree : and she with her snaky-rod catching the child , with the decree read over it , transformes it presently . the argument of the following discourse . novght now but leaves for that same feature cleare , which but of late did in the child appeare . the root , the feet , the body was the stemme , so much commended now of mortall men : his father heard it , that his child should take anoth●…r feature , and another shape : incenst at first , yet makes his sonne divine ; for bacchus steepes tobacco in his wine . the sonne makes sober , and the father drunke ; thus by hels birth , earth's to confusion su●…ke . now wee 'l proceed as times be worse and wors●… , from bacchus blessing , to tobacco's curse . the curse of tobacco , or , pluto's blessing to tobacco . to returne to the miserable state of those poore ilanders , that were now deprived ( unawares ) of their choycest and selectedst comfort : i need not , onely to expresse the renuall of their hopes ; know that proserpina in remorse of her impietie , weaving a second errour in her first offence , and one no lesse ( if not more ) inexcusable than the other ; returnes their child againe with a sumptuous armolet about the arme of it , to recompence the wrong she had done , with advantage . vvhat joy the parents conceived at the restitution of their child , i leave it to you to imagine : meane time , we will proceed with the second branch of our discourse , to wit , the blessing ( or cursing rather ) which pluto gave this bastard plant , foretelling , with what admiration it would be received on earth . novv my brave bastard , i will send you up wrapt in a paper to that father of yours , bacchus , and may my blessing follow thee . thou art now to travell through many straits : first through the noses of the burmudoes ; for there it is fit thou offer thy selfe first , because they challenge an interest in thee by thy birth . thou shalt be hissed out of the schoole of hypocrates , aesculapius , and galen . not a quack-salver doctor upon the universe , but shall reade lectures on thee , as if it were upon an anatomy . the mercinary pedler shall counterfeat thee : and drying some vvalnut leaves , shall forsweare himselfe for thee . the frenchman shall love thee , for thou art restorative to his infirmities ; thou shalt be as familiar with the tatterd indian ; as slapdragons with the flemming ; potatoes with the italian : or flawnes with the bohemian . thou shalt be thy fathers caterer , provide him victuall and victualers to 〈◊〉 his victuall . yet my comfort is , thou shalt not be onely for the generous gallant , but as well also for aminadab the pedant , and hob-nayle the pesant : the very tinker ( with his fine brasse ) shall tinckle on thy sides , and snuffe thee out like neesing-powder . the pox and piles shall reverence thee : one fire strikes out another ; and whole families shall maintaine their tatterdemallions with hanging thee out in a string . but of all cities , iles , provinces , dominions , or segniories , none shall entertaine thee in that royalty , or with that generall state at the albionacts : their long acres , uplands and downe-lands shall flie in a trice to retaine thee in their company ; thou shalt soake them to the bone ( my renowned bastard ) and make them skarre-crowes to nature . yet , it cheeres my heart , when i thinke how every foole must have his bable ; and not a good discourse without the suggestion of thy brave , pregnant and fiery spirit . yet , as well as they love thee , they 'l spurt thee out , and make thy owne mansion all be slubberd with thy owne iuyce ; while this raiseth pluto one pin higher : to see a yong cavalero spit out his patrimony in rhume . no entertainment without thee ; nor speech worth observing , that has not life from thee . thou makesh the pursued roarer forget the serjeant is at doore to arrest him . thou makest him valiant : not a brasse button on the universe dare attach him . who dare encounter phaeton , that is nought but fire and smoake ! sending out the tapers of his wrath , the fagots of his indignation ? the cressets of his spleene , and the furnaces of his evaporated ire at the crevisses of his nose ? why , i shall be made to blesse thee : thou wilt be the onely enlarger of my kingdome , the enricher of my state ▪ and the stablisher of my empire eternally . i shall thanke my wife ( ere long ) for my bastard honours . never did al●…ydes more for his stepmother iuno ; than thou for thy stepfather pluto . i see charons boat over-burdened already : hoyse up sayles charon , my hony bastard sends thee them in swoupes . but i see more vertue in them yet ; as the light of the fire darkens the light of the candle , so shall thy smoake ( the pure elixir of a gallants brain-pan ) draw to thee all the smoake that 's used to steme out of great mens kitchins : their habitations shall become as desolate as a wildernesse ; as bare as trees in fall o' th' leafe ; as naked as a frenchmans scalpe ; and as destitute of hospitality , as a wappin broker of honesty . but this is nothing to that reverence those smoaking albyonacts will do unto thee : there will a scholler make a set speech to thee ; and canvase thee in a blanket , with predicamentall words , above comparison or gradation . vvith , o thou hyble of intelligence ; thou ars●…nall of eminence ; thou castalia of ingenuity ; thou hermyone of harmony ; thou systema of logicke ; thou anadema of rhetoticke ; thou anathema of choller ; thou astraea of honour . thus will the word-joyning scholler grace thee . then the lawyer with his quillets and mentall reservations , solecysims , vvrits , and demurres without demurres , will thus aboord thee . o , if iohn a styles , or iohn an oakes had knowne thee in their dayes , what cases couldst thou have put thē ? for by thee ( and none but thee ) thou heantontymoreumenō of judicious pleading , we gain'd a melius inquirendum , what it is , or what it meaneth ? as for example , if we find thee not in thy spirit and life here , we seeke thee elsewhere , and so by a melius inquirendum , we possesse thee . by thee ( and none but thee ) we find what is a capias ad legatum ; for being taken in the head , we are forc't to lie by it . by thee we find what an injunction is at the first sight ; being injoyned to avoyd much corrupt matter , wherewith men of our profession be extraordinarily troubled . wherefore , if thou have any action of outlary , against any gallant or gallants , within our precincts , in behalfe of arrerages due to thy master in thy behalfe ; we will procure thee expedition for nothing , ( and reason ) for thou art incorporated in us . thus will the spruce areopagite discourse to thee : where presently a waterman , a tankard carrier , or such necessary hogs ▪ snout in the city will thus accoast thee . o smoake , no smoake but vapour , and no vapour but smoake●… thou makest my tankard as light as a pipkin ; thou makest us never thinke of our poverty , drawne in sluces from ware , and in pipes to london . nay , nose it ( neighbour timothy ) nose it ; o herbe of grace ! surely he that founded thee was some traitor , for thou hast betrayed me of my wits already . come , another pipe , good master flie-smoake ! why may not we send out a tankard of water at our nose , as well as master had-land blowes out his acres ? we will honour thee still ( my brave trinidadicall spirit ) and we will take it i' th' snuffe whosoever wrongs thee . thus ( my noble and heroycall bastard ) shall all professions honour thee ; all degrees reverence thee ; and the chiefe metropolitan cities shall maintaine their greatest trafficke and commerce by thee . happy shall bee that man , who can engrosse a portion of thy quickest spirit to himselfe ! it shall stand instead of his orisons in the morning ; and early will hee sacrifice the snuffe of his candle to thy incense ; not a complete callant , that hath not his v●…ensiles to conduct thee to his nose : for thou ministers him a portion of joy , and tells him of building another castle or colosse in the aire . thus thou playest minister to pluto , and estates me in an ample government ; thy smoake shall be the conveyance to hale those snuffing prodigalls to my smoaking dominions ; for thou art but a preparative to the solemnizing of thy father bacchus his festivals . thou , to open the passages to receive liquor : he , to poure in his unfathomed bucket , and to rinse their liver : thou , like another synon , burnes troy ; sacks the citie ; rases downe the walls ; and with thy per●…idious incursion , subjects all the inward parts of the citie to desolation : he , when all things are done ( like a seeming friend ) protests affection , and with ceremoniall ambages insinuates into that poore fort which remaines : where like sile●…i of the last edition , they entertaine him , receive so much of his complement , till they become complete and replete gallants : then , - suror arma ministrat . bacchus sets them byth'eares , buffet stooles walke , pottles ( like pellets ) expresse their meaning by their clattering . here ( my worthy step-child ) the comfort of my wronged bed , and the onely hope to eternize my soveraignty , beginnes my joy ! for discord and dissention yeelds to me a perpetuall union and harmony . thou art that brand of paris , shalt make earth flame for 't ; that olympia serpent ( that snake of adraste ) shalt winde thy selfe in the minds of men , and draw a greater fleet to thy voyage of tenarus , then ever were of argonauts to colchos . if those three sisters , o●…to , ocypete , and celano ; those arch-pyrats , harpies of the atlanticke , brought such rich booties to their mother cleona , what will my transformed bastard doe for me , that hath the whole world to rome in ? thou wilt make bacchus call thee his white boy ; and i will crowne thee with a diadem of burnisht gold ; with a plume of estrich feathers : and thou at thy returne , like another aquila , affricane , or pompey , shalt triumph in the streets of hell ; we are as many trophies , as thou hast enricht the treasurie of hell with soules . heere shalt thou lead the prodigall in chains , and with a shadow of smoake , draw him to follow thee , aut sequetur , aut trahetur . here , my brave spend-times , shall desire thy company ; but thou like a triumphant hannibal , shalt contemne them , leading the slaves in bonds ; and like another tamerlane , make earths soveraignes follow thy charriot wheeles , crouching like pedestals at the foot of thy majesty . hear my cautions therefore ; and in observing them , thou shalt purchase thee a wreath of eternall honour : not a fiend but shall bend to thee ; and thou in the majestie of thy state shalt contemne the greatest , being made miserable by thine inchantments . especiall advertisements given by pluto to tobacco . first caution i propound , is , that in everie place where thou commest , thou take the best booth in the faire . plant thy selfe in the eye of the citie : set mee the picture of some sallow-faced blackamoore , or a virginia-man , for that will rather draw custome upon the frontespice of thy doore : a zeuxes or apelles would doe well in these cases , to enforce passengers by the picture , to draw neere the substance : make a partition in thy shop ; it may bee the hot venetian comes to bathe with thee , rather than to drinke tobacco with thee . draw the curtaine close ( sinne would have no eyes poring upon her ) and when thou seest a young raw novice , that never was yet matriculated in the schoole of vanitie , make a speech to him in commendation of thy vertue , power , and operation ; if hee listen thee with a greedy eare , continue thy discourse with arguments , and how insufficient soever , no matter , the gudgeon will be taken , and having him once in , presume on his custome . now and then to discourse of novelties , and unheard-of rarities , will not a little encrease custome : for the phantasticknesse of the age admires nothing so much as fabulous relations . tell of thy strange birth , but neither of mee nor of the place of thy birth : though men come so frequently to me , yet they love not to heare of me : i would have thee in any case lay traines for the better sort , for the worser sort love to imitate the better : and then in thy profession thou maiest apologize thine errours ( as thou canst hardly bee without them ) if thou meane to live rich , or not to die a beggar . there bee three persons i would have thee use with all observances , the scholler , the lawyer , and the poet ; i distinguish them , for seldome makes poet lawyer , seldome becomes lawyer scholler , seldome exquisite scholler either poet or lawyer . the scholler to confirme thy profession by reason , the lawyer by equivocation , and the poet by invention : one to discusse , another to discourse , and the third to fable these , as by time observing , they may bee eternally won ; so by scurvie usage they may bee eternally lost . the scholler will bee thine , if thou talke in his element ; sooth him in his arguments ; and call him most profound , dogmaticall , and literate trismegistus : let not one reason ( though it be never so wide of sense ) passe from him without thine approbation ; and when thou art wearie in praising his imperfections , fall to admiration ; but let it be , — ut pueri iunonis ave●… . if thou canst know what universitie he is of , advance it with new-coyned and strangely-minted hyperboles : discourse a whole houre of the antiquities of the place ; not mount pernassus it selfe more ancient . then dispatiate into the pleasantnesse of the seat ; the fruitfulnesse of the place ; and withall , of the greatnesse of their commons ; for that they like to heare of , though they seldome see it . these discourses will make the scholler thine owne ; he is thine individuate and incorporate friend ; the ivie claspeth not neerer the vine , nor the missell-tow the oake , than he will knit to thee . the lawyer will be thine , if thou compare these present times with those flourishing and impartiall dayes of hortensius , marcus appius , cornelius graccus : swearing too ( for thou must make no bones of oathes ) that for pure eloquence , excellent conveyance , absolutenesse of method , and other proprieties , rome in her glorie ( even in the maturitie of her time ) never attained so absolute and exact a course in pleading . then in defence of corruption , ( because everie man must live by his trade ) talke of brave senatours , and the bravest councellours , would now and then be anoynted . and for unction dispense with conscience ; and tell him withall , examples of authoritie to confirme it . this discourse will so ensnare my young mowter , as no question ( if hee distaste smoake ) hee will frequent thee for thy many good parts : an oyly tongue ( my nimble bastard ) is worth a kingdome . for the poet , i cannot tell what to say to it , he is so oft out of his wits , as he verily imagines himselfe the man in the moone : there 's quick-silver in his braine ; and if he were not now and then encountred by sergeants , and kept under locke and key , hee would verily turne bedlame . yet because phrensie must bee purged , and thou ( my wag-halter ) hast vertue and operation to love such , becken to the thred-bare contemned urchin , give him a pipe on my score , hee 'll pay it at the next new play he makes , if the doore-keepers will bee true to him : and if not , hee 'll make thee up some scurvie end of a ballad , deserves a pipe of smoake . but before thou humour him , i would have thee finde him , and i protest to thee i cannot direct thee to him : many have this name , but as farre different from the perfect straine of a poet , as the glistering of the gloworme from the light and splendour of the sunne . some come from the camp to the stage , from the pike to the pen ; and few souldiers will prove good poets . for the nature of these men ( i my selfe have had an itching inclination to this poeticall phrensie ) had rather fight with bacchus than mars ; and had rather cope with a barrell , than oppose themselves to a quarrell . others , from an indenture to a theatre ; the scribe turnes pharisic ; and asinus ad lyram , expresseth his owne shame by his scriveners fragments . others , from mowting to comicke writing : a brave honour to descend to poet from lawyer . but amongst these ( my brave spurio ) thou shalt finde many generous wits possest with this phrensie , call them to thee , smoake their wits , it may bee they are mustie , and desire soaking : these poore gnats deserve thine acquaintance , even the lowest favorite in parnassus armourie , qui nescit versus , tamen audet fingere . take him to thee , hee shall , for his love to ribauldrie , drinke a pipe on my score : what , shall vanitie want smoake ? no , ( my thrice-renowned hermaphrodite ) smoake thou them here on earth , and i will smoake them in hell with pipes of sulphur . but i pray thee retaine these last of all others ; they will draw company to thee ; they are made the verie morio's of our time : and what good wit but either can draw thee into acquaintance with great ones ; or is so endeared to the other sex ; as by their meanes , thou shalt have creatures of both kindes ( and that will make thee for ever ) resort to thy shop continually ! humor me these poets ; extoll their devices , though thou never heard of any of them ; they love to be tickled : flatterie they cannot judge of ; for they verily imagine their deserts out-strip all commendations . but now ( my rogue in graine ) if thou couldst set up a private refectorie , for the young effeminate sort ( for they would like adamants draw continuall recourse ) i would hug thee eternally . sell mee potato-roots , eringoes , all electuaries , confections , receipts , conceipts , deceipts , pomatum , cerusse , with a large recitall of thy brave commodities ; and a little smooth-faced ganymede standing at the doore , who ▪ like another parret or mag-pie , may crie ever in one tune : what doe you lacke ? pomatum of the best , cerusse ; what doe you lacke ? if thou be so blest , as to get these syrenfaced things into thy confines , i shall be happie in thee . the best meanes to ensnare them , is to commend them ; and in comparison of sexes , to prefer theirs in many degrees before the grosse and distempered constitution of man ; fumming up some especiall records of their sexes worth . " blessed creatures , soveraignesses of earths happinesses ( thus mayst thou binde them to thee ; ) when nature framed the best of her art , shee examplified it in you , making you the founders of cities and flourishing countries , provinces and ilands . asia first founded by a woman of that name . europe by europa , daughter 〈◊〉 aegenor king of phanicia : and scythia of a woman that sprung out of the earth , who named her sonne scytha . to describe the rare sit●…s and foundations of iles ( matchlesse creatures ) rhodes , corcyra , salamyna and ae●… were all founded by women . shall i ascend higher , and register your excellence in the planets , and those celestiall bodies , which give humane bodies light ? there bee a thousand and twentie stars names knowne , all which have their constellations of women . shall i then expresse your incomparable natures , by essentiall goodnesse ? why ! vertue her selfe makes your sex inimitable . justice with a sword in her hand portrayed like a woman ; prudence with a glasse ; temperance with a diall ; fortitude with an huge colossus on her shoulder , that hercules could not remove : all these in imbroderies , as tapistrie , cloth of arras , and the like , beare the formes of women . thus commend them , and they will sooner buy eringoes of the worst ( so they may have them by retaile at thy shop ) than at others of the best , that ▪ cannot with a glibberie tongue deifie them . but i hold thee all too long : last caution i should give thee , have i reserved for the last , that it may take deepest and firmest root in thy memorie : on my blessing i warne thee to contemne honestie , as a poore whore that is neither for court , countrey , nor citie . spurne at her when shee offers to be acquainted with thee ; it is not fit that pluto's bastard should respect honestie . get and care not how ; forsweare thy selfe and thinke not when ; cheat , respect not where . honestie could never thrive in the world ; as she is a beggar discard her ; as shee is simple scorne her ; and as she is base loath her . when shalt thou see honestie ▪ approach a great mans palace , enter a tradesmans shop , or get bed-roome in an inne ? but knaverie is ever reaping a commoditie : there is not a comrade in all the citie , but she can make use on ; that wind blowes ill , where she gaines not something . to bee short , ere thou ever set up shop , or hang out thy blackamoore , disclaime honestie ; entertaine perjurie ; and the first part of knaverie may begin with a paire of uneven scales . thus if thou proceed in thy trade , i shall thinke my cautions well ▪ bestowed ; if not , to aggravate thy punishment , i will eternally banish thy strumpet-mother from mee ; and make those verie gallants which frequent thy shop , kicke thee into the kennell for thy honest simplicitie . more should i say unto thee , but that hell growes turbulent for want of government . though i doe not leave thee as i found thee , in that thy shape is altered ▪ yet i leave thee in some respect better instructed : this is my last blessing ; fly into the world , and may knaverie guide thee , false weights enjoy thee , and many phantasticke asses be seduced by thee . having shipp'd this plant in charons vessell , and sent it into the world , what commerce it had in time , and what people of all conditions frequented it , shall appeare by this pitifull complaint made by time ; whom you may imagine came forth of an old decayed and ruinous castle , bald-headed , with a sythe in his hand , and blubbered face , standing in the publique street of troynovan●… , ( for there this plant tooke first planting : ) where he exclaimes against pluto's bastard , in these or the like continuate passions . the argument . the complaint of time upon tobacco ; and the miserie of mans securitie , losing that treasure by times expence , which can never be repurchased , or redeemed , but by bitter and incessant repentance . who cals on time ? who makes use of time ? or who in meere compassion wil wipe these teares from the eyes of time ? unhappiest of men , that should offer the best of men , yet art despised by all men ! none here will negotiate in thy behalfe ; they make thee a stale to their pleasures , a pandor to their filthinesse , a brothell of shame , and a contempt to thy selfe . none esteemes thee as thou art , precious ; but makes thee different to thine owne nature , vitious . the ambitious man hugs thee , to climbe the ladder of preferment by thee . the wanton and licentious courtier , to satisfie the phantasticknesse of his braine-sicke vanitie by thee . the covetous miser , to enrich his never-contented coffers by thee . the prodig●…ll , to spend the gifts of fortune , and the refined treasure of his sin-crazed soule by thee . thus , who uses thee like thy selfe ? who honours thee like thy selfe ? or who embraces thee , but either by pleasing earths mammon , to displease himselfe , or by contemning thee utterly , to undoe himselfe ? if thou hadst that which thou hast not , it may be some would catch thee , but being bald ( as thou art ) none layes hold on thee ; what , none ? no , none ; nemo , herculè , nemo ! yet , me thinks , for all thy baldnesse , the sergeant should clap hands on thee ; his fingers will grant a bald man no dispensation . yet thee he never lookes at , for why ? thou art out of debt , though all be in arrerages to thee , all engaged to thee all in subjection to thee : and like an imperious owner mayest command an hourely arrest ; yet , who is it of all my debtors braves me not ? who , of all my factors contemnes mee not ? and ( to my griefe ) who not of the basest revile me not ? miserable time ▪ unhappie creditour●… to have so much pitie on such insolent debtors . here i heare my name contested by truth , and presently my testimony is beat downe by falshood ; there , the simple honest man craves that i may try the cause ; for ( saith hee ) time tries all things ; and presently the poore man is cut downe , before his cause come to the verdict of time. thus justice goes on stilts , and time supports her ; falshood goes under warrant , and time secures her ; simplicitie is opprest , and time must delay her ; the good suffer , and time sees it ; the ill are dispenc'd with , & time confirmes it : thus may all men impute the cause of all disorder to time ; and so they doe , while i in pitie of the good , will in time inflict due punishment on the evill . meane time , like love himselfe , and those aethereall powers above , who for all their integritie were accused to be authors of their owne impietie , art thou blamed : o facinus ! mortale genu●… nos numin●… primum incusat ; caus●…mque putat , fontemque malorum quae veniunt . o wickednesse ! what h●…inous crimes surprize the hearts of men . to make us authors of that ill which is commit by them ? must thou poore time be a maske to every fact unjustly committed ? to every bribe corruptly receaved ? to every oppressor , that is amongst the worst of men numbred ? what remedy ! thine owne sinceritie is thine owne best apologie . thou wilt once discover thy selfe what thou art , and detect the secretst of imagination , that now seemes secure of thee or thy power . so long hath my spring continued : i expected a better growth in this field of vanity , then stubble and fruitlesse darnell . well , i will now make up my harvest : i will see if my sythe can cut downe , where my lenitie could not make grow . i have too long seene ( the essence of my selfe ) opportunity offered , contemned ; too long , the estimation and repute of my name eclypsed . the worldling shall know he has a power to prune , as he had a desire to water : his infinite store of treasures got by oppression , shall be as pathes which conduct him to the brinke of confusion . the lascivious dame , that turnes my houre-glasse to observe fashions , shall not with all her painting allure mee ; nor with her trumperies entice me ; nor with her whoorish-looke seduce me . i am too old to be a slave to a whoore ; too wise to be tempted by a whoore ; and too proud to serve a whoore . the wastfull prodigall , that becomes heire of his fathers bagges , but not his vertues , shall not affright me with his oathes ; awe me with his screw'd face ; or dismay me with his bilboe blade : i have a weapon of a stronger temper , and it will pierce further then a roarers tolado . the unjust regrater , that engrosseth wealth to himselfe , famine to the land ; i will make him open his two-leav'd granars , pull out his worme-sprowt corne , and lay his foysty victuall forth to the open market . and this done ; i will bring him bound , before a better purveyer . the proud ambicious arrogant princocke , that glories in his out-side , ( and so he may , for it is worth more than his inside ) shall player-like , be stript out of those silken trappings : he plaid a brave mans part on the theatre of this world , but he has his exit , and i am in the tyring-house and will dis-robe him ; he shall know , mundus universus exercet histrionem ; earth is but a stage , the life an enterlude , the people actors ; onely i am left to empty the stage with my epilogue , but none of these for my paines will give mee a plaudite . yet of all these , none to me so profest enemies as these smokers of our age ; they whiffe me out in fume : and spend my best of houres in candle-light ; their wits goe and come by pipe and pipe ; thus am i taken in snuffe by every pesant . alas ( poore aged time ) was thy first race thus addicted ? were those ancient heroes of renowne , which got glory by forraine conquests , for their pipe using a pike , for an herbes vapour , fields terror , thus imployed ? no ; their time was spent ( and gloriously spent ) in their countries renowne ; common-weales successe ; or publike managements of state , not in an airie vapour . these increased in generall respect by particular worth ; they had other imployments than piping ; belonaes march relished better than the juyce of necotiana ; then were the clattering of armes , the ranking of battailes , the ranging of souldiers , and marshalling of fields , of more esteeme than smoake . unworthy successors of so noble and imparalleld predecessors , shall time be spent in nothing , being the precioust of all things , but in smoake and vapour , the lightest and trivialst of all things ? shall your imployments which use to be so serious , be expended on an herbe , of all others , most obnoxious ? how time weepes ▪ see his teares trickling ; his poore decrepit legges declining ; his tongue faltring ( as one ready to leave you ) and then where be your delights ended , how is that interim of your life concluded , when time shall leave you , that so long bare with you ? when your dayes , as they were imployed in smoake , shall end in smoake ? alas ! i doe pitty my childrens security , pitty them and grieve for them ; nec longè a miseria est , qu●…squis miseratur . your misery ( by a transumed nature ) becomes my misery ; and while you lose me in smoaking , i well-nigh lose my selfe in sighing . o niobe , why weptst thou that thou shouldst be so soone deprived of children , since my greatest misery is derived from having children ? thou weptst , not to possesse them , i to enjoy them ; contemning their foster mother that first nurst them . i tell them , my teares are continuate ; my love intimate ; and my end approaching ; yet they answer me with hearts obdurate ; enmitie inveterate ; and ends despairing . i offer my selfe , and they spurne at me ; wooe them with best of times rhetoricke , and they despise me ; and open the treasures of my heart to them , but they reject them and casheere me . and is not this miserable , to contemne him , casheere him , revile and inveigh against him , without whom they cannot live ; without whose breath they cannot grow ; and without whose supportance they cannot stand ? what have they which i give them not , ( or within the course of my houres ) that i minister not ? puritie of aire , to breathe ; variety of sounds , to heare ; fragrancy of savours , to smell ; qualities and differences of taste , to relish ; diversity of corpulent substance , to handle ; and rarities , with dissundred store of varieties , to behold . and doe these bounties deserve no requitall ? doe these gifts merit no recompence ? must these ample and indefinite beauties and bounties receive no thankes ? must this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that gracefull remuneration , established by the persians : that , whosoever should be readier to receive than give , was to be punished with extreme censure , be thus wrapt up in forgetfulnesse ? i have long expected substances , and am i payed with smoake ? a sweet incence ! an excellent satisfaction ! more guerdon doe i receive of my love frō the sleeping dormouse , than the smoaking gallants ; shee sleepes but all winter , but this man i' th' mist smoakes it all the yeare long : hee proportions his nose , like the elephants snout ; and to make himselfe more terrible , like another aetna , steemes vapor and terror out of his nose . sure this is none of my boy ! i sent him not into the world smoaking , but shriking ; and now as soone as he came peeping into the world , to fall a piping ; he doth not that for which he was sent hither . vvell ; if this be the fruit of thy long education , the end of my travaile , and the period of my care , i must seeke out some other children , that will imploy their time better , and make use of my bounties with more circumspection . o lord , that diogenes had come in those dayes with his lanterne and candle at noone day , he should have found many at their candle without lanthorne , but none of those hee sought for , good men . alas ! where may time find those rare phoenixes , those white crowes , blacke swans , those mirrours of mortality ? the grecians axiome was : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; nothing that ever was , ever erred ; but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , now shall be changed into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , for all things now claime privilege in errour ; and yet what availes it thee poore time , to weepe ? thou mayst sooner change thy selfe into marble with niobe , than dissolve the marble hearts of thy children with thy remorsefull teares . vertue feldome mounts , but vice is ever mounting ; passion may shew thy griefe , but the extent of griefe ( much i feare it ) will not minister a remedy . as when annibal , seeing his brothers head thrown into his tents , cryed out : now doe i behold the misery of carthage ! so when i behold that tawny-faced aethiopian stand out pictured with a pipe in ▪ his hand , to entice the poore passenger , may i justly cry out ; now doe i behold the misery of the world ; the corrupter of cities ; the depraver of youth ; the dotage of age ; the dissolution of all ! and this griefe is no lesse than any other to me : when i see pipes made occasions of discourse ; where nothing rellisheth , nothing de lighteth without them : o , how idlenesse hath erected a throne for her to sit in ; and in majestie triumphes over the labours of poore men ! o baine of youth , why darest thou usurp the authoritie of a soveraigne , that 〈◊〉 at best , but a vassall to the divell ; a deluder of novices with smoake and vanity ; a dissolver of states ; a weakener of spirits ; an enfeebler of strength ; an effeminator of youth ; and a besotte●… of age ? why shouldst thou in thy selfe be so imperious , that art to all states so generally pernicious ? shall that issue which i have bred and brought up in more generous discipline , in more heroicke affaires : not in smoake ▪ but in the consideration of themselves ; not in the expence of idle houres , but in the contemplacion of that soveraigne end wherto they must of necessity come ( or be miserably excluded ; ) imploy their time ( which time they borro●… but of me ) in vanity●… leaving their best and soveraign'st delights , to follow their owne phantasticke humours ? have they no other meanes to bestow that little remainder of time which is yet behind , but in those vanities which abridge their time , contract their dayes , and make me miserable in the eternall discomfort of my children ? remaines there nothing now for all my time of labour in nurturing them , who have bin odious to that power from whence i descended ? ungratefull to mee , by whom they were releeved ? and worst to themselves , by whom they have perished ? i say , remaines there nothing for my labour in nurturing them , but teares of continuate affliction ? motives of perpetuate distraction ( and remedilesse ) being hopelesse of their conversion ? i was to them a second nature , by my nurture pamphering them with my delights ; without occasion of surfet ; cherishing them with my essentiall cordials of comfort ; and teaching them mannagements of armes , all oppositions to discomfit ; and yet how soone may valour be turn'd to effeminacy , resolution to cowardise , and discreet government ( in a hopefull infancie ) to a distemporate dyet , by giving the reines of liberty ? but i see the cause ! while they lived under times tuition ; and were observant of his worth ; they answered times hopes , making a vertuous age succeed a vertuous birth : then were they rained and ●…estrained ; but now giving windes to their sayles , they aspire higher , and must taste of an herbe that equals the aspiring of their minds . o , let time move you to a better and maturer aspiring ▪ not ●… smoaky suffrage of popular praise ; not the vaine consorts of house-wasting rake-hels : but to take hold of me , now while you may possesse me . i am wilfull , if you be neglectfull : i have no haire behind , as you see : take me then by the fore-locke , and make use of opportunity . time is a precious jewell that must be sought after , if obtained ; feeke after me then , while i may be obtained . this age ( i know ) hath many inducements to draw you from me , many allurements to seduce you : but shall your father , even the diall of your youth , and the haven of your age , shall ●…e ( i say ) loose that excellence which was created , and at first ordained for him ? must your winter ( which seldome brings forth either flower or fruit ) be reserved for time ; when your spring , summer , and autumne have bin consumed in the losse of time ? when theseus came to the temple of delphos , he offered the first fruits of his haire to apollo ; making the forepart of his head to be shaven , that he might take away all occasion of discomfiture from the enemie ( as homer writes of the aba●…ts . ) offer then your first fruits , your first endevours , and first intentions , to the use and service of time ; that in the surveigh of your readinesse , he may minister to you with all cheerfulnesse . beleeve times words ! it is not the swarty-chopt tobaccodrugge , that will yeeld you content in the expence of your time : you may smoake it long ere you better your owne discourse , or make your accounts even , which time expects at your hands . a whole ounce of tobacco will hardly purchase one dram of wit : repentance is the best fruit you shall reape out of such an unsavory herbe . art thou yet reclaimed , or art thou hardned ? if the one , time shall entertaine thee with his blessing : if the other ; time will bid thee farewell , but farewell thou canst not ; being relinquished , and utterly forsaken by time. i am yet staying heere in the street for thee : answer mee but with hope , that thou wilt come , and thou wilt revive poore time , that droopes with despaire of thy returne . yet , spissum verbum est amanti , veniet : i pray thee foreslow not my hopes , frustrate not my expectance , but satisfie my love ; never did pleasures with all their appearance , so much affect thee , nor any temporary delights so well deserve thee : come then quickly to him that doth both love thee , and hath well deserved thee : odit , nec patitur moras amor : that love which proceeds from the heart , hates delayes with her hart ; but where love is dissembling , there love without offence may be delaying . how long have i observed thee yonder smoaking , and was doubtfull whether thou wert ( as thou seemedst ) a man , or that beast , which the naturall historian talkes off , that sends out nought but fire ? in , i durst not come to thee ; for i doubted , if i had remembred thee of my abuse , i should have beene spurn'd and spurted at for my labour ; thou art too great to be put in mind of thy errours : but the time will come ( et nesci●… citius an facilius ) when thou wilt wish with briny eyes , relenting heart , and all attendants of a passionate and distracted soule , thou hadst received my instructions , attended to my advertisements , and made use of my cautions . i will therefore , with this publicke and irrevocable edict , summon three maine infringers of my will , contemners of my selfe , and corrupters of the age : my summons shall serve for my last warning ; if they returne no more to those stygian-shops ; those cymerian hovels of darkenesse , i will remit their former errours ; if ( in despite of my summons ) they continue in the height of their flaming vanities , their smoaky impostures , time shall whip those three stygmaticall catolounes to death , cutting them downe like mugweedes , with the sythe of fate : those three majesticke tobacco-nosers , captaine whiffe , captaine pipe , and captaine snuffe . and first for captaine whiffe . to captaine whiffe . you captaine , that glory in your art of vanity , making a high road-way 'twixt your mouth and your guttes , ( and with a cunning retrait ) bringing it backe same way it came ; you , that set up bils for your novice to reade ; as thus : whosoever wil be disciplined , or matricula ted in the art , science or mystery of tobacco-whiffing , let him subscribe his name , the place of his being ; and captaine whiff : will be ready there to attend his yong master-ships pleasure , with the profoundst of his skil . o my impudent sharke , art thou fled from thy captaine , & dar'st thou now usurpe the name of valour ? thou : that durst not smell gunpowder art now turn'd tobacco-whiffer ? for thee , if there were no time , yet there would remaine some few minutes reserved , to commend thee to a halter , for thy flight from thy captaine . i my selfe will present thee for altogether ; thou shalt not onely bee hanged ( i would have thee marke me ) before the eye of the world ; but i will have thee begg'd for an anatomie , that thy entrals ▪ ( like tamerlaines blacke bannaret ) may hang for tropheyes in honour of captaine whiffe , and his thrice-puissant , and thrice-renowned profession . having brought thee to be this anatomy , i will leave thee . to captaine pipe . you captaine pipe ( because your name is good ) and many pipes we need in this our flourishing troynovant , for conveyance of that pure element water into our citie . you i say , shall be imployed in conveying of water , ( because you have beene ever used by men which frequented those alleyes ) to those despicable and forlorne creatures , those diseased gally-foists of turneball , picke-hatch , ram-allie , and other suburbane-traders , that in contempt of vertue , make a contract with hell. this ( though it be no worke of charity ) yet it is as good a worke as is expected of thee captaine : thou wert once the gallants pander , beare now the whoores tankard : where i will leave thee . to captaine snuffe . captaine snuffe , it may bee you will take it in snuffe , if time tell you wherein you erre : but best is , as i am indifferent for thy hate , i am secure for thy power : renounce the devill , ( captaine ) be not fired before thy time : be respective ( as thou art a captaine ) of thine honour ; and take heed thou taste not , for thy tobacco , brimstone and sulphur : i would not have thee snuffe at mine instructions ; for i may , and with unamated front must tell thee , that i have contested with a man of as great worth , and of far more grace , it may be . the higher cedar ( if faultie ) deserves the rougher censure . opposition to the malevolent disposition , is my recreation . now it may bee , that in some drunken passion thou wilt sweare to stab me , what wilt thou gaine by it ? where wilt thou bee , when time has no being ? let not my precepts move thine indignation , but thy conversion : for thy threats , time never feared them ( though spoken by valour ) much lesse by an indiscreet asse , that is carried away with choler . now for my pipe-invective ; if it drive thee into a fume , from a fume to a flame , my heart is hoofed ; may thy gall with fume bee seared , thy guts with the flame be scorched , my fire-worke will bee secured , though with paper-squibs onely sconced . if time should pray for thee , i thinke thou wouldst not thanke mee ; yet i will offer a few orisons up for thee , for i doubt thou canst offer none for thy selfe . leave me that s●…uffing , and fall to sighing ; thou art neare thy grave , and then thou shalt bee smoakt for thy vaine time ▪ receive my teares , as testimonies of my love ( for ill is that nature that sends them forth in hate : ) meane time , these succinct cautions i dedicate , as remembrances to all the world ; that when time shal surcease to bee , and shall leave them , time-lesse eternitie may afterwards crowne them . times remembrances to the world . live in the world , as if thou meantst to leave it , being indifferent of loving it , and resolved to despise it . in honour , seeke it not ; for seldome is honour sought by deserts : if shee may by direct courses bee purchased , & without appearance of thine owne seeking , receive her : gold should bee taken , if offered . in riches , bee not so prodigall , as thine owne expence may breed want ; or so miserable , as thou canst not use thine owne . in life , prepare for death : in time , for eternitie of time ; that when thy being is expired here , thou mayest live ever elsewhere . in eminent places , let not the object of earth darken thine eye for heaven : for time had rather bee a poore sojournour twixt earth and heaven , than by being great on earth , lose my portion of greatnesse in heaven . in thy rising , looke to the staires of thine ascending : if the foundation be desert , thou mayest ( perhaps ) continue longer ; but if desertlesse high , i feare ph●…tons pride will bee thy censure . set an houre-glasse ever beside thee , and weepe at everie drop of sand that fals ; for everie drop of sand abridges of the number of thy dayes : wish not thine houre-glasse soone spent , unlesse thy fervencie in desire of dissolution , take thee from the thought of mortalitie , to the consideration of glorie . happily are thy desires extended , if thus disposed ; and time , which in thy happy expence of time did love thee , shall in thy possession of eternitie , leave thee . nepenthiaci naenia : or , musaeus elegie . ista liquescens pluvia , lavet peccati diluvia . dre●…ch thy drie soule in rivolets of teares ; em●…athe thy panting heart in flouds of griefe ; enhearse thy sable soule in lasting feares ; enroule thy selfe amongst all mourners chiefe : water thy bed with pe●…etentiall showers , and for wilde weeds bring forth delicious flowers . " for never did the sun yet shine upon " that wretch , who sinned more than thou hast done . finis . in a little tract , entitled tobacco : published by especiall direction of the author upon his death-bed , dedicated to humphrey king , one well experienced in the use , benefit , and practice of that herbe , and printed for will. barlow ( with tobacco armes ) then keeping shop in gracious street : wee have collected these observations . the divers●…ie of names given to this herbe . this herbe with the french hath beene most known by the name of nicotiana , from mounsieur nicot a frenchman , embassadour to the king of portugall , who sent this herbe first into france . others have called it , queene mothers herbe ; for that when mounsieur nic●…t had sent it , commended to her , she first planted it . others there want not , which call it petum masculine , though far different in qualitie and effect , from that the portugals and spanyards have called petum feminine . * tobacco first sent from florida to portugall , by the testimony of mounsicur nicot , a serious and exact searcher of ancient records . the authors which have most amply writ of it . two french-men . charles stephen , iohn liebault , aegidius eurartus , and monardes , a spanyard . the effects or operations of it . mounsieur nico●… finding sundry soveraigne qualities in it , amongst other cures applide it to a noli me tangere , and cur'd it . his patient was countesse of ruffe , having her face perished with a wart . the like experiments were done by iarnick●… governour of rochell ; reporting at a solemne feast , how by distilling this tobacco , mixt with the juyce of another little herbe , casually found in the wood , he had cured one extremely pained with the asthma . it hath healed these diseases ; the wolfe , canker , kings evill , all old sores , wounds , tetters , broad biles , pricking of the fish called vives ( the nature of whose touch is to procure infinite bleeding , even to death : ) the gout being rubbed in the infected place with oyle-olive , and afterwards by applying warme leaves of tobacco , hath beene much allayed . it hath cleared the sight , and cured one long languishing in a consumption , which i could instance in a lady of good account , at this day living . aegidius eurartus ▪ in his discourse de herba panac●…a , writeth , how a certaine woman had given her cat a verie strong poyson ; when the poore cat was in that taking , that she could not stand with dizinesse , and strived to voyd forth the poyson in vaine ; the woman remembring her selfe , found meanes to open her jawes , and making a little ball of bruized tobacco , mingled with butter , to make it goe downe the better , thrust it into her mouth , and so swallowing it downe , within a short time shee cast up all the poyson , and so was saved . it will cure all pimples , carbuncles , and other red excrements , called alebuttons . the spanyards report , that the indians , after their labour and travell , drinke unmeasurably tobacco ; which not onely refresheth them , and takes away their wearinesse , but makes them apt and prompt to businesse . the description of it . this herbe in forme much resembleth consond●… . the figure or proportion of it , you shall finde drawne in the same tract . the maine stalke of tobacco groweth upright , and big in proportion , his leaves are velveted , and are in growth bigger and larger at the stalke than towards the end of the leafe ; resembling the plaine forme , figure , or feature of any other leafe not ragged nor indented , save that you shall have some leaves broader and larger than both your hands , and in length ▪ as much as three hands breadth . the flower of the tobacco is much like the flower of niel ; sometimes yellow , and sometimes of a carnation colour , and sometimes in forme like a bell. and when it casteth the flower , it leaves the former proportion , & taketh the semblance of an apple ; in which you may find the seeds inclosed very small , appearing not much unlike to iusquiasme seeds , which are yellowish : but when they grow toward their full ripenesse , then they appeare more near to a blacke . the convenientst season for sowing it . for the time of sowing it in england ; i agree rather with monardes than these two , who say it is best sowing it in the midst of aprill ; but i would rather hold it better to sow it in march , for the same occasion that monardes writeth : howbeit , stephen and liebault write , that the spaniards and indians sow it after harvest . the convenientst season for gathring it . leo suavius wils that we should gather the leaves in the moneth of iuly ; and then bruise and distill them in a double limbecke , with two emissories or spouts of glasse , and keepe this a yeere : for ( saith he ) this received to the quantity of an ounce , for the increasing of health in a sicke or waterish stomacke , is most effectuall . the convenientst soyle for increase of it . the best place wherein it will most prosper , and be naturally planted in our countries , is , where the sunne shineth most ; and if it be possible , against some wall , which may defend it from the north-wind , which is an infinite enemy to this herbe ; being so tender in stalke , nature and quality , as it may endure no distemper , nor extremity . it is hot and dry in the second degree ; and consequently of a purging quality ; but fit for persons of all degrees , upon necessity . finis . times sonnet . sweet youth , smoake not thy time , too precious to abuse ; th' ast fitter feats to choose : what may redeeme that prime , thy smoaking age doth loose ? good oldman , eye thy glasse , see , how those sands doe fall ! none can agraine recall : old houres doe quickly passe , shall smoake consume them all ? loves lady , whom sunne , weather , yea , the least airy touch , ( complexion it is such ) may taint ; cinge not your feather , tobacco may doe much . shunne smoake , east , vvest , north , south , loves lady , old man , youth . chavcers incensed ghost . from the frequented path where mortals tread , old-aged chavcer having long retir'd , now to revisit earth at last desir'd , hath from the dead rais'd his impalled head , of purpose to converse with humane seed , and taxe them too , for bringing him o' th stage in writing that he knew not in his age . las ; is it fit the stories of that book , couch'd and compil'd in such a various forme ; which art and nature joyntly did adorne , on whose quaint tales succeeding ages look , should now lie stifled in the steems of smoak , as if no poets genius could be ripe without the influence of pot and pipe ? no , no , yee english moo●…s , my muse was fed with purer substance than your indian weede ; my breathing nosethrils were from vapors freede , with nectar and ambrosia nourished , while hospitality so flourished in great mens kitchins : where i now suppose , lesse smoake comes from their chimneyes than their nos●… . but i heare some prepar'd to question mee , the reason why i am so freely bent in such sad straines to publish my complaint ; or what strict mamothrept that man should bee , who h 'as done ch●…ucer such an injurie ; whose tongue , though weake , yet is his heart as strong , to call them to account that did him wrong . i 'le tell it yee , and must expect redresse ; would any of you hold it not a blot to father such a brat hee never got ? or would he not ingenuously confesse , hee 'd rather wish himselfe quite issuelesse ? conceive this well ; for if it be a crime , as sure it is , such is the case of mine . downe by a secret vault as i descended , pent in with darknesse save some little ray , which by a private cranie made his way , by helpe whereof i saw what me offended , yet found no meanes to have the fault amended . fixt to a post , ( such was poore chaucers lot ) i found my name to that i never wrot . and what might be the subject ? no relation sad , solid , serious , morall , or divine , which sorted with the humours of my time , but a late negro's introduced fashion , who brought his drugs here to corrupt our nation . 'gainst which , because it 's used in excesse , my muse must mount , that she may it suppresse . now some may well object , as many will , this taske addes rather glory to my name , than any way seemes to impaire the same ; but i say no ; chaucer would thinke it ill to plant tobacco on parnassus hill ; sacred the synod of the muses bee , nor can such w●…eds spring from apollo's tree . besides , what danger might prescription bring ! for had the use of it been knowne to me , it might have pleaded well antiquitie ; but th' poets of my time knew no such thing , how could they then of such a subject sing ? no ; th'age we liv'd was form'd of milder stuffe , then to take ought , like male contents , in snuffe . pure are the crystall streames of hippocrene ; choice the dimensions which her bards expresse ; cleare is their heart as th' are which they professe ; how should they relish then ought that 's uncleane , or waste their oyle about a smoaky dreame ? farre bee 't minerva should consume her taper in giving life or lustre to a vapor . the * tales i told , if morally applide , how light soe're , or wanton to the show , yet they in very deed were nothing so ; for were the marke they aym'd at but descride , even in these dayes they would be verifide ; and like sybillas oracles esteem'd , worth worlds of wealth , how light soe're they seem'd ▪ witnesse my miller , and my carpenter , the amorous stories of my wife of bath , which such variety of humours hath ; my priour , manciple , and almoner , my subtile sumner , and the messenger ; all which , though moulded in another age , have rais'd new subjects both for presse and stage . yet note these times disrelishing my tongue , whose idioms-distaste by nicer men hath made me mince it like a citizen ! which chaucer holds a manifest wrong , to force him leave what he had us'd so long : yea , he dislikes this polishing of art , which may refine the core , but spoiles the heart . but yet in serious sadnesse i impute this to no fate or destiny of mine , but to the barraine brain-wormes of this time ; whose muse lesse pregnant , present or acute , affording nought that with the age may sute , like to the truant bee , or lazie drone , robb●… other bee-hives of their hony-combe . and which is worse , this worke they make their owne , which they have pruned , purged and refin'd , and aptly form'd it to the authors mind ; when i 'm assured , if the truth were knowne , they reape the crop which was by others sowne . yea , these usurpers to that passe are brought , they 'l foyst in that wee neither said nor thought . this , this it was incens'd old ●…haucers ghost , and caus'd him vent his passion in this sort , and for a while to leave th' ▪ elysian court , where honest authors are esteemed most ; but such as on the deadmans labours boast excluded are , enjoyn'd by fate to won vpon the scorching banks of phlegeton . yee then , whose measures merit well the name and title yee retaine , poets , i meane , bedew'd with influence from hippocrene , as yee professants seeme , so be the same , and with your owne pennes eternize your fame ; shun these pipe-pageants ; for there seldome come tobacco-factors to elysium . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e the apothecaries speech . chap ▪ . chap. . vid plin ▪ in nat. hist. aelian . & ibid. nihil quod natum est , errat . agn●…sco ( inquit ) 〈◊〉 ca●…thaginis . thus still ( mee thinks ) i heare poore time complaine , and chide her brats , for being so prophane . tobacco . * the soveraigne qualitie of this herbe , may be gathered from the verie radicall derivative of it : drawne from the observance of a most judicious and accomplisht knight , one , whose personall worth gives an ●…minent addition to his noble birth : for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the hebrew signifies ●…onum , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greek , remedium ; implying , that it is a good remedie against any maladie . thus have i prov'd tobacco good or ill ; good , if rare taken ; bad , if taken still . notes for div a -e * whose pleasing comments are shortly to bee published . vvork for chimny-sweepers: or a warning for tabacconists describing the pernicious vse of tabacco, no lesse pleasant then profitable for all sorts to reade. philaretes, fl. . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) vvork for chimny-sweepers: or a warning for tabacconists describing the pernicious vse of tabacco, no lesse pleasant then profitable for all sorts to reade. philaretes, fl. . hind, john, fl. - . i. h., fl. . [ ] p. by t. este [and thomas creede], for thomas bushell, & are to be sould at the great north dore of powles, imprinted at london : . "to the reader" signed: philaretes. the introductory verse signed: i.h., i.e. john hind?. "east pr[inted]. a-c, creede the rest"--stc. signatures: a-c⁴ e-g⁴. the first leaf is blank except for signature-mark "a". running title reads: a warning for tabacconists. the preliminaries and most of the last twelve pages are reimposed from stc . , which came first. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is 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illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- physiological effect -- early works to . tobacco -- controversial literature. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion work for chimny-sweepers : or a warning for tabacconists . describing the pernicious vse of tabacco , no lesse pleasant then profitable for all sorts to reade . fumus patriae , igne alieno luculentior . as much to say , better be chokt with english hemp , then poisoned with indian tabacco . imprinted at london by t. este , for thomas bushell , & are to be sould at the great north dore of powles . . to the reader . i am to well asured ( good reader ) that in vndertaking this vaine discourse of the pernicious & vulgar vse or rather abuse of tabacco , i shall draw vnto my selfe no small 〈◊〉 among our smoky gallants , 〈…〉 long time glutted themselues with the fond fopperies and fashions of our neighbour countries : yet still desirous of nouelties , haue not stucke to trauell as farre as india to fetch a dulce venenum , a graecian helen , an insatiate messaline , and hugge a stinging serpent in their bosomes : nor am i ignorant , that to the wiser sort this treatise will seeme at the first a fruitlesse labour , of an idle braine , and to other some a vaine florish of a carping minde : and that beecause in this treatise is vtterly reprehended and in some sort refuted , that which of many excellent & learned men hath beene most highly commended , and by sundry persons of high estate hath beene experimented and tryed verie commodious for the health of man. for monardus in his treatise of the west indian simples , carolus clusius in his comment vpon garcaeas de stirpibus et aromaticis indicis , and baptista porta in his . booke and . chap : of naturall magick doe commend this plant as a thing most excellent and diuine . and in these our daies many excellent phisitions and men of singuler learning and practise , together with many gentlemen and some of great accompt , doe by their daily vse and custome in drinking of tabacco , giue great credit and authoritie to the same : yet neuerthelesse if it shall please them either with patience to heare , or with iudgement to reade these few lines , and with indifferencie to waie and ponder the reasons herein ●●●●dged , i doubt not but they shall finde , neither the great authoritie of the one , nor the vsuall practise of the other , nor yet them both vnited and conioined in one , a ground for this their vulgar practise of a thing so hurtfull an● pernitious to the life and health of man. authorities of expert and learned men in their art ( i confesse ) bee motiues of waight and importance to leade and draw the vnlearned and vnskilfull sort , who for the more part sticke and relie more on the authoritie of the teacher , then on his demonstrations and proofes , to yeeld to their assertions . but of all heresies in philosophie that pithagoricall precept ( ipse dixit ) seemeth most grose , hurtfull , and pernitious : heerevpon wee finde that aristotle in his morals thought it not a matter of wisedome or worth commendacion , to content himselfe with the bare authoritie of his maister plato ( who no doubt was in learning most excellent : but laying platoes assertions in one skale of the ballance , and reason with experience in the other , and finding his maisters authoritie to light to counterpease re●son , hee made it no scruple to swarue and discent from ipse dixit , and stuck to sensible reas●n , as a most euident meanes to bring a sensible and reasonable creature , to the knowledge and vnderstanding of the truth . the like in pnis●●ke did galen , dissenting sometimes from his master h●pocrates , ( for so may i terme him , for from him he had his light : ) & of set purpose in his comments on hippocrates epidemicks , and aphorismes doth refute him : and aristotle had wont to say , amicus plato , sed magis amica veritas . plato was his friend , ( for from him hee had his learning and knowledge ) but truth and veritie was his greater friend , and therfore in equitie & right hee ought rather to take hir part . so for truth sake onely did varro write against lelius , sulpitius against casselius , saint ierome against hilaris , saint augustine against hierome and ambrose also . these men made euer more accompt and estimation of veritie and truth , then of the authoritie of learning in any whosoeuer . let it not therefore ( good reader ) seeme a vaine thing to you , or an argument of an idle braine , for mee to discent in iudgement of tabacco , from those authors before aleaged , hauing as i suppose , both sollide reasons and true experience on my side to counterpease their authorities founded rather on opinion then any certaine science or demonstration . philaretes . not the desire of any priuate game , nor 〈◊〉 motions of a carping braine , nor for reward from some 〈◊〉 fil● , ( how euer men may censure 〈◊〉 them lif● , ) nor the desire to see my name in 〈◊〉 , like pupill poets who●e mindes looke a sq●i●● , to heart the vulger sorts applauding voice , commend their budding mule , inuentions choice ▪ hath 〈◊〉 mee take in hand this idle taske ▪ and 〈◊〉 ▪ smoke face vnmaske , who beeing but a 〈…〉 hath plaid the painted english 〈◊〉 ▪ ( pitie : that so 〈…〉 wits should fall into such furious 〈…〉 ) but nature , lo●e , and my welwilling pen , to englands soile , and my dee●● countrymen , dutie and due alleg●●unce binding band , hath 〈◊〉 mee take this 〈◊〉 taske in hand , which 〈…〉 comes to the 〈◊〉 view , of the 〈◊〉 sighted and 〈◊〉 crew , of new enstalled knights 〈◊〉 , of the sterne censours leering 〈◊〉 ▪ i 'm sure the one will wish the reeking 〈◊〉 that smoketh from his 〈…〉 like fire and brimstone : 〈…〉 ( such is the flintinesse of moderne 〈◊〉 ) another ●eares my guiltlesse 〈…〉 hiding them in his bigge 〈…〉 and at some publike shew in all 〈…〉 with them hee kindles his 〈…〉 they burne for heretiques , ( 〈…〉 ) c●●se they blasphemed 〈…〉 let none denie but iudi●● soile can yeeld , the sou'raigne simples , of ap●ll●● field . let england spaine and the french 〈…〉 let irish kerne and the 〈…〉 confesse themselues in 〈…〉 to wholesome simples of 〈◊〉 land . but hence thou pagan idol : tawnie weede , come not with-in our fairie costs to feede . our wit-worne gallants , with the sent of thee , sent for the deuill and his companie , ¶ go charme the priest and indian canniballs , that cerimoniously dead sleeping falls , flat on the ground , by vertue of thy sent , then waking straight , and tells a wonderment , of strange euents and fearefull visions , that he had seene in apparitions . some swaggering gallants of great plutoes court , i warrant you would he the truth report , but would i were a charmer for it sake , in england it should little rest ytake , o i would whip the queane with rods of steele , that euer after she my ierks should feele . and make hir sweare vppon my charming hand , neuer t'set foot more on our farie land . pittie it is that smoking vanitie , is englands most esteemed curtesie . oft haue i heard it as an ould saide sawe , the strong digesting hungrie camells mawe , brooks stinging nettles and the vilest weeds , that stinking dunghils in ranke plentie feeds . but t' is a toye to mocke an ape in deed , that english men should loue a stranger weed . oh crye you mercie now the cause i knowe , it is probatum for the pox i trow . peace tel-tale peace , blab not thy countries fault , o seek to hide it in obliuions valt . see if thou canst with arguments refraine , the smokie humors of each wit-worne braine . then will i neuer looke for greater gaine , nor euer think my labour lost in vaine . i. h. for the dislike that i haue conceiued in the vse and practise of tabacco , i take it to be grounded on eight principall reasons and arguments . first , that in their vse or custome , no methode of order is obserued . diuersitie and distinction of persons , tymes and seasons considered , no varietie of accidents and diseases pondered . secondly , for that it is in qualitie and complexion more hot and drye then may be conueniently vsed dayly of any man : much lesse of the hot and cholericque constitution . thirdly , for that it is experimented and tryed to be a most strong and violent purge . fourthly , for that it withereth and drieth vp naturall moisture in our bodies , therby causing sterrilitie and barrennesse : in which respect it seemeth an enemie to the continuaunce and propagacion of mankinde . fiftly , for that it decayeth and dissipateh naturall heate , that kindly warmeth in vs , and thereby is cause of crudities and rewmes , occasions of infinit maladies . sixtly , for that this herb or rather weed , seemeth not voide of venome and poison , and thereby seemeth an enemie to the lyfe of men . seauenthly , for that the first author and finder hereof was the diuell , and the first practisers of the same were the diuells priests , and therefore not to be vsed of vs christians . last of all , because it is a great augmentor of all sorts of melancholie in our bodies , a humor fit to prepare our bodies to receaue the prestigations and hellish illusions and impressions of the diuell himselfe : in so much that many phisitions and learned men doe hold this humour to be the verie seate of the diuell in bodies possessed . ¶ a warning for tabcconists . the first reason . touching the first ; where no method or order is vsed , ther resteth in all artes and other actions humaine , naught else but dissolation and confusion , a thing , as in the common weale it is pernicious , so in the preseruation of mans health it hath been alwaies adiudged most dangerous . but that in these our daies , in this land of england , this new come simple of the west commonly knowne with vs by the name of tabacco : is without all method and order of most men receiued , may be apparant by this , that it is taken early in the morning , and also very late at night : in the morning fasting , and in the euening feasting and on a full stomacke . in the beginning , middle , and ende of meales . to be short , at all times , at all houres , and of all persons , this indian stranger most familiarly is receiued : for the smoake of tabacco seemeth to the fauorits thereof at no time vnseasonable . neither that it ought to bee tied to reasons and rules ( being perhaps a thing in it selfe more irregular and vnreasonable ) seeing that by experience ( as they thinck ) they haue found great good & profit by the vse therof . they boast much of this their experience as a sufficient ground for this their disorder . but their experience not grounded on reason , but rather repugnant thereto , and contrary to commonsence also , is a motiue sufficient for the simple , but no way an argument for the wiser sort , to daunce after their vnsauory and vnpleasant tabacco pipe . galen in his comment on his first booke of hippocrates aphorismes : sheweth that the art of phisicke standeth on two legges , reason and experience : whereof if either bee wanting , the whole art is lame and maimed . for as reason without experience is very vncertaine : so is experience without reason very perillous and dangeroes ; especially in matters inwardly to be taken and receiued into mens bodies , the which as they are diuers and differing in nature and complection , so are they also diuersly in diet to bee ordered , and by farre contrary medicines in their sicknesses cured . for example . the diet conuenient for youth , is no waies agreeable to old age : neither is that diet which is appropriat to elder yeeres , any way profitable to youthfull and growing age . and bodies of temper dry , require things in nature and qualitie moist . but moist complections and maladies growing of superfluities of humours , are more commonly remedied by things of nature drying and disiccatiue . by which last meanes wee see by experience , that some diseased of the dropsie ( no doubt a colde and moist affect ) haue receiued great helpe by the freque●t vse of this tabacco . for the siccety , & dri'th of this simple , together with his heat , in a body hidropicall , hauing fit matter & great store of cold humors to worke vpon , doth no doubt in that respect further their health , and yet can it not be iustly inferred heere of , that tabacco simply taken without respect of times , persons , sexe , age , temperament and disease , any waies to be either profitable or else commendable . also fasting and abstinence for meate is assigned by hippocrates in his aphorismes , for a good remedie against full and repleat bodies . abstinuisse decet nimium quibus humida membra , hu●●da desiccat corpora nempe fames . but yet the same hippocrates denieth that kinde of abstinence to bee any waies conuenient for growing yee●es , or for the sicke of feuers consuming , & for such as are not accustomed therevnto . humidior victus pueris pariterque suetis , conuenit , accensis corporibusque febri . moreouer some bodies receiue helpe and ease by purging and euacuation , as the bodies of wrestlers , & such as are come to the top and extreame height of fulnesse , of whom hippocrates speaketh of in his . aphorisme of his booke . ad summam veniens habitudo athletica molem noxia , cum non quo progrediatur habet . vno namque statu cum non consistere possit , est in deterius retro necesse ruat . vnde fit vt corpus confestim soluere possit , quo poterit rursus conuenienter alt . and yet the same author in his aphorismes doth testifie , purges no way to bee conuenient for sound and healthie bodies : for saith hee , sana corpora difficulter purgantia medicamenta ferunt , et cito a purgantibus exoluuntur . and to be short , neither one nor the other remedy can in any respect preuaile , if it be applied out of his due time and season : for , temporibus medicina valet , data tempore prosunt , et data non apto tempore vina nocent . and truely as no one kinde of diet can fit all sorts of bodies : so no one kinde of remedie can aptly be applied to all maladies , no more then one shooe can wel serue all mens feete . what reason therfore haue these tabacconists ( i pray you ) to offer this their tabacco after one and the selfe same order to all men , ages , and complections indifferently , making no scruple of the fitnesse of time , quality of the disease , or temperament of the person to whom they offer it . what thing can be more absurd and phantasticall , then to minister one & the selfe same remedy to contrary & repugnant affects , hot & cold , dry and moist , emptie and repleat , acute and cronicall , which for the more part haue deeper rootes , and are of longer continuance , then can sodenly be blowne away with a puffe of a smokie tabacco pipe , yea & some of them can hardly be remoued by the great paynes , care & cunning of the expert and learned in phisicke : for , nonest in medico semper releuetur vt aeger interdum docta plus valet arte malum . and yet these tabacco sau●rits hold no disease so incurable but that in some measure it receiueth either cure or ease by this tabacco . but i assure you many diseases being of themselues and their owne nature , light and of easie cure , may by the vntimely vse of this same , become altogether incurable , such are , the first step or degree to an heticke , distemper of heat in the liuer , oppilations of the lungs , and such like . and truely if nothing else should make one out of fancie with the vse of tabacco , it might be suffi●ient for an equall iudge to thinck with himself how vnnaturall a thing it is to peruert the naturall vse & offices of the parts of the bodie , for by the force of tabacco the mouth , throte , and stomacke , ( appointed by nature for the receipt of food & nourishment for the whole body ) are made emunctuary clensing places and sincks , ( supplying heerein the office of the most abiect and basest part ) for the filth and superfluous excrements of the whole body . the second reason . the second reason against the ordinarie vse of tabacco , is taken from the excesse of his two manifest qualities of heat and dri'th , which monardus and others also haue affirmed to come neere to the third degree of excesse in either qualitie . so that if men of hot and dry constitution should often vse the feume of tabacco , no doubt they should increase much their distemper , for like added to his like , increaseth the resemblance & similitude the more according to that axiome in philosophie . omnes unile additum simili reddia ipsum magis simile . whervpon aristotle in his . booke and . chap. de animalibus , inferreth , that a snake if he eate of a scorpion waxeth farre more venemous then he was before . but i neede not to stand long vpon this point , seeing that daily practise & experience teachth vs , that heat increaseth heat , & things cold , do increase in vs a greaer cold , the like may bee said of the other qualities of dri'th and moisture , so that in natural reason and common sence it seemeth true that the extreame & violent dri'th & heat of tabacco , maketh it far vnfit & vnwholsome for thin & cholericke bodies . and so is it also for youth and such as grow , for qui crescunt plurimum habent innaticaloris , this naturall heat in youth , by the immoderate vse of this fierie fume would soone turne vnto a heat vnnaturall , and thereby be occasion of infinite maladies . but i hold it a thing very dangerous , not onely for the yonger sort , but also for all other ages and constitutions whatsoeuer , to bee ouer bold with tabacco . for it doth not onely consume and dissipate naturall heat in them ( by increasing of the vnnaturall ) but it wasteth also & drieth vp radicall moisture ( the principall subiect of natiue heat ) so that heereof insueth in the bodie great store of crud & vndigested humours , the effects of immoderate heat in vs. for it is not fierie nor immoderate heat in vs , but rather a milde & vnctuous warmth , consisting in a temtperate & moderate moisture that performeth as well concoction as all other naturall actions in vs. which thing is very apparant & conspicuous in such as are afflicted with hot & burning feuers : in whom as the fierie heat appeareth most , so crude and vndigested humours doe abound more then in such as are cleare of such extremitie of heates . neither doe their humors at any time come to perfect digestion in them , vntill the rigor and violence of that fierie heate be in some sort ( by cooling diet and medicine ) repressed . much lesse therefore are the patrons of tabacco to bee beeleeued in this , that hot and burning agues ( ●ising of corruption and putrefaction of choler & blood in the veines or about the principall parts of mans bodie ) may bee cured with an in●usion of tabacco lease in white wine steeped all night . for as it was euer an aphorisme & maxime in phisicke , that as like is maintayned by his like , so was it also of like certaintie in the same art , that contr●ria a contrarijs currantur . contraries are cured by their contraries . i meane contrary rather to the disease , or to the cause of the disease . but what contrarietie i pray you can be found betweene tabacco and a feuer tercian or burning ague : when as they mani●estly agree in their principall qualities of heate and dri'th : both equally falling in excesse of either of them ? the like may be said of other effects proceeding of the same of like causes . but to let the diseased passe , and to come to those which are of perfect health , i take it very dangerous and hurtfull for them often to vse this 〈…〉 for therby great part of that humour is dissipa●●d , wasted , spent & cast foorth of the body by often 〈◊〉 , seeges , swets and continnall spittings and coughings , which in processe of time would turne to good blood , and holsome nurrishment for the bodie . for crude and watrish humors ( which for the most part are all those which by this medicine are ) are oftentimes very necessary for many vses in the body : as for pliant motion of the loints , and principally for nurrishment of the flegmaticke and colder parts . and it is a receiued opinion amongst the best phisitions that nature ( being a prouident & carefull nurce of mankinde ) hath purposely left this crudie humour in our bodyes , to the intent that we might euer haue some thing in store to nourish vs , if happely we should at any time want other foode . but that no small part of our nurishment is drawne away by the vntimely vse of this tabacco , may manifestly appeare by those men , who before the vse thereof were grose and foggy , but after they haue acquainted themselues with this kinde of practise , they became very leane and s●lender . so that no doubt , if they desist not in time from farther vse therof , ther is no small suspition least that they shall therby fall into consumptions , & to that of the most dangerous sorts called of the phisition , marasmos proceding of want of substanciall nurrishment , & dissipation of naturall heat and decay of spirits in the body . and heerein i cannot but wonder much at the ouer sight of some , who otherwise being learned and wise , yet in this seeme very paradoxicall , when as they contend to proue tabacco to be a great nurrisher . for beesides that , it is manifest that it taketh away great part of our nurrishment , by the extreame euacuation it procureth , it is also ( by meanes of his great heat & drynesse ) very vnapt to breed any good nurishment in vs ▪ to this may bee added , his vnpleasaunt and vngratefull smell , insomuch that the tasters thereof beare away with them in their bodyes and breath , the loathsome tabacco sent , long time after . so that it is very euident and manifest that as well in respect of his substance ( ouer hot & dry ) as also of his vnpleasing & stinking sent , it is neither fit to nurish the humerall & solide parts , nor yet apt to refresh & comfort the spirits of man , be they naturall in the liuer , vitall in the hart , or sensible or animall in the braine and sinewes . for as touching the humours in vs , they are aptest nourished by such things as are either humorall and mo●st , or else , may easely bee turned and conuerted into a liquid and thin substance . and as for the hard and solede parts of the body ▪ as bones , sinewes , vaines & artires ) they cannot receiue any nutriment of any thing before it bee first turned into some moist and liquid substance also , apt to be ●uked & drunck into the former parts , & afterward by the force of natures worke , assimulated , hardened , & transformed into the very nature & substance of the parts by it nurished . but as for the spirits , it hath ben a question much disputed on amongst the philosophers , ( as aristotle , plato , and others ) of old time , & their expositers since ; whether smels or odours may any wayes nourish the same . and ( if i be not deceiued ) they all agree in this , that mens spirits doe feele great comfort and refreshing by such sweet and pleasant sauours as are founded & subiected in some moyst & vnctuous matter . but this priuiledge cannot in any respect bee graunted to tabacco , both for that hir sauour is very vnsauorie & stincking , & also because it is placed & founded in a very dry and withered substance . insomuch as that the t●sters and drinckers thereo● , thincke it not fit to bee taken , vntill it bee thoroughly parched and dryed , that thereby it might the better receiue the force of the fire , & the sooner be kindled therwith . now that sweet and pleasant sauours & delightfull fumes , doe greatly refresh our spirits and recreate the sences , it is euidently perceiued by our vsuall practise : when to the feeble and languishing persons , and to such as faint or ●ound , we presently offer them the sent of rosewater mixed with a little vineger , that it might the more speedely pei●ce ; and the sicke person feeleth great comfort thereby . but on the contrary , stincking & filthie smels , are so far from re●●e●hing vs , as that they vtterly extinguish & quell our spirits in vs ; and to some procure hastie and vntimely deaths , ( or at the least some vncurable maladies and loathsome diseases . 〈…〉 french ch●rurgion not vnlearned , & in his profession most expert , reporteth of himselfe in the . ch●pter of his treatise of the plague , that visiting a certaine pacient of his , that had by meanes of the plague a botch in his ●●ancke or groyne , and other bl●●es elsewhere in his body : whilst rashly hee vnfolded the bed clothes , the better to take view of the sores , hee was sodainely stroke into a sound with the st●●c●e & loathsome breath that steymed from these vlcers , & perced vp to his braine through his nosthrils , in such sort as that he hardly recouered his life . afterward being recalled to his ●ence & feeling againe , hee thought the house wherled round , & had fallen sodenly downe againe , if happely he had not taken better holde of the bed post , and stayed himselfe . how noysome and irkesome a thing vnpleasant and stincking sauours be to the braynes of men may easely bee con●ectured by the vsuall custome of most men , who neuer passe by any vnsauory place , but they streight wayes stop their noses & mouthes with their hands or other meanes , least that the ill vapor or stench therof should any waies offend or loath their braine . but to come to our tabacco , if any man doubt of his ill sauour & bad sent , i refer him to the report of those , who haue had longest tryall therof . no doubt , except they be altogether shamelesse , they will truely informe him therof . i remember that being called once to the cure of an honorable earle now departed this life , amongst other learned and expert phisitions , there hapned one to be called , who as in times past he was chimicall , so in the vntimely vse of this plant he seemed to bee ouer fantasticall . it fortuned the very morning that he came vnto his honors presence , he had ( according to his accustomed wont ) taken his mornings draft of tabacco , with the fume wherof , he so perfumed his lordships bedchamber in such sort , as that the earle being meruaylous anoyed therwith , told me after the departure of the former phisition , that from thence foorth hee had rather lose the benefit of that mans counsell in phisicke , then to indure such a horrible a fume againe . this good d. being demaunded of other phisitions , ( wherof two were hir maiesties ) thē present , what reason he had for this his custome ? answered that he would not but for pounds he had vsed this feume at first , for thereby he found great ease for his cold reumatick & stomacke . but now said he , i would that i could so easely leaue it , condicionallie i had giuen pounds more , for i finde my selfe hart sick that day , till i haue tasted thereof . no doubt the long and dailie vse of drincking tabacco , had accustomed his stomack to draw to it watrish and rewmetick matter in great aboundance , the quantitie wherof , vrged nature to seeke meanes for the expelling the same againe , which could , by no other thing be more fitly performed then by tabacco it selfe . for as it hath a powre & faculty to draw to the stomacke , ( as other strong purges haue ) so likewise hath it a property and vertue to expell forth the same , no otherwise then all other purges haue . but heerein it differeth from other purges , that it seemeth to be of a far more thin & subtile nature then other purges bee , by meanes wherof , nature is so pricked and forced oftentimes in such violent sort , as that it causeth violent euacuation , as well by stoole vomits and swetes , as also by saliuacion , coughing & spittings , which thing other purges vsually doe not , albeit they be very forceable , violent and strong . so that heereof is gathered the fourth reason beefore aleadged , that tabacco is not familiarly to be vsed beecause it is a vehement and violent purge . the third reason . i neede not stand long on this point , to proue tabacco to bee a strong and violent purge : for that in daily practise & common experience the same is most euidēt and manifest to most men . and to doubt of that which of it selfe is perspicuous , were grose stupiditie , and to denie that which is to our sence most cleere and euident , were a point next to extreame folly . the often scowrings , fluxes , vomets , swetes , and other immoderate euacuations in●ident to this simple , doe testifie the same to purge most violently . furthermore , tabacco is found to be of that strēgth & force , that the verie maceration or infusion of one leafe thereof in white wine ouernight doth procure strong and extreame vomits . it is as yet fresh in memorie , that diuers yong gentlemen , by the daylie vse of this tabacco , haue brought themselues to flixes and disenteries , and of late at bath a scholler of some good accompt and worshipfull calling , was supposed to haue perished by this practise , for his humours beeing sharpened and made thin by the frequent vse of tabacco , after that they had once taken a course downward , they ran in such violence , as that by no art or phisicks skill they could be stayed , till the man most miserably ended his life , being then in the verie prime and vigour of his age . but no purge , ( be he familiar or gentle , or else violent and hurtfull ) ought by the rules of phisicke to bee familiarly and daily vsed of any man that hath respect either of his life , or regard to his health . for as concerning such as are in perfect health hippocrat● the prince of phisitions in the . aphorisme of his second booke affirmeth : corpora 〈◊〉 si per medicamenta purgantur exoluuntur celeriter ; & quae prauo cibo vtuntur . sound and healthie bodies ( sayth he ) soone wast and consume , by the vse of purging medicines . in like case doe they which feede on corrupt and vnwholesome meates . likewise the same author in the . aphorisme of the former booke , sayth , that qui corpora habent commoderata ijs purgationes difficiles sunt . to such as are in health purging medicines are very dangerous . and truely this his assertion seemeth to be grounded vpon good & substanciall reason . for wheras the vertue and operacion of the purge is to draw & expell foorth of the body such corrupt & vnholsome humours as haue any affinitie or likenesse in substance with the purge ; & in healthy bodyes finding none of that disposition & nature , the purge then either loseth his operation and action , & therby is conuerted into some bad humour in the bodie , or else it draweth and expelleth foorth humours very profitable & necessary for the nurrishment and sustentation of the body . and therefore all purges must needes bee to sound and healthy bodyes very perillous and dangerous . and as for sicke and diseased men , they ought onely to vse purging remedies at such times as their bodies and humours shall be made fit and apt for the operatiō of the purge , according to that counsell of hippocrates in his tenth aphorisme of his second booke , saying : purganti quoties vacuas medicamine corpus , quo bene res cedat , fluxile redde prius . so often as thou purgest , so often also ought you to make your bodies apt thereto , and the humours ( to be purged ) fluxible , that the parts and passages of the body being open , and the humours apt to runne , the purgation might worke with lesse torments and griefe to the partie purged . so that it seemeth very apparant true , that neither in health , nor yet in sicknesse , that so vntimely and vulgar vse of tabacco ( beeing before prooued a violent purge ) can be vsed without great hurt and danger . neither ought this kind of remedie to be giuen at anytime , but in causes of extremitie , and in desperate diseases onely . for that it is an extreame and desperate medicine . extremis enim morbis extrema remedia adhibēdasunt , saith our hippocrates . and in his comment vpon the same aphorisme , sheweth all strong purges to be reckoned amongst extreame remedies . the fourth reason . the fourth argumēt against this new-come simple , was that it drieth vp and withereth our vnctuous and radicall moisture in vs , and therby seemeth an vtter enemie to the continuance and propagation of mankinde . this may be prooued in this sort . that thing which depriueth the body of norishmēt and foode , doth also wither & dry vp our naturall and radical moisture ; ( because this hath his refreshing and sustentation from the purest part of the blood ingendred of our nourishments ) . but tabacco was shewed before to depriue vs our norishment , in that it spendeth and euacuateth out of vs by spitting and sweats & otherwise much of that matter that in time would proue in vs good blood & good foode for our bodies . and therefore tabacco must needs be said to be a great decaier and witherer of our radicall moysture before specified . moreouer tabacco by meanes of his great heat and immeasurable drinesse , dissipateth naturall heate and kinde warm'th in our bodies , and thereby is cause of defect of good concoction & perfect disgestion in vs. the humors therfore in vs by this meanes made crude and rawe , can be no fit aliment or nutriment for the vnctuous and substantiall humiditie , wherin with moderate and kindly heate the philosopher esteemed the life of man to consist . and last of all , wheras the sperme & seed of man , is supposed ( by the phisitians & natural philosophers also ) to be framed of the purest & finest part of his blood by the actiō & vertue of kindly warm'th working therin ; the blood being now vndigested & crude , and the naturall heate peruerted & corrupted by the immoderate vse of this hellish smoake , reeking foorth of plutoes forge , what sperme or seed shall we expect to come frō them that daily vse or rather shamefully abuse this so apparant an enemy to the propagation therof , as wel if you respect the materiall cause of seed consisting in the perfect●st & most concocted parts of the blood ) as his efficiēt ( resting in the moderatiō of naturall heat ) both greatly altered and decayed by the vse of tabacco . hereby it must needs in cōsequent follow , that the continuation & propagation of mankinde ( consisting principally in his perfect & vncorrupt seed ) is in these men much abridged . and for certaine proofe that tabacco dryeth vp the sperme & seed of man , i heare by faithfull relation of such as haue much vsed it ; that whereas before the vse thereof , they had bene long molested with a fluxe of seed , cōmonly called with vs the running of the reines , and of the phisitian gomorrhaea , ( proceeding in them by reason of great quantitie & abundance of that matterseeking vent forth of the bodie ) they were in short space eased of this affect by the onely vse of this medicine . for no doubt , this fierie fume , dried vp the superfluitie of that matter , which by reason of her thin and great quantitie , easily dropped from them . but if they persist ouer long in the practise therof , no doubt more of that spermaticall humiditie wil be dried vp in them , the will be conuenient for their health , or for the increase of their like ; wherby the propogatiō & cōtinuation of mankind in this world must need be abridged . the fift reason . the fift argument against tabacco was , that it dissipateth naturall heate , and thereby was occasion of rawe and vndigested humours in the bodie . this thing in part hath bene demōstrated before in the chap. precedent , to which may here be added , that where naturall and kind heat is by any meane made more violent and fiery , there the parts of the body are made more hard and dried , and thereby the more vnfit and vnapt to drinke or receiue into them such liquid and moist matter , as by the daily foode should accrue and grow to them . wherevpon it falleth forth , that that humiditie that should bee conuerted into the nature & substance of the sollide parts , is made ( by meanes of their not admission thereof ) excrementall and superfluous . for it is not a thing either strange or absurd in philosophie , that things of qualitie drie , may by an accidentall meanes , be cause of superfluous moisture . we see this thing confirmed by galen himself , in his second booke and second chapter , de tempera mentis , and also by auicen . we see by experience , that old persons being naturally drie in their sollide parts , and haue for that cause , their skin parched , their faces withered , their sinewes f●iffe , their backes stouping , and yet who doubteth but such persons haue in their intrailes and inward parts , great store of flegmaticke and excrementall moistures , proceeding of want of good digestian and concoction in those parts . and truly those superfluities do the more abound in them , for that their firme and sollide parts ( as sinewes , bones , & flesh , veines , artiers , and ligamēts ) are too drie and hard to receiue and sucke vp so much of that alimentall humour which nature dooth daily send to them for their sustenance and reliefe . and hereof is seene in daily experience , that olde folk are troubled most with rewmes , catarres , coughs , spatterings , vomits , scourings , and such like . and that old age is naturally drie and hard , galen declareth in these words : senum temperies sicca est , pro exemplo sunt arbores , n●quoties senescunt magis exiccantur . we see also that the earth in haruest time being ouer dried and parched with the heate of the sommers sunne , cannot so speedily suck and drinke vp such sudden showres of raine , as at that time most vsually doo happen . and therefore about that time of the yeare we see the greatest land flouds to appeare , and most harmes to happen to men by losse of their hey carried away thereby . all which proceedeth by reason of the great siccetie and dri'th of the earth at that season , causing it to be far vnapt to receiue that sudden moisture flowing on the face thereof . in like case the firme and sollide parts of mans body , being ouer drie and hardned by the long and continuall vse of tabacco , do with the more difficultie receiue and imbybe into them the alimentall humiditie before specified : and therfore they remaine more copious in the body . the sixt reason . the sixt reason against tabacco was , that this plant seemeth not voyd of suspition of a venemous and poysoned nature , and therefore ought not so carelesly or confiden●y to be vsed . the venemous and poisoned substance and nature of tabacco , is manifested and prooued by this , that it is daily experimented , and before was prooued by vs , to be a violent and most forceable purge . galen in his second booke de ratione virtus , and . section , holdeth for a certaintie that all vehement and violent purges , haue in them some deliterious & poysoned nature , & a facultie or operation cleane contrary to the nature of man. and in the sixt of his epidenickes , the same galen affirmeth , that in times past purging medicines were esteemed deliterious , for that they ( being taken in any large quantitie ) were offensiue to nature , destroying and wasting the same . in good authors i finde three kinds of deliterious medicines . the one in manifest qualitie , either excessiue hote , as calcanthum , or else extreame cold ( as mandrake ) or opium . of the second sort , are those which by their owne poysoned nature and substance , be deadly offensiue to the takers therof , and they being receiued but in small dose or quantitie , kill and poyson the takers thereof . such are venemous musrumps , napellum , taxicum , and such like . of the third kind of deliterious and deadly medicines , be such , as are by reason of their vehemēt & violent euacuation , most daungerous and perillous , if in any large quantitie they be assumed . such be enphorbium , praecipitate , eleterium , and tabacco it selfe . which last as it is deliterious by violent euacuation , so it is also very pernicious and hurtfull in his manifest and euident qualities of extreame dry'th and heate included therein . but touching his violent euacuation and purging qualitie , it hath bene sufficiently shewed before . this one thing may be added therevnto , that tabacco is in this respect more perillous , for that it is taken without due preparation and correction . for it is confessed of all phisitians , that euery purging medicine if it be strong ( in respect of the deliterious & bad qualitie it hath ) ought to be artificially corrected before it be takē , leas● he communicate his bad and venemous nature , to the stomack & inward parts . herevpon it is a vsuall custome in phisicke , to mixe with purges , mastich , cloues , cinamome , ginger , aniseeds , nutmegs , and such like sweete and aramaticall spices , partly to take away the vngratefull sent of the purge , and partly to defend the vitall spirits , & principall parts , from the malice and hurt which otherwise would happen by the ill qualitie of the purge . out of this rule of preparation of purges , onely aloes succotrine is by mesnes excepted . which as hee affirmeth ) is so farre from ill qualitie and deliterious nature , as that it is commonly giuen with other purges to amend & correct their venemous & malitious nature . but what correctiues i pray you in our time and countrey are there vsed in this indian tabacco , which the more simple & sincere it is , the more holsome and effectuall it is adiudged to be ? and if it haue by any meanes any aramaticall spices shufled amongst it , it is straight reiected and condemned for naught & counterfeit . i denie not but that since hippocratus and mesnes time , there haue beene found out sundrie purges by the latter arabians , which for that they worke gently and without offence , are called of them , benedicta medicamenta : blessed and safe medicines , and therefore haue need of no preparation to be vsed with them for their correction . such are thought to be manna of calabria , camarinds , cassia of rhubarbe . but this tabacco ( now in vse ) is of an other keye , and no waies to be accounted benedictum in working , but rather diabolicall and hellish : for that it worketh with extremitie , torments and griefe . and that it is also in substance and nature deliterious and venemous , may be gathered by the symtornes and accidents which doo immediately follow and ensue the large drinking therof . that are , violent vomits , many and infinite stooles , great gnawings and torments in the guts and inward parts . coldnesse in the outward and externall members , crampes , convultions , cold sweats , ill colour , and wannesse of skinne , defect of feeling , sence , & vnderstanding , losse of sight , giddinesse of the head and braine , profound and deep sleepe , faintnesse , sounding , and to some hastie and vntimely death . all which , or the most part of them concurring , do manifest a poisoned qualitie or venemous nature in the thing receiued . and it is the more daungerous for that it hath in it the effects of contrary and repuguant poisons : for albeit it be in qualitie very hotte & drie , yet hath it a stupifying and benumming effect , not much vnlike to opium or henbane : which ere held to be colde in the extreamest degree . and albeit , it be apt to suffocate or strangle like to gipsum or playster of parrise , yet doth it purge & scoure as violently as precipatate or quick-siluer sublymed . i cannot resemble the poysoned force of this tabacco to any thing more aptly , then to the venome of a scorpion , which neuer receiueth cure but from the scorpion it selfe , bruised or annointed on the place stung . in like case the venemous impression left in the stomacke by tabacco , receiueth no ease by any thing else whatsoeuer , but by tabacco onely , eftsoone reiterated and resumed . this onely difference seemeth to be betweene these two poysons , that the venome of the scorpion hath his perfect and absolute cure from the scorpion it selfe , but that of tabacco hath onely a ce●taine ease and paliation for a time by the fume of tabacco receiued ; but after perfect and absolute cure , this tabacco by it selfe a thousand times resumed or reiterated , admitteth none . neither do i take it of great importance which is by some alleaged ; that many here in england do take the fume of tabacco without hurt or inconuenience , and without any such strange accidents following . for the custome of taking tabacco with vs , is in that maner , as that , it neither profiteth , nor yet hurteth much . for what great inconuenience ( i pray you ) can happen to the taker thereof , when as he receiuing it at the mouth , doth straightway puffe it forth againe , or snuffeth it out at his nostrels , before it can haue sufficient time and space , to imprint his malicious and venemous qualitie in their bodies ? fewe or none do take it downe their throates , and such as let it passe down , they mince it in such sort , and swallow it in so small quantitie , as that no great detriment can happen to them thereby . but if happily any , more audacious then circumspect , shall let downe any large quantitie thereof , then shal you euidently perceiue in him , most of those accidents before specified . i am not ignorant that many perillous and deadly poysons are sometimes taken into the body without offence and daunger , but then they are either in very small quantitie ( as i spake before ) or else so repressed and corrected with other cordialls , as that they cannot offend , but sometimes they bring great commoditie and profit with them . for example , the flesh of vipers in treacle is so tempered and corrected , that it profiteth much to such as orderly reciue it , against any poyson or contagion whatsoeuer . and quick-siluer well mortified , is often giuen , & inwardly taken , against many infirmities , with good successe . so in like maner we denie not but that in smal quantitie tabacco may be taken of any men without peril or imminent danger , & especially being corrected & purified by the force of the fire wherewith it is ministred . for that fire sometimes doth represse the poisoned vapour of venemous things , may be prooued by the testimony of seneca , who ( in his . booke of his natural questions , and . chapter , going about to shewe the reason why that poisoned and venemous beasts do neuer engender wormes within them , vntill such time as they be first striken with lightning ) saith , that wormes are engendred of humours apt to receiue life . but such be farre differing from such as are of a venemous or poisoned disposition or nature , for they are altogether aduersaries and enemies to life . this poisoned and venemous nature in serpents ( once striken with lightning ) is in them wasted , dissipated & dispearced , by meanes of the fire in the lightning , and the humors remaining after in them , beeing freed frō venome and poison , may the more aptly be conuerted into things bearing life , and to wormes themselues . it may also be assigned out of mercurialis for an other reason , why wormes are not engendered in poisoned serpents , because that wormes haue their originall from vndigested and crudie humours in the body : but serpents haue no such in them : for all their humours be well and perfectly digested . which may well bee gathered by the fragrant and sweete smell , and pleasant smell and sent , which breathing from their bodies , is left behind in those places where they vsually haunt . but here may be obiected , that if tabacco were of that poysoned nature ( as wee haue affirmed ) then no doubt , the indians ( who vsually drinke it ) should haue long since bin poisoned therewith . but hitherto they ●aue found no such hurt , but rather great commoditie and manifest benefit thereby . as appeareth by monardus in his treatise of tabacco . to this may be answered , that the oddes and diuersitie of their bodies and humours from ours , may alter much the case . or else , that long custome and familiar vse of this tabacco from their infancie , hath confirmed their bodies , to suffer & endure the same without hurt or offence : for custome altereth nature . in like case i read in galen in his . booke of simples , and . chap. of a certain old woman that nourished her selfe long season with poisoned hemlockes by litle and litle ( saith he ) shee accustomed nature thereto , that at length , this poyson became familiar to her , and no way offensiue , but rathe● nourishing to her body . auicen also in his treatise de viribus cordis , alleaging rufus an auncient phisitian for his authour , reporteth that there was a yong maid , who being fed & norished long time with poyson , liued her self in perfect health . and yet with her venemous breath she poysoned and infected all other persons that came neare to the same . plynie in his . booke & . chap. of his naturall history . and aulue gellius , noct . attic . . cap. . and siluius italicus in . lib. doo all testifie that in times past there were certain people in italy ( marsitians by name ) who vsually handled and sold , yea and fed on also the flesh of vipers . which of all serpents are accounted most malignant and venemous . and virgil in his . aeneid . faineth those people to be the ofspring of circes , and that they had a naturall gift giuen them by her , to tame & enchaunt that kind of serpent : and also to qualifie & delay the venemous and poysoned nature thereof . of these men galen maketh mentiō in his . booke of simple medicines , where he cōfesseth , that being at rome , he inquired diligently of those people ( tearmed marsi ) of the nature & qualitie of vipers , and how they differed from the other serpent called dipsas . because ( saith he ) they were expert and cunning in them . so that it is manifest & apparant by the testimonies before rehearsed , that custome may alter & change nature and the qualitie of things , according to that vsuall cōsuetud● alter an naturā . custom changeth nature , & at lēgth turneth into nature it self ; for it is an other nature . the like is seene in the east indies , where the turkes familiarly vse opium in large quantitie , which to vs but in very small dose is experimented to be manifest poyson : onely long vse & familiar practise hath made this vnconuenient for their bodies . and so no doubt if our countrey men from their infancie had by litle and litle vsed to take this tabacco fume or other poyson whatsoeuer , they should haue had as litle cause to feare the daunger thereof , as the turkes haue of their opium , or the old marsitians had of vipers , or the west indians haue of their tabacco . but for want of that custome , it fareth with vs in that sort , that if we take any great quantitie of the opium before specified , we shall rather die on the sudden , or else fall into that kinde of dead sleepe , as that we shall by no other meanes then by the arch-angels trumpet ( sounding at the latter day ) be awakened thereout . to this may be added a secret vertue and specificall qualitie giuen the indians by nature , whereby they are not ouercome by this kinde of poyson , as other nations be . for sextus empericus reporteth in the like case , that one attienagoras argivus had a gift giuen by nature euen from his birth , that hee could bee hurt by no venemous beast or serpent whatsoeuer . and that certaine people of aethiopia did naturally feed & nourish themselues with the flesh of scorpions . but we englishmē may not safely presume that this specifical● vertue & hidden qualitie doth abide or lurk in vs , seeing that by far weaker poisons then these , we sustaine infinit perils , and often incurre death it selfe . wherefore we haue the lesse cause to venture on things in reason suspected to be of a venemous & poysoned qualitie , because forsoothe the indians doo it without offence . neither is it of any great waight or moment which is alleadged of the tabacco patrons for her commendation , that marriners and sea-faring men , neuer found any remedie so forceable against the scuruie and other diseases of like nature , commonly incident to that kinde of people ( by meanes of the foggy ayre in the sea , and their vnholsome diet ) then is the fume of tabacco . the reason of this profit in marriners may bee , because their bodies after long lying on the seas , are filled and stuffed with badde and corrupt humours , on the which the force and power of tabacco dooth worke , drawing and purging them forth of the body , no otherwise then other strong purges expell and purge forth such corrupt humours as haue any similitude or likenesse to themselues . but as strong purges taken of sound and holsome bodies ( as i shewed you before ) be very perillous and dangerous : so truly is tabacco , being taken of such as are cleare and voyd of such impure and corrupt matter , which to the marriners is most familiar and vsuall . the like is seene of other poysons , which when they find any of their owne qualitie & nature in mans body , or that hath any likenesse or similitude to them , they drawe forth the same ( the like coue●ing his like ) and leaue the sound and healthy humours cleare and vnspotted . but when no such poisoned matter is found in the bodie , then dooth the poyson or venome receiued , worke on the good humours , vtterly corrupting and destroying them . so that it is apparant that sometime venomes ( to venemous and poysoned persons ) may be profitable & medicinable . but to sound & healthy bodies they can neuer happen without danger . the seuenth reason . the seuenth reason against tabacco was , that this hearbe seemed to bee first found out and inuented by the diuell , and first vsed and practised by the diuels priests , and therfore not to be vsed of vs christians . that the diuell was the first author hereof , monardus in his treatise of tabacco dooth sufficiently witnesse , saying . the indian priests ( who no doubt were instruments of the diuell whom they serue ) doo euer before they answere to questions propounded to them by their princes , drinke of this tabacco fume , with the vigour and strength wherof , they fall suddenly to the ground , as dead men , remaining so , according to the quantitie of the smoake that they had taken . and when the hearbe had done his worke , they reuiue and wake , giuing answeres according to the visions and illusions which they saw whilst they were wrapt in that order . and they interpreted their demaunds as to them seemed best , or as the diuell had counselled them , giuing cōtinual doubtful answers , in such sort , that howsoeuer they fell out , they might turne it to their purpose , like vnto the oracle of apollo . as aio te aeacide romanos vincere posse . which might be vnderstood , that either he might ouerthrow the romanes , or that the romanes might ouercome him . but yet in more plaine words , the same monardus● litle after declareth the diuell to bee the author of tabacco , and of the knowledge thereof , saying : and as the diuell is a deceiuer , and hath the knowledge of the vertue of hearbes ; so hee did shewe them the vertue of this hearbe , by meanes whereof they might see the imaginations and visions that hee representeth vnto them , and by that meanes dooth deceiue them . wherfore in mine opinion this practise is the more to be eschued of vs christians , who follow & professe christ as the onely veritie and truth , and detest and abhorre the diuell , as a lyar and deceiuer of mankinde . the eight and last reason . the last , and that not the least argument against tabacco , was that it is a great encreaser of melancholy in vs , and thereby disposeth our bodies to all melancholy impressions and effects proceeding of that humour . galen in his second booke of temperaments and . chapter , defineth melancholy to be the very sediment and dregges of bloud ; which is so farre thicker & colder then bloud , as yeallow choller is held to be thinner and hotter then the same . and this melancholy humour is said to bee of two sorts : the one naturall , the other vnnaturall . the naturall is that thicke part of the bloud before rehearsed . the vnnaturall is not the sediment or grounds of good bloud , but rather a certain burnt and parched matter rising of the adustian and scorching of the other humors , that is , of phlegme , yealow choller , and of the former sediment of pure bloud , which we termed naturall melancholy . and albeit it seemeth very vnlike that phlegme ( being of nature cold and moist ) may be any adustian be turned into swoart and blacke choller ; yet in qualitie and disposition that humour doth often represent and resemble melancholy it selfe . and therefore galen holdeth sometimes melancholy to bee ingendered of phlegmy ouer-hardned and dried . the contrarietie and diuersitie of these vnnaturall melancholies , doth hang and depend on the contrarietie and difference of the humours whereof they bee engendered . all these sorts of melancholies are augmented and encreased much in such as often accustome themselues to the fume of tabacco . for first , touching the natural melancholy , it is manifest that the thicker and grosser that the bloud is , the more of that thicke and earthly sediment it shall containe . but tabacco thickeneth and engrosseth the bloud , and therefore tabacco engendereth in vs a greater store of that thicke and grosse sediment which wee defined to bee of galen called naturall melancholy . the maior or first proposition is manifest , for all liquid and moist things are the more thicke , or thinne , and cleare , according to the quantitie of the grounds and feces mixed in the same . for if the groundes be many , then is the matter or humor troublesome and thicke . but if the dregges or feces be fewe , then is the humor cleare and thin . the minor or second proposition of the former sillogisme , may be proued in this sort . all those things which waste and consume the purest & thinnest parts of the blood , doo cause the same blood to remaine afterward more grosse and thicke , and therfore may iustly be said to thicken the blood . but tabacco wasteth and absumeth the liquid and thin part of our blood , and therfore tabacco may iustly be said to thicken the same . the maior proposition being euident , needeth no farther proofe . the minor is prooued by daily and vsuall practise and experience of such as commonly doo drinke this tabacco . for thereby doo they purge great store of a cleare and thin humour , which would mixe it selfe with the blood , and cause the same to be more liquid and fluent , and in time also ( by good concoction ) turne into pure and subtile blood , apt to feede and norish the bodie . and albeit melancholy ( being of nature cold ) seemeth to haue no need of phlegmetique and thin humours to be mixed therewith ( least that his colde distemper be greatly increased thereby ) : yet of necessitie some store of this crude and rawe matter is required to runne with the melancholy iuice , to moderate and temper his extreame siccetie and drythe , and to defend it from induration & hardnesse . the increase whereof in our bodies , breedeth dulnesse , sottishnesse , and blockishnesse . all which are the vsuall effects of ouer-hardened and dryed melancholie . for melancholy ouer-hardened , if it come once to be cooled , it is extreame cold as iron . which being heat , is extreame hotte ; and being cooled againe , is extreame cold also . so this hard and drie melancholy once depriued of naturall heate by the inordinate vse of tabacco fewme ( the fierie heate of the one dissipating the naturall and lesser heate of the other ) can yeeld nothing else but the effects of an excessiue and immoderate colde cause lying in the veines , and mixed with the blood . such are esteemed to bee dulnesse of conceit , blockishnesse , mopishnesse , and sottishnesse , one of the worst kindes of accidents that commonly ensue ouer-hardened , cooled and dryed melancholy in our bodies . againe , such as the partes of the blood be , such also is thought the blood to bee , and as the blood prooueth , so likewise are the spirites affected , for they doo issue and proceed from the blood it selfe . and such as the spirites are , such also is adiudged to be the temper and dissipation of the heart and braine : and as the braine is disposed and affected , so likewise are the vertues of conceit , imagination , vnderstanding , and remembrance , affected and disposed also . all which in particular , by sundrie examples were easie to prooue , for him that is but meanely seene and slenderly read in philosophie sayings , that the sanguine man by meanes of the puritie of his blood , hath his braine and inward parts well tempered , his sences cleare , his spirites light and subtile , his heart bold and merrie , his minde affable , curteous and ciuil . whereas on the contrary part , the melancholy person by reason of the superfluous earthly and drie matter mixed with his bloud , hath his complexion more wan and swarte , his conceit of braine more dull and hard , his minde giuen to sollitarinesse and priuate life . for those two humours of bloud and melancholy , are in both their qualities very repugnant and contrary . the one being hotte and moyst , the other colde and drie . but here me thinkes i hear you say , what maketh this idle discourse of bloud and melancholy , of the disposition of the braine and spirits to your purpose , or to the reputation of tabacco ? forsoothe very much . for heereby it appeareth that the continuall practises of tabacco , destroy the puritie and clearnesse of their bloud , in that as i proo●ed before , it hardeneth and thickeneth the same . and in thickening it engendereth dull & melancholy spirites , which make blockish and sottish conceits , and a timerous and deiected mind not fit or conuenient for man that delilghteth in ciuilitie and societie of others . for seeing that the fewme of tabacco yeeldeth no good foode or nourishment to the pure blood , but rather troubleth and corrupteth the same , it is thereby most plaine and euident , that it ingendreth in vs most dull and troubled spirites , also tasting and sauouring much of that loathsome fewme and duskish smoake which rise●● & steemeth vp to the braine by the roofe and pallate of the mouth , first sent thither through the tabacco pipe full charged with tabacco dust , and afterward scorched and incinerated by the extreame heate of the parching fire . this darke and smoakie fume , pearsing the cauities and ventricles of the braine , no otherwise , then a melancholy winde or adust vapour ( rising from an adust liuer , or obstructed splene ) do breed in vs terror , and feare , discontentment of life , false and peruerse imaginations , and fantasies most strange , no way depending vpon iust cause or grounds , and alwaies a melancholy spirit , a fertfull and timerous minde . for truly the inward darknesse and obscuritie of the braine , doth appall and terrifie our inward sences and minde also , in no lesse sort then doth the externall darknesse or myst of the outward aire , terrifie & apall the same . and if any man be farre blinded with tabacco , that he will not admit for true , that the vapour or fume thereof ascending to the braine , is darke and swart of colour , and of qualitie excessiue drie ; let him but cast his eyes on the smoake issuing forth of the nosthrils of the tabacconists , or to the smoakie tincture left in the tabacco pipe after the receit thereof , and he shall easily reclaime his error . this swart & sottish tincture cleaueth so fast to the inward part of the pipe , as hardly by any means but by the extreme heate of the fire it may be cleared from thence . and no doubt the like impression doth the same leaue in our braines , and in the cauities thereof . so that the animall spirits ingendred in those places , can no lesse but ( participating thereof ) sauour of the same , no otherwise then wine put into an vnsauorie and mustie bottle , doth euer sauour of a mustie taste . neither am i any waies ignorant that aristotle in his problems holdeth that melancholy doth help and profit much to the sharpening & quickning of the wit and vnderstanding : and that melancholy persons are deemed of him the most wisest . but this kinde of melancholy ( which aristotle talketh of ) is altogether naturall , and no way engendreth of the tabacco smoake . for it is the sediment and groundes of the pure & perfect blood , in colour like golde , or somewhat inclining to purple : litle in quantitie , and somewhat shining . the spirits which issue from this kinde of melancholy , are verie light , fine and subtile , not much vnlike to the spirits of wine well distilled , and artificially rectified : which is by art and force of the fire drawne out of the feces or grounds of pure wine . and the spirits rising from this drie melancholy humor , are the thinner and the more subtile by reason of the closenesse & straightnesse of the pores of the same matter : and they are the more firme & constant in their action , by meanes that they issue and proceed from an humor more compacted and close vnited . the subtilitie therefore and stabilitie of these spirites , rising from such a naturall melancholy , doeth much further the sharpning of the wit and vnderstanding of man. but the like cannot be expected of the spirites rising of that kinde of melancholy which is engendred by the abuse of tabacco . for this sort of melancholy humor is neither bright & shining like to molten gold , nor yet the grounds of pure and perfect blood , but rather an earthly and adust matter , not much vnlike stoncole or scorched earth . so that the spirites issuing from it must needs be of a diuers and farre contrarie qualitie and nature . last of all , melancholy being of nature cold and drie , had in reason need of some thin and liquid humor to be mixed therewith , to temper his extreame siccetie and drythe : which is the qualitie of most offence and annoyance in it . for as phlegme offendeth most in cold , so doth melancholy falt most in drynesse . tabacco therefore ought in no respect to be familiarly vsed of the melancholy person , because it is excessiue drie , both in his manifest qualitie , and likewise by accidentall meanes of his immoderate purging and euacuation , by meanes whereof , great part of that liquid and moyst matter is purged out of the body that should retaine and keepe it in perfect state and temper . and for that tabacco is confessed to be hotte , almost in the third degree of excesse , therfore his drithe and siccetie is thereby made the more vehement , and vntollerable . so that it is apparant that vnnaturall melancholy , whether it be made of adustian of bloud , choller , or phlegmy , or else of the sediment of them , scorched and as it were in cinerated , hath no small encrease by the vntimely vse of this phantasticall deuice of tabacco smoake , leauing in our bodies a fierie impression and drie distemper , not easily remedied . and therefore in my opinion all melancholy persons , of what state or condition soeuer they bee of , and especially students and schollers , ought to bee very well aduised in the vse of so pernitious and dangerous a thing , least that in them , naturall melancholy be conuerted into vnnaturall , and this also , either into a corrisiue and adust humour apt to inflame the braine , or else into a matter so hard and drie , as that it be altogether hurtful and offensiue to the vnctuous and radicall moisture of the life of man : and thereby occasion a hastie and vntimely death . for no longer can life continue , then naturall heate bee refreshed with an ayrie and moderate moisture included in the radicall humour , and appointed by nature for the reliefe and sustentation of the same . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e galen . com. ap●o . hip. . lib. . experiment● falla● . hippo. apho . . lib. contrari● currantur contr●●●js . apho . li. apho. . lib. apho , . lib. ouid ▪ baptista porta lib. . cap. . arist. 〈◊〉 . arist. lib . cap . de animal . tabacco depriueth the b●dy of nourishment . sweet smels 〈◊〉 the spirits . 〈…〉 〈…〉 tabacco vngratefull in sent . d. t. tabacco a violent purge . d. b. hip. lib . apho. . hip. lib. . apho . hip. apho. ● . lib. hip. apho. . lib . galē . lib. ● . de temp. cap. . lib. ● . de tempora . cap. ● . 〈…〉 io. mesnes cap. de 〈◊〉 . tabacco in his nature poison . tabacco a double poison tabacco like the poyson of a scorpion ▪ d●oscord , lib. ● . cap. . custome is of great force . euery agent requireth time conuenient to worke his effect . if the agent lack due quātitie , he los●th his ●orce . poisons sometime may bee taken without o●fence . fire correcteth poison . seneca . lib. . nat . quest . cap. . hieronimus mercurialis ll . . de veneni● . obiection . answere . galen lib. . de simpl med . cap. . plyn , aul. gel. saluius . italicus . virgil. aeneid . galen ▪ custome is an other nature . sextus empericus . galen . lib. . de●empera . cap. . ficinu● lib. . cap. . de s●●it . ●uend . a defence of tabacco vvith a friendly answer to the late printed booke called worke for chimny-sweepers, &c. marbecke, roger, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a defence of tabacco vvith a friendly answer to the late printed booke called worke for chimny-sweepers, &c. marbecke, roger, - . p. printed by richard field for thomas man, london : . the last name of the author, roger marbecke, appears in an acrostic in the dedicatory verse. in part an answer to: i.h. work for chimny-sweepers. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher 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markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng i. h., fl. . -- work for chimny-sweepers -- controversial literature -- early works to . tobacco -- early works to . smoking -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a defence of tabacco : vvith a friendly answer to the late printed booke called worke for chimny-sweepers , &c. si iudicas , cognosce : si rex es , iube london , printed by richard field for thomas man. . to the right worshipfvl sir henrie cocke knight , cofferer to her maiestie : and master richard browne esquire , clarke of the greene cloth . mvch here is said , tabacco to defend , and much was said , ●abacco to disgrace : reade , marke , and scan : then censure in the end : both you are men , most fit to iudge the case . esteeme of me , as you in me shall find : craue pardon first i do : and that obtaind , know this , that no man shall with better mynd , each where declare to you his loue vnfaind . come what shall come , to this poore indian toy : vnto you both , i wish immortall ioy . a defence of tabacco : vvith a friendly answer to the late printed booke called worke for chimny-sweepers , &c. si iudicas , cognose : si rex es , iube . there was published of late , a certaine briefe discourse of tabacco . by whom it was penned , i know not , i protest : no more then i know his name , that did lay the first stone at the building of london bridge . but in my iudgement , he seemeth to be a man , well read , and of sufficient learning , and vnderstanding . i am requested by some of my friends , ( who rather may command me , ) thoroughly to peruse it , and that being done , to giue my censure , and opinion , and therewithall , to giue such defence as i can , to that poore simple , if the truth of the matter , will any maner of way , seeme to beare it . loath i am , i confesse , to entermeddle in anie such matters : neuerthelesse , for so much , as modest , and scholerly disputations are to be allowed , and conference betweene such , as haue bene ciuilly brought vp in schooles , are not to be disliked : for that oftentimes they do much good , and giue great contentment to the reader , if they be done with due regard , of time , place , and person : i haue thought it not amisse to yeeld vnto my friends request : and to say something ●o the matter : more i assure you , to satisfie their desire herein , then otherwise , to seeke to offend anie . for i do protest , and that truly , that i am no way high minded : or do challenge anie whit so much vnto my selfe , as some perchaunce , rather of good will , no doubt , then of my desert do yeeld vnto me . and among that number of men i do account my selfe , that rather desireth to learne of others , then to be a teacher , and an instructer of anie . but euery thing is , as it is taken : and my hope is , that nothing shal be ill taken there , where all is well meant . and before i enter into the matter it selfe , i hold it not amisse to put downe the maine point of the discourse , or the true state of the question , as they call it , and so much the rather , for that the authour seemeth somewhat vncertaine herein : sometime inueighing against tabacco it selfe , and his manifest qualities : sometime speaking but onely against the great abuse thereof . if his meaning be , onely to condemne the abuse of tabacco : in that , i am readie to take his part , and will most willingly ioyne with him hand in hand : but yet so , as i do thinke , that a good thing should be no more misliked , for the abuse thereof : then i do thinke : that fire , is therefore vtterly to be condemned , because sometime either a towne or house , is set a fire therewith , be it by negligence or malice of others : or that good drinke is therfore to be dispraised , because some that exceed therein , and lye tipling , and quaffing at it all day long , sometime do lose , both their wealth , and wits and all thereby . leauing therefore , the abuse of tabacco : or at the least , touching it , as occasion shall be offered : my meaning is onely to deale with tabacco it selfe : and therein to shew : that , neither of it selfe , or for it selfe , it is to be so mightily misliked : or at the least wise , not so much to be misliked for those causes , and reasons , which are by the author alleaged . the order that i will obserue shall be thus : the eight chiefe , and capitall arguments , which him selfe hath set downe , i will alleage verbatim , and in the same order , as he hath placed them . and that being done , i will collect and gather , as briefly as i can , the pith , summe , or substance , of his principall proofes , which he bringeth for the farther strengthening , and confirmation of his said arguments , but yet not rehearsing all the authors words , for that would be too long , and ouer tedious : but , in that behalfe , i will referre the reader ouer to the booke that is published in print , for his better satisfaction . and hauing answered his arguments , then will i briefly deale with such pretie by-points , and questions of learning , which shall be worth the noting , and shall be found here and there sprinkled , and scattered , in all the chapters of his booke following , in order as they lye . touching mine owne particular fantacie and affection to tabacco : i protest , it is no maner of way , tyed vnto it . for in all my life , either i did neuer take it at all : or else verie seldome : so that , euen in that respect also , i may be held ▪ as a most indifferēt iudge for the matter . not making indeede , anie great reckening or account , on which side the iudgement , or sentence shall go : not much vnlike to a friends saying of mine , of late : and it was thus : this friend of mine , being not many yeares agoe , a great courtier , and pleasant conceited gentleman : but now altogether retired into the countrey , and a man of verie good woorth , and qualitie ; had at that time a sute vnto his lord and maister , whom he then serued : for the sauing of a man , that was then condemned to be hanged : and but for a trifle neither , quoth he : what is that , said his lord ? onely said he , for mistaking of a word or two : for whereas he sh●uld haue bid an honest man , good morrow : he chaunced to bid him deliuer his purse . well said his lord , smiling , i wil do what i can to get his pardon of her maiestie : but yet in good faith tell me , what shalt thou haue , for thy paines ? if his pardon be gotten . by my troth , quoth he : and i will not lye vnto your lordship , the troth is , i am promised fortie pound . but if it please your honor to make it vp ten pound more , and to giue me fiftie , as god iudge me , i care not if he be hanged by and by . and euen so in a maner it fareth with me , touching the case of tabacco now in question . for if vpon the matter , he shal be found meete to remaine still in request , in some sort , i shall be glad thereof : if otherwise , i shall not greatly be aggrieued . but yet , for that this tabacco , is a poore gentleman , and a stranger ; and , as it should seeme , of some good account in his countrey , with the high priests , and rulers of the sinagogues there , and can speake no word of our language to defend himselfe , being so mightily accused as he is : and now standeth vpon his triall , at the barre , i could wish , that for the honor of our countrie he might be both honorably , and fauorably dealt withall , and to be permitted to entertaine some one man or other to pleade his cause , and to speake for him : were it but in forma pauperis : or rather as my neighbours of p●ticoate-lane , scold , chider , and spend-all , are wont to call it , in forme of papers . and for that it is a deede of charitie to succour and helpe the needie : and for that i am naturally enclined to pitie , and to fauour poore straungers , i pray you giue me leaue to say something in his behalfe , and to speake that which i haue to say , franckly , and freely , without any offence . the first argument , is : that in the vse , or custome of tabacco , no methode , or order is obserued : diuersity , and distinction of persons , times , and seasons considered : no varieties of accidents , and diseases pondered , &c. the first reason dependeth wholly vpon this point : because there is no order , or methode kept therein : therefore either it , or rather the daily vse of it , is to be discommended . and for proofe therof , there is mentioned , the decay of a commonwealth , for lacke of order , and right gouernment : and beside ●hat , a long discourse is brought in , out of hippocrates , galen , and other good writers , as also grounded vpon good experience : that there must regard be had , of the age , of the time , of the disease , of the sexe , of the region and place , of the complexion , &c. or else all is marred : and there can come no good either of it , or of any thing else that is disorderly taken , &c. all this is yeelded vnto , so that there needeth no longer speech at al ▪ where th●re is no contradictiō . so that briefly to conclude : this argument seemeth , altogether to driue against the immoderat , and disorderly abuse of tabacco : and not much against the thing it self : and euery artificer and meane trades man , can both see it , and also say as much : that where no order is kept , there the worke cannot prosper , or come to good effect . as for example : he were a simple cooke , that thought all meates should be dressed alike : or that a chine of beefe , should haue no greater a fire , nor no longer a time of rosting , then a dousin of larkes . and he hath small knowledge in baked meate , that supposeth that a good fat pastie of venison , must haue no longer a time , either of baking , or of soaking , then an apple tart. neither is he to be accounted to haue any skill in baking of bread , i trow , that will first thrust in the batch of bread into the ouen , and then make the fire afterward . so that to conclude , where all circumstances are not considered , that ought to be regarded : and where any action is to be performed , and where methode , order , and proportion is not kept and obserued , there all the labour is lost , and whatsoeuer is taken in hand , is mard for lacke of discretion . so fareth it with tabacco : that where it is immoderately and disorderly vsed , there i confesse some offence perchaunce , may well inough grow by the abuse therof : and yet for all that , the poore simple of it selfe , and the right vse thereof , may iustly deserue great commendation . hitherto then , it seems we agree well inough . but here in your farther discourse you say : that we see by experience , that some diseased of the dropsie , and mois● complexions , and maladies growing of superfluities of humors , haue receiued great helpe by the frequent vse of this tabacco , &c. tabacco is very much beholding to you for this , i assure you , that your selfe hath here confessed by the way : and it is almost as much , as is either to be wished , or looked for , for the great good of tabacco . for if it be well weighed , it mightily confuteth , all the rest in a maner of your bitter inueighing against it ; in other places : namely : that it hindreth digestion , it depriueth nature of nourishment , it destroyeth naturall heate , it marreth propagation , it is a daungerous poison : and the like . for now in the meane while , ex confessis : tabacco in this place is held for a thing very good for dropsies you say and moist complexions , and waterish diseases : and in some other placeshereafter , as you affirme , it is good for the scuruy , for weake cold stomackes , for rheumaticke fluxes , for grosse & foggy bodies , yea : and for expelling of poyson in some sort , &c. all which sayings of yours , are in my opinion maruellous great praises for tabacco : & so great , as no greater praise can well be deuised , to be attributed , or giuen , to any one simple in the garden . what ? to be good to cure dropsies , and waterish diseases , and rheumes , and scuruies , and cold , and weake stomackes , &c. why ? what would you more ? would you haue it good for all things ? nay : the honest stranger that praised butter so much , could neuer bring that to passe in his butter as good as it was : for when that he had said all the good that he could of it , saying , it was good to eate at all times , both morning and euening , and good for all sorts of people both early and late , and good for pies , cakes , and spice-bread , and many other iunketing knackes ; and in the end praised it so excessiuely , that at the last he confirmed it with an oath , that it was the only thing in the world , for it was good for all things : nay , ho there , sayd a good fellow , and a stander by , that 's not so : for it is not good to stop ouens . although tabacco be not good for all things : no , nor for so many things neither , as butter is perchance , yet by my fay : it is well , if it be good for so many things , and so great matters , as dropsies and the like , as you haue sayd : and you shall hardly match him againe i warra●t you , with his like in all points . marry if your meaning be by this reason , onely to reprehend the abuse and disorder thereof : then this controuersie is at an end . but yet as i haue already said : the lacke of discretion of the party that vseth it : is no dispraise to the thing that is abused . you still go on , and at the last you find fault with tabacco , for that by the vse of tabacco , the natuall offices and functions of the body are peruerted , as namely the mouth , throat , and stomacke , are made emunctory cleansing places , and sinkes for the filth , and superfluous excrements of the whole body , &c. but this obiection is very weake , and to little purpose . for who sees not , that those parts which you haue named , are in some sort appointed by nature , to serue for the selfe same purposes , which you haue here mentioned : as the mouth to auoide superfluous spittle , by hawking , reaching , and spitting : the nose , by vttering such filth , as descendeth from the braine , and forepart of the head : the throate , by coughing , to rid , & make passage for tough fleame , from the lungs , and also to cast vp and discharge ill matters from the stomacke , by the way of vomiting , either pr●cured by art , or otherwise comming voluntarily by natures motion , when she findeth her selfe surcharged with an ouerplus . so that by these doings it should seeme , here is either no offence at all done vnto nature , neither yet her course peruerted : or at the least , nothing so much wronged , & peruerted , as is by you supposed . marry if these excrements which are wont to be brought thither , and to be conueyed away by those places , were left there to remaine , it we●e another matter , and there were somewhat to be sayd ▪ but daily experience maketh it manifest , and your selfe also confesseth it , that it bringeth no more thi●her , then it carieth away from thence . and so vpon the reckening , it should seeme it is so farre from causing any annoyance or offence , that it rather cleanseth and preserueth those places , by keeping them much better , and sweeter , then otherwise . the second reason is , for that it is in quality and complexion , more hote and dry , then may be conueniently vsed daily of any man : much lesse of the hote , and cholericke constitution . true it is that the good temperament , and constitution of our bodies dependeth vpon the inst , and due proportion and mixture of the foure elements : not that each body hath a like quantity , or proportion of the sayd elements in them , by weight and measure : but according to the rules of iustice , and sufficiency for euery particular body to haue , they be so orderly mingled and proportioned , as is best for the health and strength of that particular body , to make him able to do , and performe , all those functions and actions , which are fittest for the body to do , and performe . for example sake , as that horse is said to haue his health best , and to be of a good constitution , which is best able in running , and other actions , to performe those things best , which appertaine to a horse , for to do : and as that dog likewise is said , to be best , & soundest , which in hunting , and smelling , &c. with best strength and agility performeth his functions : so is that man sayd to be in best plight of body and perfect health , which findeth himselfe best able to performe , and discharge all those actions which are agreeable for his body , and incident to the nature of man : so that , they and we consist of the like elements : but not of the like proportion & mixture of the same elemēts ; but yet of such a sufficient & cōuenient temperature , as shall be most befitting for the health and good estate of each creature in his degree . and of this due commixtion of these elements , riseth those foure compound temperaments , or complexions that are so famous : the sanguine : the cholericke : the melancholy : and the flegmaticke : all agreeing , in hauing all the elements in them : yet all disagreeing , in hauing them proportioned a like in them ; and yet euery one well pleased in that quantity & proportion , which he hath , and enioyeth in himselfe . now , whether these foresaid elements be in our bodies substantially , and materially , as they be in nature , and essence : or only but the qualities , powers and properties of the same : so placed and conueyed , into the mould of our temperature , as they are able to worke , and be get their like effects in vs , and our bodies : that is a darke and a tedious question , and hath bred great contention among the learned : but yet , not much materiall to the purpose of that thing which we haue now in hand . but this one thing is to be noted by the way , that none of these temperatures , or complexions , are so narrowly scantled , or pent vp into such a streight , but that each one of them may in some sort , admit a certaine kind either of increase , or decrease , of his principall humor , whereof he carieth his denomination , and yet retaine his naturall and perfect constitution still . as for example : the sanguine man may leese some bloud , or else alter some part of the same : the cholericke man likewise , may either increase , or decrease some part of his choler ; and so of the rest : and yet retaine his health : and remaine of a sanguine , or a cholericke constitution still . for as the base , and treble in musicke haue diuerse alterations of rising and falling in them , which i thinke ▪ they call keyes , and ●treines , all differing in proportion , yet in sound , and noyse , making all a pleasing musicall concord : so in like maner haue these constitutions , or complexions of ours , a certaine decent scope , or latitude ( as we call it ) to walke in : and yet for all that , each one of them , may be said to keepe his first strength , and constitution , with a sweete pleasing proportion and harmonie . thus much being generally spoken : now let vs weigh your argument , and the materiall notes , and proofes , annexed to the same . in this place it is said by you : that , the daily vse of tabacco , is not good for any man : much lesse for the cholericke constitution . if you meane , by these words , daily vse : too much , or immoderate vse ; i yeeld vnto it : and in that sence , it is not good , for any other complexion : be it neuer so cold , and phlegmaticke . no more is any thing else , that i do k●ow . but if you meane by daily vse , the often and frequent vse thereof , and then meane that the frequent and often vse is not good for any , as here you say that it is not : then you contradict your selfe . for but euen now , in a few lines going before in your first chapter , you said : many moist complexions , haue receiued great helpe , by the frequent vse of tabacco , &c. which is flat against that , which you do now here affirme . but it had bene well done of you , here to haue put downe , which way of taking of tabacco you do meane , when you thus condemne , the daily vse thereof . if you meane the daily taking of it in substance , as a foode , &c. i know none , for my part , that vseth it so ; if you meane , by infusion , or decoction , or otherwise , as a medicine to purge withall , &c. i thinke likewise none so mad , or so foolish , as to offend that way . but if you meane , by fume , and pipe , as i thinke you do : how comes it then to passe , that you stand so greatly in feare of it now , when you confesse in another place : that ▪ the fume of it is not any matter , of any great importance , or able to make any great impression , too or fro , to do any great good , or ill at all . me think ( as the poore old man said by his patcht torne cloke ) this geere hardly hange●h well together . and whereas this misliking of yours , seemeth to rise of his two manifest qualities that be in him : that is to say , ●or his great heat , and drinesse : why , you know , and i know , that hotter things then this is ▪ and drier too , are daily taken of all sorts , yea and of all complexions ; as ginger , pepper , clo●es , ●raines , and mace , and other good spices , as well with meat , as also in their daily drinke , suppinses , and cawdels : and yet for any thing , that either you , or i can see ; god be thanked , there comes no hurt at all in the world thereby . but why it should destroy , and consume natura●● heate and moisture , as you affirme , which are the principals of our life ; in truth i vnderstand not , vnlesse , as i said , the takers thereof , should make whole meales thereof , which i am sure no man doth . for then indeed it may be , it would worke that effect : and so would all your cordiall spices do also : if men should in that disorderly maner feede on them : as to make whole meales thereof . whereas now being moderately taken : and yet daily too : they be great preseruers of health , in most sort of men , or rather in all kind of complexions : as a●l men i am sure , will confesse . that which is added out of aristotle ; o●ne simile , additum simili , reddit ipsum simile magis simile : maketh lit●e for your purpose . for as your selfe confesseth , that ; contraria contrarijs curantur : so i thinke you are as willing to confesse also : that , similia similibus nutriuntur . now ●ir ; if tabacco be hote and drie , as you put downe that it is , and the cholericke man hote likewise ; and then if ●●ke be increased with like : as aristotle saith : or if like be nourished , maintained , and preserued with like , as ph●sitions affirme : then like inough it is , that the choleric●e mans complexion , is rather preserued by tabacco , then destroyed : presupposed alwaies , if it be moderately taken . it may be , you will here haue a kind of euasion , and a certaine starting hole : and i guesse well inough what it is , yet neuerthelesse i will not name it . but for anything that is yet said of you to the contrarie , this argument holdeth ; and so it shall rest for me . moreouer , that principle of aristotle : omne simile , additum simili , &c. must haue a nice interpretation , and must be rightly vnderstood : or else it is like inough , i tell you , to breede an errour . like increaseth like , you say . it is true : but yet in quantitie it increaseth it , and not in qualitie : vnlesse that same like , be in a higher , and stronger degree , of qualitie and likenesse . and yet , how it should then rightly be called like , being by reason of a higher degree vnlike , for my part , i see not . as for example : hote water , being put to as hote water , maketh not that hote wa●er , hotter then it was , vnto the which it is put . it may well increase the substance , and quantitie of that hote water : but yet not the heate , and quality thereof . then , vnlesse tabacco , be hotter then choler , ( which will be very hard to proue ) it cannot increase choler in heate , and qualitie . but if it be colder in power and qualitie , ( as i thinke it will fall out , that it is ) then doth it rather abate , and suppresse the heate of choler , then increase it . for warme water , yea though it be good and warme water : yet because it is not so hote , as scalding hote water is , being put to scalding hote water ; it doth not increase his heate a whit : but rather cooleth it , i warrant you , try it when you will. touching the great store , of vndigested , and crude humors , which are the effects of immoderate heates in vs , as you affirme ; and so consequently are cause and occasion of hote feuers ; i see no cause of any such feare by tabacco . for if daily experience may serue for a sufficient proofe of the contrarie : i for my part , haue seene none at all : neither hath any man else i am sure knowne any ; or at the least , very few , among so many thousands , that daily take it , that haue fallen into agues directly vpon the taking of tabacco : and therefore , euen by that experiment also it doth seeme vnto me , that the taking thereof , especially in fume , ( which as your selfe graunteth , hath very , small force to worke any great matter vpon our bodies ) can cause no such fierie , and extreame heate in the bodie , as is by you supposed , but rather , if it do giue any heate , yet that heate is rather a familiar , and a pleasing heate , then an immoderate , extraordinarie , and an aguish distemperature . and as for them that affirme , agues to be cured by tabacco , as you say ; if any vnlearned so say : in my iudgement , it is an vnsauory speech , & without sence or methode , and i leaue it to them that so say , to defend it as they can . but it may be , you mistake them . possible it is , that their saying , yea , and their meaning too , is thus : that in the curing of agues , tabacco , may haue his good vse , if he be rightly vsed : as well as other purgatiues haue . and that opinion well vnderstood , is not greatly amisse . for if purgations , being done in good order , and conueniently giuen in their due times , and seasons , be one of the especiall helpes , to rid and cure rotten agues , as you know it is : then it is like inough ▪ that tabacco , by his purging facultie , may do much good , by taking away the cause of the ague , as other purgations do . for if you thinke it can do no good that way , because it is hote and drie : then by that reason likewise , no purgatiues in a maner , that the old auncient writers did vse , can do any good that way . for that they were all , or most of them of the same nature , hote and dry : as for example : elleborus , colocinth , elatery , esulus , scammony : which was not onely vsed by them in a manner altogether : but at this day also , is one of the most common , and vsuallest things that we haue ; especially , in our great , and magistrall compositions . as for the daunger that you presuppose ▪ is in the often vse of tabacco , to them that be in health , for dissipating , & consuming that wholesome humor , by often vomits , seeges , sweatings , spittings , and coughings , which otherwise would be turned to good bloud , and nourishment : and all this to be done to by the fume of tabacco , ( which by and by vanisheth away , as all smokes do . ) in my fancy , all this is but a meere imagination : and directly against that which your selfe hath sayd already : affirming that the fume hath no great force to worke , any matter of moment in our bodies , as also flat against common and daily experience . for neither i , nor you , nor any man else , in my opiniō , euer did see , that the fume ( for of that your talke must be , or else you talke to no purpose ) which is the thing onely that is in daily vse , did euer worke , any great purgings , or vomits , or sweates : or if it did at any time : yet it was by a meere accident and chance ; which is nothing to purpose . as for the other humidities , which as you say , it prouoketh , from the braine , and other parts of the head : a man may thinke , that those things may as conueniently be done , and with as litle hurt or danger with tabacco , as we see them daily done by your errhinaes , and nasaliaes , and sternutatories , which are vsually giuen in phisicke by the nose , to procure sneesing , and clammy filth to come downe that way : or by your mastichatories , which you vse to chew and to prouoke the passing away of offensiue humours by the mouth : or by your expertorating medicines , and procurers of phleagme to be discharged , and auoided by coughings . but if your meaning be , that it consumeth only that humidity , which is layed vp in the stomach , as in a store-house , to serue to good purpose hereafter ; euen in that point also , you are deceiued , considering the great waterishn●sse , and ouermuch moisture , of our country , and the people thereof : as shal be more at large spoken of hereafter : in so much that there is a great deale mor● feare and care to be had , of the offences , that may grow by too much humiditie in the stomacke ; then any whit , to stand in feare , of any great matter , or harme that may ensue , vpon the abating of the abundance , of that humiditie and moisture . and now : whereas you affirme , it maketh , the grosse , and foggy , to be leane , &c. if this be certaine , which by you is put downe and auouched , you haue giuen tabacco , one of the greatest praises , that can be deuised . and if there were no other matter , why it should be had in good regard : yet for this only point it deserueth immortall praise . you are not ignorant i am sure , how many learned men , haue of long time labored , and do daily busie themselues from time , to time , how to de●ise remedies , to make the grosse , and foggy man , leane , in some reasonable measure , and yet notwithstanding , you see , how few haue , or can effect the same . for my part , i would i were indebted to you , in a good round summe of money , that i might be assured , tabacco , could worke that feate . do you but assure me , that it can do it indeed : and i will be bound to assure you , that no consumption , or decay , either of naturall heat , or radicall & substantiall moisture , shal follow vpon the taking of tabacco . but to come something close to the point . if phisicke haue any direct , and ordinary meanes to pull downe a grosse and foggy body , as you call it : in my conceit , it must be , by conuenient competent euacuations , and drying diets , fit , and agreeable for the purpose . now sir : if those ordinary remedies which are vsuall in the common course of phisicke , for the abating of ouermuch foggy fatnesse , are , and ought to be of the same quality and condition that tabacco is : that is to say , hote , and dry : and notwithstanding the daily vse of them , yet for all that , we stand no whit in feare , that either consumptions , or decay of naturall heate and moisture , will ensue vpon the vse thereof , when they are ministred : what is the reason then , why we should be so much afeard , of the vsing of tabacco , in the like case , hauing the selfe same properties , that other medicines either haue , or should haue , being vsed to the same effect , and purpose ? and whereas you imagine it is very vnapt , to breed good nourishment ( and vpon that hangeth the greatest weight , and moment of your reasons : ) i see not well , how that can be : except it be , by one of these two meanes following : that is to say , either because tabacco it selfe maketh not good nourishment , if it be taken into the body : or else because tabacco decayeth and destroyeth , the chiefest instrument , that maketh good nourishment for our bodies , which is the stomach . if we meane , it breedeth no good nourishment of it selfe , as other good meates do : i yeeld thereunto , as i sayd before : and confe●●e as much now : neither did i euer take tabacco , to be any good meate at all : neither doth any man vse it for foode , that i know . but if your meaning be , that therefore it hindreth good nourishment , because it hindreth , and destroyeth the chiefest instrument of good nourishment , i meane our stomach : in my iudgement , you are farre deceiued : for it is rather a principall helpe in that respect , then any hinderer at all . for if ouermuch moisture be a great hinderer of the stomach , by relaxing of it : and by dulling the desire , and appetite of meate : and if great cold be another great enemy , to the same ; for that it hindereth , and decayeth good concoction : then tabacco , as tabacco hauing the contrary qualities , that is to say , being hote , and dry , is no such ill meanes to amend those foresayd defects , and infirmities of the stomach , as you presupposed that it is . i say , tabacco , as tabacco : that is , as tabacco i meane rightly , and moderatly vsed : for too much wood , suddenly , and out of order heaped on , choaketh , and putteth out the fire : and too much good wine , being immoderatly and excessiuely swilled in , though of his owne nature it be warme , and comfortable , yet , so taken , it killeth and extinguisheth naturall heate : and so in this , as in other things , the common saying is fulfilled : too much of any thing , is good for nothing . your discourse of smels , is for the most part true and pretty , and very well to be liked : but yet in all parts , but weake , and faint , to proue the matter in hand . the aristotelians , and the galenists , are at a iarre about the nature of smels : and some of the old writer● ; as also some of the latter to , yea , and those of the best sort , and greatest fame : haue much a do about this point : to proue that sweet swels do nourish , and are mightily puzzled in it . but yet to be briefe , in this point , for my part , i do ●ssen● vnto you , and am of opinion , as you are , that sweete smels do nourish . but yet the principall point in question remaineth still in doubt : which is this : whether tabacco stinke , or no ? then , whether it do stinke in that high degree , that it doth breed such great offence to nature , as it must needs be abhorred so much , as you do beare vs in hand it must . and by the way : if it do stinke : is it therefore to be thought vtterly vnprofitable , to be vsed , in phisicke ? for the deciding of this question , whether it stinke , or no : i know no better way , or directer course , then to appeale to the multitude of indifferent voices . true it is , that as all noses are not alike in shape , and making but some are long noses , some short : some thin , and sharpe , as they say shrewes be : some great and botteld , as i know whose is : so is there great variety of iudgement in their smels , and that which pleaseth one much displeaseth another : as appeared by the merry tale of the collier , that passing through bucklersbury , fell into a kind of trance , with the sweete smels of that street , and was reuiued againe with the smell of , you wot what , if all caunterbury tales be true . but yet thus much i do know , and i thinke your selfe also will not deny ; that men of great learning and iudgement , men of right good bringing vp , men of fine , and deinty diet , men of good worth , and worship , yea men , of right honorable estate , and calling ; do like of the smell of tabacco well inough . why then should it be so mightily condemned by you , for such an horrible stinker ? if it were possible to haue , so great an assembly , of so indifferent , and worthy iudges for this matter , as there is now , a most honorable meeting , at this very instant in the high parliament for other greater matters , & if it might be put to their indgement , assure your selfe , it would go against you , and you would quite be ouerthrowne : and for one voice of your side , there would be twenty , at the least on the other ; and all for tabacco . for i can tell you , that this is held for an infallible rule , and to be one of the most perfectest signes of good tabacco ; that it be sweete , and yeeld a kind of pleasing , fragrant , aromaticall smell . but by the way of admittance , let it be sayd , that it hath a kind of ranke , or vnpleasant sauour . what then ? shall it therefore be banished out of the vse of phisicke ? or if it bring , a greater commodity with it , shall it therefore , for a little ranke smell , be reiected ? smell me to the simple , called vuluaria : or to your castoreum : or to your assa foetida , called of some stercus diaboli , or to your great composition of mithridat , the glory of phisicke , and the wonder of the world : and such other , which are no small fooles in the course of phisicke : and i beleeue , when you haue but once handled some of them ; you would thanke him , that would bring you a little good tabacco , to helpe to put away those smels , and to sweeten your selfe againe . if men did cōmend tabacco , to make pomanders withall : or for lip-salue , or for fine perfumes , and sweete smels , for ladies chambers , it were another matter : and might perchance haue bene instly misliked . your storie of ambrose pary , is farre fetcht , and to no purpose in all the world . what needed you to haue fetched your proofes out of fraunce , to perswade that ill smels do offend ? euery dūghil in england , and something else too , can testifie that well inough . and here i must needs tell you by the way , that your speeches , be a litle too much exceeding , and as i might tearme them , too farre transcendent , and your comparisons too vnequall , when you inueigh against poore tabacco . for when you talke of his manifest qualities , which are hot , and dry , and yet that to not excessiue : but in some measurable manner , yet you terme him to be , fi●ry , hellish , burning , scorching , out of plutoes forge , and the like : whereas indeede , there is no such matter : and ye● vpon that hyperbolicall ground , as i may say , are most 〈◊〉 your arguments builded . as if a man should reason thus : because too great a fire , and therewithall standing too neare vnto it , doth burne a man : therefore , a moderate fire , with a reasonable distance standing from it , were not fit to warme a man pleasingly , and with delight . or because scalding hot water , is fitter to scald a pig , then to trim a mans beard : therefore luke-warme water ▪ is not good to be vsed in barbors basons : for euen much a like hang these your arguments together ▪ and now , in like manner , what a comparison haue you pickt out ▪ be●weene tabacco , and that most hatefull thing , the plag●●● he that knoweth not of what a monsterous deepe , filthy , corrupt , stinking putrefaction , the plague proceedeth , being able not onely to infect another : but also to beget in a second person , in a third , yea and in a fourth man , another monsterous , stinking , contagious seminarie as he calleth it ( a seminarie priest if ye will ) like to himselfe ; let him but reade that learned fracastorius vpon that point in his bookes de morbis contagiosis ; and he shall be satisfied . and now alas , what comparison is there betweene the smell of such a monster , and poore tabacco : whose smell is deemed no worse of such as loue him , and are men of good account , and of a dainty sence , then to haue a certaine , drying , odoriferous , aromaticall sauour : and of such as hate him , yet if they do him right , and be not too partiall , can be thought to be but something hote in smell , and as it were a little rancke at the most . touching the story of d. t. it dieth of it selfe : and is to as little purpose , as the other of ambrose pary . yea , and if it be well scand , it is directly against your selfe . for you confesse , he would not for a hundreth pounds , but that he had vsed it : and why ? himselfe answereth : for thereby saith : he found great ease , of his cold , and rheumaticke stomach . so that vpon this mans confession : tabacco is nothing so ill a thing , or such a terrible bugge , as you haue made him , to hinder nourishment , or to destroy and ouerthrow concoction . for , as you see , it mended his stomach , which was weake , and feeble before . and whereas he saies , he cannot , now leaue it : euen in that also , he seemeth by implication as it were , to confesse : that there is no such horrible ill smell in it , as you preten● there is . for if d. t. be he , whom i do thinke , you meane : then do i knowe the man well , and knowe him also to be a very learned gentleman : and of a fine graine , as also to be a moderate , sweete , ciuill gentleman , in all his whole cariage of his life : and if the stinke were so offensiue , as you would make it to be , assure your selfe , a man of his gentlemanly course of life , and dainty nature , would haue the discretion in common sence , to shun , and abhorre it . as for the saying of the noble man ; it must be taken , and regarded , as a particular speech , of an honourable person , that could not abide tabacco , and as the testimony onely of one ; and for that one , you shall haue a dozen , of the same order , and degree , to thinke , and to say the contrary . the third reason , is , for that it is experimented and tried , to be a most strong , and violent purgation : and for proofe of this : you appeale : to the often scourings , vomits , sweats , and other immoderate euacuations incident into this simple . tabacco to be a purgatiue , or to haue a purging facultie , is no dispraise in all the world , that i know . no , nor yet to be a strong , and violent purgatiue , deserueth any whit more discommendation , then other purgatiues do , being of the same nature and degree , & which for all that , are held in such high price , and great estimation in phisicke , as your selfe knoweth . for what is more violent , then elleborus , colocinth , elatery , euphorb , scammony : and such like ; and yet what daily vse there is of them , and with what good effect , and safety also , being carefully , and artificially handled , and prepared , who seeth not ? a good rider had rather haue , a strong , hote , stirring , ready running horse , then a weake , lame , sluggish iade , as i take it . and giue me a sharpe fine edged , cutting knife , to eate my meate withall , rather then a dull penny whittle , fit to cut butter withall , when it is warme , as the common prouerbe is . but here perchance you will say , a meane betweene both , is best ; and so perchance say i , to . but yet for all that , the strength of your argument is broken . for , as neither a strong , stirring horse , nor a sharpe knife , is to be misliked , in themselues , or for themselues ; but if any offence grow by them , it is either by the vnskilfulnesse , or by the negligence of the one or the other : so fareth it with the secrets , and mysteries of phisicke . againe , your selfe confesseth , and i likewise do confesse , that this is true , that you haue said : that is to say : if a purgation do not purge , that humor which should be purged , but lyeth drowned in the body without any working : then the purgation increaseth that humor which should haue bene purged , and thereby doth rather much harme , then any good at all . so that hereby it is to be gathered , that the danger is rather in weake , and sluggish purgations , then in such , as are quicke , nimble , and actiue ; if they be handled skilfully , and according to art . let the phisition be learned , and know how to direct , correct , and bridle him , and you may turne him loose . so that euen in this respect also , tabacco deserueth great commendation , if it be well , and skilfully vsed . i would no● haue any man to mistake me here , and to thinke , that my meaning is , in these speeches , to condemne , or dispraise , our mild , and gentle purgatiues , which are now so much in vse , and are called : benedicta medicament● : most holy , and blessed medicines . for that is no part of my meaning , neither doth any man more vse them , in all his practise , then my selfe doth . but all my speech tendeth to this end : that whereas it is most manifest , that there is , and may be good vse , and profite made of both medicines , as well of that which is strong , and violent , as of that which is a gentle , and a mild purgatiue , if they be rightly vsed : therefore i thinke it great pitie , and against reason too , that where both i say , may be well vsed , there any one of them , should be condemned , or misliked . but this fault , that you do find by his purging propertie , toucheth nothing the taking of him , by pipe , or fume : for it is well knowne , that , by that way , it worketh none of those effects , that you talke of . and yet it should ●eeme that the chiefest thing , that you shoote at , to condemne tabacco for : is only for the great harmes and discommodities , that vse to come by the smoke , or fume thereof , as your selfe termeth it . and for that cause , it should appeare , you haue entituled your booke : worke for the chimny-sweepers , &c. and as for this smoke , which is the vsuall thing , that is so much inueighed against : vpon my credite , there is no such daungerous purgings or euacuations to be feared to come that way , as you talke of . some litle deale of waterish , cold , superfluous , phlegmaticke matter perchaunce , is auoyded that way by tabacco , as is well knowne : not much otherwise , then is auoided by chewing of masticke , and mastichatories , by the mouth ; but yet tabacco doth it much better then they : or else is discharged , and auoided by sneezing medicines , and cleansings , s●uffings vp into the nose : but yet tabacco performeth that also , much more plentifully , and much more easily , then all they : and yet as safely too , as euery man doth see . and whereas you conclude , that hereby it is apparant , that : ( in regard of the harmes , that do depend vpon his violent quality in purging ) it can therefore neither in health , nor sicknesse , be so vulgarly , and commonly vsed : all this is to be graunted , so farfoorth , as you meane to condemne thereby , the ouer rash , and inconsiderate vse thereof ; which , i do thinke , your selfe doth meane , by those words which you haue put downe , when you say : so vulgarly and commonly vsed . and in this point , i do agree with you . but yet for all that , i say it proueth no more against tabacco , then it doth against all other purgatiues vsed in phisicke . for if they likewise , be daily , and rashly vsed : and out of season : then are they also , in like maner , for the selfe same reasons , and for the great mischiefes , that may come thereby , to be as well reiected , and condemned , as tabacco . and as for all those authorities , which you haue cited out of hippocrates : they are good rules , and good sayings i graunt : but yet they tend to no other end , but onely to put vs in mind what we haue to do : and to giue vs a friendly caueat , as it were , to take heede that we abuse them not . and therefore your selfe said very well , a litle before : that no purge , be he familiar , and gentle : or otherwise strong and violent , ought to be familiarly , or daily vsed . this position is most true , being spoken of all purgatiues ; and reacheth to tabacco also , if tabacco be vsed daily as a purgatiue . but for my part , i know no man , that vseth it as a purgatiue daily , be it , either in in●usion , or decoction , or in a sirupe , or electuarie made for that purpose , or in the way o● an extract , or any other way else , to that vse and seruice . if any man do it , let him do it , at his owne perill . for he that will haue the pigge , or goose rosted , after his owne fashion , as they are wont to say in my countrie , and will not vse the helpe , and aduice of the skilfull cooke therein , then if any thing chance to be amisse in the rosting , yet let the poore pigge , and the poore goose go scot-free . for the goose you know , may be a good goose , ( as the goodwife said to her goodman : ( goose ) let him do as he wil : ) but yet let the blame light , a gods name , where it is ; that is , vpon the ouersight , and indiscretion of the partie , that would needes haue it so dressed , according to his owne mind , and fashion . so , if they will be busie , and fall a purging , without the aduice , of the honest , and learned phisition , let them take their pleasure , in the name of god : but if they chaunce to catch copper , by the way , let them thanke themselues . the fourth reason is ; for that it withereth , and dryeth naturall moisture in our bodies : thereby causing sterilitie , and barrennesse : in which respect , it seemeth an enemie to the propagation of mankind , &c. for better strengthening of this assertion : you affirme , that it depriueth the bodie of nourishment , and foode . and to proue this last point , you affirme , that it spendeth and euacuateth , out of vs by spitting , and sweates , and otherwise , much of that matter , that in time would proue in vs , good bloud , and good foode for our bodies . i graunt , that there is in euery mans bodie for the most part a certaine kind of superfluous phlegmaticke humor : as also one other excrement , which shall be namelesse , which though it be an excrement , yet , it is called by the name of a profitable excrement , and may serue , and doth serue sometime , to supply the place of nourishment , and foode : and therefore may well beare the name , of nutrimentum futurum , as some do tearme it . albeit , there is another vse also of that said humiditie , which is laid vp in the store-house of our body : as that learned huernius , hath well noted , comparing the bodie of man to the frame of the world ; hauing the great ocean sea so placed in it as it is , that by his sufficiēt moisture , and humiditie , he might still temper the great excessiue heate of the sunne , which otherwise , if that were not , wold go neare happily , with his cōtinual hote beames , to set the whole world a fire . the like vse , saith he , hath that same moisture , and humiditie in our bodies , &c. but that this good matter for nourishment , should be exhausted , and consumed , in that excessiue maner , by the vse of poore tabacco , being taken in smoke , ( for so you meane i thinke , or else , you say nothing to the purpose ) there neede no feare at all in all the world to be had of any such matter . nay , rather in my opinion , if it be well examined , it will be found a great helper , and maintainer , of that true natural good humiditie , which in time would become good nourishment , as you say ; rather then a hinderer of the same : as hath alreadie partly bene shewed before in your second chapter , and shall hereafter more at large be declared . and for proofe thereof let this reason be something regarded , which followeth . this our countrie , and natiue soile of england , is an island , and the most famous island in christendome , as all the world knoweth . and be it , but for that we are islanders , yet , euen in that respect , for the very situation of our countrie , we are by nature subiect , to ouermuch moisture , and rheumaticke matter . now , adde vnto this , that english men commonly are great eaters , nay rather great surfetters , and do delight much , and a great deale more , then any nation else , in varietie , and number of sundrie meates , and dishes , whereof the prouerbe came , tam satur , quàm anglus . and yet go farther . englishmen , are now become excessiue great ●rinkers , not onely of beere , and ale , but also , of all kind of wine , no nation in the world , more . and moreouer beside all this : we english men , offend as much in idlenesse , in carelesse sittings vp , and watchings , and distempering of our bodies , in royotous sports and pastimes , and in loosenesse of liuing , as any people vnder the sun , whatsoeuer . by all which inordinate meanes : that same good and necessarie moisture , which nature prouideth , and layeth vp in store to do vs good withall , is commonly so far surcharged , and choked , with another vnprofitable crude humiditie , that she seemeth daily to make her mone , and to call for helpe , to haue that superfluous and combersom enemie remoued , and consumed : which otherwise wold be an impediment , to the remainder of that other good , & natural moisture , which nature would willingly prouide , for the supply of nourishment , and other good vses . for as conduits , if they had not vents for to spend their wast water , would in time , either breake , or else become vnprofitable : so in our bodies , this vnnaturall , and ouer great increase of vnnecessary humidities and moistures , being made by those meanes which i mentioned before , would breed great annoyances , if they were not lessened and wasted , by some deuice , or other . now , here perchaunce , you will say vnto me : why ? how did men in times past , before tabacco was known ? what helps had they then ? or how liued they in those daies ? all this is nothing to the purpose : and is as soone answered by me , as obiected by you . for admit they liued more orderly then , then we do now , and so perchaunce , had no need at all , of other helpes : ( which for all that i hardly beleeue ) or rather ●ay thus : ( which indeede is the liker of the two ) that they had other helps , and deuices , to serue their turnes ; which in their opiniō , was as good as tabacco : yet all this doth not proue , that tabacco is not good for the same purpose now ; as wel as those former things were then , whatsoeuer they were . well it may proue , that tabacco , is a thing later deuised and found out : but yet it proueth nothing at all , that because it was found out & deuised but of late to speak of , therfore it hath no force , & vertue at all to do good , but rather to hurt , as you would haue it . let tabacco , be a later deuice then the rest ; if ye wil : but at my request : i pray you let it be a better : for any thing that i see . for farther strengthening of this argument of yours , you alledge , that the great heat , and vnmeasurable drinesse of tabacco , dissipateth naturall heat , whereby concoction is hindred , & by that means , many raw humors increased , &c. in which saying in my opinion , you do far misse the cushion . and this is the very point , that in all your discourse , is the chiefest cause and occasion of all your errors , as i haue said alreadie before . for you do reason still , as though there were such a fierie heat in tabacc● , and such an exceeding extreame drinesse , as nothing might wel be deuised hotter , or drier . you know the old schoole-saying : vno impossibili dato , sequitur quodlibet . grant you but that false principle once , and then any thing indeed will follow . it is not vnknowne to you , and the learned , that superexcelling obiects , weaken and destroy the senses , be they neuer so perfect : for example sake ; the exceeding brightnes , and the cleare shining of the sunne , ouercommeth our sight , insomuch , that the more firmly & attentiuely , you do gaze vpon it ( as many tried it but euen this last day , when it was eclipsed ) the ●linder you are . what then ? and shall it therfore follow , ●hat his moderat , and comfortable shining , shal put out our eye-sight ? who sees not , that the extreme hot burning fire , presently killeth , and destroyeth that bodie , that is cast into it ? and yet for all that , i hope the moderat , and pleasing warmth of the same fire , whē we stand by it , yeeldeth no offence at all : but rather is a great cōfort vnto vs : if tabacco had that superexcelling heat , or such an exceeding drinesse , as you seeme to attribute vnto it ; it were another matter . but it is neither so , nor so . i neuer yet heard in all my life , that moderat heat , or things that be hote in some measurable meane and degree as tabacco is , either did , or could dissipate , or decay naturall heat . if that were so , thē are they , in a good pickle , that cherish their stomacks with spices , and warme drinks . vsquabah , and d. steeuens water , rosa solis , and aqua vitae , greene ginger , preserued nutmegs , and the three peppers , and the like , might go a begging . what stronger men haue you or more actiue , then our irish people ? i hope they neuer came to that strength at the first , or maintained it , now they haue it , with drinking of snow water . and if tabacco be not by many ods , and degrees beneath all these things that i haue talked of , in heate , and drinesse , then let me lose my credite . and yet for farther proofe of your argument , you alledge that by the same extreme heat of tabacco : bloud being vndigested and crude , becometh vnfit for the sperme and seed of man , & therby is hindred the propagation of mankind by this hellish smoke , out of plutoes forge . this reason wholy dependeth vpō the same foundation that the other did , and therfore may well receiue the same answer , that the other had . so that in a matter vnnecessarie , there needeth not any necessary speech to be had . but whereas you do confidently affirme : that tabacco cureth the disease called gonorrhaea : and there uppon would seeme to inferre , that therefore it hindreth propagation : good lord , how are you deceiued therein ? and yet in so saying , what an excellent gift , and vertue haue you found out in tabacco ? and what a si●gular praise , haue you put downe , on tabaccoes side ? i for my part , haue as much labored , in the curing of that disease , as perchance , most men haue , of our profession : and i hope to , with as good successe . but if i had thought , in all the time of my practise , that tabacco , had bene such a fellow , and had had any such prerogatiue , in the cure of that disease ; assure your selfe , i would haue bene better acquainted with him then i am ; & i would haue giuen him right good entertainement . i will not vse many words in this matter for diuers good , & honest respects : neither enter into any discourse , to rip vp , the diuerse kinds , natures , and differences , of that loathsome disease ; or once seeme to mention the causes , & occasions thereof , or to deale with any part of his remedies . but let this only suffice , for an infallible principle , & a thing to be maintained , against all gaine sayers : that whatsoeuer is good to cure that sicknesse : that selfe same thing is singular good , to helpe and farther propagation ; if it be orderly administred , and rightly vnderstood . for what thing in the world is there , that is a greater enemy to generation , then that disease is ? tum quia corrumpi● totum nostrum corpus , & reddit ipsum semen languidum , & effoetum : tum quia ipsa generandi etiam instrumenta , nimis flaccida facit , & ad cocundum prorsus inepta . sed hoc in loco , parcè , timideque loquendum est . noui enim quàm sint malè morata haec nostra tempora , & in quàm audax oeuum , a● dissolutam aetatem inciderimus : quocirca , vt & decentiae , & pudoris , ac verecundiae iusta , & honesta ratio habeatur , arbitramur multò meliùs esse , hìc consistere , quàm longiùs progredi . the fifth reason is : for that it decaieth , and dissipateth naturall heate , that kindly warmth in vs ; and thereby is cause of crudities , and rheumes , occasion of infinite maladies , &c. these obiections , are much like vnto those that went before : and are already sufficiently answered . but yet for farther satisfaction : let this yet , be remembred by the way : that in another place before ; your selfe hath confessed : that in cold , rheumaticke , hydropicall bodies , &c. tabacco may do much good . and now is it become , the cause of increase , of these rheumes , and cold waterish humors in our bodies ? here is a great alteration indeed , vpon a sudden . likewise in another place , you sayd , it cured d. t. ofhis cold rheumaticke stomach . and as i take it , that was done : by giuing of it some increase of good heate , with a sufficient drinesse : for otherwise i know , he could not haue bene cured . for this is flat , and plaine , that contraria , contrarijs curantur . and i am sure , your selfe also , is of that opinion . and is tabacco , now found out to be a decayer , and dissipator , of that naturall kindly heate , which heretofore , it did giue , and procure to others ? by your owne confession ? by my fay : the reconciling of these , and the like speeches ( whereof , there be diuerse in your booke ) will put a wiser man then i am , or your selfe either , to cast about , and to seeke the bottome of his wits , how it may be brought to passe . but for that the proofe of this your fifth reason , hangeth vpon the proofe of your fourth argument , as your selfe saith , and for that cause , your selfe also is willing to referre vs ouer , to that fourth part of your discourse : euen so will i do to : and so here rest a while . and in the meane time , if it will please you to giue me leaue to enter into the consideration , of some of your pretty odde conceits , which you haue here set downe in this chapter , i will thanke you . the troth is , i feare me , i am not very well able to conceiue your meaning thoroughly , by reason , that , to my thinking , in the deliuering of them , you do vse , diuerse kinds of windings , in , and out , and as it were certaine turnings to , and fro ; that are not altogether voyde of obscurity : but it may be , it is my weakenesse in vnderstanding , and not your darkenesse in penning . and therfore in truth , i craue pardon , if i chance to make an offence in mistaking , &c. one of your conceits is this : that much hardnesse , and drinesse is the occasion , that moisture , cannot enter . if you meane by these words : hard , and dry : an excessiue , and an extreame hardnesse , and drinesse in the highest degree : then it may be yeelded vnto . as , for example : a hard flint , or a marble stone : or a hote , hard , dry gad of steele , will admit no moisture into it , i confesse : though you powre neuer so much water vpon them . but what is this to tabacco ? or what analogie , or proportion , is there betweene our bodies , and these things ? though old bodies be dry , and hard too : yet are they neuer so dry , and hard , but they can admit moisture well inough : like as when the earth is verie dry , in so much , that it is thereby full of chaps , and chinkes , because it is a porous bodie , as we call it , and in some sort spongious , it is therfore apt , & able to receiue great moisture , and to drinke in mightie showers of raine , as daily experience sheweth : albeit , as it should seeme , you are of a contrary opinion . and euen so , fareth it with our bodies . another conceit of yours is this : that drinesse , doth not onely hinder the receiuing of moisture : but also by that meanes , it is an enemy to nourishment , as you inferre vpon it . first , to answer you merily : and so i pray you to take it ; all the suckgrouts in london , and all the whole company of tiplers , of which societie , i tell you , there is not the least number , will be all vpon you with open voice , and come all against you in this : to testifie : that drinesse neuer hindered as yet , the receiuing , and imbibing in of any good liquor . but in good sadnesse , i thinke you speake and meane this , of an exceeding great drinesse , and in the highest degree , and such as cannot be found in our bodies : for so it must needes be that you meane , and no otherwise . and in that sence , i assure you ouermuch wet also , is as great an enemy to nourishmēt ; as by this familiar example may soone appeare . admit a very good meddow , be ouermuch glutted with water : and altogether ouerwhelmed as it were , with continuall raine : and you shall see , what wise hay , and what trim grasse , you shall haue of that meddow . so that vpon the reckening , lay but the hare-worts , against the goose-giblets , as we are wont to say : and for my part , i see not , but that tabacco , may worke as much good to vs , in the auoiding of too much moisture , as it is like to bring harme , in the procuring of too much drinesse . touching your painting out of olde age , with his stiffe , and dry sinewes , and with many other of his infirmities , and imperfections ; i confesse them all to be true , and wish with all my hart , that i were able to remedie them : were it but to amend , some crooked conditions in my selfe ▪ and some thing else . but yet i see no reason , why that great cold , should not be as great an occasion of the increase of all these harmes , and imperfections in old age , as any thing else that can be named . for he that thinketh not , that cold hath a mightie strength , to worke a wonderfull hardnesse , and drinesse : let him but remember this last great frost in nouember last past , or if he hath bene in some of these great cold countries , such as russia , ( where in very deed i neuer was , although not verie farre from it , when it was ) he can then tell , that the ground is so hard and dry , and all by the reason of cold onely , for one halfe yeare , or thereabout , that they are enforced to leaue their dead bodies vnburied during all that time , being not able with any instrument in the world , to enter into the earth , and to breake it vp ; vntill the sunne be come about againe to relent , and mollifie the same . so that thus i conclude : whether we take tabacco : or take no tabacco : yet seeing all those infirmities , and imperfections , which you haue reckened vp , do follow old age euen by the course of nature , much like as the shadow waiteth vppon our bodies : and seeing that great cold , either is , or may be , as great , an increaser , and hastiner of those infirmities , as any one thing else is , that can be named in all the world : and seeing our poore friend tabacco , hath a good and a speciall property , to resist , that professed great enemy , the cold : me ●hinke , it were a reasonable sute , to intreate , that tabacco , might rather be esteemed as a friend , then a foe , euen to old age also : whose heate in this case no doubt , is rather a pleasure , then any offence at all vnto old men . and yet you haue one other conceit more , which maintaineth one of the strangest opinions , that euer i heard of in all my life , as olde as i am : and that is this : that by reason of hote and dry sommers in haruest time , the greatest waters , and land flouds are most wont to appeare , &c. this in very truth , is a point beyond eela : and i am not able to reach vnto it , or to vnderstand it . it was my chance to stand by , when it was ; when that a noble man in this land , was in an exceeding great rage , with a certaine gentleman , an acquaintance of mine , a very proper man , and a stout . the noble man grew into such choler with him , that at the length , he all to be knaued the gentleman : and often times repeated these words : i tell thee , thou art a knaue : nay i tell thee troth , thou art a very knaue . the gentleman , stood long mute , and sayd neuer a word , but at the length , he could hold no longer , but burst out into these words : as god iudge me , my lord : if your lordship , should tell me neuer so oft , that i am a knaue , yet you shall pardon me : for , by god , i will neuer beleeue it , and sayd not one word more . the like answer i must be bold to make vnto you : for if you tell me neuer so oft , that dry sommers , make great water flouds : yet in very truth , i will neuer beleeue it . and what your meaning is in so saying , i protest i know not : but this i wot well , & i am sure of : that vpon this last great drought that we had , as well in the sommer time , as also in the fall this yeare , the riuer of the thamis , was become so shallow , and dry as it were : that the poore westerne barges complained much of their hard passages downe the riuer , to serue her maiestie , and her maiesties citie of london , while she lay at richmond : and now since her maiestie i● come to white-hall , to : i know , diuerse good farmers , that are enforced to driue their cattell two miles , and more , to water them : who were wont to haue great store and plenty of water , euen at their owne doores , before this hote , and dry weather came to drie vp their springs . and therefore to thinke that dry sommers , is cause of great waters , in my opinion , is nothing else , but to dreame of a dry sommer . the sixt reason is , for that this herbe , or rather weede : seemeth not voide of venome , and thereby seemeth an enemy , to the life of man , &c. i marry , this is a matter of some importance indeed , and would be well looked vnto . but by the way , this discourse , of venomes or poysons , would rather be tripped ouer , then much dwelt vpon , for diuerse good respects . the times being so dangerous , as they are ; i think● it not conuenient to meddle with any such matters , and such gaps as these be , would not , so rashly , and vnaduisedly be opened , to the common people . i knew a preacher once , and a verie honest learned man , who meant no harme , i dare sweare for him , yet inueighing in his sermon earnestly , against the wickednesse of this age , and telling of the bad dealing , that lewd ostlers vsed , about the greasing of their horse teeth , and the like vnhonest trickes , that bailifes vsed , about the altering , and changing , of cowes hornes , that were missing , and strayed abroad : did more harme in repeating these deceitfull sleights , then all the rest of his sermon could do good to his auditorie . and you also in this place , by your leaue , might , in my opinion , haue bene something better aduised , then to haue vsed , so liberall , or rather so lauishing a kind of talke , both of poysons , and of purgatiue medicines : still coupling of them together , in such an odious hatefull manner , as you do . whereas , in very deed , there is no such matter , if things be rightly vnderstood , as hereafter shall better appeare . in the meane time , yet happie it is , that god himselfe , hath pronounced by himselfe , that he is the author of phisicke , and hath therefore commanded , the phisition , to be had in some good regard and reuerence for his knowledge sake . otherwise , if such tales as you haue told of poysons , and of purgatiues , should be beleeued : ( as indeed , god be thanked , they are not to be credited ) phisitions might say they haue spun a fine threed , and brought their hogs to a faire market : and phisicke her selfe might haue great cause to reioyce , for bringing vp , so dutifull , and so good a child , as you are . what ? hath phisicke , hitherto bene counted the most excellent gift of the highest , and bene called by the ancient writers , the hand , and finger of god , for his wonderfull effects , and operations : and is it now in your iudgement nothing else but a hodge podge , and a mingle mangle of poysons ? if this be so : then it is more then high time , for her maiesty and this most honorable parliament , to take some order for phisicke , and phisitions too . for albeit you haue brought in tabacco , as a rowland , vpon the stage , to make sport withall , and to be laughed at : yet , as farre as i see , poore oliuer , which is phisicke it selfe , beares away all the blowes , vnto whom you haue giuen the longest part , and the worst part in all the play. but now , to come to the purpose : i will not meddle , as i said , with any curious , or solemne discourse of poisons , for such reasons as i haue partly alleadged : neither will i stand vpon the strict points of his definition , or enter into his manifold parts , and braunches by the way of diuision , neither vnfold the diuers waies , meanes , and fashions , of his hatefull operations . but bluntly , and briefly , to answer to so much as you haue laid downe : then thus i say : touching your tripartite diuision : ( you might haue added the fourth branch too , if it had pleased you , ) i leaue it to your selfe ; as a good matter , or argument , for a man to shew , his wit , learning , and reading vpon : but i esteeme of it as no direct proofe at all : neither yet to be any whit in the world more able to blemish , and hurt tabacco , then it is to disgrace other parts of phisicke , which haue deserued better , at your hands , then this comes vnto . and as for those particular places , and authorities which you haue cited out of galen , and others : either they do answer themselues , if they be well marked , and rightly vnderstood : or else this one generall answer , may be sufficient for them all : and that is this : wheresoeuer you do reade , or heare in phisicke : purging medicines , or purging remedies , to be tearmed , or rather mistearmed by the name of venena , or deleteria : or the like , in galen : or any other good writer : there is alwaies added one word , or other , to mollifie , and mitigate the harshnesse of that speech withall . or if any such word , chance to be left out , as perchaunce sometime it is : yet the circumstances of that place being well weighed and considered , it will euidently fall out , that some one such mild word or other ought there to be vnderstood . as for example : they commonly vse to call them : quasi delet●ria ▪ or , ●anquam venena : or else more mild then that , they will say : that they haue in them , quiddam venenosum : or else yet more mild then that too : as to say they haue in them ; quiddam noxium ; or , quiddam inimicum humane n●tur● : or the like . in so much that the great lawyer ca●●s himselfe , who was much bent against phisicke : yet when he called pharmacum : venenum : yet he added and concluded , it ought not so to be called absol●tely , but that you should alwaies adde this word , ( bonum ) vnto it : and so still with that addition , it must be called ; bonum venenum said he . now sir , thinke you , that there is no difference , or oddes in these speeches ? i know not sir : whether you be married , or no : but if you be , and haue a shrew to your wife : ( as if you haue not , i would you had , for now indeed , i am angry with you ) is there no difference , thinke you , in calling your wife , shrew : and calling of her ; good shrew : or profitable shrew : or pretie shrew : or the like ? yes i warrant you , trie it when ye will. but galen , the only man for phisicke that euer wrote : at the very first iumpe , putteth downe , a very learned , and a notable difference ; betweene medicamentum , and alimentum : the one ( saith he ) increaseth molem & substantiam corporis : & vincitur , or alteratur à natura : the other , minuit eam , & vincit . the one agit in corpus : the other patitur à corpore , &c. these , and the like speeches are vsed of him , and are pretie speeches , and good speeches , and true speeches . but all these speeches import no more but thus much : that purging medicines , are not fit for nourishments : and because they are not fit , to nourish , and feede a man : therefore in that respect , that they do yeeld no foode , or nourishment vnto vs , the● may be tearmed after a sort things hurtfull to man , or enemie to man , or things against mans nature , and therfore , in a kind of large signification , as a man would say , they may be called as it were , in a certaine manner , a poison to man : because they nourish not the nature of man. and after this maner , and sort of speaking , and in this large signification , calling all those things , as it were poisons that do not nourish vs : you may well call a stone a poison , as that learned fallopius noteth : and as i say too , so may you call , a lumpe of gold , a poison also , because there is small nourishment in it : but yet such a kind of poison : i thinke , as i do know a great sort of good fellowes , that would not sticke to venter the poisoning of themselues , in swallowing downe their throats , great gobbets of it , so they might haue them for their labour . but , how euer it is : these medicines , are farre from the nature of that poison , which is so hatefull a thing , and called venenum indeed . for of that sort of venoms , a very little quantity , being taken into the body , ouerthroweth vs , and corrupteth nature , because it is enemie to nature , totâ substantiâ , as we terme it , and therefore can neuer be turned to good : but as a litle rottennesse in an apple , can neuer become sound , and good againe , but will corrupt and perish the rest , vnlesse it be ●eparated from the rest , and cut away ; euen so it fareth with venims in our bodies , passing through , the whole bodie , and masse of our temperature , in like maner , as a litle saffron , mingled in a quantitie of liquor , giueth a tincture to all the water , or as a litle garlicke being eaten , maketh both the vrine and the spittle , and the breath of the eater to smell thereof : euen such a kind , of infection , and working in our bodie , is procured by venimes , vnlesse with all speede , they be either by vomit , auoided : or otherwise miraculously mastered . but now good sir , if you were but examined vpon your knowledge , how many you haue knowne in all your life , to haue bene poisoned with tabacco : i thinke you would be put very much vnto your shifts , to find out but so many as poore one , notwithstanding it is so commonly , and so daily taken , as it is : and yet nothing taken against it neither , either to auoide it , or else to correct it . then i hope it standeth cleare , that poore tabacco , is none of those dangerous poisons : vnlesse you call him so , in that large signification , which we haue spoken of , calling all those things , which do not nourish , or feede vs , after a sort venimes , or poisons : for that they are in some maner , contrarie to mans narure , for that they are not apt , either to increase , or preserue the substance of man : and in that sort , as i haue told you , a stone , or a peece of gold is a goodly poison too . the rest of your speech : as that it is a violent purgation , and therefore needeth good correctiues , &c. proueth no more tabacco , to be ill , and daungerous , then other things to be euen so too , that are vsed in phisicke . but yet it proueth very well indeed , all thē to be fools , that will vse it , or any thing else vnaduisedly , to purge withall . and thereto i agree with you , as i haue alreadie , at large signified , and declared before . you build much vpon the accidents , and symptoms , that sometime do follow the large taking therof : namely , as violent vomits , many , and infinite stooles , great gnawings , and torments of the guts , defect of feeling , and vnderstanding , losse of sight , and giddinesse of head , profound , and deepe sleepes , &c. and hereupon you thinke you haue a great hand of the matter , and haue said much to proue tabacco , to be a great , and a daungerous poison , &c. if you may make your owne accompt , it were hard i perceiue , if you did leese by the reckening . but if you were but friendly examined , but vpon this point : how many you had euer seene , or known , to be in this pickle , vpon the taking of tabacco : i thinke ( to speake within my compasse ) it will be very hard for you , to giue the instance of fiue thousand in all your life : and yet i thinke too , that , euen that were as easie for you to do : as to giue the instance but of fiue . and farther , admit that it hath wrought any of these effects , vpon any some , at any time , as vpon some great , and some vnreasonable disorder perchaunce it hath : yet what of that ? i am sure , that i haue seene for your one , that you can name that way , an hundred at the least , vpon immoderate taking and powring in of good wine , that haue bene in the same pickle , and worse too : and yet i hope , it shall not follow thereof , that good wine , is no otherwis● to be accounted of then a poison : if it were , it were high time to looke to our vinteners i can tell you . but yet you still go on : and vrge farther : and say that it is the more daungerous poison : because that it hath contrarie qualities in it : for it hath also , say you , a stupefying , and a benumming propertie , or qualitie , which is in the extreamest degree of cold , as your selfe affirmeth . here is good stuffe indeed . what ? hath tabacco hitherto bene accounted so daungerous a thing , and all for his extreame heate , and therefore called by you , the fierie , hellish , scorchingfume , out of plutoes forge , and hath it now such a great cooler ioyned with it ? i hope you know , and will confesse , that two extreames , cannot consist , and dwell together , in one , and the selfe same substance , in equall degrees , and at one time : no more then darke midnight , and cleare shining noone day , can be at one instant , in one and the selfe same place : or that any one thing can be as hote as fire , and the selfe same to be as cold as yce , at one instant . here you attribute vnto tabacco , a cold quality in the highest degree : and heretofore you haue ascribed vnto him , a heate more then ordinarie , nay , almost rather in the like extremitie , if your words be throughly scanned : which is impossible to hang together . but vpon this errour dependeth the greatest force of your former arguments . and this principle being once ouerthrowne ▪ which is this : that the heat of tabacco is so exceeding hote , that it is able to inflame , and destroy naturall heat , &c. ( which is nothing so indeed , as i perceiue by your own confession here that it is not , hauing such a cooling card ioyned with him , as you say it hath : and as also partly hath bene well proued before in many other places . ) then i say , all your former reasons brought against the killing , and destroying of our naturall heate , by the great heat of tabacco , and thereby , the procuring of so many crudities , and ill digestions in our bodies , and all procured by the great inflaming heat ▪ of tabacco , as you say : al these reasōs i say , are quasht , & not worth a buttō . well , this is not inough : but yet still you proceed : and make answer to a secret obiection ; which is this : many ( say you ) in england do take the fume of tabacco , without hurt or inconuenience : and your selfe giueth the reason , by and by . because ( say you ) the custome of taking of it , in that manner , which we do vs● , that is to say , by receiuing of it , at the mouth , or snuffing it vp by the nosthrils , can neither profite nor hurt much , &c. if this be so : why , then haue you so much inueighed against it all this while , as you haue ? yea , and against that manner of taking of it too ? for euen of that onely action , it seemeth vnto me : that your booke beareth that title that it doth : of chimny-sweeping , as hath bene alreadie said . but let vs go on : and marke but that reason : which your self hath made , and in the same chapter , afterward immediatly followeth : and you shall see , that it doth wonderfully cleare tabacco ; and he is exceeding much beholding to you for it . for thus you say : you are not ignorant that many perillous , and deadly poisons , are sometimes taken into the bodie without offence , and daunger : but then they are euer in very small quantitie , or else so repressed , and corrected with other cordials , as that they cannot offend , &c. let this speech of yours be well marked , and remembred . for if this be so , ( as i for my part , take it to be so ) then there cannot in all the world , a better tale , & in fewer words be told for tabacco , then this is . for if poisons , cannot be taken , without great , and present hurt and daunger , except they be taken in a very small quantitie , and with many correctiues too , to resist , and bridle them : then contrariwise ; seeing that tabacco , is daily taken , and that in great abundant quantities too , yea and that also without any correctiue in all the world , and yet for all that , god be thanked , it poisoneth no bodie : what greater testimonie or proofe , can there either be had , or brought , for the clearing , and quitting of this poore gentleman , both from being a poison● as also from the very suspition of any poison to be in it , then this is , that your selfe hath said ? in good faith , in my fancie , i need say no more , then is confessed , and written by your selfe . but yet , come what come will , you will still plod on : and needes you will haue it to be a poison , euen to the very indians , had not custome preuailed to the contrarie as you say . and here you do labour tooth and naile with a long discourse , to set out , the nature , and force of custome , and to tell what great acts , she can do , and bring to passe : all which we do yeeld vnto . but yet , this is nothing to the chiefe point in question . and for a briefe answer to all , that is , or may be said in that behalfe : i am not of opinion that the indians long vsing of it , hath made it no poison to them : but contrariwise , because of it selfe , and in his owne nature , it was not a poison , nor any hurtfull thing , therefore with them it grew into custome . for it is most likely , in all common sence , and reason , that ; things , must first either be found , or knowne , or at the least thought to be good , and wholesome ; before , they can be drawne into any vse , and custome . some litle triall , and experience i confesse , must be had of them : to know , and find out , the true nature of euery thing , whether they be good , or no : but yet that little trial , would neuer bring it to a daily custome , or long vse , but would by and by be checked , and controlled : if the thing it selfe , were not found good , and wholesome ; vpon the first proofe , and triall thereof . so that , as i haue sayd alreadie : i● is much more probable , that the goodnesse of a thing , is the cause of the custome thereof , and not the custome , cause of the goodnesse . as for those particular instances , of the people that virgil maketh mention of : and of the woman , and maide , that fed vpon poysons , and killed others with her breath , and yet liued her selfe ; let them either be true stories , or but reports from mouth to mouth , let them i say be what they will : yet i account them ▪ but as pretty , and rare obseruations , of certaine secret sympathies , and inward workings of nature : more to be wondered at , for the strangenesse thereof : then to be of any force , to proue any thing against tabacco : or to be answered , for any great matter of moment in this case . but yet , if it so please you : let all this be granted : that vse , and custome , doth make , a thing good in time : and yet what haue you got by this then ? for then all the tabacconists , haue that , that they would haue . for , if custome , say they , made it good to the indians : why may it not do the like to the english , in time ? if custome be the matter : and all in all , then let vs alone ; for we will bring it into as great vse , and custome , as euer aniething was . in that you graunt it to haue such a prerogatiue , for the scorbute , commonly called the scuruy , and for other the like diseases incident to that kind of people : herein also , you haue sayd verie much , in his commendation . for there is no disease , that is more loathsome then that is : neither is there anie that deserueth greater reward for the cure , then that doth . i am sure it is not vnknowne to you , what a notable treatise is written by that worthie old man wyerus , about the curing of this scuruie , as they call it ; and how much he hath written in the praise of one poore herbe , called coclearia : in respect that it is so wholesome , for the cure of that disease . and if tabacco , haue this singular gift also for that disease : then i hold him in great regard , and estimation : and account of him , as of an excellent simple , that deser●eth rather to be worthily written of , then to be so bitterly inueighed against . to conclude , at the last , when you haue ended all your talke of the scuruie , then yet you labour to proue tabacco , to be a poyson forsooth this way : because say you , when it is taken of an infected body , it draweth out the poyson , like to himselfe . your owne words are these , or to this effect : that tabacco doth the like to other poysons : which when they find any of their owne qualitie and nature in mans body , &c. they draw forth the same ( the lik● coueting his like ) and yet leaue the sound , and healthy humours cleare , and vnspotted . blessed god , i neuer heard of such a reason , in al my life . for in my poore opinion , in saying this that you haue said , you haue mightily freed tabacco , euen from the very suspition of all poyson : or else , i am wonderfully deceiued . in this place , there is some occasion offered , to speake somewhat of the nature , and manner of purgatiues in phisicke . namely to tell by what meanes , this act of purging is performed : and what be the true causes , of this attraction , or drawing , or purging of humors in a mans body . he that shall enter into this question , shall find a large field to plough . for there be manie opinions , about it , and all earnestly defended : some saying it is , à manifesta qualitate : others , ab occulta aliqua vi , & coelesti virtute : others some : ab ipsa forma specifica , as they tearme it . and some againe , à violento quodam motu , & contrarietate substantiae : but the most famous for learning , say it is , à similitudine naturae , and that is galens opinion ; albeit , he is mightily gainesaid , and sore taxed for the same ; by that learned , and famous man valariola . and therefore knowing that this discourse , would be rather tedious then profitable , in so short a treatise , as this is : i will leaue that point for this time : and rather seeke to answer , your words , as they lye in order . two things , you do attribute vnto tabacco : the one is , that from infected bodies , it draweth out all the ill humours : the other is , that it leaues all the other humors in the bodie , cleare and vnspotted , as you say . two notable properties , i assure you : and such as would rather make a man in loue with tabacco ; then cause him to hate it , as a poyson . what ? does tabacco draw out of an infected bodie corrupt venimous humors , because it is a corrupt venom it selfe ? and is like to those venimous humours , that are drawne out by it and expelle● ? me thinke in common sence that should not be so . as i told you euen now : so i say againe , i will not stand vppon the examining and sifting out , of the causes , and the meanes , of this sayd attraction , and expulsion of humours : for there be many opinions of that point , as hath bene alreadie said , and all of them probable , and defensible . but thus much , both you , and i do confesse , and we see it also to be so : that ill humors be purged , or expelled , or tumbled out of the body . marry , how they do come out : and by what meanes , that cannot i tell : but that they do come ou● : that is flat , and plaine , and euerie man sees it , by these said purgatiues . and now sir , to leaue all schoole questions aside , and plainely , and bluntly , to come to the point : let me aske you but this familiar question : doth one friend vse to driue out another friend , out of his house , when he findeth him there , who is like to himselfe : in nature , good will , and conditions ? or rather doth he thrust out and expell , a theefe , if he find him there : or an enemie : or such a one , as loues him not : but is contrary to him in all his actions and meanings ? me thinke the case , is too plaine , and needeth no farther dispute . but yet ; like , finding his like : it expelleth that like : say you still : and this is the faburden of your song . and is it , euen so indeede ? and does like , expell his like with you now : who haue borne vs in hand , all this while , that like , added to like , did delight , and ioy in that like : and increase that like in our bodies ? for if it doth all this , then belike , it expelleth it not : nor one venome doth not thrust out another as you affirme , now ? for if this reason of yours be true : then he that hath taken a strong poison : should be healed , either by taking more , of that poison : or else by taking of a stronger poison , then that is . but try that when ye will : and giue rats-bane , to him , that is poysoned with rats-bane alreadie , and you shall see , what a wise cure , you shall haue of it . so that , to conclude , as farre as i can see , you are as farre off , from prouing tabacco , to be a poison : as both by reason , and your owne words to : he is rather found to be an enemie vnto poyson , and an expeller , and a conquerour of the same : yea , and more then so to : for by your owne report , it leaueth the other good humours ( which is a wonder i can tell you ) cleare , and vnspotted , as your owne words do testifie . now then : this great storme , we see is past , and ouerblowne : and this terrible accusation , is much like to a sampsons post , thwited to a pudding pricke , as the prouerbe is . well now : what more ? we must not yet so go away . then let vs heare your seuenth reason in the name of god. the seuenth reason is : for that the first author , and finder thereof was the diuell : and the first practisers of the same , were the diuels priests , and therefore not to be vsed , of vs christians . i must needes thinke , that you were very neare driuen to go to the hedge for a stake , when you pickt out this argument . and must it needs be deuised , and inuented by the diuell ? and must it needes be vsed by the diuels priests , and seruants , and by none other ? and must not chrstian men vse it , in any case , because infidels , the diuels seruants , haue vsed it ? what remedie ? but yet my mind giueth me : it should not be so . and yet all this while , why it should come from the diuell , i heare no other reason made by you , as yet : but onely because monardus the spaniard affirmes it : nay rather for that he imagineth it to be so . and my answer forsooth is this , for that he doth but barely affirme it onely ; and for that his assertion is but coniecturall ▪ i see no reason but that it may be as safely , and as easily reiected , as beleeued . but yet if the circumstances be well considered , that monardus himselfe putteth downe , me thinke it were a more charitable motion , to thinke that it came from god , who is the author of all good gifts , then from the diuell . this one thing i am most sure of , that euen this selfe same monardus : whom you here bring against him , as your greatest proofe ; hath written as much good of tabacco , as can be : affirming him not onely to be verie good , against infinite diseases in a manner : but also to haue a singular gift , to refresh men of their great , and intollerable wearisomnes in their iourneyings . yea , & to be such a wonderfull preseruer , & curer of poisons : yea , and of that great , & admirable poison too , called bague ( how soeuer it hath pleased you , to slander him in your last chapter before this ) and in conclusion knitteth vp , the whole treatise of him with these words : that for his excellent vertues , tabacco , is had amongst the indians , in wonderfull estimation , &c. now sir , how such , an excellent thing as this is , by his owne report , should now be sayd by him to come from the diuell ; that would be knowne . touching the taking of it by their priests , and by and by falling asleepe thereupon , &c. marke me but that whole discourse well : and ye shall see , it is taken & reported quite amisse : for indeede it maketh all for tabacco . for take but monardus his owne tale : and by him it should seeme ; that in the taking of tabacco : they were drawne vp : and separated from all grosse , and earthly cogitations , and as it were caried vp to a more pure and cleare region , of fine conceits & actions of the mind , in so much , as they were able thereby to see visions , as you say : & able likewise to make wise & sharp answers , much like as those men are wont to do , who being cast into trances , and exstasies , as we are wont to call it , haue the power and gift thereby , to see more wonders , and high misticall matters , then all they can do , whose braines , & cogitations , are oppressed with the thicke and foggy vapours , of grosse , and earthy substances . marry , if in their trances , & sudden fallings , they had become nasty , & beastly fe●lowes ▪ or had in most loathsome manner , fallen a spuing , and vomiting , as drunkards are wont to do : then indeed it might well haue bene counted a diuellish matter : and bene worthy reprehension . but being vsed to cleare the braines , and thereby making the mind more able , to come to her selfe , and the better to exercise her heauenly gifts , and vertues ; me thinke , as i haue said , i see more cause why we should thinke it to be a rare gift imparted vnto man , by the goodnes of god , then to be any inuention of the diuell . and if that their priests , as you call them , do abuse at any time , this good gift , to deceiue thereby the people , with subtill , and doubtfull speeches in their answers : that was the priests fault , and to be ascr●bed vnto them : and no whit to be imputed to the thing . now sir , by the way : whether those priests , do serue the diuell , or no , and be his seruants as you say they are , that i do leaue to you , and others to iudge . i am of cicero the ethnickes opinion in this : that there is no people , or nation so rude , or barborous in the world : but that they haue some sence , and feeling of god : and that thereby they do ordaine and appoint to themselues , some one kind or other of diuine worship , and seruice of that immortall , and omnipotent deity , and most blessed euerlasting power : albeit , they vnderstand him not aright , as we christians do . and albeit , neither these indians , nor yet those philosophers , whom all ages haue hitherto so much reuerenced : and by whom we haue receiued so many helpes , of learning , as we haue , neuer knew christ aright , for that perchance they neuer heard of him : and therefore like inough that they do all erre in their religion , or rather superstition : yet , in my fancy , it were a hard thing to pronounce them all to be the diuels seruants , and his instruments : being otherwise good men of life , and couersation , & blamelesse in the ●ight of the world . but for that this question , appertaineth not vnto this place , neither yet commeth within the compasse of your handling or mine : i leaue it to our reuerend diuines : to whom it belongeth to decide such matters . hoping for all that , it shall not seeme to be repugnant to the rules of christianity , to iudge the best , euen of those infidels : and to thinke , that as god is omnipotent and wonderfull in all his doings : so , by that his omnipotency , ioyned with his infinite mercies , he hath also many wayes , and meanes ( though to vs , and our weakenesse vnknowne ) how to raise vp , plant , and preserue , some numbers amongst them : of such as shall be accounted , and reckened among the fellowship of those his true seruants , that shall be saued . and if this opinion of mine shall be thought awry , and erronious : yet i hope , it shall be taken , and accounted , as pius error : and so i leaue for this matter : submitting my selfe to the censure and iudgement of them , to whom it doth appertaine . but let vs imagine , the worst : be it , that they be the diuels seruants : and that the vse of this tabacco , came wholly from them : shall it therefore be thought either impious or inconuenient , or vnlawfull , for christians to vse it ? for my part i am not of that mind . for i thinke , that religion forbids it not : and i am sure , honest pollicy doth not prohibite it . touching religion : omnia munda , mūdis : take me yet here i pray you , as i meane it , that is : as spoken , and meant of such matters , as are not otherwise precisely ordered , & ouerruled by scripture , but are counted indifferent , & stand only vpō their right vse , or abuse , to be either good , or bad : and haue no expresse rule , example , or commandement to the contrarie . as for honest pollicie ; i referre you ouer , to the daily practise of all good christian princes . imagine those indians be as ill , as ill may be : yet i know , that the turks are as ill as they : who are the professed enemies , of christ , and of his sacred gospell : and yet , i am sure there are many things both inuented and deuised by them : or else by as ill as they : and also , that are daily vsed by them : which are held in great price , and estimation , with all christians , at this day , and by all christian princes put in practise euery where . wherefore , in condemning tabacco , and the tabacconists so eagerly in this point , as you do : in my opinion you do in a maner condemne all christendome for some one thing or other vsed by them : which was either in●ented at the first : or else is now daily vsed by the infidels . the eighth and last reason is : for that it is a great augmentor of melancholy in our bodies , which humor , is the cause of many great diseases , and hurtfull impressions in our bodies , &c. in this chapter there be many things , very well , and learnedly put downe : as , the nature , and description of melancholy : the difference betweene the naturall melancholy , and that melancholy which commeth , by adustion , and accidentally : the straunge effects , and properties , that it breedeth , and bringeth foorth in our bodies : the helpe and vertue that it hath in it to make men wise : and how that proposition , which auoucheth melancholy men , to be the wisest men , is rightly to be vnderstood , &c. all these things haue very good matter in them i confesse . and though some of them , by some men , both are , and may be contradicted , by the way of argument , and schollerly disputation : yet for my part , i mind not to gaine-say any one of them : for it were nothing to the purpose , for that matter which we haue now in hand . but when all is said , that you can say , and when all those odde ends are brought together , of those matters , which you haue laid downe , and scattered in your discourse ; the vpshot of all your talke in this matter : is , and must be this : that tabacco increaseth melancholy humor in our bodie , and increaseth it so abundantly , that it manifestly destroyeth the temperature of our bodie , disordering and ouerthrowing , the good actions of the same : and so consequently is a breeder , and an occasion of many diseases in melancholie persons especially . and this is the marke , i am sure that you shoot at . wel sir , then to leaue your long discourse , and to come to handie gripes , and to make short with you ▪ then thus i say : if tabacco do these things which you affirme it doth : that is : if it increase the humour of melancholie , and breed blacke vapours in our bodie , as you do say , it doth : then su●ely sir , it must needes do it , either by his fume , and smoke , or else by his purging facultie . for there be no moe waies , i trow , how he shold do it : for by the way of foode , i think you meane it not : for that is alreadie resolued vpon , and put downe as a principle : that no man feedeth on tabacco , as to make his meales thereof . well then , as touching the fume of tabacco , here in this chapter , you plainely , and precisely affirme , that by the smoke , or fume of tabacco , all sorts of melancholy are augmented , and increased , &c. but in another place , you haue as plainely affirmed likewise , that no impression of any matter , either to do hurt , or good , can be made by the smoke or fume of tabacco . of these two contradictions , i know not i promise you , what to make : they appeare vnto me , much like to the aegiptians fast and loose : so that a man cannot tell where to haue you . for to do no hurt at all : as you say : and to do so great a harme , as to increase all sorts of melancholie , being a matter of so great moment , &c. which also , you do say : it doth so puzzle my wits to reconcile them well : as in truth , i know not what to make of it . if you can reconcile them , i pray you then do it ; for in truth i cannot . as for the reason that you bring , to proue tabacco , to leaue in our braine , a black , swarfe , sootish tincture , because it doth all to be-blacke the pipe wherein it is taken : ó lord , it is a very weake reason . for betweene your dead , and sencelesse pipes , made of earth or otherwise ; and the liuely cauities , passages , and pipes of ou● breathing and liuing bodies , there is no likelihood or comparison to be made . and for proofe hereof , let vs not stand now vpon making of schoole syllogismes : but let vs fall to a flat demonstration : and one demonstration you know verie well , is worth fiue syllogismes . my demonstration then at a word is this : looke me but into the throats , and nosthrils , of all the great tabacco takers : view them well , i say , and prie into their noses , as much as ye please , and i will lay what wager you will , that you shall find them as faire nosed gentlemen , and as cleane mouthed , and throated , as any men aliue , i will warrant you . againe to go a litle farther , and to proue that the smoke of a thing , worketh no such operation , or increaseth not melancholie , as you presuppose that it doth , let me giue you another instance , by another plaine demonstration . behold your poore ploughmen , that liue continually in smokie houses : and your blacke smiths , that are still moyling in sea-coale fire , all the day long : and grim the colier , that is all his life time almost , in continuall smoke , in somuch , as in a maner he feedes vpon it : and tell me , if you find many melancholie men among them . all to be smeered perchaunce you shall haue them , with smoke , and soote , on the outside , and with foule blacke , quarrie , scorched hands : but yet you shall see them as merrie , and as madde knaues , with as white teeth , and as good complexions , as any men aliue : and as litle touched with sadnesse , or melancholie ; as he that is least subiect to that disease . vnlesse it be sometime now and then , when the poore colier is set vpon the pillorie for false measuring his coales : then perchaunce he may be somewhat sad , and melancholie for the time , while his fooles head stands peeping out , at the pillorie hole . but assoone as he hath giuen them the slip , and gotten his head once from the pillorie ; and is gone but some two or three miles out of london , he is as merrie againe as a cricket : and all to be-knaues the marshall for his labour , and biddes him come now , and he dare , to fetch him to the pillorie againe . what ? must poore smoke , being so light a thing , and so soone vapoured away , and so , and so taken : as your selfe hath described , and by and by let out againe ; must smoke i say needes haue so great a force , as to increase such a sad soure humor as melancholie ? is no possibly , as domingo was woont to say . marrie , if the smoke , were a matter of solide substance , so that it might be chewed , as other meates are , and swallowed downe , and concocted , and digested , and then distributed , and conueyed by the veines , to the particular parts of the bodie , to feede and cherish them : then perchaunce vpon this long abode , in the truncke of our bodie , and vpon the thorough fermenting , and working of it selfe , into the whole masse , or lumpe of our bloud , that giueth vs nourishment : if all this , i say were done , or might be done : then perchaunce , you had somewhat to say , and to warne good students , to take heede , how they did meddle with tabacco : for feare of increase of melancholie . otherwise , in my iudgement , this needlesse feare of yours , doth somewhat sauour of melancholie in your selfe . for you know : that melancholie men , be sad , and fearefull , & non timenda , timent : which is one of the chiefest properties of a melancholie person . and thus much briefly ; touching the smoke of tabacco . but now sir , it may be your opinion is also , that tabacco increaseth melancholie , and worketh this great daunger and offence , by his purging facultie : and this perchaunce is that , which you seeme to glaunce at by the way , when you say : that , it auoideth that liquid phlegmaticke matter , which would be good nourishment , and that which otherwise should be mingled with the rest of our bloud , and giue a moisture to the drinesse of melancholie , and so keepe all things in good tune , and temper , &c. if this be your opinion , that b●cause the smoke of tabacco maketh the takers thereof to spit a litle , and to auoid by the mouth some waterish matter , that therefore i say when it is vsed in purging , it will purge the like matter also , as it seemes you do make your chiefest argument vpon that point : then i say , that euen in this point also , either you are ; or you may be deceiued . for there be many things , that will prouoke a man to spit much , and yet they will not purge at all . as for example , take but mastich , and chew it vp and down in your mouth : and you shall spit for life : and yet it is no purgatiue . the like may be said , of an vnripe , sharpe , sower apple , or the like : for it will not onely do so to the eater thereof : but also prouoke the stander by sometime to spit , and spattle as much and more too , as i haue seene . and thereof i thinke comes this english prouerbe : that a mans teeth doth water , at this , or at that , &c. and here is to be noted by the way , ( and it is worth the noting too , and hath bene remembred alreadie in another place before ) that , of that same liquid moist matter , which you so much talke of , and make it so necessarie , and precious a thing , as you do in all your discourse : there is i say such store and plentie of it in our bodies for the most part , and it is at all times , so readie at hand to come at a call , that there neede be no feare at all , of spending of that moisture by the vse of tabacco , especially to vs , that are english men , and ilanders , as hath bene declared alreadie before . but here , you come vpon me , and say : yea sir , but tabacco is a purgatiue , there is no question of that : and because it is a purgatiue ; therefore , it must needs purge the like matter , by the bellie , which it doth auoid by the mouth : and that is phleame , and other liquide matter , and humiditie : and in purging of that , it maketh melancholie the drier ▪ and so consequently , it maketh it the worse , &c. no , not so good sir , and to answer this obiection fully : i doubt not , but that you do know right wel● that as touching purgatiue medicines , there be two opinions of antiquitie . the one affirmeth , that they do purge by election : and are called el●ctiuè purgantia : which is as much to say , as that they do purge , with a kind of choice , or iudgement , either this , or that humor alone , or else some one humor more then any other . and yet those electiuè purgantia , do not so make speciall choise , of that onely one humor alone : as a deere is wont to be singled out , from the rest of the heard , and so had in chace by himselfe alone without any other : but their meaning is , that those purgatiues do expell and auoid some one humour more then the rest indeed , which they do most fancie , and haue a liking vnto : but yet with that principall humor , some one or other humor too , may in part , be expelled and auoided , at the same instant : as you , and i do know , many of those electiue purgatiues , which do purge some one : yea some two : nay , some three humors , all at one time , though not all those humors indifferently at one time , but they shall not be named by me , of purpose , because i thinke it not meete , to acquaint the vulgar sort , with any such secrets . the other opinion is ( and those be iolly fellowes too , i can tell you , that be the authors of it : ) that there are no purgatiues at all by election or choi●e , which are called electiuè purgantia , as i haue told you : but that all purgatiues do purge promiscuè ; or as a man would say , a like : or indifferently : or at a venture , so that nature ▪ being once set a worke by a purgation : and hauing as it were her sluces , or conduits , now open : looke what humour she findeth her self most aggrieued withall , or that lieth aptest and readiest in the way to be auoided , that she tumbleth out , hauing now the helpe of art , to assist her in her action . so that make your choise of these two opinions , which you will ; yet i see no reason why tabacco , should be so much feared , and misliked in the purging of melancholy . for if you say with this latter crue of phisitions : that all purgatiues do purge promiscuè : then the case is cleare : for then he may aswell purge melancholy , as any other humor ; or at the least he may purge melancholy with another humour , when nature is once set a worke to purge and auoide that which offendeth . but if you do say with the other sect of phisitions : that all purgatiues do worke electiuè : or by choise , and a kind of iudgement , then thus i say , that neither i , nor you , nor any man else can giue any reason , why tabacco , should not aswell , as any other purgatiue , purge away melācholy , either alone , or principally , or at the least with some other humors , as well , as we see other purgatiues do : notwithstanding that his smoake doth seeme to keepe such a sturre , with a little spittering , and spattering by the mouth , as is already sayd . but it may be sir : that you are of another opinion , then all this commeth vnto , and that you do thinke , that in melancholy matters , there should no purgatiues at all be vsed , and would haue no other course to be taken in the cure thereof : but only alterantia , and commoderantia , as we terme them , to be vsed : that is , you would haue them vse such things as might alter , temper , and mitigate the harshnesse of that melancholy humor , and so in time at the length alter the whole state of the body , without any more a do , &c if this i say be your opinion : then is all at an end : and i haue no more to say , either to it , or to you , at this time , but onely this : god speed you well : but therewithall yet still this i say : that if you will not seeme to swarue , from the steps of the learned ancient writers , who vsed in the cure of melancholy , as round , and as strong medicines , as tabacco is , and such to , as were in their manifest qualities , as ho●e , and dry as tabacco is , also : then it shall be no discredit for you , to suffer tabacco , to haue his place among those auncient allowed purgatiues , and to alter your opinion of this poore straunger , and hereafter to giue him no worse speeches , then vpon good proofe he shall deserue . and thus hauing made , a wise foolish speech , or a foolish wise speech in the behalfe of this poore tabacco : now it is not much amisse , to haue a word or two for my selfe . it is like inough , that in this brag-speaking age , there will not want some store of those , that will be ready to start vp , and make hast to carpe , and reprehend ▪ all that euer is , or that can be sayd , either in this matter , or anie other , whatsoeuer . and marke it when ye will , and you shall see , that none will be so readie thereunto , as they : who either for lacke of wit , are least able to iudge and vnderstand what is well said : or else for lacke of learning , are most vnable , to amend that which is amisse . but making small reckening , or account of any such : my chiefe and onely desire is : that this sporting exercise of mine , may no whit displease , any of those learned sweete conceited gentlemen ( in regard of whose fauour only , i haue vnderta●en it ) in whom there is neither scornefull , nor wayward ▪ nor any such sullen sower humor , but that they can be contented to heare , a philosophicall probleame , somewhat scholer-like handled : to passe the time these christmasse holy daies . moreouer , it may be , that some also , will muse to see any time at all to be spent , in so trifling an argument as this is ; in their conceit , and opinion : but yet , for their better satisfaction , let this be said : seeing that as famous men , as euer haue bene , either in our age , or in our forefathers dayes , haue not disdained to write of meaner matters then these : as namely , some of baldnesse , others in the commendation of folly : yea , and other some , of farre baser matters to : as of a gnat , a flye , & a flea : and yet neuerthelesse , they haue thought no part of their credit either touched , or impeached thereby : then i hope , it may be permitted to him , that is no hater of learning , to attempt the like , in a matter not farre vnlike : and so much the more for that i was prouoked , or rather in some sort much vrged therunto , ( i protest ) for that to my thinking , i did perceiue , the credit of that most excellent knowledge of phisicke , not a little touched and stained thereby , vnder his pretence of inueighing against tabacco . and albeit his meaning perchance , was farre otherwise ( as like inough it was ) yet i thought it not amisse , that such an ouerslip as that was , should in some good sort , either be met withall : or else , at the least , be better vnderstood . finis . by the king. a proclamation for preuenting of the abuses growing by the vnordered retailing of tobacco proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king. a proclamation for preuenting of the abuses growing by the vnordered retailing of tobacco proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) sheet([ ] p.) by robert barker, printer to the kings most excellent maiestie: and by the assignes of iohn bill, imprinted at london : m. dc. xxxiii. [ ] caption title. dated at end: giuen at the court at whtehall the thirteenth day of october, in the ninth yeere of the reigne of our souereigne lord charles .. arms with leaf under lions leg (arms )--stc. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- law and legislation -- england -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr diev et mon droit . honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms ❧ by the king. ❧ a proclamation for preuenting of the abuses growing by the vnordered retailing of tobacco . whereas the plant or drugge called tobacco scarce knowne to this nation in former times , was in this age first vsually brought into this realme in small quantity , as medicine , and so vsed , and by diuers taken as medicine , but in processe of time , to satisfie the inordinate appetite of a great number of men and women it hath been brought in in great quantity , and taken for wantonnesse and excesse , prouoking them to drinking and other inconueniences , to the great impairing of their healths , and deprauing of their manners , so that the care which his maiesty hath of his people hath enforced him to thinke of some meanes for the preuenting of the euill consequence of this immoderate vse thereof . and albeit his maiesties dearest father of blessed memorie had giuen directions therein , as well by proclamation as otherwise , yet those waies tooke not so good effect as was desired , for that therein was no restraint of the number of those that should sell tobacco by retaile , nor care taken of the quality of those that should make such sale , but uictuallers , tauerners , alehousekeepers , tapsters , chamberlaines , hostlers and others , of the meanest condition haue promiscuously vsed to regrate the same as allurements to other naughtinesse , keeping therein no assize , to the preiudice of the rest of his maiesties louing subiects . for repressing therefore of all such excesses and for preuenting of future inconuenience , our soueraigne lord the king , by the aduice of the lords and others of his priuie councell hath resolued to reduce the venting , selling and vttering of tobacco into some good order , and that none but men of sufficiency , and such as shall bring certificate of their meetnesse , shall hereafter sell or vtter any tobacco by retaile . and to that purpose his maiestie hath lately caused letters from his lords , and others of his priuie councell to bee directed vnto the iustices of peace of the seuerall counties of this kingdome , and dominion of wales , and also vnto the maiors , bailiffes and other chiefe officers of diuers cities and townes corporate ; commanding them to certifie in what townes and places it may bee fit to suffer selling and retailing of tobacco , and how many in each place were fit to bee licensed to vse that trade . in answere of which letters , certificates haue beene made from diuers of the iustices of peace , and from the maiors , bailiffes , and other magistrates of diuers cities and townes corporate , who therein haue acknowledged the abuses that daily arise by the vngouerned selling and retailing of tobacco , expressing their desire of reformation . wherupon his maiestie by like aduice of his counsell hath caused other letters to be directed to the iustices and conseruators of the peace in seuerall counties ; thereby declaring in what townes and places tobacco shall be permitted to be sold or vttered by retayle , and hath commanded the said iustices and conseruators of the peace , to cause the names of those townes and places specified in those letters , to be written and affixed in publique places where the assises and sessions of the peace shall be kept , in those counties , to the end that all his people may take notice that other places are not admitted or allowed for selling or vttering of tobacco by retaile . and by letters directed to the said maiors , bayliffes , and other head officers of cities and townes , his maiestie hath giuen notice vnto them of the names of those that are permitted there to sell or deliuer tobacco in that manner , and hath commanded them to giue publique notice in the said cities and townes , of the names of those persons that are so admitted to sell or deliuer it . now our said souereigne lord the king doth straightly prohibite all his people , that after the feast of candlemas next comming after the date of these presents , none of them out of the said cities or townes so appointed as aforesaid , or within the said cities , or townes , no others but those named as aforesaid , and such as from time to time shall bee permitted in like manner , doe sell or deliuer any tobacco by retayle , and that none of them that are permitted or allowed in this behalfe , keepe any tauerne , alehouse , or uictualling , or otherwise sell any distilled or hot waters , wine , ale , beere , or cyder in their houses , so long as they shall bee permitted to sell tobacco by retayle : and for that the necessities of these times require it , his maiestie doth charge and command all his subiects to obey these his ordinances , vnder the paines to bee inflicted vpon contemners of the same , and of his royall will and pleasure , being for the good of his people : all which his pleasure is shall bee obserued vntill hee shall by his proclamation , or letters of his priuie counsell make other publique signification of his pleasure herein . and hee doth charge and command all iustices of peace , and all maiors , bayliffes , and head officers of all his cities and townes within his said kingdome of england , and dominion of wales , and all those who are permitted to sell tobacco by retaile , that they make diligent enquirie of all those that shall presume to doe against this command , and from time to time to make certificate of their names , and places of their residence , with the particular of their contempts , to the lords of his maiesties priuie councell . giuen at the court at whitehall the thirteenth day of october , in the ninth yeere of the reigne of our souereigne lord charles by the grace of god king of england , scotland , france , and ireland , defender of the faith , &c. god saue the king. ¶ imprinted at london by robert barker , printer to the kings most excellent maiestie : and by the assignes of iohn bill . m.dc.xxxiii . by the king. a proclamation commanding conformity to his maiesties pleasure, expressed in his late charter to the tobacco-pipe-makers proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king. a proclamation commanding conformity to his maiesties pleasure, expressed in his late charter to the tobacco-pipe-makers proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . [ ] sheets by robert barker, and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, [imprinted at london : anno dom. m.dc.xx. [ ]] caption title. dated at end: theobalds the seuen and twentieth day of may, in the eighteenth yeere of our reigne .. imprint from colophon. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco pipe industry -- great britain -- law and legislation. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ir diev et mon droit . honi ✚ soit ✚ qvi ✚ mal ✚ y ✚ pense ✚ royal blazon or coat of arms ¶ by the king. a proclamation commanding conformity to his maiesties pleasure , expressed in his late charter to the tobacco-pipe-makers . whereas diuers of the poorer sort of our subiects haue heretofore liued by the trade of making tobacco pipes , but for want of power to retaine and keepe their apprentices and seruants in due obedience , and to restraine others from intruding vpon their arte , the auncient makers haue not so well prospered as was desired : for preuention of which inconueniences , and for reducing the workemen in that trade to such a competent number , as they might bee gouerned after the example of other societies , who florish by ranging themselues vnder good orders ; we did by our late charter incorporate a selected number of the most ancient , and such others as they for skill and honestie should admit into their socitie : thereby prohibiting all others who were not members thereof , to make any sort of tobacco-pipes within our realme of england or dominion of wales ; and thereby also commanding , that no person or persons directly , or indirectly should buy tobacco-pipes to sell againe , of , or from the hands of any others then the knowne members of the said societie . yet neuertherlesse being lately informed by certificate from sundry our iustices of peace of our counties of middlesex and surrey ( who in due obedience of our royall pleasure , declared in our said charter , did in person assist the execution of the same ) that diuers lewde and obstinate offenders , had fortified themselues in their houses with weapons , and in contempt of our regall authority resisted them , comming with the seuerall warrants of the lord chiefe iustice of our bench , and other the iustices of peace within our citie of london , and the said counties of middlesex and surrey ; and also that there were diuers il disposed persons ( who delighting to oppose al good orders ) contemptuously maintained these vnderhand offendors , some by harboring the vnlawfull makers of tobacco-pipes secretly in their houses , there to make them contrary to our charter , to the end to partake of the stolne profit thereof ; others , by buying secretly this vnder-hand made ware , in contempt of our authority , and with an euill intent of ouerthrowing this societie which we haue sought to establish . now therefore , that by the presumptuous example of these disobedient persons , others may not be incouraged hereafter by impunity to presume to resist and contemne our royall commandement in matters of greater moment , or to withstand the authority of magistrates and gouernment , these are to charge and straitly command , that no persons whatsouer within this our realme of england and dominion of wales shall hereafter presume to make any manner of tobacco-pipes , but such as are or shall bee members of the saide societie : nor shall presume to harbour in their houses any tobacco-pipe-makers to vse their trade there , who are not of the saide societie ; nor that any person or persons ( especially who buy tobacco-pipes to sell againe ) shall at any time , or in any place buy or obtaine by any meanes , directly or indirectly any tobacco-pipes whatsoeuer , from any vnder-handmakers or others , but only from such as are knowne members of the said societie , & that at their common hall , or other knowne ware-houses appointed , or hereafter to bee appointed , where they may bee bought by all our louing subiects , vpon paine of our high displeasure , and such punishments as are due for such contempts , whereof we shall require a strict account by proceeding against the offendours in our court of starre-chamber . further commanding , that if at any time heereafter any person shall bee so audacious as to fortifie themselues in their houses , or in the houses of any other , or to withstand our will and pleasure heerein , or to resist our authoritie giuen and imparted to our lord chiefe iustice and others , in the search or apprehension of them , or any of them ; then wee doe heereby will and require , that sufficient power be had and taken by such who shal haue such warrants , to apprehend such obstinate and contemptuous persons , and to carry them before our said chiefe iustice , or other iustice of the peace , that punishment may be inflicted on them in the seuerest manner our lawes will permit , by imprisoning their bodie , till they haue put in sufficient suretie for their good behauiour afterwards . heereby further , straitly charging our atturney generall for the time being , that he cause all and euery such wilfull and disobedient persons , for such their high contempt in this behalfe , to be prosecuted in our court of starre-chamber ( where our will is they shall bee sharpely punished ) according to the measure of such their audacious and bold resistance of our royall commandement . and to the intent that these fraudes and abuses may the better be found out and punished , our pleasure is , that it shall and may bee lawfull for any two , or more of the said societie , together with a lawfull officer to enter into any suspected place or places , at lawful & conuenient times , there to search for , and finde out any vnder-hand made , or sold tobacco-pipes ; and all such so found to seize , take , and carry away , and them safelye to keepe to bee disposed of , according to the tenor of our sayd charter . and lastly , for the full execution of this our royall commandement , wee will and require the lord maior of our citie of london , for the time being , and all other maiors , shiriffes , iustices of peace , bailiffes , constables , and all other officers and ministers whatsoeuer ; that they and euery of them in their seuerall offices and places , bee from time to time ayding and assisting to the master , wardens , and societie of tobacco-pipe makers in the due execution and accomplishment of this our royall will and commandement , as they tender our pleasure , and will answere the contrary at their perill . giuen at our court at theobalds the seuen and twentieth day of may , in the eighteenth yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france and ireland . god saue the king. ❧ imprinted at london by robert barker , and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . anno dom. m. dc . xx. organon salutis an instrument to cleanse the stomach : as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee, how much they conduce to preserve humane health / by w.r. ... w. r. (walter rumsey), - . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing r a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing r a estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) organon salutis an instrument to cleanse the stomach : as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee, how much they conduce to preserve humane health / by w.r. ... w. r. (walter rumsey), - . blount, henry, sir, - . howell, james, ?- . [ ], p. printed by r. hodgkinsonne for d. pakeman ..., london : . reproduction of original in huntington library. includes letters form henry blount and james howell. eng medicine -- early works to . tobacco -- early works to . coffee -- early works to . a r (wing r a). civilwar no organon salutis. an instrument to cleanse the stomach, as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee: how much they con w. r c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - rina kor sampled and proofread - rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion organon salutis . an instrument to cleanse the stomach , as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee : how much they conduce to preserve humane health . by w. r. of grays inne , esq. experto credo . london , printed by r hodgkinsonne , for d. pakeman , living at the rainbow in fleetstreet , neer the inner temple gate , . to the right honourable , henry , lord marquess of dorchester , &c. as apollo among the planets , so , i may say , your lordship is among peers : in the vast firmament of learning you out shine them all : and understanding that , among other scientificall speculations , your lordship hath been addicted to the study of physick ( wherein you have made such an admired progresse , that you have attained , not only the theory , but the practise thereof ) i am bold to dedicate this small piece to your lordship ; wherein there are divers new physicall experiments , for the universall health of mankinde : therefore i presume no discerning reader will adjudge this addresse to be improper . moreover , ther 's another reason that induced me hereunto , which was , that i knew your lordship to have been pleased to admit your self to gray's inne , and make it your musaeum , or place of retirement , ( which i hold to be one of the greatest honours that society ever received ) and being a member thereof my self , i adventured to make this dedication ; for which nevertheless i crave your pardon , and rest , my highly honoured lord , your obedient , and most humble servant , w● . rumsey . to my worshipfull and much honored friend , sir henry blount knight . sir , my miseries ( in matter of my health ) made me in my old age ( being now seventy two yeers old ) to remember what i learned in my youth at school , in reading of tullies office , ( that is ) after taking notice of my own body , to observe what did doe me good , or harm , before i should use the help of physitians : this made me to collect what i have written in this book , for mine own private use . many of my friends urged me to leave the same to be printed for the benefit of others ; which i was loath to doe , in respect it is a novelty , not prescribed by others , untill i understood by you , that it was well accepted in foreign parts by persons of great quality and knowledge , which came by the same relations of yours unto them . i lately understood that your discovery , in your excellent book of travels , hath brought the use of the turkes physick , of cophie in great request in england , whereof i have made use , in another form than is used by boyling of it in turkie , and being less loathsome and troublesome ; wherefore i thought meet to send this book to you , and to referre it to your iudgement , whether it be fit to be published in print . if you let it to passe under your protection , i little care what others speak of it , and rest sir , your loving friend and servant w● . rumsey . the answer of sir henry blount knight , to the preceding letter of his worthy friend iudge rumsey . sir , i present you with many thanks for your excellent physick treatise , and for your favour in the direction of it to me ; but for your printing of it , all mankinde is to give you thanks . for certainly all ages and nations have ever held a gratefull memory of the inventors of any devise or engine , to the publique advantage of humane life : for , as it is the goodnesse of god that gives us life ; so , of all men , they are most subservient to that goodnesse , who help to make that life long and comfortable ; amongst whom this your whalebone instrument will assuredly cause your name to stand . it hath already ( though crept out by stealth ) gained much credit abroad , in forrain countreys ; where i have known persons of eminent quality to hold it in great esteem . and besides the undenyed reputation ( where rightly used ) it gains , in the experience & practise thereof , it cannot in a rationall discourse , but have much preeminence above the usuall way of physick . for doubtlesse mens diseases arise from the stomach ; whose impurities obstruct the passages of life , poysoning and fermenting the whole moisture of mans body , till it becomes like a house which having it vaults and sinks furred up and stopt , soon growes so full of putrifaction and stink as cannot be endured : in which case physitians are like men who should advise to cast into such a house mirrhe , musk , amber-greece , or other pretious stuffe , in hopes to amend the uncleannesse thereof : and to magnifie that course as rationall , they make learned discourses of the drugges and the severall degrees of heat or cold , with their specifique virtues , which countenanced under strange names and authors , prevail to be made tryall of . but at last , when the simple master of the house ( after much fruitless trouble and expence ) finds no effect , but that the corruption and stench is grown more abhominable : then come you with this engine , like some discreet person , who with a broom and a little water , without charge , in half an hours time , makes a cleaner house , than the others , with all their parade , cost , and trouble could ever doe : but as for the two remarkable simples , which you most imploy ; that is tobacco and cophie , a man may guess at their rare efficacie , who observes how universally they take with mankinde , and yet have not the advantage of any pleasing taste wherewith to tempt and debauch our palat , as wine and other such pernicious things have ; for at the first-tobacco is most horrid , and cophie insipid , yet doe they both so generall prevail , that bread it self is not of so universall use . the tartars and arabs , two great nations , have little or no use of bread , yet they , the turks , persians , and most of the eastern world , have hourly use of tobacco and cophie , but especially of cophie : for , besides the innumerable store of cophie houses , there is not a private fire without it all day long : they all acknowledge how it freeth them from crudities , caused by ill dyet , or moist lodging ; insomuch as they , using cophie morning and evening , have no consumptions , which ever come of moisture ; no lethargies in aged people , or rickets in children ; and but few qualmes in women with child ; but especially they hold it of singular prevention against stone and gout . when a turk is sick , he fasts and takes cophie , and if that will not doe , he makes his will , and thinks of no other physick . and as for your way of taking both cophie and tobacco , the rarity of the invention consists in leaving the old way : for the water of the one , and the smoke of the other may be of inconvenience to many ; but your way in both takes in the virtue of the simples , without any additionall mischeif . and as for tobacco , not in smoke , but swallowed down , there is not observed a more sure or sudden remedy for a cough or the stone , amongst all that men have found out . and whereas most medicinall books are usually but bare transcriptions from former writers ; and so nothing but hear-say upon hear say , with monstrous addition of untruth upon untruth , till upon try all not one receipt in an hundred makes good what it promiseth . yours is all of your own constant experience on your self and others ; which in your personall recovery , and healthfull old age , gives a fair pledge to all who please to follow so considerable an example . thus , sir , with my best thanks i present you the love and service of him who is your affectionate friend and servant , henry blount . to his highly esteemed friend and compatriot judge rumsey , upon his provang , or rare pectorall instrument , and his rare experiments of cophie , and tobacco . sir , since i knew the world , i have known divers sorts of instruments : the first that i was acquainted withall , was aristotles organon , or instrument at oxford : another was the great happy instrument at munster : the third was the instrument which was made after the dissolution of the late long parliament ; that in oxford was instrumentum logicae , the instrument of logick ; that in munster was instrumentum pacis , the instrument of peace ; the last was instrumentum politicum , the instrument of policy . now your instrument is most properly called the instrument of health and may take place among the rest . without controversie it was an invention very happily lighted upon , and obligeth all mankinde to give you thanks : for he who findes out any thing conducing to humane health , is the best cosmopolite , the best among the citizens of the world ; health heing the most precious jewel of nature , without which we cannot well discharge our duties to god or man . but indeed there 's no perfection of health in this life , where wee converse with the elements ; the best is a valetudinary kinde of disposition ; and this proceeds from the perpetuall conflict of the humors within us for predomination ▪ which were they equally ballanced , and in peace , methuselah's yeers would be but a short life among us . now this combate , and malignity of the humors ariseth from the stomach ; which , like a boyling pot on the fire , is still boyling within us , and hath much froth ; whence , if the concoction be not very good , there are ilfavoured fumes , and fuliginous evaporations that ascend into the head ; where being distill'd , they descend in catarrhes and defluxions sometimes upon the optiques , and that may be called the gout in the eyes ; if they fall upon the teeth , it may be call'd the gout in the mouth ; if into the hands , 't is chiragra ; if in the hip , sciatica ; if in the knees , gonagra ; if in the feet , podagra . now sir , your instrument serves to take away the grounds of these distempers , by rummaging and scouring the stomach , and make it expectorate that froth , or phlegmy stuffe which lodgeth there , and that in a more gentle manner than any drugge . 't is true that rhubarbe is good against choler , agarick against phlegme , and hellebore against melancholy ; but they use to stirre the humors so violently by their nauseousnesse , that their operation is a sicknesse of it self all the while . your instrument causeth no such thing , nor leaves any lurking dreggs behinde , as drugges use to doe . touching coffee , i concurre with them in opinion , who hold it to be that black broth which was us'd of old in lacedemon , whereof the poets sing ; surely it must needs be salutiferous , because so many sagacious , and the wittiest sort of nations use it so much ; as they who have conversed with shashes and turbants doe well know . but besides the exsiccant quality it hath to dry up the crudities of the stomach , as also to comfort the brain , to fortifie the sight with its steem , and prevent dropsies , gouts , the scurvie , together with the spleen , and hypocondriacall windes ( all which it doth without any violence or distemper at all ) i say , besides all these qualities , 't is found already , that this coffee drink hath caused a greater sobriety among the nations : for whereas formerly apprentices and clerks with others , used to take their mornings draught in ale , beer , or wine , which by the dizziness they cause in the brain , make many unfit for businesse , they use now to play the good-fellows in this wakefull and civill drink : therefore that worthy gentleman , mr. mudiford , who introduced the practise hereof first to london , deserves much respect of the whole nation ▪ concerning tobacco , which the spaniards call la yerva santa , the holy herb ; in regard of the sundry virtues it hath : without doubt'tis also a wholsom vegetal , if rightly applyed , and seasonably taken , it helps concoction , makes one void rhume , break winde , and keeps the body open : a leaf or two steeped in white wine , or beer over night , is a vomit that never fayles ; it is a good companion to sedentary men , and students when they are stupified by long reading or writing , by dissipating those vapours which use to o're-cloud the brain : the smoak of it is passing good against all contagious aires ; in so much that if one takes two or three puffs in the morning , before he goes abroad ▪ there 's no infectious air can fasten upon him ; for it keeps out all other sents , according to the axiome , intus existens prohibet alienum . but sir , i finde that you have made other experiments of these two simples , which though not so gustfull , conduce much to humane health : and touching your provang , or whale-bone instrument , let me tell you , that it hath purchased much repute abroad among forreiners ; in so much that some , in imitation of yours , have found a way to make such an instrument of ductible gold , and you know what a cordiall gold is . i have been told of another kind of new instrument , that will conveniently reach from the mouth , to let in the smoke of tobacco at the fundament , and it hath done much good . certainly there are in natures cabinet , many boxes yet undiscovered ; there are divers mysteries and magnalia's yet unknown ; there be sundry effects which she would produce , but she wants the hand of art to co-operate , and help her , as it were by the way of midwifery : the world must needs confesse that you have done her a great good office herein . so , with my hearty kinde respects unto you , wishing that some happy occasion were offered , whereby i might be instrumentall unto you , i rest , worthy sir , your most affectionate friend and compatriot , james howell . chap. i. the miserable case of mankinde . i. we cannot live without daily food ; and from that food there ariseth not only our nourishment , but also severall superfluous matters following , which are the principall causes of all diseases which cannot be absolutely helped , although much mitigated by any temperate dyet . ii. in the stomach undigested meat , flegme , and evill humors , from whence proceed choler and melancholy , &c. and by consequence the stone , gout , and many other infirmities . iii. also in the stomach , winde ; from whence cometh the wind-cholick , and vapours , which disturb the head , and breed headaches , &c. iv. in the guts , stoppages of wind , and of digested excrements ; which disturb the whole bodie . v. in the uritory passages , stoppages of wind , and all moist things ▪ wherewith we nourish nature ; which breeds the stone and stranguries , &c. vi . in the veins and other parts of the body are corrupt humors , which nature draweth , with the quintessence of our food , for maintenance of the severall parts of the body ; from whence commeth the gout , and infirmities in the eyes , and other parts of the body ; which when strength of nature cannot expell outwardly , then the same returns upon the inward noble parts , to destroy man . vii . excessivenesse of heat and cold in several parts of the body ; which breeds agues and feavers : so that a man cannot easily help the one , without offending the other . viii . when nature , by reason of age , or some other accident , falleth to expell these evills , although physick may do much to take away the enemies of nature , yet the same also taketh away the vitall spirits , to the destruction of man ; so that means must be found , otherwise to doe the same . that in the speaking of my opinion to all these points , i follow the method of my profession in the law , to open and argue my conceit in every part of the case , and cite experiences like judgements thereupon , and leave others to argue the contrary at their pleasure , without any reply , and leave the successe to justifie the truth of what i publish , chap. ii. materialls to be used as remedies for severall occasions following . . a whalebone instrument , wch may be made from two foot in length or more , to a yard long , after this form , to be used for all ages , according to the stature of their bodies . it may be made after the form of a long feather out of a goose wing , with a small button of fine linnen , or silk , to the bignesse of a cherry-stone , fastened at the one end , which goeth into the body , and with a string fastened at the other end , that a man may use it , and draw it out at pleasure . these are commonly sold in london , and especially at the long shops in westminster-hall . if it be kept in water , it will be as gentle as may be desired . it must be stirred gently , and alwayes used after some meat and drink , as any man liketh best , and findeth occasion for a vomit . . electuary of cophy . take equall quantity of butter and sallet-oyle , melt them well together , but not boyle them : then stirre them well that they may incorporate together : then melt therewith three times as much hony , and stirre it well together ▪ then add thereunto powder of turkish cophie , to make it a thick electuary . . infusion of tobacco . take a quarter of a pound of tobacco , and a quart of ale , white-wine , or sider , and three or four spoonfulls of hony , and two pennyworth of mace ; and infusé these by a soft fire , in a close earthen pot , to the consumption of almost the one half : then strain it , and keep it in a close bottle . if it be kept long , then once every week let it be warmed by the fire , to keep it from vinowing . . cordials . bake a pot of apples or pears pared and cored , with houshould bread : then lay a thin laying of hony in the bottome of an earthen pot : lay thereupon a laying of the baked apples , one inch thick : lay thereupon a thin laying of the powder of enulacampane roots , and a little pounded nutmeg , and ginger : lay thereupon ▪ severall layings of hony , baked apples , and powders , as before , to fill the pot . cover the same with paste , and bake the same with houshold bread : quinces , orenges and lemmon pills may be added thereunto , to bake . when the same is so baked , if you mingle therewith rosewater , and sugar pounded , altogether , it will be more pleasant . . oyntments . infuse in a close earthen pot by a soft fire , or boyl in a s●illet , a quarter of a pound of tobacco in a pinte of sallet-oyle or fresh butter , without salt , untill the tobacco grow so brittle , that it may be bruised with the finger : then strain it ; then add thereunto pounded nutmeg and cloves , before it be fully infused ▪ to make it sweet : then strain this and keep it for your use . note , that if it be afterwards melted with burgundie-pi●ch or frankincense , it may be made thicker at pleasure . . suppositers . take equall quantity of frankincense and rosin ; melt them well together ; then add thereunto as much of the said oyntment , as shall leave it to be of a sufficient consistence to be a suppositer , which will quickly be seen by laying it in cold water , and making it into rolls : if it be too soft , melt it again with more frankincense and rosin , and so it may be made softer , with adding more of the said oyntment . rosin only thus used will serve the turn . . plaisters . melt the said suppositers made of rosin and frankincense , with like equall quantities of burgundie or stone pitch and wax , which may then be cast into cold water : then work them in your hands , and make them up into rolls , and use it at your pleasure . you may make them softer or harder , as before . . aliter . also the same may be melted again , whereunto may be added verdigrease to eat dead flesh : also white-lead or red-lead may be used to cool and heal , &c. which i leave to the compounders of plaisters ; but i know by constant experience , that this oyntment and plaisters doe admirable things upon all occasions , as well as any other oyntments or plaisters which are ordinarily sold in the shops . . sinapismus . this mustard plaister is made after severall forms , but for a plain way , take equall quantity of sharp mustard and black ordinary sope , with store of fine pounded pepper to make it thick : if it be in summer you may ad thereunto the pounded leaves of spearwort , which growes in moorish grounds , and pound them altogether , and apply it to the place grieved . the leaves of spearwort pounded will work the like effect : also you may take six cantharides flies , and pound them very fine , and make them to a thick paste with vinegar and leven of bread ; but never use any of these to above the breadth of six pence . although these things be made after a rude and plain manner , yet the same are cheap , and without offence to be used , which i leave to be made more curiously by the apothecaries . chap. iii we cannot live without daily food , and from that food there ariseth not only our nourishment , but also several superfluous matters , following , which are the principall causes of all diseases ; which cannot be absolutely helped , although much mitigated by any temperate diet . . how necessary our food is , every man knoweth ; how it is our portion , and gods goodness in this life , see ecclesiastes cap. . and cap. . and how miserable a mans life is without a good stomach to his meat , see ecclesiasticus cap. . . that from the superfluities of that meat , after the concoction of it in our stomachs , there remains certain superfluous matters , which are like barm upon drink , and froth upon the best boyled meat , is the generall opinion of physitians : and that the same are the principall causes of all diseases , which is plainly set forth ●y gratorolus in his chapter of exercises . . that the increase of these superfluities may be much mitigated by temperate dyet and exercises , as the opinion of all honest and godly men , whereof a man may see good directions in ecclesiasticus , cap. . but how impossible it , is for a man by a strickt diet , although he observes the rules of lesius , to help this evill , a man may read at large in doctor primrose his book of vulgar errors in physick ▪ lib. . cap. . &c. and many learned physitians doe maintain , that there is lesse danger in a little over liberall , than in an over sparing diet ; whereof see hippocrates aphorisms , lib. . aphor. . &c , and rantzovius , and many others maintain the same , and lemnius de occultis in many places maintaineth the same ; in so much that he spendeth a whole chapter to maintain , that after a light breakfast , a man shall be more able to eat a more liberall dinner ; and there is good reason for it ; for that when nature hath no food to feed upon , then it feedeth upon the corrupt humors , which breeds unrecoverable diseases and a generall decay of nature , for want of sustenance . i leave this to every mans age and experience ; but i finde it expedient for all men , rather to eat often sparingly , than to eat much at usuall meals , and especially at supper . chap. iv. in the stomach undigested meat , fleagm and evill humors , from whence proceeds choler and melancholy , &c ▪ and by consequence the stone , and many other infirmities . . tthat after the disposition of the meat in the stomach , there remains part of the meat undigested , it is too well known to moderate surfeiters , and very often to foul and weak stomachs , and to old age : as for the time when the stomach hath disposed of what it can digest , that is after sleep ; so heurinus upon hippocrates aphorismes ; and then a man must look to it , to remedy himself or suffer great evils . . that superfluous matters doe arise after the concoction and digestion of our meat , hath been shewed before , cap. . that those matters are at first flegme , which , being baked with the heat of the stomach , breed choler , &c. and by consequence the stone , is the generall opinion of learned physitians ; and vanthelmont ( a rare late writer ) describeth the same in many places , and sheweth how the humors are not of such severall natures , as they are ordinarily distinguished , but originally are flegme , and then baked to higher degrees , and get other names , as choler , &c. . the seat of these humors are in the stomach , but principally in the mouth of the stomach , which is the principall seat of life , which vanthelmont describeth excellently ; where he saith , that in the stomach , but especially in the mouth thereof , as in the very center point and root , is evidently setled the beginning of life , of digestion of meat , and of the disposition thereof to maintain life , what then soever the philosophers ( or physitians ) did talk or think to be of great moment concerning the heart , whether they will or no , they have made it common to the stomach . . common experience shewes this to be true in very many men , who can neither eat or drink in the morning , but loath the same , and are troubled with waterish humors , but cannot get away the same with all their fasting and physick . . how to avoid these superfluous humors , is our great labour , for otherwise they are the occasions of diseases , as is said before ; and besides that , while they are in the body , they make our bodies like unseasonable vessells , which doe spoyl the good meat which we doe put in our stomachs for our nourishments , so that it cannot be well digested ; which made hippocrates to deliver the aphorismes , lib. . aphor. . corpora impura , &c. that the more sustenance is taken into unpure bodies , the more mischief happens unto them . how far then doe they erre , who having foul dodies , doe endeavour to help themselves with caudles and cordialls before their bodies be cleansed , and made fit to receive the same ? . labour and exercise have been accounted , and are the best ordinary means to wear out these corrupt humors , and to help digestion thereof , for which purpose rantzovius cap. . and grator in his chapter of exercise , have written much out of many authors ; yet for all that it must be with this limitation ( dum vires , &c. ) while youth and strength of body doth last , and before old age come , or the body groweth weak with infirmities : and let a man be never so lusty and strong , yet nevertheless excessivenesse of humors in the body doe often kill the strongest and most laborious men , whereof we have daily many fearfull examples , which made rantzovius , cap. . say well , that the retaining of corrupt meat in the stomach , is a strong destruction of the body ; and cap. . saith , that the plague it self cannot invade that man , who hath not corrupt humors . how farre then doe they erre , who think to weare out these humors by fasting and exercise , when it may be quickly done otherwise , with so little labour and trouble as before , cap n. . and hereafter , n. . &c. i leave it to every mans judgement ? and leave careless men to perish in their own negligent wayes . . lemnius de occultis hath written a whole chapter of the rattle which men have in their throats before they die , and ascribes it to the contractions of the vitall spirits , &c. and so it may be well enough ; for that a mans breath is stopped by flegme and undigested humors , which come from the mouth of the stomach into the throat , as well as an halter doth stop it outwardly . . when all means are tried to avoid both corrupt humors and corrupt meat in the stomach , vomiting of it up is accounted the best means by rantzovius and heurinus , and many learned physitians commend it exceedingly , and say that the egyptians and caldeans used it twice every moneth : and fernelius saith , that it purgeth not only the stomach , but also all the other parts of the body , to the very heart . and finally , that as all evill humors doe come out of the stomach to disturb all parts of the body , by certain secret passages : so if the stomach be made clean by vomiting , the same corrupt humors return into the stomach again by the same passages , to be avoided by the ordinary passages of nature , which otherwise cannot be purged downwards ; whereof a man may read it at large in rantzovius , cap. . and fernelius there , lib. . cap. . and parent his notable book of chyrurgery and physick , and many others . . how dangerous it is to procure vomiting by the ordinary course of physick , i leave it untill you come to the eighth following pointe cap . but how to doe it otherwise with little or no offence or disturbance unto nature , and without observing of any curious diet , or hindrance to a man in his vocations or journeys ; that is my principall labour , for which purpose i shall shew this easie and safe way following . . whether it be in time of health or sickness , whensoever you finde any evill disposition in the stomach , eat a convenient meal of what meat and drink you please , then walk a little while after it : then sit down with your body bending , and thrust the said whalebone instrument into your stomach , stirring it very gently , which will make you vomit ; then drink a good draught of drink , and so use the instrument as oft as you please , but never doe this upon any empty stomach . . to make the stomach more apt to vomit , and to prepare the humors thereunto before you eat and drink , take the bigness of a nutmeg , or more of the said electuary of cophie , &c. into your mouth ; then take drink to drive it down ; then eat and drink , and walk , and use the instrument as before . there may be more or less of the said electuary taken at any time before meat , as a man findes it to be most agreeable to the constitution and strength of his body , without any curious observance of diet or fire , or hindrance for a man to goe or travell about his business . . some may think it strange to procure vomit with this instrument , rather than by physick ; but look upon rantzovius , cap. . and other books , and there you shall finde them , to direct , that if a vomit will not work , you must help the same with putting a feather into the throat ; and many use a rosemary branch : but these things doe not goe into the bottom of the stomach to stir up the humors ( as the whalebone instrument doth ) which i leave to every mans experience . . many objections have been made against this course , which neverthelesse i doe not finde by experience , that the same are of any weight , to alter what is before directed . . as to that which physick books say , that vomiting more often than twice a moneth is dangerous , and may bring a man to an habit of vomiting , and so weaken the stomach , whereunto i doe agree , if it be done by physick , whose opperations are contrary to nature , as fernelius saith . but this way i prescribe is naturall , which may appear in little children who are at nurse , and are never accounted healthy but when they vomit often . also the dog is taught by nature to vomit , and all manner of hawkes cast their castings every morning , otherwise they are not in health . and the councell in ecclesiasticus , cap . doth not extend only unto superfluity of meat , but also to superfluity of humors ▪ and divers old commentators of that place affi●m it , to extend as a councel to help and strengthen weak stomachs . . others say , what good doth the meat when it is vomited up again , and that whosoever doe use it , have not the benefit of nature downwards ? whereunto i say , by experience , that all the meat doth not come up , but part of it , which is in the upper regiment of the stomach , and doth carry with it the corrupt humors of the stomach , which doth swim upon the top of the meat , and nature being eased of that burthen , doth work the residue of the meat more freely downwards , which may be found by experience ; and also nature draweth quickly the quintessence of the meat to the nourishment of the body , to avoid all corrupt humors , so that the body & minde shall be more strong and free for all occasions , and shall be with far lesse trouble , charge , and danger , than to doe the same by physick . . in respect i have spoken so much of vomiting , i will add the opinion of learned fernelius there , where he saith , that if after a vomit , the pulse being full and strong , pleasant sleep commeth easie , and free breathing , a good appetite , and the rest of the body lighter ; then the vomit is commendable , otherwise not , and very hurtfull : i leave the experience hereof to every mans judgement who useth it . . that although by vomiting , as aforesaid , a man shall avoid much thick flegme , yet by the often using of the said electuary of cophie , &c. although a man shall by ordinary coughing avoid great pieces of blew congealed fleagme , which i could not see avoided by any other means . if a man will take a spoonfull of the said infusion of tobacco in his mornings draught of ale or beer , it will add much good for this purpose , without lothsomness or trouble to the body . . lastly , i have often found , that if a man taketh from two spoonfull to twelve , according as a man findeth by experience to be agreeable to his age and constitution , of the said infusion of tobacco , cap. . n. . and drink it in a cup with ale or beer , the same is very good vomit : and divers lately have made the like infusion in posset drink ; but i finde no great difference in the operation thereof . observe when it doth work to drink good store of posset or other drink after it . chap. v. in the stomach wind , from whence commeth the wind-collick and vapours , which disturb the head , and breed head-aches , &c. . the principall cause of wind in the stomach is either undigested meat or undigested humors . clear the stomach with vomiting , as before , and then you shall be clear from wind . . when a man is troubled with wind in the stomach , let him put the instrument into his stomach , as before , a man shall finde great belching , and ease of the wind ; and especially if a man take a little of the said electuary of cophie , as before , before you put in the instrument , and then drink after it , as before , and then use the instrument without stirring of it to procure vomiting . . afterwards eat of the said cordiall made of enulacampane , &c. cap. . n. . which is a plain cheap cordiall , and is admirable good to comfort the stomach upon all occasions . that any cordiall or powders may be added or mingled with this electuary , with very good effect . . because men cannot ordinarily have the said composition , i thought fit to add one thing more , made with great ease , and of admirable use , as well for the wind , as also to dissolve tough flegme and humors in the stomach , as also to comfort the stomach , that is , take enulacampane roots dried , pounded , and sifted , mingle therewith as much sugar as shall please your taste , to take away the bitterness of the roots : then add thereunto a small quantity of pounded nutmeg and ginger : mingle all these together with a sufficient quantity of sallet-oyl , hony , or other pleasant syrope , to the thickness of an electuary . take into your mouth , from the bigness of a nutmeg to the bigness of a figge , every morning or oftner at pleasure ; then drink after it to wash it down , if you please ; but if you will not drink , then this cordiall will lie in the upper part of the stomach , and much comfort the same ; but herein i leave it to every mans observation and experience , to observe what doth best agree with his own body . . i have also found good use of taking a spoonfull of powders of nutmeg and ginger , with a spoonfull of hot waters for that purpose . chap. vi in the guts stoppages of wind , and of digested excrements , which disturb the whole body . . the stoppage of excrements in the guts are the occasion of many evils . gratorolus ▪ fol. . saith , all physitians doe agree , that health is principally preserved with , keeping the body conveniently loose : and let them all say what they will , unless the fore dore and the back dore of the body be kept open , as occasion serveth , the body will be quickly destroyed , with much reluctation and trouble . and how impossible it is to purge downwards , what is not first digested in the stomach , all men know , and authors agree . . this maketh physitians to be so ready upon all occasions , and sickness , to give pills potions , and glisters , &c. which are made of many and costly compositions , and require much observances of dyet , and aire , &c. but in the end breed infinite inconveniences , as may appear hereafter , cap. . . to spare all this cost and curiositie , whosoever will use the said electuary of cophie : and then a man may keep himself conveniently loose at his pleasure . but if a man be desirous for this electuary to work stronger , then one may add thereunto a small quantity of sena epithamum , or rubarb ( which physitians account to be safe physick for old men , children , and women with child . ) and then if a man take a pipe of tobacco in the morning , he shall finde good use thereof . . in respect divers men are loth to take any physick into their mouths , and especially little children are not able , when they are sickly and very pale with wormes , the said suppositers , cap . n. . being taken from the roll , and warmed in a mans hand , or by the fire , and used to what bigness a man pleaseth , but ordinarily to the bignesse of the fore joint of your little finger , and cast it into could water to harden , and after anointed with the said oyle of tobacco , and use it at your pleasure , with good success . although it be not a quick worker , yet the same brings no danger of the piles of ulcers in the fundament , by 〈◊〉 using thereof , as other suppositers doe ( but rather heal the same ▪ in the making of these suppositers , ●e 〈◊〉 and powder of commin seed , may be added to very good purpose for the wind . . if the same be used to little children , it will much conduce for their health , and to avoid wormes , to have their bellies well anointed by the fire with the said oyl of tobacco , when they use these suppositers . . if a man hath not a convenient loose stool , then let him put in another like suppositer presently . this may be used every morning or at any other time , as occasion serveth . . as the suppositers commonly used doe bring the danger of the piles and ulcers , so glisters oftentimes prove very dangerous , by working upwards the clean contrary way , which doctor primrose confefleth : and when a glister will not work , then they must have the help of a suppositer , as wecker confesseth . . in respect i have spoken so much of the use of tobacco , to work upwards and downwards , let a man read doctor primrose , in his book of vulgar errors in physick , who maintaineth the same , and also where he maintaineth , that if a physitian prescribes a vomit or a purge , which works contrary effects , he ought to be blamed , by reason of some inward and unknown causes . and for the admirable use of tobacco taken inwardly , or used outwardly , a man may read many excellent things in wickers antidotary , in so much as he calleth it the panacea , or generall remedy for all diseases and griefs , besides the excessive taking of it in smoak , which i leave to the censure of democritus junior : besides that , it doth over heat the body , and bake the undigested humors in the mouth of the stomach to the destruction of man . chap. vii . in the uritory passages , stoppages of wind , and all moist things , wherewith we nourish nature , which breeds the stone and the strangurie . &c , . as the stone proceedeth from the said corrupt humors , so the vomiting thereof doth much conduce to stay the growing thereof . also if you make a toste of manchet bread , with saletoyle , and then toste it again with hony , and eat it , and drink a good draught of beer or white-wine after it . the constant use hereof is very good to preserve a man from the stone , as i found by many experiences . . i have spoken so much before concerning the means of vomiting and purging , and how much the same doe conduce to preserve a man from the stone , that i need not say any more thereof : yet i must once again , upon certain evidence , say , that the often using of the said electuary of cophie , and tosts , doth exceedingly conduce to the help and cure of the stone ; together with a temperate dyet , but especially at suppers . . i have heard lately from men of good credit , that there is an excellent remedy for the stone in the kidnies , by drinking of the liquor in the tanners pits ; and for the stone in the bladder , by using of the same liquor there with a syringe : which i leave to further experience ; and will not trouble my self with it , while i may drink good ale , &c. and help my self otherwise , as aforesaid . chap. viii . in the veins , and other parts of the body , are corrupt humors , which nature draweth , with the quintessence of our food for maintenance of the several parts of the body ; from whence commeth the gout , and infirmities in the eyes , and other parts of the body ; which when strength of nature cannot expell outwardly , then the same return upon the inward noble parts to destroy man . . that those humors come out of the stomach to the severall parts of the body ; and that those humors return to the stomach again , to be avoided by the ordinary passages of nature , and especially by vomit , doth appear , by that which is before spoken . . the gout is the principall , and reputed unrecoverable disease , which commeth from those humors , and runneth up and down into severall parts of the body , to seek some vent to get out of the body : in which case , although i will not presume to say , that the gout can be absolutely cured , yet i dare say , that it may be much eased , so that a man may live long , without much trouble of that disease . . although vomiting is the principall means to avoid the matter of the gout , as aforesaid ; yet there be other outward means to draw the goutie humor which remaineth in the joynts ; which may stand well with hippocrates his aphorism , where he saith , that where nature swelleth , and offereth to vent it self , there it is to be avoided in convenient places . . many be the wayes and means which are prescribed in physick books : but that which , after many experiences , i found best , is , to apply a sinapismus , or mustard plaster , as before ; and that before and afterwards to apply one of the dropaces , or pitch plaster , as cap. . numb. . which the learned heurinus in his method doth commend exceedingly ; and doth much condemne the neglect thereof ; which he thinketh to be for no other cause , but because it is cheap . . it must be applyed in convenient places , as i cited before out of hippocrates . which places i found to be most convenient , and with lesse offence ( are these , that is ) if the pain be in the feet , between the great and little toes , where the toes doe part : if in the heel or ancle , to the sinews of both sides of the shinne bone , over against the lower part of the calf of the legge : if in the knee or legge , a little below the kneepanne , and , as before , by the calf of the legge : if in the fingers , upon the back of the hand , between the fore-finger , and little-finger , where the fingers part : if in the wrist or arme , to the inner part of the wrist : if in the neck , &c. then to the nape , or hinder part of the neck . . this mustard plaister is to be used in this manner first , a convenient large plaister made of frankincense , pitch &c. as before , is to be applyed to one of the said places for at least six hours ; then make a lesser plaister of about an inch , and not above two inches in breadth , of the said mustard plaister ; and apply it to one of the said places , as occasion shall require : let the same stay there for about eight hours , until the place blister and grow red : then take away the mustard plaister , and lay the other plaister thereupon . if the place doe blister , prick the same , to let out the water . take this plaister from the place applyed , once every twelve hours , or oftener : w●pe the place affected , and plaister , and so continue the same untill the place doth heal . thus i have seen it often used , and never miss admirable effects ; and without this course i have found all to be labour in vain . . although men generally conceive the gout to be only a waterish humor , yet , by the use of the means aforesaid , i have drawn out of the feet and hands , humors of the thicknesse of white of egges ; and when it had stood a quarter of an hour , it grew to be a substance , like leather ; so that i could scarce tear it with the strength of both my hands : which i verily beleeve is the humor which congeals in the hands , and makes crooked and knotty hands . . although this will draw the waterish and salt humors out of the joynts ; yet there is an easie convenient way to draw it out of the stomach , to prevent it from coming to the joynts , ( that is ) take about the bignesse of a nutmeg of the said electuary of cophie , as before , every morning when a man is rising out of his bed : then take into your mouth about an inch in length of the stalk of a tobacco leaf well dryed , and a little cinnamon , to take away the loathsome taste thereof ; which will draw the rhume out of the mouth ; and as it doth moisten , bite it ; and sometimes a little of the juice of it may be let into the stomach ; and then drink some drink to drive it down : this a man may doe while he is putting on of his clothes , and oftener , as a man findeth it to agree with his body , without offence . but tobacco leaves , or the stalkes thereof , undryed are loathsome and troublesome , howsoever the same are prescribed by wecker's antidotaries . i have known some being troubled with the pox , have received great benefit by often drawing of waterish humors with tobacco , &c. as before : but i leave them to mother cornelius tub. . i doe know that there are infinite numbers of bathes and pultices prescribed for the gout ; but i have often found , that boyled turnips made to a pultice , and the water wherein they were boyled for a bathe , will serve as well as any others . look more thereof chap. . numb. . the end thereof . . also i have found a very good pultice , by beating of the white of egges to a froth ; and then to mingle therewith ordinary soap , and apply it to the grieved place . but if any skinne be broken it will burn , unlesse one of the pitch plaisters be laid on the place under the pultice . . also if there be any swelling or heat , after these plaisters , take greene hemlock and vinegar pounded to green sauce , and binde it to the place , or lay the leaves of burres under the said pitch plaister , to the place grieved . . he that will not use these means to draw the humos out of the body , but repercussive means to drive the same back into his body , may shorten his dayes , and breed many diseases , as i have known it to happen often times . . also the malignancy of these humors may be known by this ; for by the said application for the gout i have often seen , that besides abundance of waterish humors , and thick humors drawn out , as aforesaid , of severall parts of the body , but especially out of the knees , there came out thence an excessive heat , with much smoak , as if it were out of a boyling pot . chap. ix . excessivenesse of heat and cold in severall parts of the body , which breeds agues and feavers ; so that a man cannot easily help the one , without offending of the other . . this is a strange thing , but commonly seen , as in agues , when a man hath sometimes an hot fit , and sometimes a cold fit , with little intermission of times . and men commonly complain that they have a hot liver and a cold stomach . doctor primrose hath handled this question among the vulgar errors in physick ; and makes it plain , that although the liver be alwaies hot of it self , which over heateth the bottom of the stomach ; yet the stomach is cold by accident , by reason of the noisome humors , like barm or froth , which come into the uppermost part of the stomach , by evill digestion . . there be many julips and curious medicines prescribed by physitians to remedy this evill ; and especially in burning feavers ; and these are of great use . but to spare much trouble herein , in hot diseases , and upon surfeits , let a man drink oftentimes great store of cold water , and eat a convenient quantity of broth , bread , and butter , and cheese , and then vomit with the whalebone instrument , as before . a man shall thereby avoid the corrupt humors in the stomach ; and then a man shall quickly avoid these infirmities , and bring the body to a good temper ; after which a man may drink strong drink , and wine , &c. with little offence . . i have known so much good done to all men of all ages , who would first in the morning drink at least half a pinte of cold water ; whereunto sugar may be added , together with the juice of oranges and lemmons , to make it pleasant . that i must say , that i never found any thing of more use for the health of man ; but i am afraid i labour in vain , in respect that most men doe abhorre it , as present poyson ( as doctor primrose saith , ) yet he sheweth the excellency thereof , by many experiences , and the authorities of many ancient and modern learned authors . for all this i have found many doctors of physick ( with whom i have conferred hereof ) to speak much against it ; whereat i doe not much marvail ; for that , if that be practised , which i have alledged in this chapter , there will be little use to be made of their physick , and of the shopps of the apothecaries . . i must adde one thing more for the use of good fellows , who use much drinking , &c. let them first drink cold water , as before , to cool their liver , and bottome of their stomachs : then the drinking of strong drink , &c. will comfort the upper part of their stomachs ; and much hinder the vapours , which fume up to their heads , from the excessive heat of their stomachs : and their drinking of water after the taking of tobacco is very good . . i have known divers men doe swallow small white pibble stones , to cool the heat of their stomachs ; which i conceive to be in imitation of long winged hawks : i have used the same my self , and they doe passe thorough a man downwards ; but i found little benefit thereby . . i have known others that used to swallow small bullets of lead ; which giveth me occasion to report a strange history , which i know to be true . an old souldier , and a commander in queen elizabeth's time , in the low countries , was drinking of healthes amongst his companions , and at every health he did drink a pistoll bullet , to the number of eighteen ; which continued in his belly for neer the space of two years , with much pain and grief : he acquainted a physition with this case , who did hang the souldier by the heels , by a beam in the chamber ; and then all the bullets dropped out of his mouth again ; but the same were somewhat worn in his belly . this souldier is yet living , and in good health , and about fourscore and ten years of age . . i have spoken so much of the cooling of the stomach , that it may be expected i should write somewhat of warming of cold stomachs : but i finde every man so ready to take tobacco , and to drink wines , and strong drinks , that i need say no more thereof ; but , as i have said before , so i say still , keepe the stomach clean , with the said whalebone instrument , when you finde any disturbance or loathsomnesse therein : and keep the lower parts conveniently loose , with the said suppositers : and draw out the humors which trouble the outward parts , with the said plaisters , &c. and keep the body in a temperate heat , as before ; and avoid intemperancy in dyet ; then there will be little use of physick . chap. x. when nature by reason of age , or some other accident , faileth to expell these evils , although physick may doe much to take away the enemies of nature , yet the same also taketh away the vitall spirits , to the destruction of man ; so that means must be found otherwise to doe the same . . i know divers have carpt exceedingly against all physitians , and their whole profession and medicines , whereof a man may read much in cornelius agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum , and democritus iunior , and many others cited by him , and the late booke of mr. biggs , intituled , the vanity of the craft of physick . but i much honour and admire the skill and knowledge of such of them as are honest and learned . . as for emporiques , mountebanks , quacksalvers , and the like , every place is too full of them , which will cure all diseases with one antidote . dr. primrose hath well discovered the errors of the people concerning them , &c. . that the common course of purgative physick is dangerous , by reason of the venemous qualities of the medicines , appeareth by that which is said before , and by the authority of fernelius and rantzovius , and all modest physitians : and the often use thereof is very inconvenient , as those authors , and doctor primrose ingeniously confesse : and that when ordinary physick faileth , the best way is to leave the patient to god and nature . . what infinite number of medicines , and what strange compositions are for every disease , & with what costly materials the same are made , every man may see in weckerus his antidotarium basiliense , and divers others dispensatories ; besides a great deal of curious observations must be used at the taking thereof . . what diversities of opinions there are about the compounding and administring of these medicines , and the ordering of the patient to use them , whether they be naturall things , after the form of the galenists , or chimicall , after the prescripts of the paracelsians ; or mixt , as doctor primrose , and the wiser sort conceived , there are as many controversies amongst them , as there were ever between the pope and luther , about matters of religion . then what shall the poor sick patient doe , especially , if there be a colledge of such physitians called to consult about this desperate case , but stand quaking like a poor condemned prisoner at the barre , expecting to have his finall judgement , to be sent to the place of execution . chap. xi . additions of severall intervenient remedies for most parts of the body . . for scabs and lice in the head , rub the scabby place with the said infusion of tobacco . . for sore or decaying eyes , take fine linnen clothes , and moisten them in the said infusion of tobacco , and binde them to your eyes , as you are going to bed , for the space of five or six nights , one after the other . i have known very many , who were almost blinde , cured in a short space by this means ; and never any missed . . there happened a strange cure to a servant of mine , who was stark blinde for three quarters of a year , which i thought meet to discover . as he was led by his wife ( a poor woman ) wished her to breath often in the morning fasting in both his eyes by turns , one after the other , which she did accordingly ; this made him to have a great itch in his eyes , which made him rub his eyes often , and with his nayles he drew some slime out of his eyes ; so that at three dayes end he began to see , and shortly after he perfectly recovered his eye-sight . this was about twenty yeers past , and he is now perfectly well and of . yeers of age . . if a man will take a linnen ragge , or brown paper , and moisten it in the said infusion of tobacco , and put it in his nose , & draw his breath upwards , it will purge the head and eyes ; and if there be any ulcers , in the nose ( as most men have , who are troubled with the poxe ) it will much help them . . if a man doth bleed over much at the nose , let a man stand behinde the party troubled , and with both his thumbs presse hard both sides of the upper part of the back-bone upon the neck , it will presently stopp the blood . . for deafnesse and noyse in the eares , drop the said oyle of tobacco cap. . n. . into the eares often , but especially at your going to bed : stop them with a paste made of figgs and mustard ▪ seed pounded , and sifted , and mingled with the said oyle , which being used without the oyle will be troublesome ; and be sure to keep your eares very warm with a cap. . although i doe not know any present cure for the toothache ; yet i say , that whosoever will use the stalks of tobacco as before , it will doe him much good , and be a great occasion to fasten the teeth : also if the said sinapismus , and pitch plaister be applyed behinde the lower part of the eare , it will doe much good . . the headache commeth principally from the fumes of the stomach , whosoever will cleer the stomack as before , but especially use to drink water in the mornings , and before meals as before , it will be a principall means to keep a man from the head-ache . . he who will use to drink cold water as before , it will preserve him from the toad-evill , and especiallly before drinking of wine , &c. and then wine and stronge drinks will be lesse offensive to a man . . i know some that have lain sick of the small-pox , and their breath almost stopped ; yet by the use of the whalebone-instrument , as before the blisters of the pox were broken in the throat , and they vomitted and were cured . . one was in a deep consumption , and when all physick failed , by using the whalebone-instrument as before , there was an imposthume broken in the stomach , and the party perfectly cured , after many physitians had given him over . . it often happens that men have great i che in bones close by the throat , and in the ▪ upper part of the back-bone by the neck , and sometimes lice come out of the same , if the said pitch-plaisters be applyed thereunto , it will draw much water therehence , and cure the same . . i have seen wennes in the throat , and the kings-evill often cured , with the application of the said pitch-plaister , mingled with verdigrease without breaking the skinne . . i have known many children very sick of the worms , unto whom some of the infusion of tobacco was given in drink , and their bellyes were annoynted with the said oyle of tobacco , holding them to the fire , and then using the said suppositers , whereby they avoyded great store of worms and were perfectly cured . . for the winde in the stomach , look before cap. . but for the winde in the guts , the said suppositers mingled with powdered cummin-seed , is an admirable remedy for it . . it is a common evill to old age to have weake knees , especially when men doe ride in cold weather : for remedy whereof let a man have a plaister made of the said pitch-plaister , applyed to cover the pans of both knees , and continued , which will doe very much good . . it is a common evill to have ulcers and caukers in leggs , especially in old age , for remedy whereof , keep the stomach clean as before , and the using of the tobacco stalks as before , will doe much good : but for outward applications , let linnen cloth be made wet in the said infusion of tobacco , and apply it to the sore place : i have known some have the flesh consumed from the bones , and the bones scraped with a knife , and being very old , yet cured by this means , and the flesh restored again . . for the gout in the feet , i refer it to what hath been spoken before : but for a common pain which men have in the bottome of their feet , whether they have the gout or no , let a man lay to the sore place one of the said pitch-plaisters , and then put in his shoes the warm water wherein powder beef , or cow-heels were boyled , or tobacco and ale or urine well boyled , and wherein store of bay-salt is dissolved , and let him walk as well as he can , he shall finde very much good ; so that the shoes be big and large : i have seen more by the using hereof ; than by any baths or oyntments , or any other outward means , saving the drawing out of the humor as aforesaid . cap. . . some may question , whether the having of the gout , be a great means to cure all diseases : i will not presume to decide the question , but say , that i have found much benefit thereby , with little trouble , and leave every man to his own sense ; for whereas i had preserved my self from the gout , for above one yeer , partly by repercussive medicines in my shoes , and partly by attractive remedies in drawing the humors into my mouth as before : in the end i had a great noyse and deafness in my eares , pains , and strange dreams in my sleep , much disturbance in my stomach , great heat and itching over all my body , &c. but when the gout came again upon me , i was cleered from all these evills ; so that i might say , ( silentia cuncta tranquilla sunt omnia ) saving , that when i had the gout again , i did quickly and easily rid my self thereof , by drawing out the humors as i have before declared , which makes me believe that these humors were vented from all parts of the body , as men doe usually draine quagmires . . lastly , seeing i have spoken so much of this disease of the gout , to be a generall cure , for all other diseases , i think meet to add somewhat concerning what dyet a man should use , when he hath the gout . before a man hath the gout , a temperate dyet is best to preserve a man from it , but especially ▪ to avoyd the moderate use of strong sharp drinks and wines , hot spices , salt meats , tobacco , &c. but when a man hath the gout , and is desirous to be rid thereof quickly , a man may make a more liberall use of these things , which will urge nature to make more speedy vent , of the corrupt humors , from all parts of the body , into some outward part of the body , to be drawn out by outward applications as aforesaid , this may seem to be a paradex but constant experience hath made me to presume to write so much : and then whether it be better to endure a little pain and labor for a short time , which bringeth so much good to all the body , and as i conceive prolongeth health , or to leave the body to be continually troubled with languishing diseases , and to run up and down to the bathe , physitians , and apochecaries , to their great charge and expence , i leave it to every mans judgement ; and for a mans better satisfaction herein , he may read the witty & eloquent apologie of learned rilibaldus in praise of the gout . thus i have made an end , of shewing a great part of the miserable case of mens bodies , which comes to them by unavoydable course of nature , with shewing my well wishes to remedy the same , hoping that this may move some honest and learned physitians to make more additions of more artificiall medicines thereunto , for relieving of mens miseries in those cases : but i am afraid of another greater misery , spoken of by the learned physitian in his preface gratorolus , wherein he doth much lament the miserable negligence of mankinde , who never ▪ thinks of the preserving of health untill it be too late , after the losse thereof : and for my part i shall end with that honest wish ( optandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano ) that in every man there may be an honest and sound soul in a sound body : and so we shall all make a good end . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a e- note . notes for div a e- note . notes for div a e- . point . notes for div a e- . point . vomiting . remedy ▪ instrument . ☞ ☞ notes for div a e- . point . note . notes for div a e- . point . note . notes for div a e- . point . notes for div a e- . point . note . notes for div a e- . point . notes for div a e- . point . notes for div a e- . point . head . eyes . nose . eares . teeth . head-ache . throat . belly and guts , &c. winde . knees and leggs . leggs . feet . conclusion . by the king a proclamation for the ordering of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation for the ordering of tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . [ ] leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : m.dc.xxvii [ ] caption title. imprint from colophon. forbidding foreign and domestic tobacco; all tobacco from virginia and other colonies to be under the control of commissioners. "giuen at his maiesties court at windsore, the ninth day of august, in the third yeere of his reigne of england, scotland, france, and ireland. reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- bermuda islands. monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- colonies -- commerce. great britain -- history -- charles i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms ❧ by the king. ❧ a proclamation for the ordering of tobacco . the kings most excellent maiestie , and his royall father of blessed memory , hauing at seuerall times and vpon seuerall occasions , published their proclamations concerning tobacco , as well that which hath beene indeauoured to bee planted within this realme , as that which is of the growth of virginia and the sommer islands , and other english colonies and plantations , and also concerning spanish and other forraigne tobacco ; and finding that the inordinate desire of taking tobacco , and the unmoderate thirst of gaine , by the planting and selling of tobacco , cannot otherwise be allayed or moderated ; hath at the last , by the aduice of his priuie counsell , determined vpon this finall resolution touching all sorts of tobacco , in manner following . first , his maiestie doth heereby declare his royall pleasure to be , and doth heereby will and command , that no person whatsoeuer doe at any time heereafter , plant , cherish , or preserue any tobacco , within these his realmes of england or ireland , or dominion of wales , or any the isles , parts , or places , of , or belonging to them or any of them , and if any bee now planted or growing there , that the same bee presently plucked vp and vtterly destroyed , by the owners , planters , tenders , or dressers thereof , and lest they or any of them , should aduenture to neglect the performance heereof , his maiestie doeth further straitly charge and command all constables , tything-men , headboroughs , and other officers within their seuerall limits and iurisdictions , carefully and effectually to see the same executed and performed accordingly . and his maiestie doth further will and command all iustices of peace , maiors , sheriffes , and other principall officers in their seuerall places , within the compasse of their seuerall iurisdictions and authorities , vpon complaint to them made , to cause the same to be duly performed and executed without partialitie , as they and euery of them will answere their contempts in that behalfe at their vttermost perils . and that the tobacco of his maiesties owne plantations and colonies may not bee planted and imported hither without limitation or measure , or vnder colour thereof , the tobacco of the growth of spaine and other forraigne parts , may not be brought into these his realmes , or sold or vttered heere , to the ouerthrow of his colonies abroad , and to the wasting of the wealth and treasure of his kingdomes at home . his maiestie doeth further will and straitly command , that no person whatsoeuer doe at any time heereafter import any tobacco of the growth of spaine , and other forraigne parts out of his owne dominions , nor sell , vtter , or offer to sell , or vtter , or otherwise dispose or keepe any such tobacco , to the intent to sell or vtter the same without his maiesties speciall commission in that behalfe , vpon paine of confiscation and forfeiture thereof , in whose hands soeuer the same shall be found , and vpon such further paines and penalties , as by the lawes of these his realmes , or by his prerogatiue royall which in this case he will not admit to be disputed , may be inflicted vpon the offendors . and because such forraigne tobacco , may not be receiued and vttered , vnder the pretence of the tobacco of the growth of virginia , the summer-ilands , and other colonies and plantations , vnder , and within his maiesties owne dominions , nor the planters , owners , or aduenturers , of , and in these plantations , giue themselues ouer to the planting of tobacco onely , to make a present returne of profit , and neglect to applie themselues to solide commodities fit for the establishing of colonies , which will vtterly destroy these and all other plantations ; his maiestie doth further will and command , that from henceforth no tobacco of the growth of virginia , the summer-ilands , or any other plantations , or colonies , of , or within his owne dominions , bee imported into these his realmes or dominions , or any the ports , hauens , creekes , or places thereof , without his maiesties especiall licence in that behalfe , vnder the great seale of england , and that vpon the importation thereof , the same bee deliuered into the hands of such commissioners , for his maiesties owne immediate vse , as his maiestie vnder his great seale of england shal appoint , at , & for such prices and rates to be paid for the same , as shall be reasonably agreed vpon , betweene the owners or factors of the same , and the kings commissioners on his maiesties behalfe , or if they shall not agree thereon , then to be transported againe , and sold elsewhere , vpon paine of confiscation and forfeiture thereof , and vpon such further paines and penalties , as by the law , or his maiesties prerogatiue royall may be inflicted vpon them . and further his maiestie doth straitly charge and command , that no person whatsoeuer presume to buy any sort of tobacco , within these realmes or dominions , or any hauen , port , creeke , or place thereof , of any other person , then of his maiesties commissioners onely to bee authorised vnder the great seale of england , as aforesaid , and after the same shall bee sealed with a seale to that purpose appointed , and that they , vpon the buying thereof , doe expresse the true time when the same was bought , the quantitie and qualitie thereof , in and by a note in writing indented betweene the buyer and seller , testifying the same vpon the paines and penalties aforesayd , and if during these times of hostility , and tobacco shall bee imported by any of his maiesties owne shippes , or by the ships of any of his subiects , by way of prize , or letters of marque , his further will and pleasure is , that all such tobacco shall be deliuered vnto his maiesties commissioners , at , and for reasonable prices , to bee accomptable therefore to his maiesties vse . and his maiestie doeth hereby straitly charge and command , all customers , controllers , searchers , wayters , and all other officers , ministers , of , or belonging to his customes , and also all iustices of peace , maiors , sheriffes , constables , and other our officers , ministers and louing subiects , in their seuerall places and degrees , to take knowledge of this his royall pleasure and commandement , and to bee ayding , helping and assisting to his maiesties commissioners , and their deputies , factors and seruants , in all things touching and concerning this his seruice , whereof his maiestie is resolued to require a due and strict accompt . giuen at his maiesties court at windsore , the ninth day of august in the third yeere of his reigne of england , scotland , france , and ireland . god saue the king. ¶ imprinted at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . m.dc.xxvii . by the king a proclamation concerning the viewing and distinguishing of tobacco in england and ireland, the dominion of wales, and towne of barwicke. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation concerning the viewing and distinguishing of tobacco in england and ireland, the dominion of wales, and towne of barwicke. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : anno mdc.xix [ ] requiring compliance to -year patent to f. nichols for inspection of tobacco. caption title. imprint from colophon. last complete line of sheet ends "the". "giuen at theobalds the tenth day of nouember, in the seuenteenth yeere of our reigne of great britaine, france and ireland." reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . tobacco industry -- licenses -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- history -- james i, - . broadsides -- london (england) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ❧ by the king. ❧ a proclamation concerning the viewing and distinguishing of tobacco in england and ireland , the dominion of vvales , and towne of barwicke . whereas diuers good and necessarie prouisions haue beene heretofore made , aswell by act of parliament , as otherwise , for the well garbling of spices and drugges , to the intent the subiects of this our realme should not bee occasioned to vse any vnwholsome spices or drugges , to the impayring of their health ▪ or to buy the bad instead of the good , to the impairing of their substance . and for as much as the drugge called tobacco , being of late yeeres growne frequent in this our realme & other our dominions , is daily sold vngarbled , whereby more inconuenience groweth and ariseth to our louing subiects , then by any other drugge whatsoeuer . and for that also by the manie and sundrie abuses practised and committed by merchants , masters of ships and others , in concealing and vttering the said tobacco without paying any impost or custome for the same , great losse and dammage accrueth to us , notwithstanding any lawes , statutes or other course heretofore taken for preuenting thereof : for remedie of all which inconueniences , wee , by our letters patents vnder our great seale of england , bearing date , at westmynster the fiue and twentieth day of may now last past , did prohibite and forbid , that no person or persons should at any time after the day of the date of our said letters patents within our realme of england , the dominion of wales , and port and towne of barwicke , or any of them ; or within our realme of ireland , or any part of them or any of them , by himselfe or themselues , or his or their seruants or factours , or any others , directly or indirectly sell or put to sale ; or attempt , presume or goe about any manner of way to sell or put to sale , either in grosse or by retaile , any tobacco , of what sort , kind or growth soeuer , before the custome and impost thereof due , were paid ; and the same tobacco were viewed , distinguished and sealed by the officer or officers of us , our heires and successours , in that behalfe to be constituted and appointed ; for whose labour , trauell , charges and expences in that behalfe to be sustained and taken in the execution of the said office : wee did by the said letters patents , constitute and appoint , that they should and might from time to time , demand , take and receiue to their owne vse , of euery person and persons whose tobacco they should so garble , viewe and seale , the summe of foure pence of currant english money , for euery pound weight thereof so viewed and sealed . and wee did also by our said letters patents ( for the considerations therein mentioned ) giue and grant the said office , with the powers , fees and authorities before mentioned to our welbeloued subiects , francis nichols , iasper leake and philip eden , gentlemen , to be executed by them or their deputies or assignes for thirtie and one yeeres next ensuing the date of the said letters patents . and wee did further by our said letters , for us , our heires and successours , giue and grant vnto the said francis nichols , iasper leake and philip eden , and their assignes , and to all and euery person and persons , which by them or any of them , by writing vnder their or any of their hands and seales , should bee in that behalfe deputed and assigned , full power and authoritie during the terme aforesaide , aswell to bee present and to haue place in all manner of custome-houses , ports , hauens , creeks and places of lading or vnlading of any manner of goods , wares or merchandizes , into or out of the said realmes and dominions : as also to be present with all and euery the customers , collecters , searchers , surueyers , waiters , and other officers and ministers hauing charge for or concerning the lading or vnlading of any goods , wares or merchandizes , for their better executing of all and euery thing and things thereby appointed , and for their better receiuing and enioying of the benefit of our said grant at all times and places , where the said officers and ministers or any of them , should by reason of their said seuerall offices haue cause or occasion to be : and also in all and euery place or places , aswell in ships arriued with tobacco , and riding in any port , roade or riuer , as on the land , to make and appoint such and so many watchmen , waiters and officers , and to prouide and vse such reasonable waies , orders and meanes , as they the said francis nichols , iasper leake and philip eden , and their assignes and deputies should and might be iust and truely informed of all parcels and quantities of tobacco , as should at any time or times during the said grant , be brought into any port or place , or be planted or growing in any place or places of the said realmes and dominions or any of them . and also that it should and might be lawfull , to and for the said francis nichols , iasper leake , and philip eden , and their assignes , and their and euery of their deputies and substitutes , at all and euery time and times during the terme aforesaid , in lawfull and conuenient maner , with a constable or other officer of the place , aswell to goe on board , view , and suruay all shippes , uessels , or bottmes , riding or lying within any of the ports , hauens , creekes and places of lading or vnlading , within our saide realme of england , dominion of wales , port or towne of barwicke , or realme of ireland , or any the members or places thereunto belonging , as to goe into any house ▪ celler , uault , warehouse , shop , or other place within the said realmes and dominion , and port , or towne of barwicke , or any part of them , or any of them to search and view if there be any tobacco vttered , sold , or put to sale , or offered to be sold , or put to sale before the same be viewed , distinguished , and sealed contrary to the true meaning of the said letters patents . and we did also by the said letters for us , our heires and successors , require , charge and command all and singular maiors , shiriffes , iustices of peace , bailiffes , constables , headboroughes , customers , comptrollers , searchers , surueyors , waiters , and all other officers , ministers , and subiects whatsoeuer , of us , our heires and successors , aswell of the said realme of england , dominion of wales , and port and towne of barwicke , as of the said realme of ireland , that they and euery of them , should from time to time during the continuance of that our graunt , be aiding and assisting to the said francis nichols , iasper leake , and philip eden , and their assignes , and to euery of them , their and euery of their deputie and deputies , substitute and substitutes , in the due execution of all and euery the powers and authorities expressed in the said letters patents , vpon paine of the displeasure of us , our heires and successors , and as they would answere the contrary at their perils ▪ as by the said letters patents more at large appeareth . wee now , to the intent our will and pleasure in the premisses may be the better knowne to all our louing subiects whom it may concerne , doe hereby notifie , publish and declare the same our pleasure , willing and commanding that all and euery the premisses , be from time to time in euery respect duely performed , executed and obserued according to the true intent and meaning of the same our letters patents . and that no person or persons doe attempt or presume to violate or infringe our command hereby ; or by our said letters patents declared or expressed , vpon the paines and penalties therein contained . and we doe also hereby charge and command , aswell all and singular merchants , and other person and persons whatsoeuer , which shall import any tobacco of what sort soeuer , that they cause the same to be duely entred in the custome house belonging to the port or place where it shall bee landed in the name or names onely of the true proprietor or owner , proprietors or owners thereof , and not in the name or names of any other person or persons which is not the true owner thereof ; as also all our customers and other officers whatsoeuer , that they take speciall care and regard to the due performance of the same , as they tender our pleasure , and will auoide the contrary . giuen at theobalds the tenth day of nouember , in the seuenteenth yeere of our reigne of great brittaine , france , and ireland . god saue the king. ❧ imprinted at london by bonham norton , and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . anno mdc.xix . phisicall and approved medicines, aswell in meere simples, as compound obseruations with a true and direct iudgement of the seuerall complexions of men, & how to minister both phisicke and medicine, to euery seuerall complexion. with the making of many excellent vnguents, and oyles, as also their applications, both for gargarismes & inflamations of the face, and other diseases incident to the body of man, aswell chiurugicall as phisicall. with the true vse of taking that excellent hearbe tabacco, aswell in the pipe by sume, as also in phisicke, medicine and chirurgerie. triall of tabacco gardiner, edmund. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc . estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) phisicall and approved medicines, aswell in meere simples, as compound obseruations with a true and direct iudgement of the seuerall complexions of men, & how to minister both phisicke and medicine, to euery seuerall complexion. with the making of many excellent vnguents, and oyles, as also their applications, both for gargarismes & inflamations of the face, and other diseases incident to the body of man, aswell chiurugicall as phisicall. with the true vse of taking that excellent hearbe tabacco, aswell in the pipe by sume, as also in phisicke, medicine and chirurgerie. triall of tabacco gardiner, edmund. [ ], leaves printed [by e. allde] for mathew lownes, dwelling in paules church-yard, at the signe of the bishops head, london : . dedication signed: edmund gardiner. another issue, with cancel title page, of: the triall of tabacco. printer's name from stc. running title reads: the triall of tabacco. identified as stc on umi reel . reproduction of the original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- early works to . tobacco -- therapeutic use -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion phisicall and approved medicines , aswell in meere simples , as compound obseruations . with a true and direct iudgement of the seuerall complexions of men , & how to minister both phisicke and medicine , to euery seuerall complexion . with the making of many excellent vnguents , and oyles , as also their applications , both for gargarismes & inflamations of the face , and other diseases incident to the body of man , aswell chirurgicall as phisicall . with the true vse of taking that excellent hearbe tabacco , aswell in the pipe by fume , as also in phisicke , medicine and chirurgerie . london printed for mathew lownes , dwelling in paules church-yard , at the signe of the bishops head . . to the right worshipfull sir edmond carey knight . you may peraduenture wonder ( most worthy sir ) or if not your selfe , yet many others ( i am sure ) will , why i , being an old man , and in my declining age long since , would be so inconsiderate as to set pen to paper , and write a discourse of tabacco . but i pray you giue me leaue to speak for my selfe and to answer both the one and the other . isocrates ( the famous orator ) wrote the sweetest and most eloquent oration of his , called panathenaica , after hee was fourescore yeares of age : and the same is reported of the diuine plato , who continually studied , and wrote of diuers points in philosophy when he likewise had passed the eighty yeere of his age , and so continued to his dying day , as iohn pierius in oloris hieroglyphico saith . the famous lawyer baldus began to study the ciuil law at three of the clocke in the afternoon ( at what time king deiotarus began to build a ciuity ) i mean , when he was an old man : and yet hauing an excellent , prompt , and praegnant wit , and a natural inclination to that kind of study , he became the most excellent man of his time . and although you will grant old men to bee subiect to many imperfections and weaknesses , yet on the other side you must confesse , that yong men are much tainted with lightnesse , inconstancy of mind , and ouermuch folly . indeed old men are not so strong , quick , sprightfull , and deliuer as the yonger sort are : but yet in counsell , wisedom , experience and iudgement , they farre outstrip them ; and by these vertues , not by the other , noble and glorious enterprises are atchieued and brought to passe : and this questionlesse was the true cause that mooued augustus caesar that mightie emperour , to make choise of no captain that was vnder threescore yeares of age , in his whole armie . but why i , being of these yeares , should take in hand to write of tabacco , i know deserueth wonder : but the truth is , that being long detained prisoner in the kings bench , more vpon malice of some few , than any merite of mine owne , and there seeing all sorts of people taking the fume of this hearb without any difference of age , condition , sexe , or respect of naturall constitution of any particular bodie , i then began to write a little of it for my owne recreation ( my minde being then fatigated with other serious affaires , and caried away with other distractions ) little thinking that that which then i wrote for my own priuate delight , should euer come to bee a prettie volume , as now i perceiue it is . which after i had done , i acquainted some of my friends with the same , who instantly importuned me to commit it to the presse . there is no man now adaies , nor heretofore hath beene , that euer i could either see or read , who hath not writ too partially of this plant , and not distinctly and plainely , as ( i hope ) in this smal work i haue done . besides , i haue added my owne censure ( though verie sparingly ) of the writers hereof , as well strangers as those of our owne countrey . i haue further discoursed of the diuersities of names giuē to this plant , with the nature and qualities thereof , to what diseases or griefes it is most appropriated , and with what formes it is best prepared & with what correctors ; which i suppose few or none hath attempted : and yet whatsoeuer others herein haue brought to light , though it bee neuer so little , i haue sincerely giuen thē their due worth & honor , so farre forth as the merit of their vertue deserued . in the kingdom of castile in spaine , as carolus clusius writeth , there is such great plenty of ledon ( a kinde of wilde rosemarie ) which of the inhabitants is called ardiuieia , as there this is growne to a common prouerbe : quien al mont va , ymas no puede , alomenos ardiuieja . hoc est : quicunque montem accedit , potius quam inanis redeat , vel ardiuiejā ( plantam vilissimam ) colligat . so rather than i will sit dronishly idle , will bee doing of somewhat , yea , thogh it be to write but of so mean a subiect as tabacco . some besides may also imagine that i doe nothing ; but aranearum telas texere , that is , in a friuolous matter , and of small moment , spend infinite and curious labour : so that i had more need sometimes to craue pardon for my long discourse about this subiect : wherein though many things may want to the satisfaction of an affected and searching head , yet i am sure here is inough to warrant the discharge of my good will , and to repell the censure of the scrupulous . facilius est reprehendere quam imitari : and some can reproue without authority , which wil not allow proofes with authoritie : such they thinke their credit is with some people , as pythagoras was amongst his owne schollers , who thought pythagoras speech a sufficient warrant to prooue any thing , onely alleaging , ipse dixit . i doubt not there bee many pythagoreans , that stand too much in their owne conceite . but to speake truth , and to make no better of my selfe than i am , i am farre vnlike pythagoras , my words carrie no such weight of credit , as that my bare affirmation should barre any man the libertie of contradicting me : i am rather like the duke of venice , who of himselfe can doe little , and is like the priest at masse which putting on his golden garment , and making a goodly gay shew , seemeth to be a great man ; but if any com vnto him and craue some friendship at his hands , he will say , you must goe to the masters of the parish , for i cannot pleasure you otherwise than by preferring your suit : and so it is with me . cum relego , scripsisse pudet : quia plurima cerno , — me quoque qui feci , iudice , digna lini . when i re-read , i shame i write : for much i see , my selfe , who made them , being iudge blotted to be . and therefore ( right worshipfull ) fearing the like censure vpon mee , that hath happened vnto others , i haue presumed to dedicate these my labors vnto you , & to shield them vnder the patronage of your noble name , trusting that as you haue alwaies been not onely a fauorer , but also a supporter and maintainer of learning and learned men , so you will accept in good worth this rude and compendious treatise , defending it as a patrō , & receiuing it with good wil as from a well willing friend . thus with encrease of worship , prosperous health , and gods graces , i commend you to the almightie . your worships most humble at commandement , edmund gardiner . to the curteous and friendly readers . there be some , i make no question , which in this iudging world will censure me , either to be too idle , and to haue little else to doe , or imagine mee too curious for committing to the presse this little book : whose criticall censures , & byting stings i doe little esteeme , so that i may heare or know , that these trifles as they are accounted , will doe any good . many fault-finders , enuious carpers , and malicious sycophants ( for malice is euer working of mischiefe : & what is it that cankred calumnia cannot inuent ? ) will readily reprehēd , but this chiefly that i haue been too open in publishing medicines . but friendly and indifferent readers , i for your sakes wil sustain willingly this blame , and for your good & contentment will be readie to vndergoe more , and meekely to submit my selfe ( if cause so require ) to a prouoked patience . i send forth this worke to you that are studious and desirous of learning , not to sophysticall mount-bankes , cozering quacksaluers , & such like false iugling deceiuers with their paradoxicall innouations : whose countrey soile is to them a wilde cat , and who abuse all good arts wheresoeuer they come or abide . i must confesse that i haue vsed some store and varietie of examples , not thereby to vendicate to my selfe much reading , to arrogate to my selfe great learning , or that i coueted my diligence to be praised . for i desire to bee cured of ignorance , which i cannot be vnlesse i confesse the same : and that diligence deserueth but a slight and bare commendation , if any one of his own accord shal voluntarily take vpon him a needlesse , vaine and vnnecessarie labour . but this was my scope , this the whole drift and marke i especially aymed and shotte at , that seeing the fume of this indian tabacco to be vsedly and abusedly taken of all sorts of men , all condi●ions and estates , to shew according to my simple skill the true vse of it , and to remooue out of their mindes the errors that manie are possessed if not bewitched withall , and to bring both their mindes and bodies to a better temper and moderation : which thing as hitherto , for ought i know , hath not beene performed by any , nay scarselie attempted . but now perchaunce whilest i labour to please all , i displease all : if it be so , iacta est alea , the dice are throwne . if any saying heere displease anie queasie stomacked tabacconist , for remedie thereof , i would wish him to passe lightlie by it for feare of further offence . physicke is a large profession : and euerie one as he is affected taketh one or other part to be illustrated , set foorth , and brought more to light by his labour and industrie : one in the anatomie as caspur bauhinus , salomon albertus , gabriel fallopius , andreas vesalius , and arantius of bononia . another in the historie of plantes and knowledge of simples , as the most learned maister iohn gerard cittizen of london , carolus clusius , andreas matthiolus , rembert dodoens , and others : a third in fishes as rondeletius ; and others , in other huing creatures as conradus gesner , and some in mineralls , as rodolphus agricola , haue beene found singular . and surelie they are not to be denied their due commendation , who in other smaller matters of physicke haue done something , as namely those that haue corrected bookes , haue made commentaries vpon auncient authors , and translated out of the greeke and arabick tongues into the latine or our own vulgar . in this so great a haruest of fertill wittes , and expence of time , wherein manie men and the same verie learned and well practised haue taken paines , one thing remaineth vndone , that no man in my iudgement hath sufficiently entreated of this plantnamelie tabacco , which is so much in vse amongst all english men . for either they doe commend it too much aboue measure , attributing to it so many great and excellent vertues , as i thinke is scarse possible to finde in any one hearbe , or else on the contrarie they were so farre out of the way , as that they altogether contemned and discommended it : so that that which was to be well liked , they haue quite omitted , and that which is plaine , euident and manifest to all mens senses , they haue quite either denied or marred : for — quid nobis certius ipsis sensibus esse potest , quo vera ac falsa notemus ? what can more certaine be than sense , discerning truth from false pretense ? but if this my labour may bee gratefully accepted , as with good will it is offered ( as i doubt it not , if you please to censureiustly thereof ) i shall be encouraged thereby to publish and set forth in our natiue language , other workes intreating more copiously and fully of physicke , and no lesse needefull to be knowneand published . so i wholly referre my selfe to your fauours and courteous constructions , still resting yours in all kinde affection , edmund gardiner . the names of all those authors and learned men , whose authorities are cited in this present worke. a ristoteles . alciatus . andreas theuetus . aegidius eurartus . auicenna . augerius ferrerius . alexander trallianus . apianus . aetius . andreas matthiolus semensis . amatus lusitanus . albertus magnus . banisterus . carolus clusius . cardinalis cusanus . cornelius celsus . carolus stephanus . cornelius tacitus . catullus . dion . diodorus siculus . galenus . guido pancirollus . garceas ab horto . galfridus chaucerus . dioscorides . guilielmus camdenus . fracastorius . hesiodus . homerus . hippocrates . hieronimus cardanus . hercules strozza . herodotus . guilielmus clusius . vlrichus de hutten . laurentius ioubertus . horatius . iohannes langius . iohannes leo afer . iohannes gerardus anglus . iohannes liebaultius . iohannes heurnius . iohannes baptista porta . iohannes hollerius . iohannes bruerinus . iunenalis . lucretius . iosephus quercetanus . ludouicus vertomanus . petrus bellonius . titus liuius . terentius . ronssaeus . paulus aegineta . iultus palmarius . theodorus zuingerus . strabo . publius ouidius . martialis . paracelsus . suetonius tranquillus . mercurius britannicus . richardus hackluit . nicolaus monardus . petrus pena . matthias de lobell . seneca . vergilius . plinius . theophrastus . philon. philaretes . xenophon . tibullus . in commendation of the author . as farre as boreas clappes his brasen wings , so farre thy fame graue gardiner shall flie . pleasure and profit both thy rare worke brings . who rightly reads , will say as much as i ; that thou of all doest yet deserue the praise , and to be crowned with a crowne of baies . one , with disgracefull and despightfull words , this soueraigne simple basely discommends : a second , loftie glorious tearmes affords , and grace too great vnto this simple lends . both are extreames . the golden meane is best : which here thou keep'st : thy worke excels the rest . reioyce , o britaine , that thou hast brought-forth a gardiner of such admired skill . thou showest the vertue , the effect and worth , of this rare simple , the good vse and ill . then vse it well , for gardiners good sake : and from his garden a choise flower take . io : serl● . edward michaell , in commendation of his learned friend master edmund gardiner . the author well deserues the tipe of fame , to be conioyned to his honest name , for setting forth ( vnto his countreys view ) tabaccoes praise now in his brightest hue . in lieu whereof , the guerdon he doth craue , is but a kinde respect of him to haue . for , all his paines , taken for your delight , is for to shew tabaccoes vse aright . read then his worke , with iudgements brightest eie : and thank him kindly : thus with me replie ; gardiner adigu : thy work deserues such praise , as few men giue , in these our latter daies . the triall of tabacco . many men haue , many times , sette foorth to the publike viewe of the world , diuers books entreating specially of one subiect , and those either in praise or dispraise of the matter they wrote of : but yet amongst all writers or exscriptors there haue beene in my iudgement no treatises so often divulged , so greatly discoursed of , and presented to the eies of the world ( especially of late time ) as those , that discourse of indian tabacco , one liking , another discommending and dispraising , according to the seuerall whirles of their affections , either in part or in whole , this famous plant : so that a man may not inaptly say of it , as virgill the poet doth concerning the diuersitie of opinions for the admission of the graecian deuised horse into the walles of troy. scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus . the wauering multitude , as each man findes , consists of many and contrary mindes . and in respect of the writers , patrons , and defendants of this rare plant on both sides , i may not vnfitly vse this saying of horace : caedimur , & totidem plagis consumimus hostem . we by our forces are beaten , if not staine , we with as many stroakes waste them againe . there is such hard hold and tough reasoning on both sides . now although i be medicorum minimus , yet you must remember it was said of old : scribimus indocti , doctique poemata passim , seeing no other to vndergoe this taske , i haue boldly aduentured to vnbuckle my selfe ( for you know who is so bold as blinde bayard ) i haue i say not being thereto commanded or compelled , as the answer to the booke called worke for the chimney sweeper was , but of my owne forwardnesse , and the desire i had to satisfie the world heerein in some sort : protesting , ( as in the inferiournes of the stile may well appeare ) that neither vanitie of glorie , nor selfe presumption , ( being of many the most vnworthy to haue enterprised this taske ) nor other priuate respect , then duty to my good friends ( that haue requested this at my hands ) and zeale to my louing country men , hath made me to publish this booke . for i saw the discourses heerein in my poore vnderstanding to be faultie , defectiue and halting , considering that one side too much extolled the vertue of this plant , and another side as much on the contrarie abased contēned & rejected it . so to giue some satisfaction to both sides , i haue made choice of the middle , being as i take it , the more secure way , thou it be a very hard matter to keep right in the mid-path , and to decline neither to the right nor to the left hand . iust a pari premitur veluti cum pondere libra , prona nec haec plus parte sedet , nes surgit ab illa . in english thus : as when an euen scale with equall weight is peized , nor falles it downe this way , or is it that way raised . wherefore to performe that precisely which i haue promised solemnly , & seeing this discourse must be sent abroad & cōmitted to the hāds , the eies , the noses , the ears , the mindes & the iudgements of a great nūber of all sorts , i will first beginne with one that is furthest off it , monardus a spaniard of siuill , who hath written verie largely of it in his treatise of the west indian simples : but because he is already translated into english , i wil ( left i should seem actum agere ) referre that which he hath very large , to his owne volume . for that which hee hath gathered is likewise sound in other authors , wherof heereafter you shall heare more , when we come to discourse of the vertues of tabacco . charles stephen , and iohn liebault , & andrew theuet all three frenchmen , haue writ of this plant , and so hath aegidius eurartus . carolus clusius likewise in his comment vpon garcaeas , destirpibus et aromaticis indicis , and iohannes baptista porta in his eight booke , and eleuenth chapter of his natural magick doe highly commend this plant , as a thing most excellent and diuine . but amongst them all , and from them all for his admirable knowledge in plants , our owne countrie-man master iohn gerard citizen and chirurgion of london hath caried away the palme , as best deseruing it , to whome i may well apply that saying of lucretius : qui genus humanum ingenio superauit & omnes , praestrinxit stellas , exortus vti aetherius sol . who from all mankinde , bare for wit the prize , and dimm'd the starres , as when skies sunne doth rise . another likewise of our countriemen , calling himself philaretes , hath lately writ a booke against tabacco , entituled worke for chimney-sweepers : which booke , another hath friendly and modestly answered . in the beginning of philaretes booke one i. h. hath made these discommendatorie verses against tabacco . pitie it is such smoaking vanitie , is englands most esteemed curtesie . oft haue i heard it as an old said saw , the strong digesting hungry camels maw brookes stinging nettles , and the vilest weedes , that stinking dunghils in ranke plentie feedes : but t' is a toy , to mocke an ape indeede , that english men should loue a stranger weede . to whome e. g. maketh answer . fie , fume at fumigation , and fret at thy owne nation , it wants not approbation , that drugs should worke purgation , oft times more worth in vilest weede , then in manured garden seede . it is no toy , but truth indeed that one soile should another need . philaretes seemeth to inferre in his second reason and some other places of his book , that by the frequent vse of tabacco , wee ought iustly to suspect and feare the same to bee a mightie drier , decaier and witherer of our radical and vnctuous moisture : and in respect thereof breedeth consumptions : but yet it seemeth ( by his leaue ) not so much to breede hectike feuers and consumptions , as appoplectike and cephalical passions , because many abusers thereof haue died sodenly : and wee see that the braine doth suffer from it by protopathie , rather then by deuteropathy , the organ whereby it is receiued being so neere a neighbour to the braine . i wonder it is not discussed how it puffeth vp & plumpeth some , when he concludeth that it wasteth and dissipateth the vnctuous moisture , & substantiall nourishment , by dissipation of naturall heat , and decay of spirits in our bodies . the same author likewise ( though a man of excellent learning , exact iudgement and reading ) seemeth to vrge too farre , when in his seauenth reason against tabacco , he sticketh not to affirme , that this hearb seemed to bee first found out and inuented by the diuell , and first vsed and practised by the diuels priests , and therefore not to bee vsed of vs christians . but i will both answer him and the spaniard monardus ( from whome hee hath fetcht his ground ) at one word thus ; that it is certaine that the diuell did not finde it , but nature gaue it , and nature doth nothing in vaine , according to that protrite axiome in philosophy , natura nihil fecit frustrà . if the diuell did finde it , yet we may esteeme it as well as hidden treasures descried by spirits at the request of wicked mē . but in my opinion we ought to iudge of the infinite power of nature with more reuerence , and with more acknowledgement of our owne ignorance and weakenes . for , that it was a plant created by god , when first euen by the word of his mouth all things were framed , i iudge it not amisse for any man to say and thinke : and there is no scholler so meanely learned , but will by reason conuince them both , and read a lecture of contradiction against them vpon the progresse of natures workes ; hauing his vertues and faculties infused into it from aboue , whereby many finde great ease and comfort as well as by other plantes and simples . for vnlesse god himself had bene the author of it , why should it be endued with such noble and excellent properties : for ni deus affuerit , viresque infuderit herbis , quid , rogo dictamnus , quid panacea iuvent ? if god helpe not , and into herbes infuse a working power , in vaine we medicine vse . aristotle ( the monarch of our moderne learning ) seemeth not to speake awry , when he saith : multa sciri posse , quae nondum scita sunt . many things may be heereafter knowne , which as yet lie hidden in the deepe dungeon of obscuritie , not manifested ; as the quadrature of the circle , and the manie vertues both of this and other herbes , not yet knowne to the world : which hidden and secret vertues though at this present they are not reuealed to natures interpretors , yet hereafter they may : so that we may rightly conclude : maximam partem eorum quae nescimus , minimam partem eorum quae scimus aut scire possumus , to which purpose cardinall cusanus hath writ a booke de docta ignorantia : wherfore i suppose none will bee so mad to imagine that such a noble plant could come by chance , or bee inuented by the diuell , whose excellent vertues the profoundest can scarse perfectly vnderstand . by this wee may see the wonderfull workes of god , how that he can make things strange , great , and incomprehensible and wonderfull to mans indgement . therefore it is a thing impertinent , to seeke out the causes and reasons of some things , as many men doe , and daily goe about to doe , for there are many secrets in nature , the knowledge whereof is reserued and kept to the onely creator : also of many other that might bee heere alleadged : but for that it is not my argument , i omit it to come to the rest . philaretes my good friend saith , that tabacco is hurtfull because it is hot and drie in the third degree , which monardus ( saith hee ) and others haue affirmed to come neere to the third degree of excesse in either qualitie . but it seemeth not so hot because it blistereth not , nor yet exceedingly heateth , and that deletery malignity which he adscribeth to it may be quintessentiall , although not elementarie . and with him i will not deny , but that some malignitie ( out of question ) is in tabacco , yea , i wil adde further , that there is in it some poison also , as there is in some other strong and vehement purgers , but yet it may bee with cordiall and cephalical aromatikes alaied as wel as scammony , elaterium , euphorbium , coloquintida , turbith and some others . besides , diuers medicines doe either retaine , loose , or change their force and power , according to the diuers constitutions of those natures to whome they are giuen . for it is a hard matter to finde any remedy that may doe absolute good , without some slight touch of harme , vnlesse by art it be refined . thus you see i haue beene a little bold to trump in my friend philaretes way , where i thought hee tripped , esteeming him yet for no lesse then a louer of vertue and honestie , as his name importeth , and a man of good iudgement and learning . but i will come into my path againe , and acquaint you first with the diuersities of names & titles giuen to this herbe , and so will i passe to his vertues and properties . this herbe with the franks or frenchmen hath beene most commonly knowne by the name of nicotiana , because one nicot a french embassadour to the king of portugall , sent this hearb first into france , and so gaue it his name . others againe , that by tradition haue noted the meanes frō whence they receiued this herb , haue called it herba reginae , and queene mother herbe , for that when monsieur nicot had first knowledge thereof , hee sent and commended it to katherine de medices , the queene mother of france , ( who died before she had reeled vp her spindle ) and shee first caused it to bee planted in that kingdome . others there bee that do tearm it hyoscyamus peruuianus , henbane of peru , herba sancta , or sacra , and sana sancta indorum : but vpon what ground i know not , vnlesse it be for the singular vertues and faculties that are found in this plant , as by the same reason lignum indicum or gutacum is called sanctum , because it is so helpfull , and restoreth to cure a great many sicknesses and griefes ; as the learned in physicke doe very well finde . wee know indeed by practise , that an infinite number of diseases are cured by tabacco , euen à capite ad imos vsque pedes , from the crowne of the head to the verie feete : so that in regard of his noble vertues , it was thought necessarie that it should bee entituled with some glorious name , as we also see done to others . for philon the physitian called his alexipharmacal medicines , deorum manus : and at this day physitians haue graced & nobilitated some of their compositions with splendidous titles ; calling one manus christi , another benedicta laxatiua , catholicon a third , and some others by the strange and superstitious names of puluis sanctus , gratia dei , apostolicon , vnguentā paulinum and the like , as vlrichus de hutten , a knight of germany hath writ in his book de morbo gallico , & the . chap. it is also entituled petū : & lobelius , & peter pena do make it a kinde of symphitum : and other while a kinde of hyoscyamus luteus : but yet they stick somewhat at that . so hauing discoursed of his seuerall names , we will make a step to his description , his secret and rare qualities ; and not forgetting by the way , to tell besides of the hurt some receiue thereby , with the true and right vse also . and first you shall heare what carolus clusius saith . nicotian ( saith he ) so tearmed of the french , of the spaniards tabacco , of the brasilians petum , hath beene long vsed of the indians , especially of the inhabitants of hispania noua , for the curation of woundes . it was brought but a few yeares since into spaine , rather for the decking vp of their gardens , as being a strange plant and seld seen , more then for the hidden vertues of the hearb : but now it is much more famous by reason of his rare qualities then for his elegancie and beauty that it carrieth in a garden . the common people of india vsually tearme it picielt : for the name of tabacco first came from the spaniards , because there was such plentie of it grew in a certain iland called tabacco , according to the name wherof they haue christned it . andrew theuet saith , that the americans haue a secret herbe which they name in their language petum , the which most commonly they beare about them , for that they esteeme it marueilous profitable for many things : this herbe is like to our buglosse . they gather this herbe very charily , and drie it within their little cabanes or houses . their manner to vse it is this : they wrap a quantitie of this herbe being drie , in a leafe of a palme-tree which is very great , & so they make rolles of the length of a candle , and then they fire the one end , and receiue the smoak thereof by their nose , and by their mouth : they say it is verie wholesome to cleanse and consume the superfluous humors of the braine . moreouer , being taken after this sort , it keepeth the parties from hunger and thirst for a time , therefore they vse it ordinarily . also when they haue any secret talke or counsell among themselues , they draw this smoake , and then they speake . the which they doe customably one after another in the warre , whereas it is very needful . the women vse it by no meanes . if that they take too much of this perfume , it will make them light in the head , as the smell or taste of strong wine . the christiās that do inhabite there , are becom verie desirous of this perfume , although that the first vse thereof is not without danger , before that one be accustomed thereto : for this smoke causeth sweats and weakenes , yea , foaming at the mouth , suddaine falling downe , and conuulsions , as i haue seene in some . and this is no such strange thing as it seemeth , for there are many other herbs and fruits that offend the braine , though that the taste of them bee pleasant and good to eate . plinie sheweth , that in lyncestis there is a fountaine that maketh the people drunke , that take thereof : likewise another of paphlagonia , which as ouid saith in the booke of his metamorphosis will cause a man to bee no lesse drunke then if he had copiously quaffed a great deale of wine . his words be these : quem quicunque parùm moderato gutture traxit , haud aliter titubat , quàm si mera vina bibisset . this i know will not be receiued of all men for truth , and yet philosophers doe witnesse that there is in esclanonie by apollonia , a fountaine comming out of a rock , wheras is seene to proceed a flame of fire , whereby al the waters adiacent are as boyling . they haue in diuers places of hisp. noua many hot springs of water , as aboue all other i haue seen in the prouince of mechuacan . in a plain field without any mountaine , there is spring which hath much water , and it is so hot , that if a whole quarter of beefe , be cast into it , within one halfe houre , it will bee as well sodden , as it will bee ouer a fire in halfe a day . i haue seen half a sheep cast in , & immediatly it hath been soddē , & i haue eaten part of it : & this hath the learned hackcluit set down in his booke discoursing of the voiages of the english nation , by the relation of henrie hawkes a marchant , who liued three yeares in noua hispania . i will proceede a little further in relating strange things in nature . in bactria in the citie of boghar , there is a litle riuer running through the midst of it , but the water is vnholesome , for it breedeth sometimes in men that drinke thereof , and specially in them that are there borne , a worme of an elle long , which licth commonly in the legge betwixt the flesh and the skinne , and is pluckt out aboue the ankle with great art and cunning . diodorus siculus reporteth , that in egypt there was a poole , the colour of whose water was vermilion , which being drunke would reueale secrets . strabo speaketh of a fountaine in the citie leuca , of a most horrible smell . besides , this is verie strange , that there is a fountaine besides haslea , which neuer riseth but early in the morning , at high noone , and at the shutting of the euening . and if therein any euill thing bee cast that may corrupt the same , theodorus zuingerus mentioneth , that for certaine daies after it will not rise at all . there is a fountaine in salmac in the countrey of caria , which as strabo writeth , maketh men effeminate and lither . that of aphrodosium in pyrrhea , causeth barrennesse , as plinie noteth : and such like a man man may easily finde , if any will take paines to read ouer the booke , entituled britannia , written by that most learned and famous gentleman master wil. camden ( the best antiquary of our age ) he shal there i say , haue plenty wherat to admire , & peraduēture to giue satisfaction to that which here i haue set down for truth . some , i doubt not , but will imagine this not to bee true , but altogether false , the which i haue spoken touching the natures and strange qualities of these waters , and of this herbe tabacco , as though nature could not giue such power to things ; yes truely and farre greater , as shee hath also giuen to beasts according to the diuersities of countries and regions . wherefore then should it leaue this countrey of america , ( wherein god included the greatest gulfe of mankind ) void of such a benefite , being naturally proper to it , and being temperate without comparison more then others ? as in generalitie , africke yeeldeth the best mules ; europe the best lions , ( as herodotus and plinie make report ) onely to be found between the riuers nestus and achelous : the one coasting abdera a citie of thracia , the other being a floud of epyrus , separateth acarnania from aetolia . so in particular , we find england yeeldeth the greatest store of good sheepe , wooll , tinne , and lead : muscouia the best bees , yeelding honie and waxe in plentie , and the best furres . wherefore a learned physician is to obserue , what store of vegetables , either of woods , trees for fruite , or plants , the countrie yeeldeth : for euerie country hath his commodities and singularitie of them , fitted by the prouidence of the eternall god. as we read of in asia and virginia , singular cedars and pine trees : so we haue experience , that for firre and deale trees , denmarke , bohemia , pomerania , russia , norway , and the new-found land , are notorious . for vines , france : for apples , peares , plums , and such ordinarie fruit the realme of england . for oranges , lymons , pomgranates , and such like , spaine and other hot countries : for oyle and oliues , candia , &c. as for the second , concerning things hid in the veines and wombe of the earth ( for what shall we neede to enlarge this discourse with the huge woods to bee found in germanie , bohemia , muscouia , and ireland , or with the notorious vegetables of other nations ) namely , the mines of mettals , and fossiles , wherof there are such sundry species , as it may seeme impertinent of vs to be further touched , considering so soone as they are discouered , they be committed to writing . some besides will not grant this to be true , but altogether false , that andreas theuetus writeth , that tabacco keepeth the indians from hunger , and thirst , for a certain time , although that our epicureall tabbacconists will sufficiently refute the contrarie : for they will say , and for a need sweare to it , that they can liue a whole weeke together , neither eating nor drinking any other sustenance . and if they wil not be cōtented with this our witnessing and affirmation , let them read herodotus , which in his second booke , maketh mention of a people in africa , liuing onely with hearbes . apian rehearseth , that the parthians being banished , and driuen out of their countrey by marous anthonius , liued with a certaine herbe that tookeaway their memorie : neuerthelesse they had opinion that it did nourish them , though that in a short time after they died . master stephen burrough did see some lappians eat rocke weedes as hungerly , as a cowe doth grasse when she is hungry . i saw them also ( saith hee ) eate fowles egges raw , and the young birds also that were in the egges . the indians will liue seuen or eight moneths in the warre with meale made of certaine hard and drie rootes , in the which some would iudge that there were no nourishment or sustenance at all . and they will tell strangers , who arriue in their coasts , that they haue heard say of their fathers , that before they had the knowledge of the best rootes , they liued but with hearbs , and wilde weeds , & roots like brute beasts . there was they say , in their country a great charaiba , that is to say , a prophet , the which came to one of their young maidens , and gaue her certaine great roots , named hetich , shewing her , that she should cut them in peeces , and then plant them in the earth : the which she did and since they haue alwaies continued from father to sonne : the which roots haue so well prospered , that now they haue so great aboundance that they eat little other food , and it is as common with them , as bread is with vs. the old poets and ancient people of the world did conceit , that the gods themselues did feede vpon nothing but nectar and ambrosia ; yea , and that some of them had worse cōmons , & meaner meats , as they write of romulus ( who being a god as they say ) liued vpon turneps . but , i thinke , that they rather alluded vnto the pouertie and simplicitie of feeding that was vsed in former ages , wherewith romulus was so well acquainted . the poet martialis seemeth couertly to insinuate , that they eat the same meats in heauen , wherewith in earth they were inured to feede vpon , in these verses : haec tibi brumali gaudentia frigore rapa quae damus , in coelo romulus esse solet . therefore ought not the storie of this gentleman tabacco , bee thought so strange , for men to liue withall , as thought the like had neuer been heard or read of in histories , and times forepassed . the people of the east and west india haue diuers kindes of fruits proper only to those regions , as nature bringeth them forth , and yet they liue long , and well disposed , being strong and of robustious constitutions : yea , they will liue ( i meane the people of america ) a whole weeke together with one groat , which neither the spanyard , nor any nation in the world can doe , as petrus martyr saith . and for their long liues , we may read in the learned hackluit , discoursing of the voiages of the english nation in farre distant parts of the world , who introduceth the example of the king of balloboam , being one hundred and threescore yeeres of age , when captaine candish arriued at the iland of iaua minor , and yet he was liuing after that many yeares , at that time when the hollanders trauailed thither to the towne of bantam , which is the furthest part in the world from this realme of england , being measured geometrically . therebe many who thinke it strange , that some nations liue onely with fish : and yet he that is but meanly trauailed in histories knoweth , that the poorest sort among the west indies , liue more with sea-fish , and other like meats than with flesh . the same is true in this our isle of britaine , especially among the cornish men and scots : yea , our elders in times past liued onely with fish , as many sects in religion both in these dayes , and in former ages did . the lawes of triptolemus ( as xenophon writeth ) did defend and forbid the athenians the vse of flesh . therefore it is no strange thing to liue with fish onely . first , in our europe , and before that the ground was tilled , men liued more hardly without flesh or fish , hauing not the meane to vse them , and yet notwithstanding they were stronger , and liued the longer , being nothing so effeminate , as now in our age . americus vespusius , one of the best pilots that euer was , coasted almost from ireland vnto the cape of saint augustine , by the comandement of the king of portingale , the yeare . and since another captain the yeare . sayled vnto the region named of giants . in this region between the riuer of plate , and the streight of magellane , the inhabitants are verie mightie , named in their language patagones , giants , because of their hie stature , and forme of bodies . they which first discouered this countrey tooke one of them finely , being twelue foot long , who was so vneasie to hold , that . men had inough to doe about him : and for to keep him , it behooued them to binde his feet and hands in their shippe , notwithstanding they could not keepe him long aliue , but for sorrow and thought ( as they say ) he died for hunger . thus you see i haue plainely shewed that people dwelling in some regions , though faring hardly , and poorely nourished , yet notwithstanding are men both of good complexions , of personable and heroical , nay giant-like statures , and long liued . and this may seeme to bee a little beside , though not altogether out of the way . trinidada tabacco hath a thicke , tough and fibrous roote , from which immediatly rise vp long broad leaues , and smooth , of a greenish colour , among which riseth vp a stalke , diuiding it selfe at the ground into diuers branches , whereon are set confusedly the like leaues , but lesser : at the top of the stalkes , stand vp long necked hollow flowres of a pale purple , tending to a blushe colour ; after which succeed the coddes or seed vessels , including many small seeds , like vnto the seede of marierome . the whole plant perisheth at the first approach of winter : in hot countreys it is sowen all times of the yeare , but when it first sprouteth vp , it must be defended and preserued from cold , and planted neere vnto a wall for the beautifying thereof ; for , in such hot regions as spaine , naples , and africke , it continueth green a whole yeare together , as buglossum semper virens , telephium minus semper virens , rossmarie and the bay tree with vs in england doe . it was first brought into europe out of the prouinces of america , which of some ( though i know no reason for it ) is called the west indies , in wich is the prouince or countrey of peru : but being now planted in the gardens of europe , it prospereth very well , and cometh from seed in one yere to beare both floures & seed . the which i take to be the better for the cōstitution of our bodies , then that which is brought from india , and that growing in the indies , better for the people of the same countrey ; notwithstanding it is not so thought nor receiued of our tabackians : for according to the english prouerbe , farre fetcht , and deere bought , is good for ladies . tabacco must be sowen in the most fruitfull grounds that may be found , and carelesly cast abroad in the sowing , without raking it into the ground , or any such paine or industrie taken as is requisite in the sowing of other seedes , as i my selfe haue found by proofe , who haue experimented euery way to cause it quickly to grow : for i haue committed some to the earth in the end of march , some in aprill , and some in the beginning of may , because i durst not hazard all my seede at one time , least some vnkindly blast should happen in the sowing , which might be a great enemie thereunto . it is hot and drie , & that in the second degree , as monardus thinketh , and it is withall of power to discusse or resolue , and to cleanse away filthy humours , hauing also a a certaine small adstriction , and a stupefying , or benumming qualitie , and purgeth by the stoole . and monardus thinketh that it hath a certaine power to resist poyson . and to prooue it to be of hot qualitie and temperature , the byting qualitie of the leaues doth shew , which is easily perciued by taste . also the greene leaues layed vpon vlcers , draw out filth and corrupt matter , which a cold simple would neuer doe . the leaues likewise being chawed , draw forth fleagm & water , as doth also the fume takē when the leaues are dried : which things declare that this is not a little hot . for what things soeuer being chewed , or held in the mouth , bring forth fleagm & water , the same be al accounted hot , as the root of pellitory of spain , saxifrage , master-wort , betony , and hyssop , with other things of like power . moreouer , the benumming qualitie hereof is not hard to be perceiued : for vpon the taking of the fume at the mouth , there followeth an infirmitie like vnto drunkennes , & many times sleep , as after the taking of opium , which also sheweth in the taste a byting qualitie & therefore is not without heat ; which when it is chewed and inwardly taken , it doth forth with shew , causing a certaine heat in the chest , and yet without troubling of wits , as petrus bellonius in his third book of singularities doth declare : where also he sheweth , that the turkes doe oftentimes vse opium , and take one dram and a halfe thereof at one time , without any other hurt following , sauing that they are thereupon taken , as it were , with a certaine light drunkennesse , vertiginie , or giddinesse in their braines . and hollerius in his practise telleth vs , that hee knew a spaniard take halfe an ounce of opium , and yet neither death , nor deaths harme followed . so also this tabacco being in taste byting , and in temperature hot , hath notwithstanding a benumming qualitie . hereupon it seemeth to follow , that not only this henbane of peru , but also the iuyce of poppie , otherwise called opium , consisteth of diuers parts , some byting and hot , and others extreame cold , that is to say , stupefying and benumming : if so bee that this benumming qualitie proceede of extreame colde ( as galen , and all the old physitians hold opinion : ) but if the benumming qualitie , or facultie , doth not depend of an extreame cold temper , and that in the fourth degree , but proceedeth of the essence of the substance ; then may tabacco be both cold , and also benumming ; of temperature , hot and benumming , not by reason of his temperature , but through the propertie of his substance , otherwise then a purging medicine , which hath his force , not from the temperature , but from the essence of the whole substance . before i proceede any further to shew against what sicknesses this herbe tabacco most preuaileth , i will first briefly declare , what sicknesse is , and how many sorts or kinds therof there be , that i may be the better vnderstod in the discourse following . sicknesse ( then ) is an euill affect contrarie to nature , hindring of it selfe some action of the bodie . of sicknesse there be three generall kinds , whereof the first consisteth in the parts similar . the second in the parts instrumentall . and the third in both parts together . the first kind is called of the latines , intemperies , that is to say , euill temperature : which is either simple or compound . it is simple , when one qualitie only doth abound or exceed too much , as to be too hot , or too cold . it is cōpound , whē many qualities do exceed , as when the body is too hot and too drie , or too cold and too moist . the secōd kind is called mala constitutio , that is to say , an euill state or composition : which is to be considered , either by the shape , number , quantitie , or site of the member , or part euill affected or diseased . the third kind is called , vnitatis solutio , that is to say , the loosing or diuision of the vnitie : which as it may chance diuersly , so it hath diuers names accordingly . for if such solutiō or diuision be in a bone , then it is called a fracture . if in any fleshie part , then it is called a wound or vlcer ; in the veines a rupture ; in the nerues or sinewes , a conuulsion or crampe ; and in the skinne , an excoriation . againe of diseases , some be called long , and some sharpe and short , tearmed of the latines morbi acuti , which be perilous , and doe quickly kill the bodie . the long do carie a greater time with it . and yet moreouer there is sicknesse by it selfe , and sicknesse by consent . sicknesse by it selfe , is that , which being in some member , hindreth the action thereof by it selfe . sicknesse by consent , is deriued out of one member into another through the neighbour-hood and communitie that is betwixt them : as the paine of the head , which commeth from the stomack , because they communicate and impart their dammages from one to another by certaine sinewes , passing and being common to either of them . thus the learned physitians which write of mans bodie doe diuide sicknesse . now if any man will curiously diue and search into the nature of these , tabacco being giuen in his due time yeeldeth no small releefe and comfort ; for according to the old saying : temporibus medicina valet : data tempore prosunt : et data non apto tempore vina nocent . physicke at times doth helpe : giue wine in season , it also helpes : too much brings out of reason . and seneca saith : in morbis nihil est magis periculosum quàm immatura medicina : in diseases there is nothing worse or more dangerous then vntimely giuing of medidicines , and out of due season . and againe , this saying of liuie agreeth thereto . et scio medicos , plus interdum quiete , quàm mouendo atque agendo proficere . for according to the times and seasons of the yere , the qualities of medicines are to be considered . for some are more familiar to some bodies at some seasons of the yeare , then at othersome againe and fitter applyed to amend and correct the distemper of parts , and to expell euill iuyces . for who knoweth not that the spring is accounted the holesomest : which galen calleth temperate , but paulus aegineta ( his apo ) aetius and the peripatetikes affirme to encline rather to hot and moist ( for there is nothing in nature absolutely temperate ) and this season is most agreeable to the best habite . it is for the most part good for sickly constitutions , or at leastwise , it hurteth not : for as hippocrates in his third booke , aphorisme the twentieth , saith , it causeth madnesse and blacke iaundise , leprosie , coughes , ringwormes , morphues , or staynings of the skin , and many vlcerous pustules , and breakings out with paines of the ioynts : not so much through the fault of the aire , but through the strength of nature , being then fortified and made more liuely by the temperate heat of the spring to expel superfluities , and to separate naughtie humors , & to thrust thē forth to the more ignoble parts . the same heat helpeth likewise nature , being readily disposed & willing to make a secret and insensible transpiration thorow the bodie , by which it ought to bee expurged and auoided . so that the nature of this season ought to be regarded , as well in the often taking of this medicine tabacco , as in others also : so that i iudge it not the safest to vse tabacco at this time , vnlesse by the aduise of the learned : for to take it without difference and immeasurably as some abusers doe , must needes doe hurt , and i am sure a great deale in some of these fore-recited griefes . summer is hot and drie , subiect to bilious or cholerick diseases . the beginning of the summer admitteth the diseases of the spring : but the midst breedeth vsually , continuall and burning feuers , bleareyednesse , tertian agues , vomiting of yellow choler , cholericke fluxes of the belly , paines of the eares , and vlcerations of the mouth : putrefactions of the lower parts ; especially when the summer besides his heat , is enclined to ouermuch moisture , and that no windes blow , and the weather bee darke , fowle , close & rainie , or that pincerna pluviarū , i mean the south winde , which bringeth much raine , doth much blow . and redde and angrie wheales by meanes of much and often sweating , being either cholericke , sharpe , or byting , doe abound . for they sting and gnaw the skinne , making it ytchie , angring , and exasperating it after the fashion of some sore . so that in this season , and for these remembred griefes , no man , i trust , will grant tabacco to bee verie holesome . but if any spitting tabacconist bee so much bewitched , as that hee still must long after it , and cannot refraine , he shall heare the epigram of the noble poet hercules strozza , which hee wrote against a great gourmandizer or belly god. let the tabacconist be his owne interpretor , or make what morall he please , and thus it is . saepè bibis , quò saepè vomas , & saepè voracem distendas miseri corporis ingluviem . quin si fortè tenax stomacho cibus haeserit , hunc vel dextra , vel in fauces indita penna ciet : tanquam sis genitus perdenda ad vina , nec vlli te natura alij finxerit officio . o dignum laqueo facinus ; quodcunque voratur , turpiter ingeritur , turpiùs egeritur . thou quaffest oft , to vomit much : by which thy riotous guise , thy bursten belly strouteth out , in strange and monstrous wise . and if by chance thy meat within thy stomacke sticketh still , thou streight doest seeke to force it vp , with finger or with quill : as though ( belike ) nature thee made onely to drinke downe wine , beast as thou art , and to no other thing did thee assigne . hang such a slaue : what ere goes in t is filthy out of doubt , and cramd into his greedie gorge , must needs goe filthy out . autumn is drie and somwhat cold , very vnequall , that is somtimes hot and somtimes cold . it is euill for those ( as the spring is ) that haue any consumptions or putrefaction of the lungs , ( for cùm folia decidunt & germinant , moriuntur tabidi : ) it causeth for the most part verie deadly griefs and diseases , yea and many of those that were rise in summer , likewise quartane agues , and wandring swellings , and hardnesses of the spleene , dropsies , stranguries , fluxes of the belly , paines of the hip or hanch , squinsies , shortnesse of breathing , iliaca passions , epilepsies , frenzies , and melancholicall passions . so that in this season which we call the fall of the leafe , we must not too often vse tabacco , vnles with great warinesse & aduise of the learned : and for this season , a man may say of tabacco in some sense , as hesiodus speaketh of his fathers dwelling place or the village called ascra , that it was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hyeme mala , estate molesta , nunquam bona . euill in winter , bad in summer , but neuer good . the winter quarter is cold and moist and flegmaticke , verie subiect to destillations , plurisies , inflammations of the lungs , lethargies , stuffings in the head , murres and pose , coughes , paines of the breast , sides and loynes , vertiginies , swimming or giddinesse of the braine , and apoplexies . so that in most of these , it must of necessitie bee concluded , that tabacco is a noble medicine , and fit to be vsed . for you see that in complexions and mens natures , some are well and indifferently affected , and others againe either well or ill in winter . and so much for this . now as good regard and consideration is to be obserued , and kept in tabacco taking , concerning the seasons of the yeare , so likewise the same precise order is to bee obserued for complexions . all they therefore that either of the nature of their own bodily state , are of a drie complexion , or by any defect in their parents at their birth & procreation ; or finally , by any accidentall mishap or custome of liuing , as by want of foode , thought , watchings , heauinesse of minde , or immoderate labour haue commonly bodies slender and thinne ; and their skinne ( where drinesse is great ) scuruy , rugged , vnseemely and lanke , swart and yelow , that are faced like death , and leane as a rake : and to conclude , that are in all respects resembling the physiognomie and shape of enuie , described by ouidius , must in any wise banish tobacco farre from them , as a thing most pernicious . pallor in ore sedet , macies in corpore toto , nusquam recta acies : liuent rubigine dentes : risus abest , nisi quem visi mouere dolores : nec fruitur somno vigilantibus excita curis , sed videt ingratos , intabescitque videndo successus hominum , carpitque ac carpitur vnà . in english thus . a face like ashes pale and wanne , a bodie scraggie leane , a leering looke , and teeth all furr'd with drosse and filth vncleane : her stomacke greenish is with gall , her tongue with venome fraught : and neuer laughes , but when mishap or harme hath others caught . no winke of sleepe comes in her eyes : and rest she none can take ; for fretting carke and cankred care her watchfull still doth make . full sore against her will it is that any man should thriue , or prosper in his businesse : for that doth her depriue of all her rest and quietnesse : thereat the hellish elfe doth stampe and stare , doth fret and fume and pines away her selfe , and to her selfe a torment is : for , seeking to annoy the wealth and state of other folkes , her selfe she doth destroy . so then as the case standeth , seeing that tabacco is so hurtfull to drie complexions , it must of necessity be verie good and holsome for those men that are of moist constitutions : for he that is of this temperature , hath a bodie soft , not rugged and rough , white skinned ; his veines and ioynts not standing out , nor greatly appearing ; his haire plaine and flat , and for the most part thick withal . their taste and smelling , and other obiects of their senses be blunt and grosse . and if withall they be cold , they are for the most part , in minde and wit doltish and dull , slouthfull and lumpish : finally , neither by nature , neither by vse , forecastfull , sharpe-witted , nor craftie : by reason their naturall heat is languishing and feeble , and drowned with moist and cold humors : and therefore also their memorie is verie faileable , obliuious , & nothing at all ( in a manner ) retentiue . their speach , as likewise their pulses , and manner of gate , slowe and dull . and because commonly they be assailed with many and sundrie diseases , for that they be giuen to sit still , louing their ease and idlenesse , whereby many crude and raw humors are heaped vp in their bodies , it must needs bee graunted that tabacco being hot and drie in qualitie , must of necessitie do them much good ; and euen no lesse than labour and exercise doth in wasting waterish and cold superfluities . for sluggishnesse and slouth ( as witnesseth cornelius celsus ) dulleth the bodie , but labour and exercise maketh it firme and lustie : the one bringeth old age before the time , and the other making youth to last long . and therefore strong motions and exercises , and likewise taking tabacco are more requisite for these persons : for otherwise cold and moist humours would too much increase , and heat quaile and be enfeebled . but i purpose now briefly by the way , to shew the nature and conditions of a hot and drie complexion , and of cholericke persons , and finally by what markes and tokens they are to bee perceiued , discerned , found out , and knowen , to see whether tabacco be fitting these kinde of people or no. and first to speake of the outward signes . a bodie of this constitution is hot , slender , leane , musculous , of decent bignesse , and meane stature : of colour they be brownish , aburne , or somewhat ruddie , specially when their angrie mood is vp , or their bodies set in a heat with exercise : and some bee pale and yellowish . their skinne rough : their heart-strings and veines bigge and apparant , and not lying hidden vnder the flesh : their tongue rowling at pleasure , readie and flowing in vtterance : their haire blacke , and in some curled and naturally frizled , whereas the heat and drinesse is very great and vehement : their noses ( for the most part ) are crooked like a haukes bill , they haue tongue at will , and are as iuuenalis the poet fitly saith in his . satyr . ingenium velox , audacia perdita sermo promptus & isaeo torrentior , obiter illos esse putes quemuis hominem ; tum dicier aptè grammatious , rhetor geometres , pictor , aliptes , augur , schenobates , medicus magis omnia nouit . in english thus : of dapper wit , and desperate bolde , fine phras'd with gallant grace : more eloquent than isaeus , for euerie time and case . ech person can they aptly play , at ech art can they aime , at grammar , rhetricke , geometrie , painting , and for the game , at sooth-saying , and cunningly vpon a rope to dance ; at physicke , magicke , ripe are they and free of euery haunce . and therefore sithence those persons are of hot complexion , and that in their bodies yellow choler is praedominant , which is compared very aptly to fire , it must needs fal out , that tabacco being a hot plant , is very hurtful to them , & in no wise to be vsed ; for this is not the way to subdue and alter , but rather make one more cholericke and hot . for if a man should still cherish and nourish it with his like in temperature , hee should doe nothing else but flammam oleo extinguere , as the prouerbe is , quench the flame with oyle , and adde fire to flaxe by exusperating the distemperance , and increase the tyrannie of this hot humor , by making it the more vehement . so that in dry & hot bodies we must haue no refuge or succor to tabacco , considering that in constitutions that be quite contrarie , we finde that it doth much good . for we see that if men haue their stomackes surcharged with aboundance of loathsome , clammie , and tough fleagme , tabacco doth scoure and cleanse it away more than any other , and ( if tabacconists say no more than may bee warranted for truth ) than all other helpes , and meanes whatsoeuer . tabacco consequently doth much good vnto all such , whose heads are filled with moistish vapours : for those fumes or reekes , striking vpwards as in a stillatorie , grow into a thicke , and sniuelly fleagme , whereby through coldnesse of the braine , the parties become subiect and open to sundry diseases , as the poze , murre , hoarsnesse , cough , & many others ; of which sort is the rheume or destillation of humours from the head , wherewith in romney marsh , and diuers places of essex , kent , and the isle of ely , both rich and poore , high and lowe in winter season are much troubled , and finde by experience to be true , and yet many of them be very healthy , and as sound as a bell . praecipuè sanus , nisi quum pituita molesta est . in english thus : in perfect health and throughly sound , but when that fleagme doth much abound . insomuch that i am sometimes driuen into an admiration , to consider how such abundance of filthy humors should rest in the head , which nature one while at the mouth , another while at the nose and throat , expelleth and purgeth . because the colde complexion is cleane opposite and contrarie to the hot constitution : and for that this is the worst of all others , and furthest from that state which is best : i will addresse my next speech to speake somewhat of it ; to the end , i would haue men resolued whether tabacco be holsome for them or no. and because colde is cleane contrarie to heat , it must of necessitie be concluded , that tabacco is very holesome for colde complexions seruing as a helpe in the office of concoction and digestion , considering that in this state of bodie there lacketh heat sufficient , and the other powers and faculties natural , are not able for the weakness of the instruments and organes , to attract and digest that nourishment that is moist , nor to make it like and consubstantiall with the bodie and members . i haue known many of this complexion , that through grosse and clammie glewish flegme , haue gotten the lethargie , or drowsie euill , the apoplexie , the crampe , palsey , and wrie mouthes . there is none of these persons , but hee aboundeth , and is repleat with much fleagme , and flegmatick excrements , which maketh them lumpish and sleepie , forgetfull , slow of bodie and minde , and pale coloured , except sometimes at the comming of their especiall friends they bee heated with wine or good tabacco , and therby haue dumps driuen out of their minds : for by this meanes their colour is made fresher , and all drowsinesse banished and chased out of their minds . as the time of the yeare and different complexions ; so likewise the custom and frequent vse of tabacco is to be regarded . some haue reported , that it little auaileth , and that it profiteth a hot complexion nothing at all : but experience ( the mistresse of wisdome ) hath not shewed it to be iniurious to either . for if a man haue been often inured to the taking of it , it can doe no such great harme , as it doth in a man that taketh it seldome ; for , consueta mala minùs sunt infensa : accustomed euils are the lesse hurtfull or offensiue : and custome is another nature ; and we ought , as hyppocrates saith , to haue no lesse regard vnto it , than to our owne proper and engraffed temperament . gaudent naturae consuetis semper . and againe , consuetudo plurimum potest , repentináque ab ea digressio non parùm oblaedit corpora . com. . in prognost . cap. . consuetum quod est , bonum est , vel saltem minùs nocet ijs , quae naturâ quidem innoxiâ sunt , sed nunquàm in consuetudinē peruenerunt . for , as the same galen in another place saith of meats , we may likewise say of medicines : ciborum vim & naturam ab experientia quisque sua magis quàm à ratione dijudicet , com. . de v. r. in c. . and againe , ventriculus amplexatur ea & longè faciliùs concoquit , quaecunque cum voluptate assumit , auersatur autem ea quae displicent : vnde nauseae , flatus & fluctuationes subsequuntur . com. in aph. . lib. . for wee finde by experience , that if a man in time of health haue acustomed himselfe to the continuall drinking of cold water , and hath felt no offence nether in his liuer , bladder , stomach , nor any other part , it is manifest that he findeth ease and reliefe by that which another not acquainted withall possibly cannot : yea , physicians which proceede by reason and experience doe confesse , that there is a great force and vertue in custome , liuely shewing the nature of euery particular body , which , as i said euen now , hippocrates himselfe expresly auerreth , writing that a moist diet is best fitting for those persons that haue any feuer ; adding yet further , especially ( saith he ) to children , & such as haue been long vsed and acquainted themselues by custom to such a diet : and consequently we must yeeld somewhat to custome ; for he saith , that bad meats and drinkes being accustomably taken , are farre safer than others , if a man should sodainely alter old custom , and take others farre holesomer . for if one dine , which hath not vsed himselfe to it , hee is by & by made weaker , heauy , dul , lumpish , lazie , & sickish : and if besides this he take his supper , hee shall soone feele windinesse , sowre belchings , and loosenesse of the belly ; for the stomacke being repleat and ouercharged with such an vnusuall burthen , which before was wont to bee drie and emptie , now swelleth , distendeth , and with paine stretcheth it selfe out . so yet againe there be some laboring men , which hauing stomacks like estriches will disgest yron , and fall to their victuals thrice in a day without any bones at all : for , ieiunus stomachus rarò vulgaria temnit . hungry dogges will eat thirtie puddings , as the irish man said . there be others found , which will make a good large dinner , but take no suppers at all , ( and contrariwise ) so that if contrarie to custome they doe suppe , they shall finde themselues to be troubled with heauinesse in the belly , so that they cannot sleep without much tumbling and tossing . so then my conclusion is , that if one haue but accustomed himselfe to take tabacco , hee must not sodainely leaue it , but by degrees . so that it is no maruell , if any not acquainted with taking the fume of this hearbe , if it cause a vertiginie or giddinesse in the braine , epilepticall accessions , inclinations to fainting and sounding , head-ach , dimnesse of sight , and other different effects , as i haue often seene . we may say the like of wine , ale , beere , and the like , to which diuers men are not inured but by long custome . how great the force & power of this cruell tyrant custome is , that creepeth in by little & little , insinuating and cōueighing himself slily into our natures , so that at length he will be so malepart , as to vendicate the whole rule and gouernment of our bodies , prescribing and limiting new lawes , euen such as it selfe pleaseth , and abrogating olde ancient orders , constitutions , and fashions , theophrastus in his . booke de histor. plantar . cap. . plainly sheweth by the example of one thrasias , who durst venture to eat whole handfuls of helleborus albus : and of eudemus chius , who sitting one day in the open mercate , tooke two and twentie potions of the same helleborus , and after that went to supper , and dispatcht his other ordinarie affaires & busines , without any vomiting or perturbation of stomacke or bodie . hee had by degrees accustomed his bodie to it , by first taking a little at once , & afterwards he encreased the quantitie by little and little , vntill at length he durst take so much thereof as was incredible , and neuer felt hurt . sit hence therefore that neither reason nor philosophie can bridle or ouer-rule the power and force of custome , it is no maruell though mans bodie be ouer-mastred therwith : which in my conceit ought to be a good lesson to many physicians , to regard and marke well the proper constitution and state of euerie mans bodie , & to what he hath bin most inclined or accustomed , being withall very diligent and carefull to administer nothing rashly , and at aduenture ( as many blinde medicine-giuers and receitmen doe ) neither yet any desperate or vnknowne thing vnto any ; for such , are no better than murtherers before god , if their patients prooue not well vnder them . neither let couetousnesse ouer-rule them , as those physicians and surgeons that dally with mens bodies to get much money : but let euery one account it his dutie to doe good to all . and in so doing , they shall finde god their phisician , not onely of their bodies , but of their soules : whereas otherwise the saying of our nation may be applied fitly vnto them , physicians cure your selues . the leaues of tabacco at this day bee onely in vse ( although for want of them , some doe make vse of the seeds ) and because they would haue them in a readinesse , they thrust them thorow with a needle and thread , and so haue them to drie in the shadow : and afterwards at their pleasure , vse them either whole , or being brought into powder . because of his heat and drinesse , it must needs make hot , resolue , mundifie , & a little adstringe , as one may easily iudge by his vertues that hereafter follow . the drie leaues of tabacco are good to be vsed , taken in a pipe set on fire , and suckt into the stomacke , and thrust forth againe at the nostrels against the paines of the head , rheumes , aches in any part of the body , whencesoeuer the originall doth proceede , whether from france , italie , spaine , naples , india ( being all pockie hot countreys ) or from our familiar and best knowne diseases . those leaues doe palliate and ease for a time , but neuer performe any cure absolutely : for although they emptie the bodies of humours , yet the cause of the griefe cannot be so taken away . but some haue learned this principle , that repletion requireth euacuation , that is , fulnesse craueth emptinesse , and by euacuation assure themselues of health : but this doth not take away so much with it this day , but the next bringeth with it more ; as for example , a well doth neuer yeeld such store of water , as when it is most drawne and emptied . my selfe speake by proofe , who haue cured of that infectious disease a great many , diuers of which had couered or kept vnder the sicknesse by the helpe of tabacco as they thought ; yet in the end haue been constrained , to haue vnto such a hard knot a crabbed wedge , or else had vtterly perished . fleagme in mans bodie , as it is diuers ; so diuersly it must be altered : for being by nature cold and moist , it easily is conuerted into thicknesse , or hard & tough sliminess , and in regard of his tenacious qualitie , it is verie difficult to be remooued : for it doth not very easily giue place , either to the vertue expulsiue , or yeeld to an attractiue medicine . and to cause it to be pliable and yeelding , there be fiue things required ; namely , heat , siccitie , attenuation , abstersion , and cutting or diuiding , which wee call incision : all which properties tabacco is furnished withall , and adiudged fit to be vsed in all tough and viscous humours wherewith the bodie is ouer-charged . mercurius britannicus in his third booke de terra australi antehac semper incognita , in the description of a certaine countrey , tearmed morouia ( where none but fooles dwell ) i suppose that it lyeth nere portugall , for that countrey is reported to abound with fooles , as england is said to sauour of vanitie ; he wondered ( i say ) at one thing and mused aboue the rest , and that not without iust cause , that many of the inhabitants there do liue neither vpon bread nor meat , as other nations for the most part doe , but only on the smoke of a certaine vnholesome hearbe , which they taking at their mouthes , forthwith againe thrust forth at their nostrels , seeming as it were , so many smoakie chimneys . many men stand in doubt , neither can it be fully resolued whether the cockscombly morouians learned this fashion frō the poor naked indians , or the indians from them . there be some hold opinion , that certain indians dwelling neere vnto torrida zona , were the first inuentors and finders out of this smokie medicine , that inwardly also they might turne blacke : for you must imagine , that their morian-black huc pleased them wondrous well , and they iudged it no reason that the inward parts should any whit differ or varie from the outward . howsoeuer it be , this is certaine , that when their noses are filled , their purses many times are emptied , and the patrimonies of many noble young gentlemen , haue been quite exhausted , and haue vanished cleane away with this smoaky vapour , and hath most shamefully and beastly flyen out at the masters nose . but yet this may seeme verie strange , yea as strange as the rich mans kitchen in cheap-side , which had no fire in it for sixteene yeeres together , that whilest these lustie yonkers and tabacconists eleuate their noses on high , snuffing vp the fume verie gallantly , that their kitchens in the meane space haue beene key-colde . they that choppe away their patrimonies for the vanishing smoake of tabacco , are scarse so wise as glaucus , who was so madde headed , as that hee would needs change and giue away his armour of gold , which was prised to be worth one hundred oxen , with the yron armour of diomedes , that was scarse worth nine oxen. the famous poet homer maketh mention of this bartering in the sixth of his iliades , in these words ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . id est , aurea areis , centenaria nouenarijs : or as alciatus hath translated it , lib. . praetermiss . proqúenouem centum , preferro tradidit aurum . he gaue away one hundred for nine , and gold for yron . some vse to drink tabacco ( as it is tearmed ) for wantonnes , or rather custom , & cannot forbeare it , no , not in the midst of their dinner or supper : which kind of taking is vnholsome , & very dangerous , if not slouenly ; although to take it seldom , and that physically may do some good , and is to be tolerated . othersome there bee that spend whole daies , moneths , times and yeares ( for the most part ) in tabacco-taking , not sparing to take it euen in their bed , seeking by all meanes possible to hinder and peruert the course of nature , and naturall order : which thing is both a great misspending of precious time , and a great empairer of bodily health , accelerating by these disorders their owne deaths , before either nature vrge , maladie enforce , or age require it . wherefore wee ought euer to remember that golden aphorisme of reuerend hippocrates ; non satietas , non fames , non aliud quidquam bonum est , quod modum excedit . and againe , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hoc est : adeoque in vniuersum nimium , naturae bellum indixit . a man may haue too much of his mothers blessing . it was death for any magistrate , or any one placed in high authority and office amongst the people of locris , to drinke any wine ; vnlesse for healths sake , the physitian had prescribed to the contrarie : so i could wish the like lawe to our huff-snuffe tabacconists , that misspend the flowre of their youth in this smoaking vanitie . thus you see that tabacco is a fantasticall attracter , and glutton-feeder of the appetite , rather taken of many for wantonnesse , when they haue nothing else to doe , than of any absolute or necessarie vse , which is much to bee discommended : but i commend the syrupe aboue this fume or smoakie medicine . surely , if wee did obserue time , and the golden meane ( so much spoken of ) tabacco it selfe is no more to be disliked or reiected , thā boleti escalenti , because the emperor claudius caesar died with eating of them ; whereof both plinie in his two and twentie booke , chap. . cornelius tacitus in his twelfth booke , suetonius tranqaillus in claudio . cap. . and dio in his . booke make large mention . the storie is this : there was in times past , as there is now adaies , a kinde of fungus esculentus , a kinde of mushrom , which was thought to be a dish fit for princes in regard of their delicate taste and holesomnesse , yet at length it grewe infamous , because agrippina the empresse poysoned claudius caesar her husband with them , either hee surfeiting through his greedie eating , as king iohn did with eating of lampries , as some of our histories report , ( for both these princes took a singular delight in either of these meats ) but some say , the king died with peares ; some , with plums ; but most hold that he was poysoned by the hands of a pole-shorne monk of swinsted abbey in lincolneshire : the like is supposed , that the wicked woman added a little poyson to these mushroms , because she would be rid of her husband the emperour , to the intent to settle the gouernment , and to set the crowne vpon her owne sonnes head nero , who indeed succeeded claudius in the romane empire . hence proceeded those quips and taunts of iuuenalis the famous poet , who liued in those daies , against these kindes of mushroms , called of the , ancients , boleti : in his first satyre . vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis , boletus domino : sed qualem claudius edit ante illum vxoris , post quem nil amplius edit . and in the sixt satyre : — minus ergo nocens erit agrippinae boletus : siquidem vnius praecordia pressit ille senis , tremulumqúe caput descendere iussit in coelum . — hence also proceeded that bitter taunt of wicked nero his successour , tearming boletus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , hoc est deorum cibum , the meat of the gods ; because claudius caesar died with eating of them , and the superstitious gentilisme imagined that their caesars or emperours after their deathes were translated into the number of the gods. from hence likewise it was , that martialis vttered this imprecation : boletum , qualem claudius edit , edas . and this common versicle is not yet quite forgotten : boleti lethi caussa fuêre mei . but it is a thing not so much to bee wondred at , that poysons haue been foisted amongst mushroms , and mixed also with other meats ; for wee read in histories , that they haue been giuen in sacrifices . for victor the third bishop of rome was killed with poyson that was conueighed into the chalice , whereof hee dranke when masse was celebrated , not without the scoffes and mockerie of his enemies , who said , it was a verie diuine draught that sent victor in such post haste without much adoe to the ioyes euerlasting . in this point therfore , i would frame vnto our tabacconists this hortatorie admonition , that they keepe a moderation in receiuing the fume thereof , and that likewise they take it not , in case it be infected with som poysonous qualitie , as it many times is , lest this epitaph be inscribed on their graues : here lieth he had liued longer , if he had not choakt himselfe with a tabacco whif . tabacco of all men is concluded to be a verie holsome medicine , for rheumes , paines of the head , &c. and yet in the vse of tabacco , and such hot medicines there must be a great discretion that all be done in due season , and rationally : for if so bee , that one vse hot medicines verie much , and a long time in passions of the braine , hee shall doe more hurt than good , inducing a neshnesse , softnesse , or flagginesse of the muscles and fleshie parts ; their fibres being relaxed , the proper nutriment of the muscles being dissipated and exhausted , and another excrementitious and waterish humour comming in place , that is nothing apt to nourish , so that many times weaknesse of the sinewes doe proceede from these causes : for the strength of the sinewes consisteth in a mediocritie of siccitie . furthermore it bringeth an astonishment , benumming or senselesnesse of the braine , causing as it were a resolution both of sense , motion , and of all the actions of the braine , besides fluxes of bloud at the nose , the veines being loosened , faintings or swounings by a dissipation and wasting of the spirits , and resoluing of the membranes . the priests and enchanters of the hot countreys , doe take the fume thereof till they be drunken , that after they haue lien for dead three or foure houres , they may tell the people what wonders , visions , or illusions they haue seene , and so giue them a propheticall direction , or foretelling of the successe of their businesse : but the diuell is a liar , and the father of that facultie , his end is horrour , his meane abuse , and his intent mischiefe . the weight of foure ounces of the iuyce of tobacco being drunke , purgeth both vpwards and downewards , and procureth after a long and sound sleep , as i haue learned of a friend by obseruation , affirming that a strong countrey-man of a middle age , hauing a dropsie , tooke of it , and being wakened out of his sleepe , called for meat and drinke , and after that became perfectly whole . here , since we haue begun to speake of purging , i think it not besides the way , and our businesse in hand , if i tell you that which most concerneth purgatiue medicines . first therefore it must bee certainely knowne , whether those bodies that are to be purged bee first rightly prepared , or not . there must therefore regard be had , if you will haue them rightly purged , you must first giue them some gentle preparatiue . and for this purpose it is required , that the bodie abound not with crude & indigested humours ; that the liuer , spleene , lungs , and other noble inward parts haue no inflammation , and the like ; as when the veine is exceeding hot burning and red , and the patient haue a strong feuer : for in these and the like cases , purging medicines must not rashly be giuē . so that there are three things necessarily to be obserued in euery right purgation of the bodie : the freenesse and libertie of the passages , preparation of the matter offending , & the power and strength of nature . nicolaus monardus saith , that the leaues of tabacco , being made hot , are a present remedie for the paine of the head , for an inueterate head-ache , and for the paine of the head called the megrim , that hath beene of long continuance , if so be the paine proceede of any cold , windie or waterish humours : and they must be often applied and layed to , vntill the griefe be cleane gone . before the application of this kinde of remedie , some vse to anoint the head with oile made of the flowers of oranges : & not hauing that , i think , oleum costinū , irinum , oleū euphorbij , oleum anethi , and chamaemelinum , or some chymicall oile of thyme , or fennell seede , or calamint were not amisse . it ought to be taken physically ( not foolishly ) in a pipe , for the same purpose once in a day at the most , and that in the morning fasting , against paines of the head , stomack , and griefes in the breast and lungs : against catarrhes and rheumes , and such as are troubled with coldes , murres , the pose , and hoarsnesse . the same hearbe and fume , is prooued to be singular good against the tooth-ache : for it doth not onely cease the paines of the teeth , which proceed of any cold cause , the tooth being first cleansed and scoured with some linnen cloth , dipped in the iuyce of this herb , and a pill made of the leafe being put into the tooth , but also hindreth and restraineth corruption and rottennesse of the same from any further increase . and this standeth with good reason : for if the paine either of the head or teeth proceed of colde , and this hearbe being of a hot and drying qualitie , must needs make against it , prouoking , stirring , and moouing thereby the expulsiue facultie , or melting the humour contained and bred in the braine ; or else drawing to it especially from the former ventricles of the braine into that part , which by reason of the vse , is called infundibulum ( which is nothing but a deepe cauitie in the forepart of the third ventricle of the braine , which at length goeth aboue the seat of sphenoides : ) we may not vnfitly tearme it , the braine tonnell , for from thence the humours fall into the mouth , and by that meanes are purged , and voided away . i my self know a man yet liuing in northhāptonshire , being verie much and a long time vexed with paine and coldnesse , especially in the hinder part of his head , who hauing tried the skill and medicines of many physicians , and nothing at all preuailing , he was at length counselled to take tabacco in fume ; which hee yeelding vnto , after a while all the paine vanished away . and this standeth with good reason : for the tabacco looseneth the fleagme , and those pituitous humours that are bred in the head and breast , drying and coroborating the braine verie notably . and if this man had taken tabaco , with vngula caballina , iris , thus or sulphur in fumigation , nothing could haue been deuised more excellent . for confirmation of this , iohn heurnius in the first booke of his method , ad praxin , telleth a storie of himselfe , how plentifuly it draweth slimie and pituitous humours from the mouth and nostrels , by taking the fume in a narrow pipe : for ( saith he ) it searcheth euerie corner of the braine , and is caried into the eares : and i dare boldly auouch , that this hearbe is specially and peculiarly appropried to the braine , being by a most easie passage caried thither , washing , purging , and clearing the braine from all corruption and filthinesse : for about a yere since being much pained with the tooth-ache , i boyled this hearb in water , adding to it some chamomile floures , and holding a spoonful of this warm decoction in my mouth , i did presently spit it forth , and so doing certaine times together , about two houres after , the paine somewhat abated . the next day following , when ( as my maner was ) i went to a garden i had in the suburbs , and there bending downe my head to pull vp some grasse or weedes , there dropped , and flowed downe in great quantitie from my nose a great deale of moisture , as yellow as saffron , or a kites foot , hauing the verie sent of tabacco , and forth-with all the paine of my teeth ceased . in all my life , i cannot call to remembrance , that either bloud , or any other superfluous humour , besides flegmaticke and waterish superfluities , euer came out at my nostrels ; but neuer in all my life did i see any thing more yealow , then this moist humour was that issued from me at that time . so this being granted , i can see no reason , but that one may safely vse this as a suffitus , or a holsome hot perfume , as well as we doe myrrhe , masticke , pitch , styrax , frankensence , turpentine , castoreum , ladanum , the gum of iuniper , cloues , and the like being cast vpon the coles , and vsed for the griefes abouesaid . but peraduenture some will obiect and say , that tabacco is of an ingrate & vnpleasant sent , so that many therby are brought to fainting or swouning , euen by the smell thereof . to whom i answere , that it is true : and yet notwithstanding , i thinke a calfe with one eie may easily see , that some of these forerecited medicines haue a farre more noysome , i may say loathsome smell , than this gentleman tabacco hath . the iudgement concerning sweet sents in diuers men , is diuers ; nothing almost being common one with another : so that quot capita , tot sensus , looke how many sundrie different visages and faces , so many discrepant iudgments , concerning the excellencie of this or that odour . for with one , the sent of cinamon is more fragrant than that of muske . with another , cloues seeme to surpasse them both . to another , a rose is held more odoriserous than any of them all . so that concerning the diuersitie of sweet smels and sauours , you shall euer haue diuersitie of iudgements : so that when all the cards are cast vp , this must be the full decision , and finall determination , that those things must be chosen , which be most familiar to euery mans nature , whether meats or medicines , and those to be refused that be contrarie . galen the prince of physitians , in his method of curing , doth affirme , that there be certaine medicaments , which by the proprietie of their nature & vertues , do more properly respect one part thā another : as for example , agrimony , hepatica nobilis , absinthiū , and all kinds of endiue or succorie , direct their vertues more specially to the liuer , then to any other part or particle of the bodie . glans vnguentaria , germander , capers , scolopendriū , & ceterach called milt waste for his effects , tamariske , cortex salicis , dancus , scordiū , calamint , asarabacca , & som others respect the spleen peculiarly . saxifrage , betonie , calcifraga anglorum , otherwise called perchepier , polygonū selinoides , the roots of smallach , of dancus , fennell , berries of iuniper , and the seeds of melones , the reines , and vreters . the fit and proper medicines for the breast and lungs , are , the roots of fennell , of horehound , hastula regia , scabious , reisins of the sunne , figges , hyssop , thyme , oke of ierusalem , licorice , barley , and fussilage , called of some blinde physicians farfara . mints , cynamon , wormewood and galangall , are excellent for the stomacke . for the heart , saffron , bugloss , borage , balme , roses , basill , saunders , pearle , the bezoar stone , and gold it selfe : for as old chaucer the english poet saith of one of his pilgrims a physician , that trauailed among the rest to saint thomas of canturburie , and that verie truly ; for gold in physicke is a cordiall : wherefore he loued golde in speciall . penirial , mugwort , sauin , calamint , peony , mirrh , saffrō , borax , are medicines fit for some womens griefes . celandine & eic-bright respect the eies . the sea onyō , chamepithis psillium , and hermodactils , direct their vertue chiefly to the ioynts . staechas , laurus , rosemarie , the male pionie , misseitoe of the oke , galangall , castoreum , betonie , margerome , sage , and our tabacco , doe especially respect the braine . wee must also know that there bee some medicines which of their owne proper nature are offensiue to some particular parts , either by some manifest qualitie that is in them , or by some hidden propertie . for the often vse of thus , mel anacardinum , and the hearbe called balme ( wherewith bees are so much delighted ) doe offend the braine , perturbing the rationall facultie . vineger is hurtfull to the lungs and vterus . fat things offend and subuert the stomacke , causing a loathing or detestation of meats and drinkes . sweet meats and fruits cause tumors and swellings in the liuer and spleene . colewort , parsley , and hempe-seede hurt the eyes . teuksburie mustard , and all sharpe things will haue a man verie soone by the nose : the virginians , and other people of america , cannot endure it , for if the eat any mustard with fish or flesh , they will make many a sowre face at it . quicksiluer , as it is thought , is a great enemie to the braine of man , but more properly to the eares . the often eating of leeks , will corrupt the teeth , & lytharge hurteth the tong . the fume of harts or goates horne being burnt , causeth a conuulsion to any that is troubled with the falling sicknesse : and the same is reported for a truth , if any epilepticall person be wrapped in a goate or deeres skinne , and some say that the fume of sulphur worketh the same effect . neither is it to be pretermitted , that there be some medicines , which being externally applied , doe bring both speedie , and certaine helpe and health , which being taken into the bodie , doe much hurt , and endanger the life . for example sake , the vse of verdigrease , aes vstum squama aeris , cadmia , pompholyx , litharge , ceruse , & the like all these are vsed with good successe to outward vlcers & sores : which notwithstanding must not be taken inwardly , for any vlcer within the bodie , but in stead of them , hyposistis , the flowers and ryndes of pomgranates , balaustians , galles , terra lemnia , sumach , the iuyce of roses , acacia , and the like , which are of great vertue for the curation of inward vlcers , neuer offending the stomacke , liuer , or any other of the inward parts . it would be too long to set down all things that might here in this place be inserted : and although my ciesight be not so good as linxius , who from the promontorie of lillibey in sicilia , did discerne and see the ships in the port of carthage ; yet i am sure , by that which i haue introduced , one may plainly see , that a true physitian ought to haue the facultie and naturall knowledge of euery thing concerning diseases , or wounds in the bodie or minde of man. for the remedying of all which , there are two things requirable ; namely , the simple knowledge of euerie liuing and inanimate thing , whether of minerals , vegetables , sensible animals or of man , and the experience how each of these in seuerall countreys , and bodies haue their certaine operations . and seeing without doubt , god hath planted in the worlde meanes ( either of simples or of compounds ) to remedie any sicknesse , or cure any wound , although the knowledge or meanes doe not alwaies sort to ones desire , yet is not the true meanes to be neglected . and though god haue fitted euerie climate and countrey with good meanes , to relieue the ordinarie diseases and grieuances of men : yet we see for want of knowledge in physitians , either how to vse the simples of their owne countries , or how to compound them aright , according to the dose of euery bodie naturall , they are enforced to search into other countries for ayde . for , though we haue , as other countries , manie singular thinges to remedie the decay or disquiets of nature ; yet seeing the simples of other countries , for some particular bodies and griefes , are more naturall then many compoundes of our owne , and the skill is lesse to applie them , why should not necessitie make physitians trauell for knowledge , as the olde wife for neede . we see the artificiall bezoar-stone to be lesse profitable for some bodies , then the naturall . the fayned sanguinis draconis , then the right which is brought from africa : and our owne tabacco in england or europe , then that which naturallie groweth in america ; for the difference of climates and soyles alter much the natures of euery thing . and so of such like adulterate resemblances , which necessitie and mens gaines haue laboured and arted . but lest i should seeme to wander too farre in the wildernesse of nature , i will now returne to tabacco againe . the suffumigation of tabacco being taken , is a good medicine for the starknesse or stiffnesse of the neck , called tetanus , and for any paines or aches in the bodie , proceeding of the cause that tetanus doth . the iuyce or distilled water , is very good against catarrhes , the dizzinesse of the head , and rheumes that fall downe to the eyes , for stuffing in the head or nose by meanes of colde , against the paine called the meagrim , if either you apply it vnder the temples , or take one or two greene leaues , or a drie leafe moistened in wine , and dried cunningly vpon the embers , and laid thereto . sternutatories , especially those which are made of tabacco , being drawne vp into the nostrels , cause sneesing , consuming and spending away grosse and slimie humors from the ventricles of the braine . these kind of remedies must needs doe good where the brain is repleat with many vapours , for those that haue a lethargy or vertiginy , in all long geiefes , paines and aches of the head , in continuall senselesses , or benumming of the braine , and for a hicket that proceedeth of repletion . rec. piperis , zinziberis , ana ℈ i. pyrethri , foliorum siccorum tabaci , ℈ ij . trita naribus inspirentur ante cibum . another sternutamentorie . rec. foliorum siccorum tabaci , ℈ ijs . zingiberis , pyrethri , ana ℈ iss . radicum hellebori albi , grana . puluerisata commisceantur , & fiat sternutamentorium . ex fistula naribus parùm infletur . those sternutatories which are very forcible , vehement & strong , as euphorbiū , helleborus albus , & the like to these , must not be blown vp into the head , but rather put into a boxe , the same being a little shaken , & so holding it to the nose , to draw vp a little at once . but tabacco is not so violent , and therefore may in my iudgement bee safely put in practise . besides , sternutaments are not so fitting , where the braine or head , the breast and lungs , doe abound with verie crude or raw humours and superfluities ; by reason that they doe mooue , trouble , and shake those parts too much , and too vehemently , which ought rather to be moderately comforted , warmed , and suffred to bee let alone quietly , that those crude iuyces might the sooner come to better digestion , and then afterwards to be spent and carried away . for otherwise the braine and chest with this preposterous proceeding will be the more stufsed and ouer-charged . but when the humours there setled , are come to some concoction , then sneesing medicines are taken with good successe , and doe preuaile very much . it is therefore euer the safer course , rather to vse simples then cōpounded medicines , because of their exceeding force and violence . to end in a word , sneesing , as cornelius celsus ( our latine hippocrates saith ) in diseases of the lungs is verie dangerous . thus then you plainely see , that all medicines , and especially tobacco , being rightly and rationally vsed , is a noble medicine ; & contrariwise not in his due time with other circumstances considered , it doth no more than a noblemans shooe doth in healing the gout in the foot , or a precious ring a crampe in the finger , nor a diademe the paine in the head , or as lucretius the poet saith ; nec calidae citiùs decedunt corpore febres , textilibus si in picturis ostróque rubenti iacteris , quàm si plebeia in veste cubandum est . feuers no sooner from thy bodie flie , if thou on arras or red scarlet lie tossing , then if thou rest on couerlets home drest . tabacco cleareth the eie-sight , and taketh away the webbes and spots thereof , being anointed with the iuyce bloud-warme . the oyle or iuyce dropped into the eares , and the fume likewise receiued into the eares , is good against deafnesse : a cloth dipped in the same , and laide vpon the face , taketh away the lentils , rednesse and spots thereof . an errhine or nasale for stuffing in the nose , and for defect of smelling . rec. piperis . pyrethri , tabaci ana ʒi . olei naturalus balsami q. sufficit ad incorporandū . cum melle q. s. fiat nasale . another errhine . rec. succi tabaci , ℥ i. olei amygdalarum amararum ʒi . masticis subtiliter pulverisatae ℈ i. misce . trahatur naso dum ore reddatur . this that followeth is good for an old pain in the head , and sharpeneth the eye-sight . rec. succi tabaci vel sanae sanctae indorum , cicla , betonicae , ana ℥ i. bulliant cum vini albi ℥ ij . oxym . scillitic . ℥ ss . fiat errhinum . another . rec. sinapi . gr . . pul : fol. sicc . tabaci . piperis albi , ana ℈ ss . ladani , cerae , ana ʒiss . misce . fiat nasale , pyramidis vel tent . forma . when wee are to vse strong errhines or nasales , the mouth must be full of water . if after the taking of these kindes of medicines , the nostrels do smart or suffer much paine , then may it bee taken away or diminished , either with womans milke , oyle of violets , or vnguentum rosatum . they that haue sore eyes , must not deale with them , nor yet they that either haue , or are subiect to vlcerations in the nose , or such persons who suffer much head-ache caused by the french pockes : for if they bee too busie with them , their noses perhaps may in the meane space be in danger of falling downe flat . neither must these errhines , or nasales be compounded of any venomous matter : for so there may growe vlcers , and filthie sores in that part . lastly , when you take them , there must care be had that the nose bee not filled too full ; least that respiration , and drawing in of the breath , bee thereby letted or hindred : nor yet to bee vsed ( especially in deafnesse or dulnesse of hearing ) but when the bodie aforehand sufficiently is prepared and purged , as alexander trallianus the learned physician saith . the leaues of this hearb being decocted in water , are good against the paines of the breast , an olde cough , asthma ( the nature of which disease is to stoppe the passage of the winde and make vs breath vneasily ) and the griefes which arise of colde and waterish humors . in like manner an celegma , linctus , or lohoch , made of the decoction of the hearbe is excellent good against the same griefes . sometimes the fume cureth those that be asthmatike , but then it is necessatie that the bodie first be cleansed , if occasion so require . a sirupe made of the decoction of this hearbe with sufficient sugar , and so taken in very small quantitie , dischargeth the breast from rotten and phlegmaticke matter . but heere in these cases we must prouide carefully aforehand , and well see to it , and beware that we vse not these suffumigations and smoaking perfumes of tabacco , where there is any spitting of bloud ; for the small veines thorough the acrimonie of suffimentes are opened : neither yet are they to be vsed in drie diseases of the breast : and when they are to be most vsed , the whole body ought first to be purged . now for my owne conceite , i haue proued that tabacco being taken with styrax , calamita , and the powder of tussilago or coltes foote , helpeth these fore-remembred griefes . and to this , besides mine owne experience , you shall haue the testimonie and attestation of mathias de lobel and of peter penor , two learned men , in their herball entituled , stirpium aduersaria noua , expressly affirming that there is not a more effectuall or speedie remedie against the consumption of the lungs , and such as be asthmaticall , and such griefes also as proceede from plentie of tough and viscous humours . and and thus would i prescribe it : rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum . styracis . sandarachae . terebinthinae . mastiches . ana partes aequales . this medicine being rightly vsed , will deserue due commendation , in regard it helpeth those which are short winded , or haue any slimie and flegmaticke humours growne to matter or suppuration . it also doth much good to pleuriticall persons , and likewise for the cough . for a verie moist breast , the leaues of tabacco applied , are prooued to bee singular , without any other thing added to them . for those medicinall meanes that doe adstringe , or be of a verie drying qualitie , are not rashly to be layed vpon the breast . i knew my selfe a verie learned gentleman dwelling at buckworth in huntingtonshire who had long languished of an orthopnoea ; so that by reason of too many slimy and waterish humours which distilled downe from the braine into the chest , his lungs were so choaked , that hee could not breath , but by holding his necke vpright , insomuch that many times , especially in the night season , he was in danger to be suffocated : by meanes of which , and his extreame cough , together with an extenuation of the whole bodie , he was adiudged tabidus of most physicians that visited him , yea and to be almost past all hope of recoueric , and one of the physicians being first asked his opinion , concerning the sicke patient , cast out these words : virtus lassa cadit , soluuntur frigore membra , vitáque tartareas fugit indignata per vmbras . faint fals his courage , and his limbs doe faile for want of heat . his life disdaining , packes to hell , where pluto hath his seat . and because i being his familiar friend , and one that was best acquainted with his whole course , and order of physicke & diet , which was both rationally prescribed , and diligently taken and obserued , yet nothing taking effect that was administred , when al men thought he would haue died , he was at length counselled to take tabacco in fume : which he daily did , and onely by this way by little and little , he recouered his former health and strength of bodie . his friend before spoken being a doctor of physick , and he who had cast forth the two former verses , seeing the sodaine mutation , and wondring at the good successe , he thus againe pleasantly and conceitedly answered . mors aderat , cymbámque charon remósque parabat : asseruit medicina senem iam aetate trementem , restituitque nouas effoeto in corpore vires . in english thus : now death appeares , and charon ready stands to giue him passage with his boat and oares : but physicke frees the old man from his hands , and him afresh to life and strength restoares . they that haue seene the proofe hereof haue credibly reported that when the moores and indians haue fainted either for want of food or rest , this hath been a present remedie vnto them , to supply the one , and help the other . the vse of masticatories or apophlegmatisms , are much commended , and fitly practised against the affects and passions of the head , teeth , and wind-pipe : and specially they correct inueterate hurts and maladies , and such as be of long continuance , such as be dulnesse or dimnesse of the eye-sight , deafnesse , pustules of the face & head , & when the nostrels haue any vlceration in them , to auert and take away their fluxe of humours . and to effect this , these that follow are much commended , videlicet , hyssope , the rootes of iris , acorus , gentian , ginger , and galingall , but chiefly tabacco : i will set downe some form of these masticatories , that you may take your choyse where you please . rec. zingiberis , caryophillorum ana ℥ j. sanae sanctae indorum , piperis ana ʒss . staphisagriae ʒij . mastiches , ℥ j. fiant pastilli addita cera , vel ʒij . cortic . cappar . addduntur . another apophlegmatisme . rec. sanae sanctae indorum , mastiches , ana ℥ j. ex cera in pastillos avellanae magnitudinis formentur . an apophlegmatisme is also made of moist things , whē as the decoction of sharpe things is held in the mouth , as thus : rec. sanae sanctae indorum , thymi , origani , ana p. j. vuarum passarum , staphisagriae , ana ʒij . cubebarum , ʒiij . sinapi , ʒj . coquantur ex aqua . gargarismes also are much vsed for all passions of the mouth , and the almonds , for inflammations , and to deterge and cleanseslimy and flegmaticke humours , and for vlcers : and for these causes , tabacco must of necessitie bee commended , and put in the first ranke . a gargarisme to cleanse tough and viscous fleagme . rec. fol. tabaci , m. j. flo. steehados . flo. rorismarini , ana p. j. glycyrrhizae rasae , ℥ j. passularum , ficuum , ana paria decem . coquantur in aqua hordei integri . in colat . liss . dissolue mellis ros . col . ℥ iiij . misce. another gargarisme for putride , rotten , and filthie vlcers of the mouth . rec. foliorum tabaci , ligustri , rosarum rubrarum , rubi bati , rubi saxatilis , fragaria sterilis , ana q. v. coquantur omnia in vase sictili nouo ex aqua , & fiat gargarisma . another gargarisme for the almonds of the throat that are inflamed . rec. foliorum rubi idaei , foliorum tabaci , trifolij acetosi , ana q. s. coquantur in aq . q. s. ad tertias . iuricolato adde syr . aceto . simplicis , ℥ ss . syrupi myrtillorum , ℥ jss misce. . these gargarismes are of notable force and vertue to intercept , and stay the fluxion of humours into any part , to hinder inflammations , to cease paine , to cleanse , deterge , and bring to curation all vlcers , and soares in the mouth oriawes . a gentle gargarisme for these intentions . rec. sanae sanctae indorum , serpilli , ana m. ss . caricarum pinguium , ℥ ij . aquae q. sufficit . fiat coctio . rec. huius decocti , l. ss . oxymelitis simplicis , ℥ ij . misce. if you will haue it a little stronger , then mixe some spices with it , mustard-seede , and the like : or in stead of water , take the iuyce of sage , calamint , hyssope , or costmarie , with oxymel scilliticum . but here lest i should seem to be too prodigal in the praises of tabacco , i must ( by the way ) aduise you to be very warie & circumspect in the vsing of it in masticatories , and such medicines as be saliuā ducentia : and first that if you mix any other ingredient with it , you must be verie carefull that they bee all of a pleasing odour and smell , that they may be held in the mouth the longer time without any loathing detestation , or irksomnesse . and secondarily , wee must be verie precise in altogether abstaining from tabacco , in case there bee any vlcers of the mouth or throat , likewise in inflammations of the lungs , and in hot sharpe rheumes and catarrhes , that destill or drop downe right into the lungs : so that tabacco must not bee prescribed to any that is subiect , aptly disposed , or in danger to fall into any these fore-rehearsed griefes and passions , neither yet is it rightly vsed in vlcers of the lungs , least the humor through an euill custome might fall down thither ; but in this case , errhines for diuersion sake are fitter , which are a forme of medicines , ordained to purge the braine at the nose . and this i take to bee the chiefest , and most safe course to be obserued in the administration of this famous tabacco , for these griefes aboue repeated . if after the vsing of these masticatories , or any apophlegmatismes , any thing cleaueth to the roofe of the mouth or palate , it is to bee washed or rinsed with some warme water , or rather in some decoction of licorice and barley . there is also another thing especially to bee obserued , concerning masticatories and errhines , that they all ought to be of a hot and sharpe qualitie and nature , and besides that , of a pleasant taste and sent , because therby the spirits animall , may the better bee refreshed and comforted , and likewise that the expulsiue facultie may the more readily and liuely be stirred vp , and prouoked with such things as be of a sharpe and piercing operation and vertue , to fetch away that tough slime , or other thicke humours and grosse superflaities contained in the head . neither ought they to haue any malignitie , or euill qualitie in thē , such as be coloquintida , scammonie , & turpethū : for the membrane of the mouth is all one , & of the very selfe-same substance with the tunicle of the stomack ; the mouth therfore and the oesophagus being hurt , and offended , they doe easily communicate their dammages to the stomack . and hence it proceedeth , that such persons wil complain oftentimes that their meats which they haue receiued , do seem vnto them to bee both bitter , and of a stinking and vnsauourie taste . galen saith that we must altogether refraine from these errhines and masticatories , vnlesse necessitie vrge thereto . and doe you not thinke there is an extreame necessitie , when through an intollerable and vehement paine of the head , there is danger feared of an apoplexie , epilepsie , blindnesse , or the like ? will not a greater danger and hurt redound to the whole body by means of any of these , thē there will by offending the mouth with any distastful sent or ingrate odor ? wherfore i conclude , that euen of necesity , wee must sometimes bring them into vse . we must abstain from such things as be very ingrate & vnpleasant , as staphisacre , iuyce of tithimals , of the wilde cucumber , & tabacco , being to many the worst of thē al. so then when al the reckoning is cast vp , as galen in the seuenth of his method affirmeth , the properties , qualities , & natures of euery particular mans cōstitution & temperature , ought throughly to be considered & sifted . you shal find some men , that if they go about to dispatch any busines in the night , to which they haue not bin accustomed , they cannot by any means fal to any rest or sleep . some again there be , that if they tast of any thing that carieth but the bare name of a medicine , forth with they will so abhor & loath it , as they cannot chuse , but must needes disgorge themselues , reiecting al that is in the stomack : which thing ( saith he in the first book of alimēts ) is partly to be referred to custom & partly to be attributed to the proper & peculiar nature of euery mans tēperament . and he introduceth an exāple of arias the peripatetike , who being by nature of a thin & slēder body , & hauing the mouth of his stomack very cold , so that vpō euery litle occasion of cooling it , he would straight waies be taken with an hicket , & by means thereof , durst neuer be so hardy as to drinke or taste cold water , at length being taken with a feuer , & constrained of som physicians cōtrary to his custom to drink cold water , hee presently died . and yet with others again , we see it falleth not out so ; for vnles you boldly giue them to drink some colde liquor fit for them you shall very speedily bring their life into great danger : for hic satus ad pacem : hic cast rensibus vtilis armis . naturae sequitur semina quisque suae . for as i haue touched a little before , there are some men found , who can by no meanes brooke , or away with sugar , honie , oyle , or vineger , and the like , wherewith notwithstanding a great many doe feed full sauourly , and are thereby well nourished and refreshed . the selfe-same thing is to bee obserued in taking this or that medicament . i know some of such diuers and different natures , that they are more offended with cassia fistularis , than with rubarb or agarick . others again there be that can more easily away with diagredium , being corrected , then with rhubarbe ; at whose smell , yea , and many times , at the very naming of it , they are so disquieted and moued , as they are readie to cast vp all in their stomacks . in some persons a glister worketh very strangely , causing such a garboile , rumbling and rowling , that it many times ( ascending vpwards ) commeth out the wrong way , i meane at the mouth : and yet you shall haue the same persons nothing squeamish at the taking of any purge , though neuer so bitter or loathsome in taste . othersome cannot endure a suppositorie , which will easily admit a glister . we shall see some in other matters , and enterprises , to contend euen with the most valiant , that dare venture life and limbe , that cannot yet endure the letting of bloud ; and euen before the instrument touch them , their hearts will turne into liuers , and so fall downe in a swoune : whereas weaklings ; milke-sops , and spider-catchers , corner-creepers , and cowards in other matters , and meacockly women wil suffer and endure a verie large quantity of bloud to bee taken from them , without any shrinking , the least paine , trouble or disquiet that may be . by all which it is plaine and manifest , that the nature of euerie sick patient is to be wel considered , and the proper curation to be fitted to him ; and againe , because the proprietie of each mans nature and complexion is ineffable , and cannot aptly in words bee vttered , nor in any exact science bee comprehended or described , i pronounce and adiudge him to be the best physician of euery griefe , and sicknesse , which hath already acquired , and attained vnto such a certain way or method , by which he can both readily know and discern the temperaments , and natures of men one from another , and by a good and rationall coniecture , prescribe fit and conuenient remedies . for , to thinke that there is but one common and beaten hie way to cure all persons alike , as blocke-headed and dunsticall empiricks , and quacksaluers imagine , is meere madnesse . for why ? a common and generall man is not cured , but each one particularly : one hauing one distinct temperature , and another man being endued with another particular nature , and different constitution . so then to draw to an end of this discourse , because i haue been caried beyond my compasse futher than i thought , our chiefe studie and care must be , to know certainely of what temper euery mans bodie is . for medicines doe either retaine , lose , or alter their vertue and qualities according to the diuers natures of each seuerall constitution , to whom they are giuen . and this , besides our owne practise , may be further confirmed by hippocrates , l. . de morb. ac. where he flatly telleth vs , that melicratum in some persons is diuretike , with others diaphoretike , and with some againe it causeth purging . and so may wee say of our tabacco , that with some it is accounted and esteemed to be of an excellent sent ; but others againe cannot endure it . and thus i will stop my course a while in my full careere . the leaues of trinidada tabacco , being warmed vnder the embers , neuer shaking off the ashes , and applyed and laide often warme to the stomacke , doe much helpe the great shiuering , or exceeding shuddering coldnesse thereof , and windinesse in the same . some for the coldnesse and winde in the stomacke , vse to take the greene leaues , and bruise them in their hands ( prouided that first they bee a little anointed , or dipped in oyle ) and then make application to the stomacke . the leaues of tabacco being bruised , and put to steep in vineger , and applyed as an vnguent vpon the stomacke , are found by experience to bee very good against the obstructions of the stomacke and spleen : on which parts againe the leaues warmed , or a linnen cloth dipped in the warme iuyce thereof , must bee laide on : but in defect of the leaues , the powder of tabacco being made , and wrought vp with some common vnguent that is aperient or opening the obstructions of these parts is much commended , if so be that the obstructed and swelled parts be therewith a good while anointed . the women of america , commend this hearbe in all crudities , rawnesse , and ill digestion of the stomacke , especially in children , and such also as be of riper yeares : and they vse first to anoint the lower parts of the belly with cōmon oile , & then the leaues being rosted vnder the embers , to be applied to the same forepart of the stomack , and also to the back directly against the same . these leaues thus rosted and applyed , doe much soften , and gently purge the belly , prouided alwaies that you doe renew , and refresh them , so often as neede is . an vnguent for a colde stomacke . rec. oleorum , macis , menthae , absinthij , ana ʒij . galangae , garyophyllorum , ana ℈ j. corticumcitri , calami aromatici , ana ℈ j. sanae sanctae indorum , ʒss . cerae nouae quod sufficit . fiat vnguentum . you may to this vnguent adde a little muske if you please . but if windinesse and colde haue much preuailed and proclaimed open warre to the stomacke : then for surenes sake , after the application of the former vnguent , it will not be amisse to lay on it this or the like scutum . rec. sanae sanctae indorum , absinthij , maioranae siccae , ana ʒjss . caryophyllorum , ligni aloes , ana ʒj . seminum foeniculi , baccarum lauri , ana ʒijss . with a little cotton stitched , quilted or interbasted between two fine linnen clothes or silkes , with laces or strings tied or sowed to it , ( as will be fittest ) let it bee applyed to the region of the stomacke : or this sacculus to be thus prepared for the coldnesse , and windinesse in the stomacke and spleene . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , florum chamomillae , ana m. j. foliorum pulegij regalis , centaurij minoris , absinthij , ana ℈ iiij . seminum rutae , sem. erucae , nasturtij hortensis , barbareae , ana ʒjss . beat them all into grosse powder , and of these make a sacculus , as before applying it to the place affected . another sacculus which is good to resolue and mollifie , fit to be vsed in a drie and schyrrous spleene . rec. salis communis , seminis cumini parùm torrefacti , anam . ss . florum meliloti , m. j. fol. sanae sanctae indorum , m. j. ss . radicum ebuli , ℥ j. seminis thysselij , ʒ . v. misce. siccētur in tegula , & tenui include liuteo , fiat sacculus ad formā splenis , qui , vsus tempore , acerrimo aceto , in quo candentis molaris lapidis frustum extinctum sit , rigetur . of these make two bagges , to be applied to the spleene , one after another . in making of any sacculus to bee applyed to the stomacke , the powders must not exceede one ounce and a halfe ; for oftentimes ʒvj are sufficient . this plant then , as you heare , by the testimonie of m iohn gerard , carolus clusius , and other learned men , cureth winde , coldnesse , and stopping of the stomacke and spleene ; in regard that as all men by sound experience finde , it consumeth moist and waterish humours in all parts of the body , taking away , and cleansing the superfluous sliminesse , and such other like tough and congealed matter , which caused loathing of meat , and other oppilations : so that this hearbe rightly vsed ; must needes disperse winde , in regard of his hot qualitie , stirring vp an appetite , and desire to meat , by reason of that milde and gentle adstriction , and cleansing vertue it hath . so that he which is well acquainted with the noble qualities , and hath made true grounded experience , concerning the right vse of this plant , needs not be so sollicitous to run , and gad in all haste to the good towne , when his belly aketh or is griped , for a pinte of maluefie , a penie pot of sherie-sacke , hippocras , aqua vitae , rosa-solis , or doctor stephens water , to heat their mawes , when they are a little troubled with gripings in the bellie by meanes of winde : or yet to haue readie in their closets and studies , nutmegs , or ginger condite , diatrion pipereon , sugarcakes and jumbles , manus christi , aromaticum rosatum , and the like , much lesse to buy plaisters , or vnguents . and yet we must , as i haue praemonished , not bee too knack-hardy in the vse of it : but withall this prouiso must be caried in minde , that in the imbecillitie & weaknes of the stomacke , we doe euer commixe withall such things as doe strengthen the liuer , either because from thence the naturall spirits be diffused , scattered , or let run into the whole bodie , or at leastwise because it is the shop of bloud . and when by meanes of a verie hot liuer , a colde fluxe of humours annoyeth , wee must by all meanes possible refrigerate the liuer as the cause , and then the stomacke will so much the more easily returne into his owne temper and nature . so that in this case , tabacco is not so excellent as many suppose . lastly , in the application of hot remedies to the stomacke , moderate adstringents must be commixed . tabacco is giuen with good successe to such as are accustomed to swoune , and are troubled with the colicke and windinesse , against the dropsie , the wormes in children , the piles , & the sciatica or gowt in the hanch , or hip . some will thinke it strange , that it will cure panting and beating at the heart , and syncope stomachica , as i haue found by practise , that it hath remedied these griefes : and yet others i haue knowne , that found so little ease thereby , that euen by comming into the place , where the fume is receiued , they will bee ready to faint , and fall into a swoune , or vtter failing of strength . well then , for resolution hereof , we must moreouer consider , and adde to my former discourse , that by the particular nature of each singular indiuiduall vnder the species of man , is manifestly to bee discerned the incertainty of the accidents ; yea , and in some sort of the humane senses also : for who would not wonder , that demophon one of the squires that was caruer to alexander the great , how that contrarie to the nature of all other men , hee would grow hot and warm in the shadow , and would shake & quiuer for cold in the sun ? and andron the argiue would trauel thorowout the most dry , & barren sandy places of the desarts of lybia and afrike , without enduring of any thirstinesse . others there haue beene , who onely by seeing , yea , and by smelling of coleworts , onions or garlicke , haue fallen into a swoune , and some againe by the onely fume and smell of tabacco . and matthiolus that learned physician in his commentaries vpon dioscorides , doth assure vs , that he himselfe knew a man in whom this was natural . and albeit it be most certaine , that the hemlock be a most strong poison , and that the noble socrates was poysoned therewith in the citie of athens ; yot doth galen assure vs ( in the third booke - de simpl. med . fac . ) that there was an old woman in that same towne which did feed , & liue vpon the same hearbe . and i my selfe know many country-people that wil not stick to giue the posset-drink thereof without any curious respect of quantitie to any their friends that are vexed with hot or burning feuers . what flower is more pleasant and odoriferous , than the rose ? and yet auratus lusitanus telleth vs , how he knew a man , who by the onely sight of a rose , would fall into a swoune : and of this nature also , as i am credibly informed by men of no small reputation and grauitie , was the late lady henneage : yea , her skinne ( as some say ) would blister , if any part of her body had been lightly touched with a rose , either damaske , red , or white . some there be that doe not loue flesh , others cannot away with fish , and another whom i was well acquainted with , dwelling at ashdon in essex , could neuer abide the taste either of fish or flesh . some doe abhorre cheese ; and there bee some men , to whom fruit is so hatefull , that if they doe but see any to eat thereof , they will bee enforced to fall a vomiting . some againe haue an excellent quicke and sharpe sight in the night , and in the darke , as had tiberius caesar , and ieronimus cardanus , and they can see but very little and badly in the day . others bee that will swallow glasse , mettall , wooll , bricks , and other such like things , and ( which is almost incredible ) by the heat of their stomacke , will bee able to digest them . there be three things generally which do make meats , and nourishments , which of their owne nature are hurtfull , to be more pleasant , and lesse offensiue : that is to say , vse and custome , the pleasure and delight that one is possessed with , and a strong and firme stomacke : forgood and holesome meats , if the stomacke cannot away with them , doe subuert , and cause a loathing , and abhorring in it : and againe , if the stomacke bee verie weake , it easily refuseth and reiecteth meats of quicke and easie digestion . in like maner concerning odours and smels , with all men , nor yet with the most , the sauour of tabacco cannot be vnpleasant , nor produce such strange and fearefull effects . a cerote against wormes . rec. myrrhae , aloes , ana ʒj . pul. fol. sanae sanctae indorum , sem. abrotani , ana ℈ ss . cerae , resinae , an q. s. fiat ceratum . a liniment against the wormes in children . rec. succi foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , ʒiij . pulueris scordij , aloes , ana ℈ ij . olei communis , ℥ j. cerae parum . misce & fiat linimentum . now follow such other medicines as are made of tabacco , & first concerning the sciatica . for it is found by experience of the learned , that it mitigateth the pain of the gout , if the leaues be rosted in the hot embers , and applyed to the agrieued part . for paines likewise of the ioynts the tender leaues of tabbacco , or nicotiana , being bruised and applied to the place , vntill it beginne to looke red , are singular . in like sort a cataplasme performeth the same effect , and is more effectuall then the former , being thus made . rec. radicum althaeae , rad. liliorum , iridis , ana ℥ j. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m j. florum chamaemeli , meliloti , summitatum anethi , ana p. j. seminum lini , foenugraeci , ana ℥ ss . cymini , baccarum lauri , ana ʒiij . croci , ʒss . axungiae anserina . medullae vituli , bntyri , olei liliorum quantū sufficit . fiat cataplasma . this cataplasme is emollient , and softneth tumours , it digesteth and asswageth paine , and resolueth and discusseth winde . these cataplasmes are seldome administred but where the body is first purged . a fomentation that addeth strength to the weakned parts . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. j. foliorum rosmarini , staechados , chamaepiteos , hyssopi , nasturtij , ana m. ss . coquantur ex vino austero , & cum spongijs fiat fotus . for paine in the ioynts or hippe-bone , an excellent cataplasme . rec. lact is , l. j. micas duas panis albi . coquantur , et adde pulueris tabaci , m. ss . croci , ℈ j : vitellos duos ouorum , olei rosarum , olei chamaemeli , ana ʒvj . fiat cataplasma : et bis die applicetur calidè . a suffumigation to be taken when the ioynts are much loosened , or relaxed with too much moisture . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. ij . foliorum lauri , fol. saluiae , ana m. j. ss . hyssopi , betonicae . verbasci , ana m. j. coquantur ex vino : lapides igniti hoc conspergantur . manè & vesperi admittat hunc vaporem loco calido . after hee hath receiued the fume or vapour of these hearbes a good while , so soone as the patient is ready to come forth , let him straight waies goe to his warme bed , and take one dram of excellent treacle in hot posset-ale : so being couered very warme with clothes , let him sweat one houre , two or three after it , as his strength will endure . experience by some persons a fewe yeares since hath brought to light , that tabacco resisteth and breaketh the force of poysons , and especially that most dangerous venome , wherewith the cannibals doe anoint their darts , and arrowes : for before the vertue of this was knowne , they were wont to cast the powder of sublimatum on their wounds . now the spaniards knew well , that it would ouer-master and infringe the power of poyson , and that by these meanes : it fortuned that certaine cannibals sayled in their canowes to s. iohn de porto rico , of purpose to kill those indians and spaniards they found there , with their in uenomed shifts . so arriuing at the place appointed , they forthwith slew the indians , and some spaniards , wounding many other : and wanting sublimate to cure their wounds , a certain indian taught them to wring and presse out the iuyce of this tabacco , and to apply it to their wounds , and after they had done this , to take the leaues being braised , & so to lay vpō the wounded place : which being done , straight waies the paines abated , and all those symptomes , accidents , passions or effects which doe vsually accompany such inuenomed wounds , the poyson and venome thereof ( i say ) was by this ouercome and vtterly vanquished , and the wounds perfectly cured . so from that time forwards , men began to put in practise the leaues of this plant against strong & deadly poysons . and the catholicke king himselfe ( i speak as a romist ) hauing a desire to trie the vertues of this hearbe , caused a dog to be wounded in the throat , & with the poison that hunters vse , the place to be rubbed and anointed , and within a while after , good store of the iuyce of tabacco to be dropped into the sore , & the leaues also being beatē or bruised to be layed ouer , and bound close to the wounded place , and by this meanes the poore dogge escaped the danger , not without the amazement , and wondrous admiration of all that saw or knew it . in like maner , it being applied to venomous and pestilent carbuncles , botches , or sores , it bringeth a hard crust vpon the place , and so absolutely cureth them . and against the bitings or stingings of poysonous beasts , or any venomous liuing creature they are a present remedie . they affirme and holde for certaine moreouer , that a man in france ( hauing a sore vlcer orapostume , caused by the euill of naples or spaine , ( chuse which you will , all is but one , for the best of them is but hydra malorum , as auger ferner saith ) that wee in plaine good english call , the great pockes , or , the french something , by the applicatiof the leaues of this plant , was immediatly cured thereof . this is morbus contagiosus , though not pestilentialis : & i must confes , that i am somwhat backward in belieuing of this , and therfore i will leaue euery man to his owne liberty of beleeuing or refusing this . but for the former example , i dare boldly say : for besides a kings testimonie , you shall haue the attestation of sundry good merchants of this citie of london to confirme as much . and i can see no reason why , but that the decoction of our owne countrey tabacco should as well , and to as good successe be vsed in the plague , & other poisonous sicknesses , as tormentill , burnet , the wilde angelica , and that of the garden , dictamnus , marigolds , butter burre , carduus benedictus , s. iohns wort , morsus diaboli , scabiose , gentian eye bright , water germander , vinca peruinca , iuniper , and bay-beries , with a hundred the like . and a medicine in the plague thus prepared , i should iudge to be verie effectuall . rec. pulueris radiois angelicae hortensis vel syluestris , ʒj . theriacae optimae , ʒj ℈ ss . aquae stillatitiae , sanae sanctae indorum , ℥ iiij . aceti optimi , ℥ ss . misce. this is to be taken warme at one time , and presently to go to bed and to mooue sweat : let the sweat be continued gently and easily foure or fiue houres , or more if strength will endure , and keep warme after for two daies . if a sore doe appeare , then make a pultes with wheaten bread , two handfuls , sweet butter ℥ ij . of the leaues of tabacco , and the hearbe called diuels bit , of either halfe a handfull , with sufficient water make a pultes . after it is made , put to the pultes vj. onions roasted vnder the embers , and mingle them . lay of this hot to the place , and shift it twise or thrise in a day . an vnguent for a pestilent carbuncle . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. j. contundantur addendo vitel . oui vnius cum salis , zss. vnguent . basilisco . zij . misce. fiat instar vnguent . & applicetur super carbanculos . aqua theriacalis ad pestem . rec. liquoris stillatitij sanae sanctae indorum , l. viij . antidoti mithridatici damocratis , ℥ vj. cardui benedicti , scordij , galegae , ana m. ij . macerentur simul per noctem , posteá destillentur , s. a. cap. ℥ iiij pro vice . . but heere a great doubt and controuersie may arise , whether as sometimes we see one poyson to be the expeller of another poyson ; so in like sort , whether one stinking sauour , and graueolent or ill odour , and vapour of some pestilent breath or ayre , may bee the proper amulet or preseruatiue against any such poyson , to bee hanged about the necke : for at this time let it bee granted ( to please some ) that tabacco is of no good smell or sent and that it is a little poysonous . for wee see some daily in the time of any generall or grieuous infection of the plague , for auoidance thereof and for preseruation sake , will smell vnto the stinking sauour of some loathsome priuie , or filthy camerine and sinke ; and this they make reckoning is one of the best counter-poysons , that may bee deuised against any pestiferous infection : for their nature being inured to these , they will afterwards not seeme to passe for any pestilent malignitie of the ayre , and dare boldly aduenture without any preiudice , or impeachment to their health , into any place or companie whatsoeuer . and to perswade vs the more easily to this , they obiect to vs for example sake , those women that spend their daies continually in hospitals for pilgrims , & for poore trauellers , who are accustomed to euery abhominable sauour of the sicke ; whereof we shall neuer see or very seldome , any of them either to be taken , or die with any pestiferous infection , though neuer so dangerous . in like maner , there be some that in time of the greatest heat and rage of the pestilence , doe kill dogges , cats , and other like creatures , suffering them to be cast , and lie rotting and stinking in corners of streets , crosse pathes , and where many waies meete , thinking that by these meanes , the rotten , stinking and euill vapour that from them is carryed vpwards , filleth the ambient ayre , and so either drinketh vp , consumeth , or else quite altereth the pestilent infection thereof . after which sort we read , that in times past a certain physician freed scythia , now called tartaria , from the mischiefe of a most dangerous pestilence . i am not ignorant , how that sometimes one poyson is the preseruatiue against another poyson , and the flesh of vipers ( which entreth into the famous composition of mithridatum ) to resist and quell , not onely his owne , but euen the venenositie of other serpents . there is not a presenter remedie for one that is dangerously strooke of a venomous scorpion , than the oyle of scorpions it selfe . there be many liuing creatures that haue certain hid properties against diuers euils : and so we see that experience hath giuen the knowledge of many medicines , of the which none can giue any certaine reason . wherefore i would that some would experiment those of our owne countrey , and compound some theriaca or alexipharmacall medicine of our own plants , which the euerlasting god hath giuen to our owne vse : the which to my iudgement would proue more excellent , farre better , and more sure than vipers ( though neuer so wel corrected ) of whose flesh partly , is made and composed the famous electuary , called theriaca magna ; knowing that it is not sure to vse vipers , because of their deadly poison that they beare , whatsoeuer others say . but to returne from whence i haue a little digressed , i will not deny , but that such persons as haue been acquainted and accustomed to a bad and vnholsome stinking aire , or any pestilent malignity , but that they will smell vnto , & easily endure any thing that may be imagined worse then any stinke it selfe or carion-like smel , without either danger , trouble , or any displeasure at all , and doe recke so little of the plague when it rageth most , as i haue seen some , & known moe , euen fasting and without fencing their heart or spirits with any antidote , to haue buried moe than two hundred , whom the plague had bereft of life . and yet this i say , that tabacco is not so perillous as som would make the world beleeue , but that amongst the proper curations and alexiteries against any pestilent infection , this obtaineth not the last place . galen in his third book de alimentorum facultatibus , plainely sheweth , that in his daies there were egyptians that fed as sauourly on serpents , as othersom did of eeles . the new-found world nourisheth great store of serpents and lyzards of a maruellous greatnesse , the which are easily taken of those countrey people without danger : yea the neigers eat these lyzards , so doe the indians of america , both these and also the lesser ones which are of the bignesse of a mans legge . and who hath not read ( though from long iourneys large lies are afforded ) what peter martyr of angleria in his decades hath written ? and laurētius ioubertus , de cutis capitis affectibus , wil resolue vs , that the americans , and their neighbours doe the same . about three degrees and a halfe from the equinoctiall , there is found a riuer that cometh from the mountaines of the country named camia , and another more lesse named rhegium , the which beare and bring forth verie good fish , also crocodiles very dangerous : as the riuers of nilus and senega , and they eate them as wee doe venison , as iohn leo in his description of africa saith : and andrew theuet in his description of the new-found world , agreeeth with him saying , that the americans food for the most part , is roasted after their maner , as rats of diuers kindes , and great ones , a certaine kinde of toades greater than ours , crocodiles , and others that they rost al-whole , with the skinne and the bowels , and this they vse without any difficultie : yea these crocodiles , and great lyzards bee as great as a pigge of a moneth old , the which is a fine meate ( as they say that haue eaten thereof : ) these lizards of america are so priuie , that they will come neere vnto you , & take their repaste , if that you wil take it without all feare or difficultie . their flesh is like a chickens flesh , and they kil them with shooting at them with their arrowes . and if tabacco were halfe so bad as any of these , i trow the dispraisers thereof might then with full mouthes , and full cheekes except against it . it cannot be denied , but that tabacco hath some malignitie , yea , some naughtie and venemous qualitie in it , in respect that it produceth such a strange swimming , vertiginie or giddinesse like drunkennesse in the braine , with foaming at the mouth and swouning , yea , lying as it were dead , or in a traunce for a certaine time , when any almost hath first taken it , and yet at length after their bodies haue been acquainted and inured to it , there hath no such passion or effect followed , though it hath been taken by them in a verie large quantitie . whereupon doubtlesse , wee must conclude , that euen of strong poysons , some men may very well be nourished , and conueniently fedde , especially if they bee assumed moderately , and by degrees a little at once : as lewes vertoman writeth of the king of calecut , whose father so inured him to take poyson , that hee was fed and nourished therwith , and with nothing else all his life time : so that when he intended to put any of his noblemen to death , he would but cheaw , and bite in his mouth a certaine fruit there growing , called chofoles ; which being done , hee would spit them in the face of him with whom hee was offended : who presently after being poysoned with this stinking breath , would goe home and die . this king ( as the forenamed author saith ) had foure thousand wiues , but he neuer lay with any of them but one night : for the next day day shee was found dead , onely with the poisonous breath of the king. so that hereby , by these examples we may learne , that poysons and strong medicines may by degrees bee ouercome by the vertue and strength of nature , & be cōuerted into a profitable norishment of the whole bodie , as al physicians alleage ; sithence there is nothing that nourisheth , but that which is first concocted , & digested , by the power & benefit of nature . custome is of great force in our meats : and that many haue been fed onely with poysons , iohn bruyerni , de re cibaria , lib. . cap. . plainely sheweth . so in times past the people called psylli , and the marsi would without danger , both handle , and eat serpents . hollerius reporteth of a spaniard that would eate halfe an ounce of opium at one time : we in england must not exceed twelue graines , and in poland two graines onely will kill a strong man , so that he shal neuer arise , till the trumpe of the archangell awake him . iohannes heurnius saith , that hee hath seene diuers slaues at naples in italy , which would deuoure a verie great deale of meconium : and others againe would as fast eate poppie without any sensible hurt thereby . and as i haue partly touched before , wee read of one tharsias an apothecary , and many shepheards in greece , who would take into their stomacks whole handfuls of helleborus albus , or neesewort , without any danger at all , digesting thē very well . eudemus of the iland of chios , would do the same , without any purging downwards , as theophrastus assureth vs : & yet with others we know , that it procureth vomiting mightily , & that with extream danger , & hazard of life , if it be not well corrected , & giuen to strong complexions , and robustious constitutions , and not to nice and delicate persons . wee reade in histories of a maide of excellent beautie , that was onely fed and brought vp with the deadly poyson of napellus , who was presented to alexander the great by the king of india , to the intent he should bee ensnared in the inextricable labyrinth of her beautious physnomie : whome when aristotle his master had throughly veiwed and beheld , hee forewarned the king of the danger , and the bait that was laid to insnare him . neither was he therein deceiued in his iudgement , for though the king refused her companie , manie other sprightfull laddes and lustie-bloudes being allured and bewitched with her companie , they all died by that abominable poysonous and destroying vapour or hurtfull breath which came from her body , as iohannes langius in his medicinall epistles hath also remembred . this maide did well enough with this hearbe napellus : and yet the force and facultie thereof is so deadly both to man , and also to all kindes of beastes , that if any doe eate thereof , their lippes and rounges swell forth-with , their eyes hang out , their thighes are stiffe and their wittes are taken from them , as auicenua writeth in his fourth book . yea the force of this poyson is such , that if the pointes of speares , dartes , or arrowes bee touched or annointed with the same , they bring deadly hurt to those that are wounded therewith . so that if strong poysons through custome may bee turned into the profitable nourishment of our bodies ; howe much more , such simples , that bee but as it were a little hurtfull as tabacco is . the like may bee said of meates and medicines : some men will eate and continue with feeding on cassia , as familiarly as if all their life time they had neuer taken delight in any otherthing : and yet with others againe it is accounted verie loathsome , and bringeth gripings , wringing , and much torment to the whole bodie . in some persons , manna turneth wholly in choler : and it gently looseneth the belly in others . some will very easily digest beefe , or any meats of harder digestion , whose stomacks againe doe abhorre the flesh of hens , rabbets , and the like : & if they chance to eat of them , they turne into sower belchings , and are quickly corrupted in their stomacks , lying there stinking , as in a filthy puddle . therefore whatsoeuer is familiar to any particular mans nature ; and wherewithall he is most delighted , neuer bee afraide to giue the sicke , although in others it may not be tollerated . but to returne againe into my path from whence i haue a little digressed . although all men , and all countreys are not alike subiect to , and hurt by the pestilence ( for china which is the greatest part of the habitable world , in which there are ( as some histories report ) seuenty millions of people , being scarse so many in all europe , wherein ( as i suppose ) god hath included the greatest gulfe of mankinde , is not subiect to this dangerous disease , nor yet many parts of africa , as iohn leo a moore borne in the kingdome of granada saith ) yet we know and feele , that all those countreys that lie open to the sea , or bee situated right against the south , or lie much open to that point , are more dangerously infected than others that haue not the same site of place for their dwelling . and likewise those that dwell in hot and moist places , poysoned with filthy or mistie exhalations , are more vexed and plagued , than more open and champain countreys , or those that be more mediterrane . and againe , amongst men they are more cruelly handled , which being of a hot and moist temperature , and such as be full of grosse and corrupt humours , hauing such bodies as be ready to run ouer with plenty thereof , are more subiect to putrefied agues , than colde and drie complexions , and such as haue but small store of humors , and the same very fine and pure . for ouermuch loosenesse and largenesse of body , euen as too much adstriction maketh a way for the pestilence . but it will be necessary , and to our purpose in hand , and worthy the labour and paines taking , more deepely to enter into , and to make a larger rehearsal into this discourse , and leasurely by peece-meales , as it were to cut and minse the same . although therefore the pestilent poison without exception , no lesse violently setteth vpon , as well the richer as the poorer sort , and assoone dispatcheth those of sturdy and able bodies , as meacocks , milk-sops , and weaklings , and such as be great , strong , quarrie , bigge , well set , handsome timbred , and such as we call well proportioned and of a iust temperature and making ( neither too slender nor too grosse ) as well as those that are sickly , queasie , and abounding with cacochymicall humours , and vpon men as women , old and young , hot complexions as cold , moist as dry ( for to all alike it proclaimeth open war : ) yet neuerthelesse it often commeth to passe , that vpon some it sooner layeth holde , and killeth more speedily , than it doth vpon others . for first in respect of ages , wee finde by common experience , that infants are more endangered thereby , and take it sooner than children , and these sooner than young men , and younger more than those of riper yeares , and women are more often subiect to this griefe than men , and chiefely those that bee with childe , and such as are not monethly expurged . of complexions likewise , that temperament which is hot and moist , or cold and moist , is oftener and easilyer ouerthrowne , than either the hot and drie , or the cold and drie complexions . and for the same reason , the sanguine , and the phlegmatique constitution are most in danger , and are more subiect vnto this griefe , than either cholericke , or melancholike persons , and doe sooner die withall . the cause of this varietie is the superabundant , corrupt , or filthy humours subiect to putrefaction , or corrupt and filthy bloud , which is easily infected with the contagion of the ayre receiuing pestilence . and this is the cause , that those who are much subiect to sicknesse ( although that some will falsly maintaine , that either the french pockes , or the quartaneague , is a supersedeas to the plague ) and cacochymicall bodies , doe sooner feele the hurt thereof , and are put into further hazard than such as bee exquisitly sound , and in perfect health : and those that vse nourishments which breede euill iuyces and humours in the bodie , than the contrarie , or such as bee of easie concoction ; and such as surfet , pamper , or cocker themselues too much , more than those that behaue themselues temperately , and vse a moderation in their expences and manner of liuing , as some say they doe at florence in italy . to shut vp all in a word , those that keepe good rule liuing continently , are freer from this plaguy infection , then such as liue after their owne pleasure , wilfully , and luxuriously : and they that keepe home , lesse than such as gad abroad , being accounted good fellowes , louing to frequent much company , do lesse feele this poisonous disease . now although by this that i haue said , one may easily gather , why tabacco should be good in some constitutions , ( i meane in hot and moist , and colde and moist ) and why not in othersome so holesome : yet for all that , this must be taken warily , namely , that wee vse not tabacco ( for purgation sake especially ) nor yet any purging medicine in the beginning of the plague , or yet if they be taken with any fluxe or loosenesse of the belly ; for of these thus affected , there is scarse the hundreth person that escapeth with life . i know well what fracastorius , palmarius , and many others haue written , and enforced themselues somtimes too farre concerning these points , & as they imagin they haue attained the truth . as for me , it is not my purpose at this time to censure others in this iudging world , but only i thought good to speak thus much by the way , seeing it is not quite besides my intended scope , as touching our tabacco . the iuyce of tabacco boyled in sugar to the forme of a syrupe , and inwardly taken , driueth forth worms of the belly , if withall a leafe bee layed to the nauell . it cureth also the piles , and the dropsie . an vnguent for a dropsie . rec. succorum sanae sanctae indorum , ℥ viij . cortic. med . sambuci , chamomillae , tithymali , ana ℥ ij . succi violarum , radicum cucumeris agrestis , mercurialis macis , laureolae , colchici anglici , fellis tauri , aloes hepaticae , ana ℥ iij. diagredij , vnc jss . . cum olei oliuar . lib. iij. & cerae albae . lib. j. fiat vnguentums . artem . an emplaster for the same . rec. stercoris vaccini , sterco . caprini , ana ℥ viij . macerentur per hor as vj. in acet● vini albi & siccantor . tum rec. aluminis rochae , salis nig . torrefac . sulphuris flaui , ana ℥ ij . succi tabaci , ℥ vj. foliorum soldanellae , vnc jss . . seminum anisi , foeniculi , carui , ana vnc . j. farinae lupinorum , orobi , ana vnc . j. terebinthinae , vnc . ij . picis naualis , vnc . xij . axungiae porcinae , vnc . iiij . fiat emplastrums . artem . syrupus optimus ad hydropicos . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum . m. vj. hyssopi sicci , pulegij regaelis , ceterach ( seu asplenij ) anam . j. ss . calamenti minoris , p. ij . seminum anisi , seminum vrtica , sem. anethi , ana ʒiij . galangae , hellebori albi , ana ʒiiijss . asari , agarici , ana ʒij . rad. angelicae hortensis , rad. iridis , costi , amomi , polipodij quercini , ana ℥ j. let all these be beaten to powder , and infused in six pintes of the sharpest wine vineger for three daies space in the open sunne , in a glasse vessell . afterwards boyle them in a double vessell with a gentle fire to the consumption of the halfe , then straine them , and adde to them of mel rosarum l. j. sacchari l. ss . boyle them againe to the consumption of the vineger , and aromatize it with saffron , ginger , and mace , ana ℈ ij . fiat syrupus secundum artem . a conuenient purge in a dropsie . rec. seminum sanae sanctae indorum , ʒj . rhabarb . ʒss . diagridij , gr . ij . syrupi ros . sol . cum agarico ℥ j. cum aqua destillati tabaci , quantum sufficit . fiat potio . detur post digestionem conuenientem . an excellent sacculus to discusse winde , to remooue the colicke , and is very effectuall in a tympanie . rec. foliorum san . sanct . indorum , p. iiij . florum chamaemelorum , summitatum anethi , ana p. j. cymini , cari , ana ℥ ss . baccarum lauri , ʒiij . make two bagges of all these being quilted or interbasted , so that they may couer the most part of the belly . tabacco is a present remedy for the fits of the mother , it mitigateth the paine of the gout , if the leaues bee roasted in hot embers , and applyed to the agreeued part , and likewise a cataplasme made onely of the leaues of tabacco being boyled in milke with a little comin-seede with the yolkes of two egges and saffron , ℈ j. an vnguent to take away all paines of the gout . rec. succi foliorum san . sanct . indorum , ℥ viij . axung . porcimasculi , axung . caponis , ana vnc . ij . misce. put all these into a glasse , stopping and luting it close with paste , and set it in the ouen for eight or nine houres , make an vnguent . this also helpeth such as bee troubled with crampes and conuulsions . a cataplasme also or pultes made of the roots of marsh mallowes , tabacco leaues , some line-seede , and crums of bread is much commended in the gout : and if a little oile of wormes be added to it , nothing can bee deuised better . some doe also greatly praise a medicine thus prepared , for the gout . rec. olei cannabini l. ss . vini albi , l. j. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. ij . bulliant ad consumptionem mediaepartis . the leaues of tabac . in the low coūtreys are vsed against scabs , & filthnesse of the skin , & for the cure of wounds : but some hold opinion , that they are to be vsed onely but for the cure of wounds , and to hot and strong bodies : for they say , that the vse of tabacco is not safe in weake and old folke : and for this cause ( as it seemeth ) the women in america , as theuetus saith , abstaine from the hearbe petum or tabacco , and can in no wise endure it . against rednesse of the face . rec. lithagyri argentei , ℥ j. cerusae albissimae , ʒiij . caphurae , ℈ ij . aquae stillatitiae san . sanct . indorum , ℥ ix . aceti albi , ℥ ij . let them settle sixe houres together at least , then filter them , and euery day twise or thrise wette the face withall . another against cancerous vlcers , and rednesse of the face . rec. plantaginis , circaeae lutetianae , sanae sanctae indorum , albumin . ouorum no. xij , aluminis , l. ss . mixe them together , and let them bee destilled : but it is best , first to infuse them together for twelue houres space . there is an oyle to bee taken out of the leaues of tabacco , that healeth merrie galles , kibed heeles , and such like . tabacco doth likewise scoure and cleanse olde and rotten vlcers , and bringeth them to perfect digestion , as nicolaus monardis saith . the oyle or iuyce dropped into the eares is good against deafnesse : a cloth dipped in the same , and layed vpon the face , taketh away the lentils , rednesse , and spots thereof , as thus : rec. olei sanae sanctae indorum , ℥ j. sulphuris in pollinem redacti , ℈ ij . misce sine foco . ad guttam rosaceam , or a sawce fleagme face . rec. cerusam q. v. & ponatur cum aqua stillatitia tabaci ad solem , vel cum succo eiusdem herbae : quae sicca adijciatur alia , dum fiat albissima & fiant pilulae . soluatur vna ex aqua tabaci , et illinatur facies . for an olde or inueterate sawce-fleagme face . rec. caphurae , ʒij . boracis , ʒij . pulueris subtilissimi foliorum s●n . sanct . indorum , vnc . ss . misce cum succo limonum et melle despumato . sowse it as an ointment daily . it is vsed against poyson , and taketh away the malignitie thereof , if the iuyce bee giuen to drinke , with some theriaca or mithridatum , or the wounds of venemous beasts be washed therewith . tabacco preuaileth against all apostumes , tumors , inueteratevlcers , botches , and such like , being made into an vnguent or salue , as followeth . take of the greene leaues of tabacco l. iij. ss . stampe them very small in a stone mortar . olei oliuarum l. ij . set them to boyle in a brasse panne , or such like vpon a gentle fire , continually stirring it , vntill the hearbes seeme blacke , and will not bubble , nor boyle any more : then shal you haue an excellent greene oyle : which being strained from the dreggie refuse or feces , put the cleare and strained oyle to the fire againe , adding thereto of waxe , l. ss . rosin , ℥ iiij . turpentine , ℥ ij . melt them together , and keepe it in pots for yourvse to cure inveterate vlcers , apostumes , burnings , greene wounds and all cuts , and hurts in the head . tabacco is also good in burnings and scaldings with fire , water , oyle , lightning , or such like , being boyled with hogges grease in forme of an vnguent , which i haue often prooued and found most true , adding a little of the iuyce of pomum spinosum , or thorne apple leaues , spreading the same vpon a cloth , and so applying it . ronsseus , in his ninth chapter , hath stoutly striued to shew al the indications verie exactly , for the curation of al vlcers in the legges , and other parts that happen to those persons , which are troubled with the scuruy , or rather scorbute . and although that these vlcers are happily remedied with sudoriferous medicines , especially with wine extracted from the flowers of antimonie , and with sanguis antimonij , with turbith minerall , and other spagiricall liquors ( for by these , that redundant humour which feedeth , and causeth the vlcer , is not onely dried vp , but also perfectly conglutinated and souldered ) yet the businesse would more happily proceede , and the cure besooner perfected , if there were in my iudgement certaine vulnerarie hearbes added to them , such as bee sanae sanctae indorum , pyrola , alchimilla , consolida sarrasenica , cochlearia , sanicula , nummularia , and others of the same vertue . and thus would i make a balsamum , for the curation of filthie vlcers comming by meanes of the scorbute . rec. foliorum nicotianae siue peti brasilianorum , consolidae regalis , betonicae pauli , ophioglossi , ana m. iiij . nummulariae , persicariae maculosase , chelidoniae maioris , ana m. j. florum fug . daemonum , m. j. ss . centaurij minoris , flo : chamaemeli , ana m. j. radicum consolid . maioris & rad. althaeae recentium , ana ℥ viij . lumbricorum terrestrium vino maluatico lotorum , vnc . x. incisa et contusa circulentur , pellicano hermeticè ferruminato inclusa , in libris duabus olei vetustissimi , et l. j. terebinthinae abietin . per tempus trimestre . after these three moneths space , destill them in a retort with a milde and gentle fire . in the destilling adde vnto it , tegularum , ℥ xx . rec. huius destillati , l. j. ss . vernicis , vnc . vj. axung . human . vnc . viij . mumm . communis contrit . vn . vj. mastiches , myrrh . aloes , thuris , styracis liquidi , ana vnc . vj. destillentur adhuc semel , cum laterum in puluerum redactorum l. j. postea adde oleorum petrolei , olei è terebinthina , olei è granis iuniperi , ana ʒiij . puluer . aeruginis , vnc . j. fiat balsamus artificialis viridis . and of the same vertue is this that followeth . rec. terebinth . vnc . ij . thuris vnc . ij . aloes , mastiches , caryophyllorum , galang . cinnamomi , croci , nucis mosch . cubebarum , ana vnc . j. aquae . stillattit . san . sanct . indorum , et aquae hordei , ana l. j. destillentur . an excellent iniection to deterge and cleanse vlcers , especially those that happen in the scorbute . rec. san. sanct . indorum , m. ij . ligni sancti subtilissimè puluerisati , et corticis eiusdem , ana vnc . ij . aristoloch . long . centaurij minoris , absinthij , equiseti , eupatorij , saniculae . foliorum myrti , pimpinellae , et consolidaemed . vulnerariorum , ana , m. j. corticum thuris , myrrhae , sarcocollae , ana ℥ v. vinirubriodoriferi , l. iij. mellis despumati , ℥ iiij . boyle all these together , and when it is strained , make an iniection into the vlcer , adding to it of the best aqua vitae ℥ j. for euery time that you vse the iniection . or else , if to the former decoction , you adde of aqua vitael . ij . & destill them all together in a glasse limbecke in palneo mariae , you shall haue an excellent water , to deterge , cleanse and conglutinate filthy , hollow , stinking , or sordidous vlcers . this ointment also following , will performe the same effect . rec. succi san . sanct . indorum , lib. . mellis electi , ℥ iiij . farinae hordei , vnc . ij . myrrhae elect . ʒij . terebinth . vnc . j. ss . boile all these together , and make an vnguent to dippe , or arme your tents withall , that shall be put into the cauities of any vlcers . paracelsus the fuliginous alchimist , in his first booke , chirurgiae mag. tract . . cap. . plainly describeth the same vertues to bee in that oyle which hee there calleth , oleum antimonij rubicundum . in like sort oleum aeris , oleum saturni but chiefly sal saturni album brought into powder , destilled in a retort with a very cleare fire , vntill all the spirits be vanished , and the water after that separated from the oyle per balneum : for within a few dayes it perfectly cureth those vlcers , which of som are esteemed for incurable , especially those that follow any scorbuticall sicknesse . master iohn gerard the most learned herbarist of this age , in his great historie of plants , describeth an excellent balsame , surpassing in my conceit all the fore-recited : which here in this place i purpose to set downe , in regard of the many and notable vertues that are in it . i doe make ( saith he ) of tabacco an excellent balsame to cure deepe wounds , and punctures , made by some narrow , sharpe , and sharpe pointed weapon : which balsame doth bring vp the flesh from the bottome very speedily , and also heale simple cuts in the flesh according to the first intention , that is to say , to glew or soulder the lippes of the wound together , not procuring matter or corruption vnto it , as is commonly seen in the healing of wounds . the receit is this : rec. oleirosarum , olei hypericonis , ana l. j. foliorum tabaci in mortarin contusorum , l. ij . boyle them together to the consumption of the iuyce , then straine it , and put it to the fireagaine , adding thereto of venice turpentine ℥ ij . olibani , masticis , and ℥ ss . in most fine & subtile powder , the which you may at al times make into an vng or salue by putting thereto wax and rosin to make it a stiffe body , which worketh exceeding wel in malign & virulēt vlcers , as in wounds & punctures . i send this iewell to you women of all sorts , especially to such as cure and helpe the poore and impotent of your countrey without reward . but vnto the beggerly rabble of witches , charmers , imposters , and such like cozeners that regard more to get monie , than to helpe for charitie , i wish these few medicines farre from their vnderstanding , and from those deceiuers , whom i wish to be ignorant herein . but courteous gentlewomen , i may not for the malice that i doe beare vnto such , hide any thing from you , of such importance : and therefore take one more that followeth , wherewith i haue done verie many and good cures , although of small cost , but regard it not the lesse for that . and thus it is : rec. foliorum tabaci , l. ij . axungiae porcinae , l. j. stampe the hearbe small in a stone mortar , putting thereto a small cup-full of redde or claret wine , stirre them well together , couer the mortar from filth , and so let it rest vntill morning , then put it to the fire againe , and let it boyle gently , continually stirring it vnto the consumption of the wine , then straine it , and set it to the fire againe , put thereto of the iuyce of the hearbe l. j. terebinthinae venetae , ℥ iiij . boyle them together to the consumption of the iuyce , then adde thereto of the roots of aristolochia rotunda , or birth-wort in most fine powder , ℥ ij . sufficient waxe to giue it a bodie , the which keep for thy wounded poore noighbour . this also helpeth & healeth the old and filthy vlcers of the legges and other parts . tabacco is vsed of many men in outward medicines , either the hearbe boyled with oyle , waxe , rosin , and turpentine , as before i haue sette downe ; or the extraction thereof , with salt , oyle , balsame , the destilled water , and such like , against tumors , apostumes , olde vlcers of hard curation , botches , scabbes , stinging with netles , carbuncles , poysoned arrowes , and wounds made with gunne , or any other weapon . thus haue you heard what the learned & skilfull chirurgion , and herbarist master iohn gerard , a man of vnreprooueable authoritie , saith of tabacco , and yet i think he will not say , that it fitteth all persons alike : for i suppose , that it is nought for alchymists , brewers , bakers , smithes , cookes , furnace-men , more than for fisher-men , and such waterish people . all things haue their season . imponit finem sapiens & rebus honestis . a wise man may vse moderation , euen in things of commendation . and i may say my pater noster out of season : diuersos diuersaiuuant , non omnibus annis — omnia conueniunt . diuers delights to diuers men : nor to all , doe all things at all yeares conuenient fall . the leaues of tabac . being applied vpon green wounds , staieth the flux of bloud , & soldereth & glutinateth them : and if the wounds be verie great , they must first bee washed with white wine , and so the lippes of the wound bee ioyned together , the inyce of the leaues must be sprinkled or caston , and the drie leaues being bruised belayed all ouer vpon the wounded place . and the next day following , and from day to day , this order must bee strictly obserued , vntill it be perfectly brought to cure , obseruing withall a true regiment in our diet and order of liuing . doubtlesse , this is a rare miracle of nature , and a wonderful vertue , that is in this cotemptible little plant , or rather esteemed to be so vilde , base , and contemptible . for if any one be newly and dangerously wounded , and that the miserable partie feeleth a bleeding vnto death , what is a more noble medicine , or more readie at hand , then tabacco , to binde hard vpon the wound , to stay the inordinate effusion of bloud ? questionlesse , if wee were as diligent and greedie to search out the true properties and vertues of our owne domesticall remedies , which we buy of others so dearely , wee would not enforce our selues with such eager pursute after those of forraine countreys , as though things farre fetcht off , were better than our owne neere at hand ; or as though nothing were good and holesome , vnlesse it came from egypt , arabia , china , or india . surely , vnlesse there were some wilde wo me in our braines , or that we we were bewitched , and possessed with some furie , we would not so farre be in loue with forraine wares , or be so much besotted , as to seeke for greedy new physicke , and physicall meanes , considering that one poor plant , tabacco , wil ( being rightly vsed ) do more good for the stanching of bloud , the curation of wounds and vlcers , the hindring of sanies , slime or slough to grow in any sore , to abate and quench swellings and paines , to conglutinate , and consolidate wounds , more than a cart-load of bole fetched out of armenia , sarcocolla , sandaracha , or that earth which is so much nobilitated by the impresse of a seale , and therefore called terra sigillata , the clay of samos , the durt of germanie , or the loame of lemnos . for tabacco hath a moderat adstriction , it soldereth , ioyneth and closeth vp wounds , nor suffering any rotten or filthy matter to remaine long in them . and in regard of these excellent vertues and qualities , it quickly cureth bleeding at the nose , the haemorrhoides and other bloudie fluxes , whether of the opening of the mouthes of the veines , their apertions , breakings , or any other bloody euacuation that too much aboundeth , being either giuen by it selfe , alone in some wine either inwardly , or outwardly , or commixed with the bloud-stone , crocus martis , and other the like remedies fit for the same intentions . laurentius ioubertus describeth an vnguent , which is of singular force , made of tabacco , for the curation of wounds , scabbes , and the disease called scrophules , or the kings euill : yea , for that same knottie scourge of rich men , and the scorne of physicians , i meane the gowt , which as som learned men hold opinion , can by no means be remedied , yet feeleth mitigation and diminution of paine , and curation also onely by this admirable medicine , whose description in this place , i will rightly set downe , and thus it is . rec. foliorum san . sanct . indorum , l. ij . axungiae porcinae recentis diligenter lotae , l. j. the hearbe being stamped or brused , let it be infused a whole night in red wine , in the morning boyle it with a gentle fire with the axunge to the consumption of the wino . then straine it very hardly : and that being done , adde to it of the iuyce of sanae sanctae indorum , l. ss . resinae abiegnae . vnc . iiij . boyle them againe to the consumption of the iuyce , and toward the end of the boyling , adde to it of the roots of aristolochia rotunda in powder , vn . ij . new wax so much as is sufficient . so make it vp into the forme of an vnguent . if you would haue this vnguent in the forme of a cerote , then encrease the weight of the waxe , and you haue your desire . truth the daughter of time hath brought to light , that tabacco strangely cureth olde vlcers or sores , and mortifications or gangrenes , if the iuyce of the leaues bee dropped vpon the places , and the leaues first bruised , and applyed thereon , without any other curious application or anxious mixture ; the bodie being first purged , and the redundant peccant humours , being first duly euacuated , by the aduise of some learned physician , and a veine opened , if so be it be thought needfull , with keeping of a strict and orderly kinde of diet : for nullum est tam potens medicamentum , quod praestare eam quam pollicetur opem potest , si ratione victus aut perturbetur aut non adiuuetur . there is no medicine so effectuall or of such sufficient vertue onely by it selfe , to cure any disease , and to expell sicknesse , and restore to health , if by the order of diet , & regiment of life , it bee either hindred , or not somewhat helped . furthermore , it is found by long practise , that it is very auaileable and effectuall , not onely for the cure of vlcers in men , but also in brute beasts : for throughout all india strange and many sores doe plague their oxen , and other cattell , which by reason of the exceeding and super-abundant moisture of the countrey , doe putrefie and swarme with wormes : on which poore beasts they were wont heretofore to insperge sublimatum , being destitute of better remedies : and because the price of this was at a verie hie rate in those places , it oftentimes so fell out , that the medicine cost more , than the silly beast which was to bee cured was adiudged to be worth . wherefore hauing experimented the faculties and properties of tabacco in men , they transferred the vse thereof to the curation of rotten , stinking , and such corrupt soares of beastes as were full of crawling wormes , and they quickly found that the iuyce of the hearb being dropped into the place , did not onely kill worms , but also clense and mundifie the vlcers , and afterwards bring them to perfect cicatrization : and for the same cause the americans euer carrie about them some of the powder of it . i know a certain man that had an vlcer in his nose , out of which there issued forth a virulent or filthy matter or sanies , not without great suspicion of some contagion , or infectious sicknesse : who by mine aduise dropped in som of the iuyce of the leaues of tabacco , and when hee had done so twise together , a great many wormes first came forth , and after that fewer , and lastly after a fewe dayes the sore was absolutely cured , and no wormes neuer after that issued forth : yet the parts that were consumed , and eaten away could neuer againe by any art bee throughly restored . this plant being hot and drie in the second degree , as some would haue it , doth by meanes thereof vndoubtedly purge and cleanse : and so it may heale either vlcera putrida aceorrosiua in naribus , and noli me tangere , so named because it resembleth ( as some imagine ) a curst shrew that must not be touched when she is angrie , for then she will be , calcata immitior hydrâ : therefore i suppose it is not good to wake an angrie dog ; and when a mischiefe is well quieted and brought asleep , it is good to goe your waies , and say neuer a word . the new-found alchymists of our time take vpon them to make quialibet ex quolibet , weauing and vnweauing daily the lucklesse webbe of penelope : without either reason for their misterie , or great reward for their labour : and yet iohannes liebaultius writeth that there are which destill water of the greene leaues of tabacco in alymbecke of glasse , which water is no lesse singular in all effects , and passions , then the verie iuyce , helping all wounds , soares , and bruses , euen restoring to men which by some aduenture , or by some poysonous malignitie and vapour , haue lost their nailes , new ones by washing that part with the water destilled , and after wrapping them vp in fine linnen clothes dipt in the water . so that it is no maruaile if the people of the new-found world , which we commonly call the west indies , doe make such hie reckoning of this hearb : for there are found diuers populous nations in farre differing clymates , that liued for the most part vpon filthy and loathsome poysonous spiders as also of grashoppers , pissemires , lyzards , and night-bats ; and an ougly toade was solde for sixe crownes in a time that al such meats were scarse amongst them , which they boyle , roste , bake and dresse with diuers kinds of sawces . albertus magnus mentioneth a maid , who accustomed her stomacke to liue onely vpon spiders . i should iudge that tabacco were good for these kinde of people . but yet this seemeth more strange , that some of these people haue been found among these nations , to whome our vsuall flesh , and other meats were mortall and venemous . great is the force of custome : hunts-men will watch all night in the snow , and endure to be scortched on the hils : fencers brused with sand-bagges or cudgels , and doe not so much as groane . aristotle speaketh of one andron the argine , that he would trauel all ouer the scorching sands of lybia without drinking , which is impossible for any other to doe . in like maner may we say of our tabacco : for as vse is the most effectuall master of all things ; so we see that tabacco breedeth such passions in some , as though they had receiued some strong poyson , & yet others that are poisoned , do find it to be a good preseruatiue against poison in som it causeth fainting & swouning ; with another , vtter deiection of the strength : with others againe it worketh a contrarie effect . i may say , it is like wine . for many other ouer-shoot thēselues with fuming wines , & yet the liquor may be all one , and yet not worke the same effect in all : for some sigh , others smile , some are dum and silent ; others attentiue , and full of words : some embrace , others fight : some sleep , others sing , according to the diuers humors of their bodies , and instincts of nature . so the fuming vapor of tabacco will cause some to be drunke , & to haue a reeling giddinesse in their heads : others again on the contrary , say , that it expelleth drunkennesse , & all swimmings in the brain . in some , tabacco causeth vomiting ; in others again that i haue known , it performeth the contrary effect by strengthening the stomacke , staying vomiting , & causing a good appetite . some , if they take tabacco much , are transported with rage and choler , so that you shall see & heare , inflammation & fiery rednes of the face , vnwonted othes , chasing , vnquietnesse , and rash precipitation . ora tument ira , nigrescunt sangainevena , lumina gorgonco aeuiùs igne micant . in english thus : the face through anger swels , the veines grow blacke with blood , the eyes more fiercely shine than gorgons fierie mood . yea , in some great tabacconists , you shall see them staringly wilde , their face troubled , their voyce frightfull and distempered . they foame at the mouth , they startle and quake , rage and ruffle , and wordes escape them , that they afterwards repent . but in others againe it causeth a pleasant humour , and cleane contrarie vsages , humours , and passions . tabacconists and tabacco-companie keepers haue in my opinion , but slightly harpt vpon this string , no more than they haue vpon others of the like or greater consequence : so that by their varietie of conceits , and instabilitie of their humours , and opinions , they do ( as it were ) lead vs closely by the hand to this resolution of their irresolution . some there are also , who ( to speak like a chymist ) doe destill oyle of tabacco , per descensum , which oyle these authors ( agreeing with the paracelsians ) preferre before all other applications , eithers of leaues , ioyce or powder , because the quintessences ( quintessence is no other thing but a qualitie , wherof we cannot with our reason find out the cause ) and extractions drawne out of the simples , are the subtile spirit , and haue the purest vertue , and facultie of the substance from the which they are drawne . this oyle is much commended against the tooth-ache , the coughs , and the rawnesse or coldnesse of the stomack , and the disease called the mare . many of the africans are tormented with the tooth-ache , which as some thinke ) they are the more subiect vnto , because immediatly after hot pottage , they drinke colde water : as iohn leo in his first booke saith . in africa likewise , those which are of a sanguine complexion , are greatly troubled with the cough , because that in the spring time , they sit too much vpon the ground . and vpon fridaies i had no small sport , and recreation ( saith the same iohannes leo ) to goe and see them . for vpon this day the people flocke to church in great numbers to heare their mahumetan sermons . now , if any one in the sermon fals a coughing , or a neezing , all the whole multitude will doe the same for companie , and so they make such a noise , that they neuer leaue , till the sermon be quite done : so that a man shall reape but little knowedge at any of their sermons . i should thinke it good ●that these kinde of people would take either the fume , powder or destilled oyle of tabacco for their vntimely and vnreasonable coughing , and neezing : and since they are so much subiect to the tooth-ache ( as i saide before ) there is no man but will deeme it farre better for them than for vs who are vexed with none of these maladies , and yet take it excessiuely . the powder of tabacco is an excellent dentifrice , or cleanser of fowle and rustie teeth , making them to looke verie white , by scowring away all that sordes , clammie , & stinking matter that sticketh vnto them . there be nations who indeuour to make their teeth as blacke as jeate , and scorne to haue them white , and in other places they die them redde , and these sorts of people neede not any tabacco for this intent . for stinking and rotten gums in the disease called the scorbie , and in sore mouthes , there is nothing better than nicotiana , being taken in a gargarisme , which is published by iulius palmarius , and it is also set forth not many years since by maister banister in a booke , which he calleth his antidotarie chirurgicall . rec. hordei integri , p. ij . sanae sanctae indorum , morsus gallinae , eupatorij , plantaginis , rosarum rubrarum , ana m. j. boyle all these together in aquae lib. iiij . till the one part be consumed , then adde thereto mellis rosacei , serapij rosarum siccarum , ana ℥ iij. aluminis vsti , calchanti vsti , ana ℥ ss . boyle all these with a walme or two , and so let it coole , and then keepe it to your vse . because i haue made mention of a strange disease , called in english the mare , of the grecians ephialtes , and of the latines incubus , which ( as i said ) the extracted oyle of tabacco cureth : i will declare briefely what is meant thereby . ephialtes then , or the mare , so called of physicians , is a disease of the stomack , concerning which read paulus aegineta . lib. . cap. . many , which are taken with this disease , imagine that a man of monstrous stature sitteth on them , which with his hand violently stoppeth their mouth , that they can by no meanes crie out , and they striue with their arms and hands to driue him away , but all in vaine . some ledde with vaine fantasie , thinke him who oppresseth them , to creepe vp by little and little on the bed , as it were to deceiue them , and anone to runne downe againe . they seeme also to themselues to heare him . this disease of the night-mare , is also called by another name , puigalion , or puigamon . it commeth by meanes of certaine grosse and thicke vapours , which doe partly intercept , and hinder the free passage of the spirits animall : by which meane , difficultie of speaking and breathing , doe proceede , with a perturbation of the sense and motion of the whole bodie . now this dreadfull griefe ( which some being much deceiued , thinking that it must onely proceede of witchcraft ) is chiefely remedied with the extracted oile of tabacco , a fewe drops taken in sacke or maluesie , after the stomacke bee first accordingly , by the rules of art , expurged from those superfluous humours , which are the true cause of the disease . the oyle of tabacco for a colde and moist stomacke , is farre better than oyle of pepper , oyle of anniseeds , the extracted oyles of fennell , commin , masticke , cloaues , or calamint : and if an electuarie were made for this disease called the mare , i suppose this to be-excellent . an electuarie for an ouer-cold and moist stomacke . rec. pulueris aromat . r●s . maioris ex descriptione gabrielis , ʒij . puluer is electuar . diacalaminthes , ʒj . diatrion piperij , ℈ ij . conseruae anthos & rosarum damascenarum , ana ℥ ss . sacchari optimi , vnc . j. ss . serapij de mentha quod sufficit , vt fiat elect . liquidum . adde olei tabaci chymici gutt as aliquot . dosis vnc . ss . per horam vnam aut alteram ante pastum . i haue discoursed sufficiently ( as i iudge ) of the vertues of tabacco for inward diseases of mans bodie : now will i proceede to his effects in curing those that happen outwardly : and first there is prescribed vnto vs this vnguent . rec. of the choysest , and most substantiall leaues of tabacco , lib. j. beat them in a mortar of marble , and after that take of axungia porcina , lib. ss . let it be refined and clarified , and without falt : so this being melted , adde to it the tabacco , and set it ouer a soft fire to seeth deliberately , and leasurely , vntill such time as you finde the waterish humiditie of the tabacco to be vapoured away , and that the mingled substances retaine the force of a perfect vnguent . reserue this for a singular and medic inable good vnguent for sores , vlcers , carbuncles , tetters , and likewise to dissolue tumours . there is also another in vse , which is this that followeth . rec. terebinthinae , resinae , ceraenouae , ana vnc . iij. melt them together , and then adde to them of tabacco prepared as before , lib. j. mixe them together , and after with a slow fire set them to incorporat , seething together fiue or sixe houres , vntill the waterish humour of the tabacco be cleane euapourated . after this is done , straine it through a coorselinnen cloth , that may be very strong . after all this , take of venice turpentine l. ss . infusing it into these things before said , without any more boyling of it , but yet stirring it cōtinually til it be cold , afterwards preserue and keepe these as precious vnguents . this surpasseth the former in all colde griefes , to amend and ease the swelling paines and aches of the gowt , sciatica , and the like , helping and comforting weake and resolued sinewes , and cicatrizeth . master william clowes , a skilfull chirurgeon of london in his booke of obseruations for curing gun-shot , describeth an excellent vnguent of nicotiana verie like vnto the former , which he learned , as hee affirmeth , of a verie learned man both in physicke and chirurgerie , which he said had wrought wonders aboue beliefe , but i ( saith master clowes ) found not that excellencie in it , which he promised , and i looked for : neuerthelesse , i acknowledge it a medicine not to be disallowed : and this is the order of making of it , as the physician appointed . rec. foliorum nicotianae , l. j. let the leaues be well stamped , and after strained out as strongly as possible may bee , then adde thereto ceraenouae , resinae , olei communis , ana ℥ iij. let all these boyle together vnto the consumption of the iuyce , then adde thereunto terebinthinaevenetae , ℥ iij. boyle all a little together , and reserue it to your vse . but this vnguent sinceit was first knowne , is greatly bettered , chiefely by iosephus quercetanus , and others also . moreouer with the foresaid descriptions , there is also another in vse , and more necessarie for wounds made with gunshot : and i haue approoued it in many other cures : and thus it is truely prescribed , and published . rec. succi de peto , lib. vj. adip is ouini , lib. ij . olei communis , lib. xij . terebinthinae venetae , ℥ xij . resinae pini , lib. j. masticis , ℥ ij . colophoniae , lib. ij . cerae , lib. j. vini albi , l. j. misce & fiat vnguentum secundum artem . let not the succus of petum be put in , before all the rest be well relented together , and then strained into a cleane panne : and being molten , put in the iuyces to the rest and boyle it till the iuyces bee all consumed . then straine it againe , and reserue it to your vse . this vnguent doth notably incarne and mundifie . you shall here , in the closing vp of this my discourse , haue prescribed two singular oyntments of my owne inuention , wherewith i haue performed many great cures , and thereby haue wonne both crownes and credit . rec. herbarum , sanae sanctae indorum , m. iij. quinqueneruiae , saniculae , ana m. ss . consolidae mediae vulnerariorum , bagulae , solidaginis saracenicae , ana m. j. beat and temper them all with barrowes grease , l. j. and of the best oyle oliue , l. ss . and adde to them vini albi . l. jss . to be boyled the space of one houre . afterwards straine them , and adde to them of waxe , l. ss . resinae , terebinthinae , ana ℥ iiij . misce & fiat ceratum . this doth notably heale . this other that followeth is both sanatiue and mundificatiue , and this is the true description of it . rec. terebinthinae , ℥ ss . vnguenti aurei , vnguenti tabaci priùs descripti , ana ℥ ss . myrrhae , mastiches , sarcocollae , ana ʒij . succi tabaci , ℥ jss . cerae , resinae , ana ʒiij . mel is , ʒij . olei hyperici q. sufficit . cum vitell . ouorum no. ij . fiat vnguentum . thus much as touching tabacco , though not so much as others perhaps might , and i could haue done ; but yet so much as i thought worthy to be noted and written , for to satisfie and content the gentle good will of the louing and curteous readers , if that it please them to take as great pleasure , and patience to read it , as i haue taken paines after my long endurance in prison of the kings bench , to set it forth . which thought neuer to haue done , had it not been for the earnest sollicitations and importunities of my best and deerest friends . i am sure that some will finde this my discourse too long , others too short and trifling , and peraduenture vpbraide and cast in my dish the saying of the famous poet terentius in his comedie entituled heautont . act. . sce. . naeiste magno conatu magnas nugas dixerit . but if there be any such fault-finders , quarrell-pickers , corner-creepers , or spider catchers , i will leaue both them and their figuratiue flowts , wherewith they are accustomed to hit men ouer the shinnes , and end this my discourse with the poet martialis , lib. . epigram . . against all such detractours . nasutus sis vsque licèt , sis denique nasus , quantum noluerit ferre rogatus atlas : et possis ipsum tu deridere latinum , non potes in nugas dicere plura meas , ipse ego quàm dixi : quid dentem dente juuabit rodere ? carne opus est , si satur esse velis . ne perdas operam , quise mirantur , in illos virus habe , nos haec nouimus esse nihil . in english thus : suppose you were long nos'd , suppose such nose you weare , as atlas , if you should entreat him , would not beare : that you in flowting olde latinus can be fine , yet can you say no more against these toyes of mine , than i haue said : what boot is 't , tooth with tooth to whet ? you must haue flesh , if you to glut your selfe be set . loose not your paines , gainst them who on themselues are doating : keepe you your sting ? we know these things of ours are nothing . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e virgilius aeneid . horat. li. epist. . . tibul. li heroic . ver . . lucret. l. cleanly . description of tabacco , or sana sancta indorum . the place . the time . the temperature . ouid. lib. . metam . horat. li. . epist. . iuuenal satyr . . cat. eleg . . vnguentum sanans nostrum . vnguentum nostrum sanans & mundificans . this fellow sure with much adoo , hath told great tales and trifles too . by the king a proclamation for the vtter prohibiting the importation and vse of all tobacco, which is not the proper growth of the colonies of virginia and the summer islands, or one of them. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation for the vtter prohibiting the importation and vse of all tobacco, which is not the proper growth of the colonies of virginia and the summer islands, or one of them. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : m.dc.xxiii [ , i.e. ] caption title. imprint from colophon. forbidding importation except from bermuda and virginia, and naming agents to enforce the monopoly. "giuen at our court at theobalds, the second day of march, in the two and twentieth yeere of our reigne of great britaine, france, and ireland. reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to 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subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- bermuda islands. monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- colonies -- commerce. great britain -- history -- james i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ❧ by the king. ¶ a proclamation for the vtter prohibiting the importation and vse of all tobacco , which is not of the proper growth of the colonies of virginia and the summer islands , or one of them . whereas , at the humble suite of our commons in parliament , by our royall proclamation , bearing date the nine and twentieth day of september now last past , for the reasons therein contained , we haue prohibited the importation and vse of all tobacco , which is not of the proper growth of our colonies of virginia and the summer islands , or one of them ; and whereas , vpon the humble petition of many our louing subiects ▪ being planters or aduenturers in those colonies , and for the support and incouragement of those plantations ( whose prosperous estate we much affect , and shall by all good meanes be alwayes ready to cherish and protect ) we haue beene contented to tolerate the vse of tobacco , of the growth of those plantations for a time , vntill by more solid commodities they be able to subsist otherwise , which ( as we are informed ) they cannot as yet by any meanes doe ; and therefore by our said proclamation , wee did thinke fit to giue particular directions in many things tending to those ends , and did straitly command the due execution and obseruation thereof , vnder the penalties therein contained : now because wee haue beene informed , aswell by the humble certificate of our commissioners for virginia , as by the humble petition of diuers of our louing subiects , the planters and aduenturers of , and in those colonies , that , notwithstanding our royall pleasure was so expressely signified . and the reasons of state are so plainely laid downe , as might haue perswaded euery well affected subiect to the due obseruance thereof ; yet diuers , out of an inordinate desire of priuate gaine , haue wilfully disobeyed our commandement herein , and thereby haue indeauoured , as much as in them lieth , to destroy so noble a worke as the support of those plantations , which so much concernes our honour , and the honour and profit of our people . wee therefore , being very sensible of this neglect and contempt , haue thought good to renew our said proclamation ; and doe hereby signifie and declare vnto all our louing subiects , and vnto all others , our expresse will and pleasure to be , that our said former proclamation , and euery clause , prohibition , article and thing therein contained , shall from hencefoorth be duly obserued and obeyed , with such alterations and additions , as are in these presents contained and expressed , vpon paine of our high displeasure , and such penalties and punishments , as in our said former proclamation are , or in these presents shall be limited or appointed for the offenders thereof . and whereas some haue since our said last proclamation , vnmerchantlike , secretly and cunningly stollen in great parcels of tobacco , contrary to our said proclamation ; wee would haue those persons , and all others by their example know , that they must expect the seueritie of that censure , which our court of starre-chamber shall thinke fit to inflict vpon them , and that wee are resolued not to relent or remit their deserued punishment , but to cause them and all others , that shall dare to offend herein , to bee prosecuted and punished in such measure , as such their high contempt doth deserue . and because we conceiued it would be vtterly in vaine to prohibite the importation of such forreine tobacco , as aforesaid , vnlesse the care and ch●rge of the execution thereof were committed by us , to some fit and able persons , who besides the respect to our seruice , might for their owne particular interests take the same to heart ; therefore we haue by our letters patents vnder our great seale of england , authorized certaine persons , citizens of london , well affected to those plantations , an our seruice , by themselues , and their deputies , to search and inquire into the offences , and offenders against our said proclamation : and wee haue also contracted with them to bee our agents for us , and to our vse to receiue the tobacco of those colonies , at , and for such prices as wee haue agreed to giue for the same ; and besides those prices , to bee giuen to the planters and owners of the said tobacco , our said agents haue further contracted with us , to giue and pay vnto us , and to our vse , such summes of money more , as may giue us reasonable satisfaction for that losse , which otherwise wee should sustaine in our customes and other dueties , and may inable us to beare that charge , which wee haue vndertaken yeerely to disburse for the generall defence and support of those plantations . and we doe further by this our proclamation publish and declare , that we will constantly and inuiolably obserue and performe our said contract , and on our parts , will allow and disburse out of our reuenew , those summes of money for the safety of those plantations , and for the ease of the planters and inhabitants there , which by the said contract hath beene on our parts vndertaken ; whereof we would haue , aswell our said agents , as the planters and aduenturers in those colonies , and all other whom it may concerne , to rest confidently assured . and because wee are giuen to vnderstand , that diuers vsing to trade in tobacco , and hauing a purpose to import , or buy , or sell the same , contrary to the intent of this our proclamation , doe vsually land the same at priuate wharffes , staires , or other places , and send , or conueigh the same vnto the houses , cellers , warehouses , or other places , of , or belonging to others , who are lesse suspected then themselues , thereby to conceale the same from us , and our agents ; wee further will and command , that from hencefoorth no person whatsoeuer , presume , or suffer the said prohibited tobacco to bee landed at any wharffe , staire , or other place , nor receiue , or conceale any such prohibited tobacco , or suffer the same to be bestowed in any of their houses , cellers , warehouses , or other places , vpon paine of our high displeasure , and vpon such paines and penalties , as by this , or our former proclamation , are to be inflicted vpon the principall offenders . and to the intent that all the prohibited tobacco brought in , shal be iustly and truely exported againe , & no part therof sold , or vented within these our kingdomes ; our will and command is , that all the prohibited tobacco which shall be seized within our kingdome of england , shall be brought and deliuered into the ware-house , or storehouse which shall be to that purpose prouided by the said agents , in our city of london ; and all the prohibited tobacco , which shall be seized within our kingdome of ireland , shall bee brought and deliuered into the warehouses , or storehouses which shall to that purpose bee appointed by our agents in our city of dublin , or elsewhere within our said kingdome of ireland . and for the incouragement of those , who shall take paines in the discouery and seizing thereof , our will and pleasure is , that the one halfe of the reasonable value thereof , shall bee paid vnto the seizers thereof in money by our agents , & the tobacco it selfe shall be exported againe by our said agents , or by their appointments : and for the better execution of our seruice herein , we doe hereby giue full power and authority , as well to our agent and agents , as to their deputy and deputies , at all time and times , to enter into , and to search for any prohibited tobacco , contrary to this our proclamation , in any ship , boate , or vessell , or in any house , shop , celler , soller , warehouse , or in any trunke , chest , case , barrell , or pack , cabbin , or any other suspected place whatsoeuer , and finding any such prohibited tobacco , the same to seize and cary away , to be conueyed to such place or warehouse , as our said agent shall appoint for that purpose , as aforesaid . and our expresse will and command is , that neither our said agents , nor any others , doe sell , or vtter any part of the said prohibited tobacco , within any our owne dominions , there to bee spent and vsed , whereby the vent of the tobacco of our colonies aforesaid may any way bee hindred , vpon paine of our heauy displeasure , and such other paines and penalties , as other offenders against this our proclamation are liable vnto . and whereas by our former proclamation , we did command , that from , & after the fiue & twentieth day of march , then , and now next ensuing , no person should sell , vtter , or offer to put to sale , or vse any tobacco , which is not of the proper growth of the colonies aforesaid , and before the ende of forty dayes then next ensuing , should transport out of our said kingdome , all other tobacco , then that of the growth of those colonies ; wee doe now by this our proclamation , ratifie and confirme the same , and command , the same to be duely put in execution : and to the ende there may be no euasion vsed to auoyd the same , wee doe hereby giue full power and commandement to our said agents , by themselues and their deputies , at any time , or times after the said fiue and twentieth day of march now next ensuing , to search for the said prohibited tobacco , and to take a true and exact note and accompt of the quantity thereof , to the intent that the owners thereof , before the ende of forty dayes next ensuing after the said fiue and twentieth day of march , either by themselues , or some other , may export the same by the priuity of the said agents , according to the true intent of this , and of our said former proclamation , and at the end of the said forty dayes , may giue a iust account vnto our said agents , what is become thereof ; & whatsoeuer tobacco which is not of the proper growth of the plantations aforesaid , shall after the said forty dayes be found in the hands of any person whatsoeuer , shall bee seized by our said agents , or their deputies to our vse , and the said person or persons hauing or vsing the same , shall incurre our high displeasure , and bee subiect to such further paines and penalties , as by our said proclamation are to be inflicted vpon any other offenders . and our further will and command is , that all the tobacco of the growth of our colonies aforesaid , shall be brought to the custome-house key of our port of london , and there be deliuered to our agents , or their assignees to our vse , according to our contract aforesaid , or be kept in our said custome-house to bee transported out of our dominions ; and whatsoeuer tobacco of the growth of those plantations , or either of them , shall not be brought to that key , and be deliuered as aforesaid , or for which there shall not bee good security giuen to our agents , within foureteene dayes after the landing thereof , to export the same as aforesaid , the same shall bee forfeited and seized to our vse by our agents or their deputies , as other prohibited tobacco , and this to bee duely obserued vnder the paines and penalties aforesaid . and whereas wee are giuen to vnderstand , that diuerse vsing to trade in tobacco . haue and still doe secretly and vnderhand steale into our kingdomes the said prohibited tobacco and doe so priuily hide and conceale the same , that they cannot be easily discouered , nor found out , and doe either by themselues , or others by them to that purpose imployed , carry the same by small quantities to the houses or shops of our subiects , inhabiting within our said kingdomes , and doe sell or profer the same to bee sold , or else doe secretly and couertly offer to contract for the sale of such prohibited tobacco ; our will and pleasure is , and wee doe hereby straitly charge and command all and euery our louing subiects , to whom any the said prohibited tobacco shal be offered to be sold or contracted for , as aforesaid that immediately vpon the sight of any such prohibited tobacco , or vpon offer to contract for any such tobacco , they make stay thereof , and of such person or persons , as shall either profer the same to sell , or shall offer to contract for any the said prohibited tobacco , and that they and euery of them , who shall haue the said prohibited tobacco so proffered vnto them to be sold , as aforesaid , shall giue notice thereof , and charge the next constable , head-borough , or other officer , with such person or persons , who shall offer to put the same to sale , vpon paine of our high displeasure , and of such other paines and penalties , as other offenders against this our royall proclamation are liable vnto . and wee doe hereby further charge and command all and singuler constables , head-boroughs & other our officers aforesaid , that they and euery of them , vpon notice vnto them giuen of any such prohibited tobacco , as aforesaid , or of any such person and persons so offending , as aforesaid , that they seize the said tobacco , and detaine all such person and persons so offending as they shal haue knowledge of , vntill they haue giuen notice thereof vnto our said agents or their deputie or deputies , and vntill by their meanes the person offending may be brought before such officer as hath power by this our proclamation to take sufficient bond for the appearance of such person , in some of our courts of iustice , to answer for their faults as the same shall deserue . and for the better finding out and discouery of the offences and offenders against our former and this our proclamation , we are well pleased , and doe hereby require and command , that our treasurer , commissioners for our treasury , chancellour and barons of our exchequer now , and for the time being , within our said kingdomes of england and ireland , respectiuely shall and may award such and so many commissions , as they shall thinke meet , to be directed to discreet and fit persons in all or any our ports , or elsewhere , to enquire of and examine vpon oath , or otherwise , all such persons as are , or shall be suspected to haue heretofore offended , or which hereafter shall offend against this , or our former proclamation in this behalfe , or any other person or persons whatsoeuer , for the finding out and discouery of the said offences and offenders , as is before mentioned ; to the end that , as well the importers of such tobacco as the buyers , sellers , spenders , receiuers and concealers thereof , may receiue such condigne punishment by fine or otherwise , for their offences , as by our court of star-chamber , or court of exchequer shall be thought fit : and in case such tobacco shall not , or cannot be taken , or found to bee seized , that then euery such offender shall forfeit and pay to the hands of our agent or agents , in this behalfe for our vse , the full value of such tobacco , as the said offenders heretofore haue , or hereafter shall haue imported , bought , sold , vented or receiued , as aforesaid , beside such further punishment , as shall be fit to be inflicted vpon them for their contempt . and our further will and pleasure is , and we doe hereby declare , that whatsoeuer our said agent or agents , their assignee or assignees , vnder the hands and seales of the greater number of them , haue already done , or shall doe hereafter against any offender or offenders , in requiring and taking the forfeiture of any tobacco , or the value thereof so imported or vttered as aforesaid , or in the mitigating or taking any lesse summe then the value of the same of any such offender in the premisses , or otherwise according to the good discretion of our said agent or agents , wee doe and will from time to time approue and allow of by these presents : and this signification of our pleasure shall be as well vnto our said agent or agents for the time being , as vnto all and euery such commissioner and commissioners which haue beene , or shall be imployed , in , or about this our seruice , a sufficient warrant and discharge in that behalfe , without any account to be by them , or any of them respectiuely yeelded to us , our heires or successors , and without incurring any penalty in the doing or executing of this our seruice and royall command . and forasmuch as heretofore diuers great quantities of tobacco haue beene imported into this realme , vnder the name or names of sundry poore mariners , and other , which are not able to pay the value thereof , nor giue satisfaction for the same , our will and pleasure is , the better to auoyd such frauds and deceipts in time to come , that in whatsoeuer ship , or other uessel , any such tobacco in greater or lesser quantities , shall be found or discouered to haue beene , or to be so imported ▪ and to be shifted away that seizure thereof cannot , or shal not be made , that then such mariners , or others , who shall so import or couler the said tobaccoes , shall not onely be punished , as aforesaid , but that euery master of such ship or uessell , wherein such tobacco shall be so imported or shifted away , as aforesaid , shall forfeit to us the value of the said tobacco , and that such ship or ships shall be arrested , and stayed by the officers of euery port , or any of our agents , their d●puties or assignees respectiuely , vntill the said forfeiture be duly answered and paid to the hands of our said agent or agents to our vse , or su●h others as they sh●ll appoint in that behalfe . and for the better execu●●on of the 〈◊〉 , wee doe straitly charge and commaund all iustices of peace , mayors , sheriffes , bailiffes , constables , hea● boroughs , tythi●gmen , our warden and constable of our cinque ports , and all other our officers and ministers , as well of our admiralties , as otherwise , and all other our louing subiects , to whom it shall or may appertaine , that they and euery of them at all time & times hereafter , and from time to time , vpon sight of our letters patents , granted to our said agents , or of a deputation vnder the hands & seales of our agents , or any three of them , be ayding and assisting to our said agent and agents , and their deputie and deputies , and to such our commissioners , as shall be from time to time appointed for or about this our seruice , and also to be from time to time ayding and assisting to all our searchers , wauers , and to all such other person and persons as shall be authorized by our said agent or agents , or by our customers or farmers of our customes , for the searching , seizing , taking , and carying away of all such tobacco imported , or hereafter to be imported or vttered , or intended to be put to sale contrary to this our royall prohibition and commaund . and if any person or persons shall bee found , priuily or secretly to oppose or animate any others , to contradict or withstand them in the due execution of this our seruice and royall commaund , or to neglect the due execution thereof , that then we do by these presents , straitly charge and command , all and euery our sayd officers respectiuely , that euery such person and persons shall be apprehended and brought before our treasurer , chancellour of our exchequer , or before any the lords or others of our priuy councell , or before our chiefe baron , or some other of the barons of our exchequer for the time being , to receiue such order for condigne punishment to be inflicted vpon them according to their demerits , as shall be fit . giuen at our court at theobalds , the second day of march , in the two and twentieth yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france , and ireland . god saue the king. ¶ imprinted at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . m.dc.xxiiii . anno regni caroli ii. regis angliæ, scotiæ, franciæ, & hiberniæ, duodecimo. at the parliament begun at westminster, the five and twentieth day of april, an. dom. in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles, by the grace of god, of england, scotland, france, and ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing e thomason e _ this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; :e [ ]) anno regni caroli ii. regis angliæ, scotiæ, franciæ, & hiberniæ, duodecimo. at the parliament begun at westminster, the five and twentieth day of april, an. dom. in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles, by the grace of god, of england, scotland, france, and ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) england and wales. parliament. [i.e. ], [ ] p. printed by john bill, printer to the kings most excellent majesty, [london : ] [i.e. ] contains the acts drafted by the convention parliament. list of additional acts not included: pp. - . signatures: a-z² a- g² h¹ i- p² . annotation on thomason copy: "jan ". reproduction of the original in the british library. an act for the better ordering the selling of wines by retail -- an act for the levying of the arrears of the twelve moneths assessment commencing the th of june , and the six moneths assessment commencing the of december -- an act for granting unto the kings majesty, four hundred and twenty thousand pounds, by an assessment of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth, for six moneths, for disbanding the remainder of the army and paying off the navy -- an act for further supplying and explaining certain defects in an act intituled an act for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom -- an act for the raising of seventy thousand pounds for the further supply of his majesty -- an act for the attainder of several persons guilty of the horrid murther of his late sacred majestie king charles the first -- an act for confirmation of leases and grants from colledges and hospitals -- an act for confirmation of marriages -- an act for prohibiting the planting, setting, or sowing of tobacco in england and ireland -- an act for erecting and establishing a post-office -- an act impowering the master of the rolls for the time being, to make leases for years, in order to new build the old houses belonging to the rolls. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng england and wales. -- army -- demobilization -- early works to . wine and wine making -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . taxation -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . wool industry -- great britain -- early works to . regicides -- early works to . marriage law -- great britain -- early works to . tobacco -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . postal service -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- politics and government -- - -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - robyn anspach sampled and proofread - robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duo decimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day of april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by john bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the better ordering the selling of wines by retail , and for preventing abuses in the mingling , corrupting , and vitiating of wines , and for setting and limiting the prices of the same . for the better ordering of selling of wines by retail in taverns , and other places , and for preventing of abuses therein , be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by and with the consent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that no person or persons whatsoever , from and after the five and twentieth day of march one thousand six hundred sixty one , unless he or they be authorised and enabled in manner and form , as in this present act is prescribed and appointed , shall sell or utter by retail , that is by the pint , quart , pottle or gallon , or by any other greater or lesser retail measure , any kinde of wine or wines to be drunk or spent within his or their mansion-house or houses , or other place in his or their tenure or occupation , or without such mansion-house or houses , or such other place in his or their tenure or occupation , by any colour , craft , or mean whatsoever , upon pam to forfeit for every such offence the sum of five pounds ; the one moyety of every such penalty to be to our soveraign lord the king , the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same , by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information in any of the kings courts of record , in which action or suit ▪ no ess●ign , wager of law or protection shall be allowed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawful , to and for his majesty , his heirs and successors , from time to time , to issue out under his or their great seal of england , one or more commission or commissions directed to two or more persons , thereby authorizing them to licence , and give authority to such person and persons , as they shall think sit , to sell and utter by retail , all and every or any kinde of wine or wines whatsoever , to be drunk and spent as well within the house or houses , or other place , in the tenure or occupation of the party so licenced , as without , in any city , town , or other place within the kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town and port of berwick upon twede ; and such persons as from time to time or at any time hereafter shall be by such commission or commissions as aforesaid in that behalf appointed , shall have power and authority , and hereby have power and authority to treat and contract for licence , authority and dispensations to be given and granted to any person or persons for the selling and uttering of wines by retail in any city , town or other place as aforesaid , according to the rules and directions of this present act , and the true intent and meaning thereof , and not otherwise , any law , statute , usage or custome to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such persons as shall be commissioned and appointed by his majesty , his heirs or successors as aforesaid shall be , and be called his majesties agents for granting licences for the selling and uttering of wine by retail ; and his majesties said agents are hereby authorized and enabled under their seal of office , the same to be appointed by his majesty , to grant licence for the selling and uttering of wines by retail to any person or persons , and for any time or terme not exceeding one and twenty years , if such person and persons shall so long live ; and for such yearly rent as they can or shall agree , and think fit , so as no fine be taken for the same ; but that the rent and summs of money agreed upon and reserved , be payed and answered half yearly by equal portions during the whole term. and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such licence shall not be given or granted , but to such who shall personally use the trade of selling or uttering of wines by retail , or to the landlord and owner of the house where the person useing such trade shall sell and utter wine by retail , nor shall the same be assignable nor in any wise beneficial or extensive to indempnifie any person against the penalties of this present act , except the first taker . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall & may be lawful to and for his majesty , his heirs & successors , to constitute and appoint such and so many other officers and ministers , as a receiver , register , clerk , controller , messenger or the like , for the better carrying on of this service , as he and they shall think fit , so as the sallaries and wages of all such officers to be appointed , together with the sallary or wages of his majesties said . agents do not exceed six pence in the pound of the revenue that shall hence arise . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the rents , revenues , and sums of money hence arising , except what shall be allowed for the wages and sallaries of such officers and ministers , which is not to exceed six pence out of every pound thereof , shall be duly and constantly paid and answered into his majesties receipt of exchequer , and shall not be particularly charged or chargeable , either before it be paid into the exchequer or after , with any gift or pension . and his majesties said ▪ agents are hereby enjoyned and required to return into the court of exchequer every michaelmas and easter terms , upon their oaths ( which oaths the barons of the exchequer , or any one of them , are hereby authorized to administer ) a book fairly written , containing a true & full account of what licences have been granted the preceding half year , and what rents and sums of money are thereupon reserved , and have been paid , or are in arrear , together with the securities of the persons so in arrear , to the end due and speedy process may be made out according to the course of the exchequer , for the recovery of the same . provided always , that this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall not in any wise be prejudicial to the priviledge of the two vniversities of the land , or either of them , nor to the chancellors or scholars of the same , or their successors ; but that they may use and enjoy such priviledges as heretofore they have lawfully used and enjoyed , any thing herein to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also ▪ that this act , or any thing therein contained shall not extend or be prejudicial to the master , wardens , freemen and commonalty of the mystery of v●●tners of the city of london , or to any other city or town-corporate but that they may use and enjoy such liberties and priviledges as heretofore they have lawfully used and enjoyed , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not in any wise extend to debar or hinder the major and burgesses of the burrough of st. albans in the county of hertford , or their successors , from enjoying , using and exercising of all such liberties , powers and authorities to them heretofore granted by several letters patents under the great seal of england , by queen elizabeth and king james of famous memories , for the erecting , appointing , and licensing of three several wine-taverns within the burrough aforesaid , for and towards the maintenance of the free-school there ; but that the same liberties , powers and authorities shall be , and are hereby established and confirmed , and shall remain and continue in and to the said major and burgesses and their successors , to and for the charitable use aforesaid , and according to the tenor of the letters patents aforesaid , as though this act had never been made , any thing herein contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that it shall not , nor may be lawful to or for any officer or officers to be appointed by his majesty for the carrying on of this service , to take , demand , or recei●e any fees , rewards , or summs of money whatsoever , for or in respect of this service , other then five shillings for a licence , four pence for an acquittance , and six pence for a bond , under the ●enalty of ten pounds , one moiety thereof to the kings majesty , the other moiety to the person or persons who shall sue for the same , by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information , wherein no wager of law , essoign or protection shall be allowed , any thing herein , or any other matter or thing to the contrary notwithstanding . and it is hereby further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no merchant , vintuer , wine-cooper or other person , selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any spanish wine , mingled with any french wine , or rh●●ish wine , sider , perry , hony , sugar , syrops of sugar , molasses , or any other syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass ; brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor nor ingredients , nor any clary , or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever ; and that no merchant , vintner , wine-cooper , or other person selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any french wines mingled with any rhinish wines or spanish wines , sider , perry , stummed wine , vitriol , hony , sugar , syrop of sugar , molasses , or any syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass , brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor or ingredients , nor any clary or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever ; and that no merchant , vintner , wine-cooper or other person selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any r●inish wine mingled with any french wines , or spanish wines , sider , perry , stummed wine , vitriol , hony , sugar , syrops of sugar , molasses , or any other syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass , brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor or ingredients , nor any clary or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever : and that all and every person and persons committing any of the offences aforesaid , shall incur the pains and penalties herein after mentioned : that is to say , every merchant , wine-cooper , or other person selling any sort of wines in gross , mingled or abused as aforesaid , shall forfeit and lose for every such offence , one hundred pounds ; and that every vintner or other person selling any sorts of wine by retail , mingled or abused as aforesaid , shall forfeit and lose for every such offence , the sum of forty pounds ; of which forfeitures , one moyety shall go unto the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , the other moyety to the informer , to be recovered in any court of record by action of debt , bill , plaint or information , wherein no essoigne , protection , or wager of law shall be allowed . provided always , and be it enacted , that from and after the first day of september , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , no canary wines , muskie or alegant , or other spanish or sweet wines , shall be sold or uttered by any person or persons within his majesties kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town of berwick upon twede , by retail , for above eighteen pence the quart : and that no gascoigne or french wines whatsoever , shall be sold by retail , above eight pence the quart ; and that no rhinish wines whatsoever shall be sold by retail , above twelve pence the quart ; ( and according to these rates , for a greater and lesser quantity , all and every the said wines shall and may be sold ) upon pain and penalty that every such person and persons who shall utter or sell any of the said wines by retail , that is to say , by pint , quart , pottle , or gallon , or any other greater or lesser retail-measure ▪ at any rate exceeding the rates hereby limited , do and shall forfeit for every such pint , quart , pottle , gallon , or other greater or lesser quantity so sold by retail , the sum of five pounds ; the one moyety of which forfeiture shall be to our soveraign lord the king , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same , to be recovered in manner and form as aforesaid . provided nevertheless , that it shall and may be lawful to and for the lord chancellor of england , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings council , lord privy seal , and the two chief iustices , or five , four , or three of them ; and they are hereby authorized yearly and every year between the twentieth day of november , and the last day of december , and no other times , to set the prises of all and every the said wines to be sold by retail as aforesaid , at higher or lower rates then are herein contained , so that they or any of them cause the prises by them set to be written , and open proclamation thereof to be made in the kings court of chancery yearly in the term time , or else in the city , burrough ▪ or towns corporate where any such wines shall be sold ; and that all and every the said wines shall and may be sold by retail at such prises as by them , or any five , four , or three of them shall be set as aforesaid , from time to time , for the space of one whole year , to commence from the first day of february next after the setting thereof , and no longer , and no greater prises under the pains and penalties aforesaid , to be recovered as aforesaid , and afterwards : and in default of such setting of prises by the said lord chancellor of england , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings council , lord privy seal , and the two chief iustices , or five , four , or three of them , as aforesaid , at the respective rates . and prises set by this act , and under the penalties as aforesaid , to be recovered as aforesaid . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the levying of the arrears of the twelve moneths assessment commencing the th . of june , and the six moneths assessment commencing the . of december . whereas there are severall great summs of money , yet uncollected and in arrear , and divers summs of money in the hands of the collectors and not payed in , due upon the twelve moneths assessment commencing the twenty fifth of december one thousand six hundred fifty nine , for payment of the arrears of his majesties army now disbanding , and to be disbanded , notwithstanding all former orders , and his majesties proclamation for the speedy levying and collecting thereof . be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majestie , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that the commissioners nominated and appointed in the respective counties , cities and corporations of this kingdome , the dominion of wales , and the town of berwick , in an act made this present parliament for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying of the forces of this kingdome both by land and sea , do forthwith cause all the said ▪ arrears to be levied & collected by such wayes and means , as the same was formerly appointed to be levied and collected ; and likewise all such summs of money as remain in any collectors hands to be speedily payed in , to iames nelthorp and iohn lawson esquires late treasurers at war , for and towards the speedy disbanding and paying off the said forces . provided alwayes , that the summe of five hundred and twenty pounds and twelve shillings disbursed by robert quarum receiver generall of the county of cornwall , by the desire and direction of the commissioners of assessments , and other gentlemen of the said county , for the publique service of the kingdome . and also the summe of seventy pounds disbursed by the town of lyme regis in the county of dorset for the same service , shall be and are hereby discharged and allowed unto the said receiver and town of lyme regis , as if the same had been actually payed in to the treasurers appointed to receive the same , any thing in this act to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for granting unto the kings majesty , four hundred and twenty thousand pounds , by an assessement of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth , for six moneths , for disbanding the remainder of the army , and paying off the navy . whereas it was well hoped , that the moneys enacted to be raised by several acts of this parliament , that is to say , one act entituled , an act for the speedy provision of money , for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea. and one other act entituled , an act for supplying and explaining certain defects in an act , entituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for the disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea. and one other act entituled , an act for raising sevenscore thousand pounds for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , would have effectually sufficed to have compleatly disbanded the armies and paid off the navy ; but by the slow coming in of the same moneys , the growing charge being still kept on , the same cannot be effected without further supply ; and if no further supply should be made , the growing charge would become insupportable : the commons assembled in parliament , do therefore give and grant unto your most excellent majesty , for the uses herein after expressed , and no other , the sum of four hundred and twenty thousand pounds to be raised & levyed in manner following : and do humbly pray your most excellent majesty , that it may be enacted , and be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by , and with the advice and consent of the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , that the sum of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth , for six moneths , beginning from the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty , shall be assessed , taxed , collected , levyed and paid in the several counties , cities and burroughs , towns and places within england and wales , and the town of berwick upon tweed , according to such rates , rules , and proportions , and by the same commissioners , as in and by a certain act past this parliament , entituled an act for raising of sevenscore thousand pounds for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , which said commissioners shall meet on , or before the twelfth day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and are hereby enabled to use and execute all and every the like rates ▪ rules , proportions , powers and authorities , as in and by the said act are mentioned and referred unto , or expressed , as fully and amply , as if the same had been particularly inserted in this present act. and be it further enacted , that the sum of two hundred and ten thousand pounds , being one moyety of the six months assessment , hereby imposed , shall be assessed , collected , levyed and paid in to the receiver or receivers general , who shall be appointed by the said commissioners , upon or before the first day of february , one thousand six hundred and sixty . and the other two hundred and ten thousand pounds residue thereof , upon or before the first day of april , one thousand six hundred sixty one . and be it further enacted , that all and every the sums to be collected and levied by vertue of this present act , shall be paid at the guild-hall of the city of london , unto sir george cartwright , sir richard brown lord mayor of the city of london , sir iames bunce , sir william wheeler , sir william vincent , thomas rich esq ; and the chamberlain of the city of london for the time being , who are hereby appointed treasurers for the receipt thereof , and the acquittances of them , or any threé of them , shall be a sufficient discharge for so much as shall be received by vertue of this act , to any person or persons who shal pay in the same . and whereas there is a present necessity of raising of eighty thousand pounds , be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that if any person or persons of the city of london , or any other place , who hath or have advanced any monies upon the credit of an act of this parliament , entituled , an act for raising sevenscore thousand pounds , for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , shall continue the loane of such monies upon the credit of this act , and declare the same under his or their hands , unto the treasurers by this act appointed , before the one and thirtieth day of december , one thousand six hundred and sixty ; and if any other person or persons shall advance one hundred pounds or upwards upon the credit of this act , and before the tenth day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred and sixty , pay the same unto the said treasurers , then every such person and persons so continuing or advancing as aforesaid , shall not only do a very acceptable service , but shall also receive from the said treasurers out of the last one hundred and ten thousand pounds , which shall be received upon the second payment appointed by this act , his and their principal money , with interest , at the rate of ten pounds per cent . per annum , from the time of such declaration and advancement respectively , any law , act or statute to the contrary notwithstanding . and the said treasurers are hereby required to make payment accordingly , and not to receive any more money to be advanced as aforesaid , then what with the money so to be continued will amount to eighty thousand pounds . and be it further enacted , that the treasurers by this act appointed , shall receive for them , and those to be employed under them in this service , one penny in the pound , in such manner as they ought to receive by the act last before mentioned . and be it further enacted , that all and every the sums of money which by vertue of this present act shall be paid to or received by the treasurers aforesaid , shall from time to time be issued out according to such warrants and directions onely , as they or any three of them shall receive from the commissioners named in one act of this present parliament , entituled , an act for the speedy disbanding of the army and garisons of this kingdom , or threé of them , who are hereby required and enjoyned at their perils , to take care and provide , that the moneys so as aforesaid to be issued out , be employed onely to the uses , intents and purposes hereafter following , and to no other use , intent , or purpose whatsoever , that is to say , principally and in the first place , for and towards the total disbanding of the present army and garrisons , until that work be fully perfected and compleated according to such rules and instructions , as touching the disbanding of the army in the said act last mentioned , are contained . and after the army shall be wholly disbanded , then the residue of the moneys to be raised by vertue of this present act , or due , or behinde on any former act , shall be employed for and towards the paying off of the fleét and navy , according to such rules . orders , and instructions , as touching the payment of the navy , are herein after-mentioned , and not otherwise . and be it further enacted , that an accompt of all the moneys by vertue of this act to be received , shall be given by the said treasurers to this or any other succeéding parliament , which shall require the same , or to such person or persons , as by this or any other succeéding parliament shall be thereunto appointed : provided always , and it is hereby declared , that nō mannors , lands , tenements , and hereditaments which were formerly assessed and taxed for and towards former assessments and land-taxes , and are now in the possession or holding of his majesty , or of the queéns highness , or of any ecclesiastical person or persons , or his , her , or their farmers and tenants , shall be exempted from the payment of the several sums of mony in this act comprized ; but that the said mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , shall be rated , assessed and taxed for and towards the said several sums of money in this act comprised , in such manner and form as they were of late rated , taxed , and assessed for and towards the said former land-rates , any law , statute or custom to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that nothing herein contained shall be drawn into example to the prejudice of the ancient rights belonging to the peers of this realm . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places and precincts respectively , and shall exercise the same powers as the other commissioners intended by this act are authorised and impowered to do , that is to say ; berks. for the county of berks , peregrine hobby , richard harrison esqs ; john fecciplace of fernehamesq ; samuel woodcox . borrough of new windsor . for the borrough of new windsor , andrew plumpton , richard fishburne , gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , william tirringham esq ; sir t●omas hampson baronet , sir philip palmer baronet , anthony ratcliff esq ; cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrel , john bennet esq ; sir anthony cage , levinus bennet . isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings esq ; chester . for the county of chester , sir george warburton baronet , edward warren , jeffery shakerley , henry leigh , esqs ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwal . for the county of cornwal , robert roberts esq ; sir william tredinham , joseph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. the major of lostwithel for the time being , iohn mollesworth esq william williams of trenythen . cumberland . for the county of cumberland , mr. anthony bouch , mr. richard uriell , mr. thomas croswhat , mr. robert webster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , william jennens gent. edmond tremayne , william putt , john kellond , william bogan , george howard , iohn kelly , iames rodd esquires , walter jago , francis drew , esq ; william walrond esq ; john blagdon gent. iohn hamm gent. henry newte . york . for the west-riding in the county of york , welbury norton , rob●rt wivell esquires , richard roundhil gent. william hamond , walte● hawksworth esquires , cuthbert wade , iohn preston gent. arthur ingram esq ; edward atkinson , william witham gent. samuel sunderlandesq ; thomas ward gent. sir william ingram knight , sir john goodrick baronet , sir tho. wentworth , sir edward rodes , knights , godfrey copley of sprotsbrough , john clayton , ioshua horton , thomas stringer esqs . the alderman of l●edes for the time being . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley , charles tankred esqs . sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarboroughfor the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esq . thoms robinson , thomas scudamore esq . york city . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . kingston upon hull . for the town of hull , mr. george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. m●les hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincall , thomas clopton , thomas peck , peter iohnson , thomas manby esq . gloucester . for the county of gloucester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel sheppard , phillip sheppard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn tookeesq . robert lord tracy , thomas morgan esq . sir nicholas throckmorton knight , vvilliam bromage gent. vvilliam vvinter of dimmockgent . richard matchen gent. iohn wynnyattgent . thomas aylway gent. hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. thomas arrasdr . of physick , richard coombes esq . sir robert ioslyn knight , thomas cappin , edward briscoe , iohn halsie esq . mr. fetherston of blackeswere , edward brograve , ralph gore , thomas brograve , edward cason , thomas bonest , henry becher , henry chancey , george bromley , alexander meade , iohn crouch , iames willimort iunior , george poyner gent. iohn iesson esq . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cawley senior , mr. william marston , sir henry connyngsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . thom. marstongent . kent . for the county of kent , sir william mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. godfrey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william meredeth baronet , sir thomas preise baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for the town of sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peke gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banisteresq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwoodgent . iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fif●esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stowton of the city of london , thomas butler , r●chard farrington , vvilliam vvall , william turner , henry brabin , vvilliam hodgkensongent . lincoln . for the county of lincoln , and city and county of the same , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight , william draper , samuel p●octor , william thompson , humphrey walcot , thomas mills , maurice dalton , iohn watson , william willoughby , henry heron , marm●duke darrel , iohn ogle , anthony treadway , william skipwich , thomas browne of eastkirby ; iohn almore , mr. skinner of thornton colledge , tho. harrington , william whichcot , charles pelhamiunior , roger pelham , mr. iohn lockton , mr. iohn hobson iunior , mr. henry hall , mr. charles bawdes , mr. iohn colthurst , mr. william bishop , and mr. edward blaw , aldermen , mr. william perkins , mr. thomas mills , mr. peregrine buck , mr. william dowman , mr. thomas dickenson , mr. iohn thornton , and richard wetherel , aldermen . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . benj●min albin , richard spencer . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bride , thomas harrisonof south-mins , sir vvilliam bareman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfeild esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esq . vvilliam page esq . roger iennynsesq . sir heneage finch baronet his majesties sollicitor general , cheney of hackneyesq . lieut. col. powel , charles cheney of chelsey , christopher abdy esq . sir allen broadricke , iohn barton esq . westminster . for the city of vvestmiuster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. graham , peter maplesden , george plunknett , thomas kirke , vvill. greene , george farewell , ralph darnall . monmouth . for the county of monmouth , vvilliam ionesof frowen esq . iames proger , charles proger . northampton . for the county of morthampton , edward onely iohn thorton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doughty of hanworth , robert legar , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john roops , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry blackborne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell , robert thorowgood , alderman holley . great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simons bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyleyknight , sir thomas me●ow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. thetford . for the whole borough and corporation of thetford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage martin , maurice shelton , esquires , robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir nicholas cole knight and baronet , sir francis bows knight , sir francis anderson knight , sir iohn marley . nottingham . for the county of nottingham , francis sandi●esq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbertesq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bushop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colelough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn cridland gent. mawdley samborne , iohn carew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . for the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam coles . for the city of bathe . for the city of bathe , iohn vane , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , esq ; isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowremanesq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires , mr. iohn brooke , mr. milton of ipswich , mr. edmond bedingfield , mr. francis langley , mr. thomas read , mr. rabbit of bramfield , isaac matham esquire , gardiner web gent. st. edmunds bury . for st. edmonds bury , francis smith , robert sharpe , samuel hustler . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple , sir thomas bludworth , knights , thomas rogers , charles good-harman-atwood , esquires , iohn parker of rigate . rye in the county of sussex . for the town of rye , samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . worcester . for the town of worcester , sir iohn packingtonbaronet , sir rowland berkley knight , sir iohn winford knight , samuel sandys , henry townsend , iohn bearcroft , esquires , sir ralph clare , knight of the bath . worcester city . for the city and county of the city of worcester , edward soley alderman , samuel smith , thomas twitty , gentlemen , henry townsendesq ; sir william mooreton knight , humphrey tyrer , richard heming , stephen richardson , gentlemen , sir iohn packington , sir rowland berkley , sir ralph clare , sir iohn winford , samuel sandys esq ; warwick . for the county of vva●wick , listerof alveston esq . richard bishop of st●atford esq . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the maior of coventry for the time being , h●nry smith alman , sir richard hopkins knight , william iesson , thomas norton esqs . mr. thomas love , mathew smith , samuel snell , william ielliffe , robert beak , iames na●er aldermen . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , 〈◊〉 rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esqs . lister of alveston esq . richard bishop of stra●ford . wilts . for the county of wiltes , waltes buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . mathew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert chandler , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomewichgent . samuell eyre gent. simon spatchurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. mr. francis par●y . sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. symon spatchurst esq . christopher gardiner gent. anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert lord viscount bulkley . brecon . for the county of brecon , william iones , iohn gwyn , henry stedman , edward powell . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of yinshen , morris vaughan , iohn price , gent. thomas par●y , reighnold ienkins , iohn bowin , thomas lewis , ●●ector phillips , nic●olas lewis , vvilliam iones , abel g●●ffin , esqs ; vvactkin lloyde , iohn griffith of noyadd , gentlemen ; the major of cardig●mfor the time being , rees gwin , david morgan , aldermen . carmarthen . for the county of carmarthen , jonathan lloyde , walter lloyde , walter mansell . carnarvon . for the county of carnarvon , griffith bodurda , john lloyd●of naugwhnadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvon , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis manly esq ; flint . for the county of flint , ken●ick eaton , esq ; glamorgan . for the county of glamorgan , iohn price , of courtcarne , morgan morgan , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , vvilliam oakely , edmond vvareing of oldbury , david morrice , esqs ; iohn matthews , henry pu●sel , iohn kiffin , vvilliam price of lanligan , iohn lloyd of conway . haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . rules , orders , and instructions for the discharging and paying off the navy , and other debts relating thereunto . i. the commissioners hereby appointed for disbanding of the army , and discharging the navy , shall proceed therein in manner following , viz. first they are to disband the remaining part of the army according to the former rules in that behalf made ; which done , they are then first to discharge and pay off those sixty five ships which are now out of imployment , and of them in the first place , those whose commanders , officers and seamen , have the least pay due to them ; and after them they are to pay off the men aboard those thirty six ships now in his majesties service , who entred on his pay the twenty fourth of june last . ii. that all the commanders , officers and mariners who served in person , and were in service upon any of the sixty five of his majesties ships , on the twenty fifth of april , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and have taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy , or shall take the same , when they shall be thereunto required , and have not since deserted the service , nor been discharged for misdemeanor , shall with all convenient speed have their accompts stated ( by the auditors hereafter appointed ) and thereupon receive all their arreats of their pay from the fourteenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of their discharge ; and the commanders officers , and mariners of the aforesaid thirty six ships which were in service on the twenty fifth of april , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and have taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy , or shall take the same as aforesaid , and have not deserted the service , shall have their accompts stated as before , and receive their pay from the said fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , until the twenty fourth of iune , one thousand six hundred and sixty next following . and the commissi●ners appointed by this act , shall upon sight of the accompts so stated as before , cause the send captains , officers and mariners wages , successively to be payed by the treasurers appointed by this act , out of the money which shall come in of the six months assessment , or any other money , heretofore appointed for the paying or disbanding the army , and discharging the navy . and if any further arrears shall be claimed and appear to be due to any such commanders , officers or mariners in service as aforesaid for service at sea , from or after the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty seven , and to , or before the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty and eight , that in such case the auditors hereby appointed , shall examine all such arrears , and draw up a state thereof to be presented to the next parliament in order to their satisfaction . iii. that no money be paid or allowed to any person before-mentioned for any short allowance of victuals , made or pretended to be made them , either at sea , or in harbor : and if it shall appear , that any money , clothes , goods , wares , or merchandices , have beén paid or sold by any publick minister , officer , or other person , to any commander , officer , or seaman of the aforesaid ships , upon accompt of their pay , since the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight ; in such case , all the said moneys so paid , and the value of the clothes , goods , wares , and merchandices so sold and delivered within the time of their said service , shall be defaulked out of their pay aforesaid : and the sums so defaulked shall be paid by warrants of the commissioners , charged on the treasurers , unto such person and persons to whom the same of right belongeth , out of the money that shall come in of the six moneths assessment , or any other moneys heretofore appointed for paying or disbanding of the army and navy , in course next after the commanders , officers , and seamen are paid . iv. that after the accompts of the commanders , officers , and seamen are stated , then the auditors shall state the accompts of the ship-keépers : and of all officers on shore in the yards , and store-houses , at deptford , woolwich , chatham , portsmouth , harwich , and other places , to be stated from the fourteenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the twenty fourth of june last past ; after the rates accustomed to be paid by his majesty , and according to their several capacities , at which time the said commissioners are to give them warrants , charged upon the treasurers , to pay them their several sums out of the money that shall come into their hands of the six moneths assessment , or any other money heretofore appointed , for paying or disbanding of the army and navy in course next after the common marriners , seamen , commanders , officers , and their servants , are discharged and paid , and the money from them defaulked as before , fully satisfied . v. that the said auditors shall state the accompts of the victuallers from the said fourteénth day of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of the several ships discharge , for as many as are out of employment as before ; and to the twenty fourth day of june , for the remaining part of the navy now in his majesties service in the winter guard , and assign them payment in course on the treasurers before-mentioned , to be paid out of the money remaining in their hands , out of the six moneths assessment , or any other money heretofore appointed for the paying or disbanding of the army and navy , next after the sums formerly ordered are paid . vi. that the auditors shall from the said fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , state the accompts of all men that shall or may justly claim any money for quarters , and cures of the sick , and wounded seamen ser a shore out of his majesties ships in any town or corporation in this kingdom ; and for the quarters and cures of the sick and wounded soldiers sent over from flanders ; which being so stated , the said commissioners shall assign them their money by warrant on the treasurers , to be paid in course next after the commanders , officers , and marriners aforesaid , and the officers and ship-keépers aforesaid , are paid and satisfied . vii . that if in case any commanders , officers , or marriners , shall have died or beén discharged by ticket out of any the said ships , and their arrears of pay not satisfied : in such case the auditors shall state the accompts of the persons so dead or discharged from the said fourteénth day of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of their death or discharge , according to their several capacities ; and the commissioners shall thereupon give warrants upon the treasurers , by this act appointed for the payment of the sums to them , or their assigns in course , when the commanders and officers of the several ships , to which they did belong at the time of their death or discharge , and the debts for curing the sick and wounded , are satisfied . viii . that the said auditors shall also state the several accompts of all other persons , which can or may justly claim any debt to be due unto him or them , for any provision , maintenance of prisoners , goods , wares , merchandises , stores , ammunition , and other necessaries sold and delivered to any publick minister , to and for the use of the navy aforesaid , from the fourtéenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the twenty fourth of iune one thousand six hundred and sixty , and order them payment in course , after the before mentioned sums are paid by assignation on the treasurers to be paid out of the money remaining in their hands , out of the six moneths assessment , or any other mo●eys heretofore appointed for paying or disbanding of the army and navy . ix . that for the better stating the accompts of the commanders , officers , and mariners of the said navy , and the several other accompts before recited , and hereafter mentioned , arthur sprey , william iessop , ralph darnal , samuel atkins , richard kingdon , and bartholomew fillingham esquires , and iohn walker gentleman , shall be and are hereby appointed , constituted , and authorized to audite , and cast up the accompts of the aforesaid commanders , officers , mariners , and all other mens accompts relating to the debt of the said navy as before , and shall respectively before they enter thereon , take an oath in these words following . i do swear , that to the best of my skill and judgment , i shall examine , and truly state all such accompts as shall be committed to my care and trust by the commissioners , for disbanding the army , and discharging the navy , or any three , or more of them ; and shall and will to the best of my knowledge , make true certificates of all such accompts to the said commissioners , or any three of them . so help me god. which said oath , the said commissioners , or any three of them as aforesaid , are hereby authorized to administer accordingly . which accompts so certified by the said auditors , or any two of them , then the said commissioners , or any three of them , shall have power and authority , and are nee●by authorized and impowered to issue out warrants from time to time , to the respective treasurers aforesaid , for the payment of the several sums so audited , and due as aforesaid : which warrants , together with the acquittance of the persons to whom the same is payable thereupon , shall be to the said treasurers respectively a sufficient warrant and discharge . x. that the chief officers of his majesties navy do with all convenient speed deliver unto the commissioners appointed by this act , a perfect list of the names of all the aforesaid ships that are to be discharged , and the places in which they lie ; and the names and sirnames of the commanders , officers , marriners , and common seamen to each ship belonging ; and a particular accompt of the time that every person hath served , and what money or goods every or any one of them hath received . xi . that the pursers and checks of the several ships of the navy , do from time to time when they shall be required thereunto , attend the auditors aforesaid , and deliver unto them a true and perfect accompt of all the commanders , officers , marriners , and seamen belonging to the said ships , and shall produce the original muster-book and pay-books , wherein the names of the said commanders , officers , and sea-men were entered , and give an exact accompt of what arrears is due unto them , and how and in what manner the same becomes due ; the which books and accompts , shall by the said pursers and checks be delivered upon oath , which said oath the commissioners aforesaid , or any thrée of them , are hereby ordered to administer accordingly . xii . that in case any purser shall be found to make any false muster , or shall muster any captain , officer , or mariner by a false name , or make any false ticket , such purser shall forfeit his or their respective wages , and be imprisoned the space of six moneths , and in such case the commissioners appointed by this act , or any two of them , are hereby impowred to commit them to prison accordingly . xiii . that upon discharge of any of the commanders , officers , and mariners of the navy aforesaid ; all the said commanders , officers , and mariners , shall deliver up all their respective ships , guns , masts , sayles , yards , anchors , cables , tackle , apparrel , provisions , ammunition and stores , which are in their possessions , for his majesties use , unto such person or persons , as his majesty , or the lord high admiral of england , shall appoint to receive the same ; and if any commanders , officers , or sea-men , shall refuse to be discharged , or to deliver up the stores aforesaid , or shall be found , upon due proof , to have embezled any part thereof , or do disswade others from being discharged , he or they so offending , shall forfeit all his and their arrears , and be further proceeded against , according to their demerit . xiiii . that the said commissioners , or any thrée of them as aforesaid , shall have power to nominate , appoint , and imploy such clerks , agents , messengers and servants , as shall be necessary for the said work , and to make and give to them such reasonable sallaryes , allowances and satisfactions as they shall think fit ; and also to provide all other necessaries , and to defray all other charges relating to the fame . xv. that the commissioners formerly nominated by the house of commons , and by this act continued and appointed for this service , shall have and receive for their charge and pains in and about this service , one penny in the pound , and no more , out of all such monies as shall be issued by vertue of this act ; and each of the auditors aforesaid shall receive for his pains and charges , in and about this service , the sum of twenty shillings per diem , during the continuance of this service , which the treasurers of the aforesaid monies , are hereby enabled and required to issue and pay accordingly . xvi . that the commissioners shall direct the said treasurers from time to time to grant assignations ( who are hereby required to observe the same ) for such and so many sums of money on the respective receivers or treasurers for raising money by the act aforesaid in the several counties , cities , or places , where they understand any of the said money lies , as the commissioners for disbanding the army and navy , or any threé or more of them as aforesaid , shall direct and appoint to such persons , and in such manner as the said commissioners , or any threé or more of them as aforesaid , shall direct and appoint . xvii . that the commissioners herein named , or any thrée of them , shall and are hereby authorized to call to accompt the present treasurers in this act named : and iames nelthorpe , and iohn lawson esquires , late treasurers at wars , or any other former treasurers , or commissioners of the army , or navy ; for all such sums of money , as they or any of them stand accomptable for , and to certifie the same accompts into his majesties exchequer . anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duo decimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day of april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by iohn bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for further supplying and explaining certain defects in an act , intituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom , both by land and sea. whereas through some doubts arising upon or by negligence in the execution of one act of this present parliament , intituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for the disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea : and also of one other act , intituled , an act for supplying and explaining certain defects in the aforesaid act : the same acts do not answer the ends aforesaid , in such measure as was expected , without some further explanation of the sence thereof , and a review of the several assessments made thereby , so that some persons may not escape without payment at all , or go away at very small proportions , whilst others pay their just and full due . it is therefore enacted and declared by the kings most excellent majesty , by , and with the consent and advice of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by the authority of the ●ame , that all and every person and persons of the several ranks , degrées , and qualifications in the said act or acts mentioned , shall contribute and pay the several and respective sums of money therein appointed to be paid ( any pretence of e●emption , being the kings majesties servants , to the contrary notwithstanding : ) and also that every person and persons , ecclesiastical and temporal , bodies politick and corporate , shall pay for their estates , both real and personal , the sum of forty shillings for one hundred pounds per annum , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser estate , and for every hundred pounds personal estate , after the rate of five pounds per annum ; provided it extend not to estates under five pounds per annum . and to the intent the same may be equally and indifferently assessed and taxed , be it further enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that the several commissioners in the said act named , or any three of them , within their several and respective counties , limits and precincts , shall have power to nominate and appoint two or more of the most able and discréet persons in every parish , villa● or hamlet , to review the several rates 〈◊〉 ass●ssments that have been made in their several and respective parishes , villages and hamlets . and where they shall finde that by the negligence , or default of any former assessors , any persons or estates have béen under rated , or omitted to be rated , that then they shall rate and assess all such persons and estates , so under-rated or omitted , to the full value they are to be rated and assessed at , either for their degrées , persons , or estates , by this or the former acts to that purpose made in this present parliament , or shall by the appointment at the discretion of the said commissioners make new assessments or rates , and shall return the same or their said additional rates at such places and times as the said commissioners ; or any thrée of them shall appoint . and it is further enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that every sworn attorney , or clerk in the office of the clerk of the pipe in the exchequer ; and euery attorney belonging to the office of the lord treas●rers remembrancer , shall pay twenty nobles apéece . and be it further enacted and declared , that every barrester at law , and every other person or persons that hath or have subscribed to any deed or writing wherein he or they have béen written or entituled esquire , or that hath or have acted by vertue of any commission or pretended commission , act , or pretended acts of parliament , wherein they have before the sitting of this parliament , béen written or entituled esquire , shall pay as reputed esquires within the said acts. and to the intent that none that have or shall pay his or their due proportions . that he or they ought to pay in respect of his or their quality or degrée , may be doubly charged , every person that hath or shall pay his full proportion for his or her degrée , and quality , the same excéeding the proportion of his or her estate , real and personal , shall by certificate under the hands and seals of 〈◊〉 or more of the commissioners within the same county or precinets where such sum hath o● shall be paid , be discharged from further payment for his or her estate , so that it be particularly expressed in every such certificates where such estate lieth , and the several and respective values thereof ; so that it may appear , that his or her proportion for his or her degrée or quality doth exceed that of his or her estate ; and also where any person or persons , bodies politick or corporate , have paid , or shall pay for his , her , or their estate , in one or more counties , he or they shall by like certificate or certificates be discharged in other places for so much and such values specially mentioned to be paid in the said certificates , and no more . and be it enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that the said commissioners or any threé or more of them within their several precincts , shall and may have power to inquire of , hear and determine all abuses , neglects , and misdoings of all and every the assessors and collectors to be imployed by vertue of this or the said precedent acts ; and shall have power to impose any fine or fines upon them or any of them , whom they shall be well informed ( by the oath of two or more credible witnesses , which oath they or any two of them are hereby impowred to administer ) to offend from and after the twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred and sixty , in not performing their duties in their respective employments . provided , that no such fine shall excéed the sum of five pounds for one offence ; and that such commissioners who shall set or impose such ●ine or ●ines , shall have full power by warrant under their hands and seals , to command the several constables or tythingmen , which in the several and respective places where such person or persons have their habitation or above , upon whom such fine or fines is or are imposed , to levy the same by distress upon the goods of such person or persons refusing to pay the same , and to return the overplus thereof ( if any be ) deducting also reasonable charges for taking such distress , to the owner or owners of such goods ; and every such fine shall be imployed to the same purposes as the moneys raised by the said former acts are appointed : and also in case no distress can be found or had for satisfying such fine , and in case no distress can be taken by the collectors or other officers appointed to distrain , for the taxes or assessments by vertue of the said former act or acts , that in every such default , upon complaint to the said commissioners , or any threé of them , within their several and respective limits , the said commissioners , or any thrée of them , shall have full power and authority to cause every such person from whom no distress can be had , to be committed to the next common gaol , there to remain until he hath fully satisfied and paid such sum or sums of money , which ought to be charged upon him , by vertue of this and the said former acts , without bail or main-prize . and be it further enacted and declared , that the commissioners of every county and place respectively shall make up a true accompt of the sums onely of every hundred , lath , wapentake or ward , rated and assessed by the said former acts , together with the additional sums that shall be rated by vertue of this present act severally within their several counties , limits , and precincts , without naming the particular persons or estates , and shall shew what hath been paid thereof , and to what person and persons and what hath been discharged by such certificates as are appointed by this act , and what is in arrear and upaid , and shall return the same unto his majesties court of exchequer , before the second day of march next ; and in so doing they shall not be compelled to make or return any other accompt , duplicate , or certificate . and it is further enacted and declared . that the true and full yearly value of all lands , tenements , rents , tithes , and other hereditaments , shall be rated and assessed in manner aforesaid , in the several parishes , villages , or hamlets , where the same are scituate , lying , or arising . and be it further declared , that every sum charged upon , and paid by any person , by vertue of the said former acts or either of them , by reason of estate , degrée , or quality , shall be allowed and deducted out of such further charge , as shall be imposed upon him or her , by vertue of this present act. lastly , it is enacted and declared , that whosoever is sued at law for any act done , or to be done in the due execution of this or either of the said former acts , he may plead the general issue , and give the special matter in evidence : and if the plaintiff be nonsuit , or a verdict pass against any such plaintiff or plaintiffs in any such action , the defendant shall and may recover his double costs . provided always , and be it enacted , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to any peer of this realm , in point of assessment imprisonment , distress , or otherwise , provision being made in the said first recited act , for the assessing of the said péers , by certain péers , who are therein named and appointed in that behalf . and be it further enacted , that the lord chancellor , the lord treasurer , the lord steward of his majesties houshold , lord chamberlain of his majesties houshold , the earl of northampton , lord howard of charleton , the lord roberts , the lord grey of wark , the lord craven , the lord mohun , and the lord hatton , be added to the péers named in the said first recited act for the assessing of the péers , according to the said recited act : which said lords commissioners , or any five of them , in this and the former act named , shall have power to assess , levy , and collect ; and shall assess , levy , and collect , all such sums of money as shall be assessed according to the tenor of this and the former act , upon such péers who have not paid proportionably to their estates . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named , shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places , and precincts respectively , and shall exercise the same power as if they had béen named in the said former acts , or either of them . berks. for the county of berks , perigrine hobby , richard harrison esqs . iohn fettiplace , of fernhamesq . burrough of new windsor . andrew plumton gent. richard fishborne gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , sir thomas hampson baronet , sir phillip palmer baronet , anthony ra●cliffe esq . cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrell , iohn bennet esq . sir anthony cage , levinus bennett . for the isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings , esq . chester . for the county of chester , sir george warberton baronet , edward warren esq . jeffery shakerly esq . henry lee esq ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwall . for the county of cornwall , robert roberts , esq . sir william thredinham , jo●eph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. cumberland . for the county of cumberland , anthony bouch , richard ●urial , thomas croswhat , robert vvebster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , vvilliam jennins gent. edmond tremaine , vvilliam putt , iohn kellond , vvilliam bogan , george howard , iohn kelley , vvilliam kelley , iames rodd esqs . york . for the west riding in the county of york , vvestbury norcon esq . robert vvivell esq . richard roundhill gent. vvilliam hamond esq . vvalter hawkesworth , esq . cutbert vvade . iohn ●reston gent. arthur ingram esq , edward atkin●● , vvilliam vvitham gent. samuel sonder●●nd , esq . thomas vvard gent. sir william ●●gram knight . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley esq . charles tankred , sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarborough for the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esquires , thomas robinson , thomas scudamore esquires . york . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . for the town of kingston upon hull , george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. miles hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincoll , thomas clapton , thomas peek , peter iohnson , thomas manby esqs . gloucester . for the county of gloucester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel shepard , phillip shepard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn took●esqs . robert lord tracy . hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. arras dr. of physick , richard combes esq . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cowley senior , mr. william marston , henry conningsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . kent . for the county of kent , sir william mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. godfrey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william merideth baronet , sir thomas peirce baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peake gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banister esq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwood gent. iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fife esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stoughton of the city of london , alderman . lincoln . for the parts of linsey in the county of lincolne , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight . great grimsby . for great grim●by , william draper , samuel proctor . for the parts of kestivan , william thompson , humphrey walcot . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bide , thomas harrisonof south-mims , sir vvilliam bateman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfield esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esqs . vvilliam page esq . roger genningsesq . richard meney . westminster . for the city of vvestminster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. graham , peter maplesden , george plunknet , thomas ki●ke , william greene , george farewell , ralph darnell . northampton . for the county of northampton edward onely , iohn thornton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doughty of hanworth , robert legar , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john ripps , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry black-borne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell. great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simonds bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyleyknight , sir thomas medow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. thetford . for the whole borough and corporation of thetford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage martin , maurice shelton , esquires , mr. robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir iohn marley . nottingham . for the town of nottingham , francis sandisesq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbertesq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bishop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colclough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn cridlandgent . mawdley samborne , iohn carew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam cole . for the city of bathe , iohn vane , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , esqs ; isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowreman esq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple knight , earle of ancram , henry capel . dalinahey esq . iohn farewell , doctor windebanck . for the town of rye . samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the major of coventry for the time being , henry smith alderman . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , iohn rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esquires . wilts . for the county of wilts , waltor buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . m●tthew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert challoner , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomwichgent . samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurst esq . christopher gardiner esq . anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert , lord viscount bulkley . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of ymshen , maurice vaughan , iohn price gentmen . carnarvan . for the county of carnarvan , griffith bodurda , john lloyde of na●gwnnadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvan , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis weanly esq ; flint . for the county of flint , kenrick eaton , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the raising of seventy thousand pounds for the further supply of his majesty . the commons assembled in parliament do give and grant unto your most excellent majesty , the sum of seventy thousand pounds to be raised and levyed in manner following , and do pray your majesty , that it may be enacted , & be it enacted by your most excellent majesty , by & with the advice & consent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , that the sum of threescore and ten thousand pounds , for one month only , beginning from the first day of iuly , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , shall be assessed , taxed , collected , levied and paid in the several counties , cities , burroughs , towns , and places within england and wales , and the town of berwick upon tweede , according to the several rates , rules , and proportions , and in such manner and form , and by the same commissioners , as in and by a certain other act , passed this parliament , for raising the like sum of seventy thonsand pounds for one month only , beginning from the twenty ninth of september , one thousand six hundred and sixty , entituled an act for the speedy raising of seventy thousand pounds for the present supply of his majesty , are mentioned or referred unto and intended , which commissioners shall meet-upon or before the fifth day of iuly , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , and are hereby enabled and required to use and execute all and every the like powers and authorities , as in and by the said act are mentioned , or referred to , and intended as fully and amply , as if the same rates , rules , proportions , powers and authorities had been particularly inserted in this present act. and be it further enacted , by the authority aforesaid , that all and every the sums of money charged by this act , upon the several counties , cities , towns , burroughs and places aforesaid , shall be raised , levied , and paid into his majesties receipt of the exchequer , upon or before the first day of august , one thousand six hundred sixty one , by the several receive general , who shall be appointed by the said commissioners ; provided always , and it is hereby declared , that no mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , which were formerly assessed and taxed for and towards former assessments , and land-taxes , and are now in the possession or holding of his majesty , or of the queens highness , or of any ecclesiastical person or persons , or his , or their farmers and tenants , shall be exempted from the payment of the several sums of money in this act comprized , but that the said mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , shall be rated , assessed , and taxed for and towards the said several sums of money in this act comprized , in such manner and form as they were of late rated , taxed , and assessed for and toward the said former land-rates , any law , statute or custome to the contrary thereof , in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , that neither this act , nor any thing therein-contained , shall be drawn into example to the prejudice of the antient rights belonging to the peers of this realm . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named , shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places and precincts respectvely , and shall exercise the same powers as the other commissioners intended by this act , are authorized and impowred to do ; that is to say , berks. for the county of berks , peregrine hobby , richard harrison , esqs ; john fettiplace of ferne●amesq ; and samuel woodcox . borrough of new windsor . for the borrough of new windsor , andrew plumpton , richard firshburne , gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , william tirringham esq ; sir thomas hampson baronet , sir philip palmer baronet , thomas ratcliff esq ; cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrell , john bennet esq ; sir anthony cage , levinus benner . isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings esq ; chester . for the county of chester , sir george warburton baronet , edward warren , jeffery shakerley , henry leigh , esqs ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwal . for the county of cornwal , robert roberts esq ; sir william tredinham , joseph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. the major of lostwithel for the time being , iohn mollesworth esq william williams of trenythen . cumberland . for the county of cumberland , mr. anthony bouch , mr. richard uriell , mr. thomas croswhat , mr. robert webster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , william jennens gent. edmond tremayne , william putt , john kellond , william bogan , george howard , iohn kelly , iames rodd esquires , walter jago , francis drew , esq ; william walrond esq ; john blagdon gent. iohn hamm gent. henry newte . york . for the west-riding in the county of york , welbury norton , robert wivell esquires , richard roundhil gent. william hamond , walter hawksworth esquires , cuthbert wade , iohn preston gent. arthur ingram esq ; edward atkinson , william witham gent. samuel sunderlandesq ; thomas ward gent. sir william ingram knight , sir john goodrick baronet , sir tho. wentworth , sir edward rodes , knights , godfrey copley of ●p●otsbrough , john clayton , ioshua horton , thomas stringer esqs . the alderman of leedes for the time being . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley , charles tankred csqs . sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarboroughfor the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esqs . tho. robinson , thomas scudamore esqs . york city . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . kingston upon hull . for the town of kingston upon hull , mr. george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. miles hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincall , thomas clopton , thomas peek , peter iohnson , thomas manby esqs . glocester . for the county of glocester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel sheppard , phillip sheppard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn tookeesqs . robert lord tracy , thomas morgan esq . sir nicholas throckmorton knight , vvilliam bromage gent. vvilliam vvinter of dimmockgent . richard matchen gent. iohn winnyatgent . thomas aylway gent. hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. thomas a●asdr . of physick , richard combes esq . sir robert io●lyn knight , thomas coppin , edward briscoe , iohn halsie esqs . mr. fetherston of blackeswere , edward brograve , ralph gore , thomas brograve , edward cason , thomas bonest , henry becher , henry chancey , george bromley , alexander meade , iohn crouch , iames willimott iunior , george poyner gent. iohn iesson esq . sir edward alston knight . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cowley senior , mr. william marston , sir henry conningsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . thom. marsto●gent . kent . for the county of kent , sir willi●m mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. god●rey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william merideth baronet , sir thomas peirse baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for the town of sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peke gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banisteresq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwoodgent . iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fife esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stowton of the city of london , thomas butler , richard farrington , vvilliam vvall , william turner , henry brabin , vvilliam hodgkensongent . lincoln . for the county of lincoln , and city and county of the same , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight , william draper , samuel proctor , william thompson , humphrey walcot , thomas mills , michael dalton , iohn watson , william willoughby , henry heron , marmaduke darrel , iohn ogle , anthony treadway , william skipwith , thomas browne of eastkirby , iohn almore , mr. skinner of thornton colledge , tho. harrington , william whichcot , charles pelhamiunior , roger pelham , mr. iohn lockton , mr. iohn hobson iunior , mr. henry hall. mr. charles pawdes , mr. iohn colthurst , mr. william bishop , and mr. edward blaw , aldermen , mr. william perkins , mr. thomas mills , mr. peregrine buck , mr. william dowman , mr. thomas dickenson , mr. iohn thornton , and richard wetherel , aldermen . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . benjamin albin , richard spencer . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bide , thomas harrisonof south-mins , sir vvilliam bateman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfield esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esqs . vvilliam page esq . roger iennynsesq . sir heneage finch baronet , his majesties sollicitor general , cheney of hackneyesq . lieut. col. powel , charles cheney of chelsey , christopher abdy esq . sir allen broadricke , iohn barton esq . westminster . for the city of vvestminster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. glaham , peter maplesden , george plunknet , thomas kirke , vvill. greene , george farewell , ralph darnell . monmouth . for the county of monmouth , vvilliam ionesof frowen esq . iames proger , charles proger . northampton . for the county of northampton , edward onely , iohn thorton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doug●ty of hanworth , robert legat , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john kepps , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry blackborne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell , robert thorowgood , alderman holley . great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simonds bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyley knight , sir thomas me●ow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. theftford . for the whole borough and corporation of theftford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage m●rtin , maurice helton , esquires , robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir iohn marley , sir nicholas cole knight , and baronet , sir francis bows knight , sir francis anderson knight . nottingham . for the county of nottingham , francis sandisesq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbert esq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bishop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colclough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn oridland gent. mawdley samborne , iohn c●rew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . for the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam coles . for the city of bathe . for the city of bathe , iohn peirce , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , ess isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowremanesq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires , mr. iohn brooke , mr. milton of ipswich , mr. edmond bedingfield , mr. francis langley , mr. thomas read , mr. rabbit of bramfield , isaac motham esquire , gardiner web gent. st. edmonds bury . for st. edmonds bury , francis smith , robert sharpe , samuel hustler . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple , sir thomas bludworth , knights , thomas rogers , charles good-harman-atwood , esquires , iohn parker of rigate . rye in the county of sussex . for the town of rye , samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . worcester . for the county of worcester , sir iohn packingtonbaronet , sir rowland berkley knight , sir iohn winford knight , samuel sandys , henry townsend , iohn bearcroft , esquires , sir ralph clare , knight of the bath . worcester city . for the city and county of the city of worcestor , edward soley alderman , samuel smith , thomas twitty , gentlemen , henry townsendesq ; sir william mooreton knight , humphrey tyrer , richard heming , stephen richardson , gentlemen , sir iohn packington , sir rowland berkley , sir ralph clare , sir iohn winford , samuel sandys esq ; warwick . for the county of vvarwick , listerof alveston esq . richard bishop of stratford esq . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the major of coventry for the tune being , henry smith alderman , sir richard hopkins knight , william iesson , thomas norton esqs . mr. thomas love , mathew smith , samuel snell , william ielliffe , robert beak , iames nailer aldermen . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , iohn rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esqs . lister of alveston esq . richard bishop of stratford . wilts . for the county of wilts , walter buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . mathew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert chandler , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomewichgent . samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. mr. francis parry . sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurst esq . christopher gardiner gent. anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert lord viscount bulkley . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of yinshen , morris vaughan , iohn price gentmen , tho parry , reighnold ienkins , iohn bowin , thomas lewis , hector phillips , nicholas lewis , vvilliam iones , abel griffin , esqs , vvactkin lloyde , iohn 〈◊〉 of noyadd , gentlemen ; the major of cardiganfor the time being , rees gwin , david morgan , aldermen . carmarthen . for the county of carmarthen , jonathan lloyde , walter lloyde , walter mansell . carnarvon . for the county of carnarvon , griffith bodurda , john lloyde of nangwimadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvon , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis manlyesq ; flint . for the county of flint , kenrick eaton , esq ; glamorgan . for the county of glamorgan , iohn price , of courtcarne , morgan morgan , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , vvilliam oakely , edmond vvareing , david morrice , esqs ; iohn matthews , henry pursel , iohn kiffin , vvilliam price of lanligan , iohn lloyd of conway . haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the attainder of several persons guilty of the horrid murther of his late sacred majestie king charles the first . in all humble manner shew unto your most excellent majestie , your majesties most dutifull and loyall subjects the lords and commons in parliament assembled , that the horrid and execrable murther of your majesties royal father , our late most gracious soveraign charles the first , of ever blessed and glorious memory , hath been committed by a party of wretched men , desperately wicked , and hardened in their impiety , who having first plotted and contrived the ruine and destruction of this excellent monarchy , and with it of the true , reformed protestant religion which had been so long protected by it and flourished under it , found it necessary in order to the carrying on of their pernicious and traiterous designs , to throw down all the bullwarks and fences of law , and to subvert the very being and constitution of parliament , that so they might at last make their way open for any further attempts upon the sacred person of his majesty himself ; and that for the more easie effecting thereof , they did first seduce some part of the then army into a compliance , and then kept the rest in subjection to them , partly for hopes of preferment , and chiefly for fear of losing their imployments and arrears ; until by these , and other more odious arts and devices , they had fully strengthened themselves , both in power and faction ; which being done , they did declare against all manner of treaties with the person of the king , even then while a treaty by advice of both houses of parliament was in being , remonstrate against the houses of parliament for such proceedings , seize upon his royal person while the commissioners were returned to the house of parliament with his answer , and when his concessions had been voted a ground for ●eace , seize upon the house of commons , seclude and imprison some members , force out others , and there being left but a small remnant of their own creatures ( not a tenth part of the whole ) did seek to shelter themselves by this weak pretence , under the name and authority of a parliament , and in that name labo●red to prosecute what was yet behinde and unfinished of their long intended treason and con●piracy ; 〈…〉 p●●pose they prepared an ordinance for erecting la w●d●gious and unheard of tribunal , which they called an high court of justices , for t●yal of his majesty ; and having easi● procur●● it to pass in their house of commons , as it then stood moulded , ventured to send it up from thence to the peers then sitting , who totally rejected it ; whereupon their rage and fury increasing , they presume to pass it alone as an act of the commons , and in the name of the commons of england ; and having gained the pretence of law , made by a power of their own making , pursue it with all possible force and cruelty , until at last , upon the thirtieth day of january , one thousand six hundred forty and eight , his sacred majesty was brought unto a scaffold , and there publickly murthered before the gates of his own royal palace ; and because by this horrid action the protestant religion hath received the greatest wound and reproach , and the people of england the most insupportable shame and infamy that it was possible for the enemies of god and the king to bring upon uswhilst the fanatick rage of a few miscreants ( who were as far from being true protestants , as they were from being true subjects ) stands imputed by our adversaries to the whole nation : we therefore your majesties said dutiful and loyal subjects , the lords and commons in parliament assembled , do hereby renounce , abominate , and protest against that impious fact , the execrable murther , and most unparallel● treason committed against the sacred person and life of our said late soveraign , your majesties most royal father , and all proceedings tending thereunto : and do beseech your most excellent majesty that it may be declared , and be it hereby declared , that by the undoubted and fundamental laws of this kingdom , neither the peers of this realm , nor the commons , nor both together in parliament , or out of parliament , nor the people collectively or presentatively , nor any other persons whatsoever ever had , have , hath , or ought to have any coercive power over the persons of the kings of this realm ; and for the better vindication of our selves to posterity , and as a lasting monument of our otherwise inexpressible detestation and abhorrency of this vilanous and abominable fact , we do further beseech your most excellent majesty , that it may be enacted , and be it hereby enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , that every thirtieth day of january , unless it falls out to be upon the lords day , and then the day next following , shall be for ever hereafter set apart to be kept and observed in all the churches and chappels of these your majesties kingdoms of england and ireland , dominion of wales , and town of berwick upon twede , and the iues of jersey and guernsey , and all other your majesties dominions , as an anniversary day of fasting and humiliation , to implore the mercy of god , that neither the guilt of that sacred and innocent ●●oud , one those other sins by which god was provoked to deliver up both us and our king into the hands of cruel and unreasonable men , may at any time hereafter be visited upon us or our posterity . and whereas oliver cromwel deceased , henry ireton deceased , john bradshaw deceased , and thomas pride deceased , john l●sle , william say , sir hardress waller , valentine wauton , thomas harrison , edward whally , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , john barkstead , gilbert millington , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , adrian scroop , john okey , john h●wson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , john carew , carew , john jones , miles corbet , henry smith , gregory clement , thomas wogan , edmond harvy , thomas scot , william cawley , john downes , nicholas love , vincent potter , augustine garland , john dixwell , george fleetwood , simon meyne , james temple , peter temple , daniel blagrave , thomas waite , john cooke , andrew broughton , edward dendy , william hewlet , hugh peters , francis hacker , daniel axtel , are notoriously known to have been wicked and active instruments in the prosecution and compassing that trayterous murther of his late majesty , for which the said sir hardress waller , thomas harrison , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , henry smith , gregory clement , edmond harvy , thomas scot , john downes , vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , james temple , peter temple , thomas waite , john cook , william hewlet , hugh peters , francis hacker , and daniel axtell , have already received their tryal at law , and by verdict , or their own confession , have been convicted , and by iudgement of law thereupon had , do now stand duely and legally attainted ; of whom , ten persons , that is to say , thomas harrison , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , john cook , hugh peters , francis hacker , and daniel axtell , have most deservedly suffered the pains of death , and been executed according to law ; and the said john lisle , william say , valenti●e wauton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , miles corbet , william cawley , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , and edward dendy , are fled from iustice ; not daring to abide a legal tryal : may it therefore please your maiesty that it may be enacted , and be it enacted by authority of this present parliament , that the said oliver cromwell deceased , henry ireton deceased , john bradshaw deceased , and thomas pride deceased , shall by vertue of this act , be adjudged to be convicted and attainted of high treason , to all intents and purposes , as if they , and every of them respectively had been attainted in their lives : and also that john lisle , william say , valentine wauton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawley , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , edward dendy , and every of them , stand and be adjudged , and by authority of this present act convicted and attainted of high treason ; and that all and every the mannors , messnages , lands , tenements , rents , reversions , remainders , possessions , rights , conditions , interests , offices , fees , annuities , and all other the hereditaments , leases for years , chattels real , and other things of that nature , whatsoever they be , of them the said oliver cromwell , henry ireton , john bradshaw , thomas pride , john lisle , william say , valentine w●uton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawly , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , edward dendy , thomas harrison , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , hugh peters , francis hacker , iohn cook , daniel axtell , sir hardress waller , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , henry smith , edmond harvy , iohn downs ▪ vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , iames temple , peter temple , thomas wayte , which they , or any of them , or any other person or persons , to their or any of their uses , or in trust for them , or any of them , had the five and twentieth day of march , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty and six , or at any time since , shall stand and be forfeited unto your majesty , your heirs and successors , and shall be deemed , vested , and adjudged to be in the actual and real possession of your majesty , without any office or inquisition thereof hereafter to be taken or found : and also , that all and every the goods , debts , and other the chattels personal whatsoever , of them the said oliver cromwell , henry ireton , iohn bradshaw , thomas pride , whereof at the time of their respective deaths , they , or any of them , or any other in trust for them or any of them , stood possessed in law or equity , and all the goods , debts , and other the chattels personal whatsoever of them the said iohn lisle , william say , valentine wauton , edward whalley , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawly , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , andrew broughton , edward dendy , thomas harrison , adrian scroope , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , hugh peters , francis hacker , iohn cook , daniel axtell , sir hardress waller , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , henry smith , edmond harvy , iohn downs , vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , iames temple , peter temple , thomas wayte , whereof upon the eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty nine , they or any of them , or any other in trust for them or any of them , stood possessed either in law or equity , shall be deemed and adjudged to be forfeited unto , and are hereby vested , and put into the actual and real possession of your majesty , without any further office or inquisition thereof hereafter to be taken or found . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no conveyance , assurance , grant , bargain , sale , charge , lease , assignment of lease , grants and surrenders by copy of court-roll , estate , interest , trust , or limitation of any vse or vses of or out of any manors , lands , tenements , or hereditaments , not being the lands nor hereditaments of the late king , queen or prince , or of any archbishops , bishops , deans , deans and chapters , nor being lands or hereditaments sold or given for the delinquency , or pretended delinquency of any person or persons whatsoever , by vertue or pretext of any act , order , ordinance , or reputed act , order or ordinance since the first day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred forty and one , nor any statute , iudgement or recognizance , had , made , acknowledged or suffered to any person or persons , bodies politick or corporate , before the twenty ninth day of september , one thousand six hundred fifty nine , by any of the offenders before in this act ▪ mentioned , or their heirs , or by any other person or persons claiming by , from , or under them or any of them , other then the wife or wives , childe or children , heir or heirs of such person or persons , or any of them , for money bona fide , to them or any of them paid or lent , nor any conveyance , assurance , grant or estate made before the twenty fifth of april one thousand six hundred and sixty , by any person or persons to any of the offenders aforesaid in trust ; and for the benefit of any other person or persons not being any of the offenders aforesaid , or in trust for any bodies politick or corporate , shall be impeached , defeated , made void or frustrated hereby , or by any of the convictions and attainders aforesaid ; but that the same shall be held and enjoyed by the purchasers , grantees , lessees , assigns , cestuy que usu , cestuy que trust , and every of them , their heirs , executors , administrators and assigns respectively , as if this act had not been made , and as if the said offenders had not been by this act , or by any other course or proceedings of law convicted or attainted ; so as the said conveyances , and all and every the grants and assurances which by vertue of this act , are , and ought to be held and enjoyed as aforesaid , shall before the first of ianuary , which shall be in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred sixty and two , be entred and enrolled of record in his majesties court of exchequer , and not otherwise ; any thing in this act herein before contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all and singular the mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , which at any time heretofore were the lands and possessions of henry late marquess of worcester , and edward now marquess of worcester , and henry lord herbert , son and heir apparent of the said edward marquess of worcester , or any of them ; whereof or wherein the said oliver cromwell , or any other person or persons in trust for him , or to his use , or any other the persons attainted by this act , or otherwise , or any person or persons in trust for them or any of them , had or claimed , or pretended to have any estate , right , title , possession or interest , at any time before or since the decease of the said oliver cromwell , shall be , and hereby are vested and setled in , and shall be held and enjoyed by the said marquess of vvorcester , and the said henry lord herbert , in such manner and form , and for such estate and estates , with such powers and priviledges as they formerly had in the same respectively ; any thing in this present act contained , or any act , conveyance or assurance heretofore made or acknowledged by the said edward marquess of vvorcester , and henry lord herbert or either of them , unto the said oliver cromwell , or any other person or persons in trust for , or to the use of the said oliver cromwell , or any act or conveyance made or done by the said oliver cromwell , or by any in trust for him , to any person whatsoever , to the contrary notwithstanding . saving always to all and every person and persons , bodies politick and others , their respective heirs , successors , executors and administrators , all such right , title and interest in law and equity , which they or any of them have or ought to have , of , into , or out of any the premisses , not being in trust for any the said offenders , nor derived by , from or under the said offenders , since the twenty fifth day of march , which was in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty six ; and that they the said person and persons , bodies politick , and other their respective heirs , successors , executors and administrators , and every of them , in all and every such case where his and their entry was lawful , upon such offender or offenders , or the heirs or assigns of such offender or offenders , in or upon the said twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred forty and six , or at any time since , may without petition , monstrans de droyt , onster le maine , or other suit to his majesty , enter on the premisses in his majesties possession , or in the possession of his successors and patentees , their heirs or assigns , in such manner to all intents , as he or they might have done on the possession of the said offenders , their heirs or assigns , in or upon the said twenty fifth day of march , or at any time since ; any thing in this act to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that all and every person and persons which have received any of the rents or mean profits , of , in , or out of any the lands , tenements and hereditaments , chattels real , or possessions of any the offender or offenders in this act mentioned , before the eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty and nine , and have paid or accounted for the same before the said eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty and nine , unto the said offender or offenders , or their assigns , or to any claiming from or under them , shall be clearly and for ever acquitted and discharged of and from the same , against the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided always , that it shall and may be lawful to and for richard ingoldsby to retain and keep , or otherwise to sell and dispose all and singular the goods and chattels formerly belonging to sir hardress waller , in the kingdom of ireland , until two thousand pounds , for which the said richard ingoldsby in the year one thousand six hundred fifty eight , stood joyntly bound with the said six hardress waller , unto iames brooks of the city of york , alderman , and was then counter-secured by a iudgement upon his lands , and since by a deed of bargain and sale of the said goods and chattels in ireland , be fully paid , together with the interest thereof ; he the said richard ingoldsby accounting for , and paying the full overplus thereof , if any shall be , unto our soveraign lord the king ; any thing herein before contained to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for confirmation of leases and grants from colledges and hospitals . whereas since the beginning of the late troubles , divers masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governours , rectors , principals , and other heads , fellows , and scholars of colledges , halls , or houses of learning , in either of the vniversities of oxford and cambridge , and the dean , canons and prevends of the cathedral or collegiat church or colledge of christ-church in the vniversity of oxford , and provest , warden , or other head-officer , and fellows or scholars of the ●olledges of eaton and winchester , and masters and governors , brethren , brothers and sisters of divers hospitals have been amoved ejected or sequestred by the lords and commons assem●led in parliament , or by certain visitors by them appointed , or by some conventions sitting at westminster under the name or stile of a parliament , or by some authority or pretence of authority derived from them or the late pretended and usurped powers , stiled keepers of the liberty of e●gland by authority of parliament , or protectors of the common-wealth of england scotland , and ireland , and the dominion or dominions and territories thereunto belonging . and whereas also after these amotions , ejections or sequestrations , several other persons have been either by election of the said colledges , halls , houses of learning , church or hospitals , or by some of the powers or pretended powers above mentioned placed and substituted in these masterships , headships , fellowships deanary , canories , prebendaries , governorships and other places aforesaid , who have actually exercised the same places and been de facto masters , provosts presidents , wardens , governours , rectors , principals and other heads , fellows , scholars , brethren , brothers and sisters , dean canons or prebends of such respective colledges , halls houses of learning , hospitals , cathedrall church or places , and have made divers grants by copy of court-roll , and leases and licences to let or assign grants and presentations to , and elections of divers persons , re-entries for non-payment of rent or breach of conditions , whereupon divers questions may in time to come arise . for prevention whereof , it is enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , with the advice and assent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by authority of the same , that all grants by copy of court-roll , and leases and licences of setting and assigning grants and presentations ; and all elections of heads , masters , fellows , scholars , students and officers of the said ●olledges , halls , church , & houses of learning and hospitals aforesaid , into dead or other places then or since vacant , receipts and acquittances of rents incurred , entries for forfeitures or conditions broken , had made or given since the five and twentieth day of march in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred forty two , and before the five and twentieth day of july in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred and sixty , by any such masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , rectors , principalls and other heads de facto of the said colledges , halls and houses of learning , and fellows , and scholars de facto of the same respectively in either of the said vniversities , or dean and canons or prebends de facto of christ church aforesaid , or master , provost or warden and fellows de facto of the colledges of eaton or winchester , or by such master , warden or governors de facto , or master , warden or governors , brethren brothers or sisters de facto of any hospital , by whatsoever particular name or stile of foundation the said colledges , church , hospitals , masters , governors , fellows , deans and canons , or prebends are stiled , founded , known or incorporated , and all leases granted by the master , warden , brethren , brothers or sisters of any hospitals of the patronage of any bishop , dean , or dean and chapter , and all surrenders to them made to inable such leases , grants and presentations , shall stand and be of the same and no other force and effect , as if the said masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , rectors , principals , heads , fellows , scholars , dean , canons , prebends , brethren , brothers or sisters had been such de jure , and duly and de jure intituled in and to the said colledges , halls , houses of learning , church , hospitals , offices or places respectively , and as if such leases granted by the master & brethren of any hospital of the patronage of any bishop , dean or chapter had been confirmed by the said bishop , dean or chapter ; and that notwithstanding such defect in the said lessors or grantors , & notwithstanding the restitution of any of the persons so ejected , the rents , covenants and conditions contained in such leases and grants shall go in succession , as if such lessors or grantors had been de jure masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , reetors , principals , heads , fellows , scholars , dean , canons , prebends , brethren , brothers and sisters of such colledges , halls , houses of learning , church , hospitals and places respectively ; any former law , custome or statute to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes and be it enacted , that nothing in this acc contained do or shall extend to the confirming or making good of any lease or leases of any parcel or parcels of lands , tenements , pastures , houses , orchards , gardens or barns , or any of the possessions of or belonging to the hospitall of saint john baptist and the evangelist in the town of northhampton , made between the first day of september in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty & five , and the five and twentieth day of july in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty and eight , by the pretended master george g●odman and his co-brethren of the aforesaid hospital , by colour of any pretended grant or patent whatsoever , or notwithstanding the seal of the said hospital or corporation was to them or any of them set or affixed . provided alwayes , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to make good in law or equity any lease or leases made by simon moore clerk , late master or pretended master of the hospitall of saint oswald in the county of worcester , of any the lands , tenements and hereditaments of or belonging to the said hospital , to richard moore son of the said simon moore , or to any of the children or grand children of the said simon moore , or to any other person or persons in trust or for the use or uses of the said simon moore , or his wife , children or grandchildren , or any or either of them . provided alwayes , that no person or persons shall be confirmed in any mastership , provostship , headship , fellowship , or chaplains place in any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities of oxford or cambridge , or in the colledges of eaton and winchester , that is not ordained minister by bishops or presbyters ( or being ordained , hath since renounced his ordination ) where by the local statutes of the said respective colledges or halls ordination is required . provided alwayes , and be it enacted , that this act shall not extend to confirm any lease or leases of the rectories and parsonages of randall and littlecoates in the county of lincolne , which have long since been in the tenure or occupation of john lord culpeper , as by several leases under the seal of the master and fellows of the colledge of the holy and undivided trinity within the town and vniversity of cambridge of king henry the eights foundation may appear , and are now leased over the head of the said john lord culpeper the antient tenant , to one john west , though according to usage he claimed to renew his lease three years before the expiration thereof at the usual fines or more . but that the said john lord culpeper , his executors or administrators , reimbursing the said new tenant or lessee so much money as hath been really paid to the said colledge for the fine for such lease , they shall be admitted to renew the said lease for the said fine . provided alwayes , that whereas doctor owen late reputed dean , and the chapter of the cathedral church of christ in oxon of the foundation of king henry the eight , by their indenture dated the seventh day of august , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty seven , did lease and demise unto john arthur clerk , thomas bromefield of london esquire , and laurence marsh of darking in the county of surry esquire , certain tyths and lands parcel of the mannor and parsonage of kirkham in the county of lancast●r , and by several other indentures did lease and demise unto several other persons many other parts and portions of the said parsonage of kirkham ( which had long been in the tenure or occupation of thomas clifton esquire and his ancestors , by severall successive leases under the abbot and covent of vale royal , and the colledge of christ church aforesaid respectively ) for severall terms of years yet unexpired : be it enacted and ordained , that thomas clifton now of litham in the county of lancaster esquire , his executors and administrators , ( paying the several and respective rents reserved unto the said colledge , and securing unto the said john arthur , thomas bromefield , and laurence marsh , or the survivors or survivor of them , or the executors or executor of the survivor of them , for the uses in the said lease expressed and not otherwise , out of the premisses , the yearly summ of four hundred pounds , to be paid half yearly by equall portions , for the terme of eleven years next ensuing , and reimbursing unto the said several other lessees respectively or their respective assigns so much money as was by them respectively and truly paid for their respective fines , ) shall have and enjoy the said several demised premisses for the residue of the said several termes of years yet to come , as if the said several leases made unto them the said john arthur , thomas bromfeild , and laurence marsh , and unto the said severall other persons as aforesaid , had been legally made unto the said thomas clifton by a lawfull deane and chapter , this act or any other thing to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm the election of any head , fellow , scholar or chaplain of any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities , that upon any other ground besides the want of episcopal ordination , is or was not capable of being elected into such place or places by the statures of the said colledge or hall , into which he or they were chosen . provided also , that this act or any thing therein contained , shal not extend to prejudice the title of any person or persons , who by letters patents under the great seal since the first day of may , and before the twenty sixth of august one thousand six hundred and sixty , have obtained from his majesty any grant of any deanery , headship of any house , rectorshiy of any colledge , canons place , prebendary , fellowship or scholarship within either of the vniversities , or the colledges of eaton , westminster , or winchester ; but that all and every the said grants and letters patents shall be of such , and no other force and effect , as the same should have been if this act had not been made , any thing in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm any lease or estate made by john tombes clerk , of any lands , tenements , or hereditaments , belonging to the hospital of saint katharines in ledbury in the county of hereford , to any of the children of him the said john tombs , or to any other person or persons in trust for him or them , or any of them . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall in any wise extend to confirm , or make good , any lease or leases made by vvilliam lenthal , pretended warden of the house of converts , belonging to the master of the rolls , since the thirtieth day of january , one thousand six hundred forty and two , of any houses or tenements thereto belonging , to the prejudice of john lord culpeper , his successors , lessees , or assigns , the said lord culpeper paying or reimbursing unto the said lessee or lessees of such houses or tenements , such monies as they or any of them have paid , with interest for the same , he or they discounting for the mean profits thereof . provided alwayes , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to confirm vvilliam hook in the mastership of the kings majesties hospital of the savoy , nor to confirm or make good any lease of any lands or tenements belonging to the said hospital , made between the thirtieth day of january , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred forty eight , and the first day of june , one thousand six hundred and sixty ; the master of the said hospital for the time being , allowing and reimbursing to all such lessees all such summ or summs of money , as they or any of them paid to the then master of the said hospitall by way of fine , at the time of such lease making , and interest for the same , and the said lessees and every of them disc●unting for the mean profits of the same . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that this act , or any thing herein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any lease or grant made , or mentioned to be made to any person or persons by john owen late dean , and others , canons , or pretended dean and canons of the colledge of christ church in the vniversity of oxford , or by any of them , of any the rectories , tythes , or gleab lands of hampton , wickenford , badsey , aldington , uffenha● , south-littleton , north littleton , and middle littleton , in the county of worcester , heretofore the possessions of henry late marquess of worcester , and dame anne his wife , or either of them , and whereo the said henry was dispossest for his allegiance and loyalty to his late majesty of blessed memory ; but that the executor or administrator of the said henry , shall and may be admitted to renew the leases of the said tythes , for such terme or terms , as the said dean and chapter of christ church are by law enabled to grant the same , the said executors or administrators satisfying and reimbursing to such person or persons , all such summ or summs of money , as he or they have payd for the said lease or leases , by way of fine , with interest for the same , the said person or persons discounting to the said executors or administrators , for the mean profits received thereupon . provided also , that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any lease , leases , or estate made by any pretended dean and chapter , master or head of any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities , or of any pretended master or governors of any hospital , which said lease , leases or estate had not been good or effectual in law , had they been made by a lawful dean & chapter , master , head or governor of any colledge , hall or hospital aforesaid ; this act , or any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any leafe or leases of the rectory or parsonage of arrington in the county of cambridge , which hath long been in the tenure and occupation of thomas ●hicheley esq ; and his ancestors , by several successive leases from the master and fellows of trinity colledge in cambridge ; nor shall confirm or make good any lease or leases of the rectory or parsonage of soham in the said county of cambridge , which hath likewise been , and still is in the occupation and possession of the said thomas chicheley , by lease from the master and fellows of pembroke hall in cambridge , but that the said thomas chicheley ( paying and reimbursing the several and respective tenants or lessees , the several and respective sums of money by them severally and respectively paid to the said colledge and hall , for or in the name of any fine or fines , for the making or granting such new lease or leases , with interest , discounting such rents and profits as by them respectively have been taken or received out of the premisses ) shall be restored to his said ancient possessions . and the said colledge and hall respectively shall be enabled to lease the said several rectories and parsonages , with their respective appurtenances , unto the said thomas chicheley ; this act , or any thing herein contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to restore any person or persons to any headship , fellowship , or scholarship of any colledge or hall , or to any chaplains or 〈◊〉 place , in any colledge or hall , in 〈…〉 the vniversities , or to any lecture or readers place , that is or shall be before the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty , eiected out of their respective headship , fellowship , scholarship , chaplain or clerks-place , or out of any lecture in the said vniversities , by his majesties commissioners under the great seal , for not having been legally and according to the severall statutes of the said respective severall places nominated , elected or admitted in or to the same ; any thing in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for prohibiting the exportation of wooll , woolfels , fullers earth , or any kind of scouring earth . for the better preventing and avoiding of such losses and inconveniencies as have happened , and daily do and may happen to the kingdome of england , and dominion of wales , and to the kingdome of ireland by and through the secret and subtile exportation and transportation , and by and through the secret and subtle carrying and conveighing away of wooll , woolfells , mortlings , sherlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth , and fulling clay , out of and from the kingdome and dominion aforesaid , and for the better setting on work the poor people and inhabitants of the kingdomes and dominion aforesaid . and to the intent that the full and best use and benefit of the principal native commodities of the same kingdomes and dominion may come , redound , and be unto and amongst the subjects and inhabitants of the same , and not unto or amongst the subjects and inhabitants of the realm of scotland , or of any foreign realms or states , as the same now of late in some great measure hath done , and is further likely to do , if some severer punishment then heretofore be not speedily inflicted upon such offenders , as shall be actors or assistants in and to such exportation and transportation , and in and to such carrying and conveying away thereof as aforesaid ; be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that no person or persons whatsoever , from and after the fourteenth day of january one thousand six hundred and threescore , shall directly or indirectly , export , transport , carry or convey , or cause or procure to be exported , transported , carried or conveyed out of , or from the kingdome of england , or dominion of wales , or town of barwick upon ●wede , or out of or from the isles of jersey or guernzey , with sarke and alderney , being under the government of guernzey aforesaid , or out of or from any of them , or out of , or from the kingdome of ireland aforesaid , into any parts or places out of the kingdomes , isles or dominion aforesaid , any sheep or wooll whatsoever , of the breed or growth of the kingdomes of england or ireland , or isles or dominion aforesaid ; or any wooll fells , mortlings or shorlings , or any yarn made of wooll , or any woolflocks , or any fullers earth , or any fulling clay whatsoever ; nor shall directly or indirectly pack or load , or cause to be packed or loaded upon any horse , cart , or other carriage , or load , or lay on board , or cause to be loaden or laid on board in any ship or other vessel , in any place or port within the kingdomes of england or ireland , or town of berwick , or isles , or dominion aforesaid , any such sheep , wooll , woolfells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll or woollflocks , or any fullers earth or fulling clay , to the intent or purpose to export , transport , carry or convey the same , or to cause the same to be exported , transported , carryed or conveyed out of the kingdomes of england or ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid , or with intent or purpose , that any other person or persons should so export , transport , carry or convey the same into any parts or places out of the kingdomes of england and ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid , into the kingdome of scotland , or any foreign parts . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no wooll , woolfells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woollflocks , or any fullers earth , or fulling clay , shall be from and after the fourteenth day of january , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred and threescore , exported , transported , carried or conveyed out of the kingdome of england and dominion of wales , or town of berwick , or kingdome of ireland , or out of any port or place of the said kingdomes respectively unto the isles of jersey or guernzey , or to sarke or alderney , except as in this act shall be hereafter limited or appointed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all and every the offender & offenders , offence and offences aforesaid , shall be subject and lyable to the respective pains , penalties and forfeitures hereafter following , that is to say , the said sheep , woolls , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth , and fulling clay , so exported , transported , carryed , conveyed , packed or loaden contrary to the true intent of this act , shall be forfeited , and that every offender and offenders therein shall forfeit twenty shillings for every such sheep , and three shillings for every pound weight of such wooll , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wool , wool-flocks , fullers earth , or fulling clay . and also the owners of the said ships or vessels knowing such offence , shall forfeit all their interest in the said ships or vessels , with all their apparel and furniture to them and every of them belonging . and that the master and mariners thereof , knowing such offence , and wittingly and willingly aiding and assisting thereunto , shall forfeit all their goods and chattels , and have imprisonment for the space of three moneths without bail or main-prise ; the one moiety of which said penalties and forfeitures shall be to the kings majesty , his heirs and successors ; and the other moiety to him that will sue for the same by action of debt , bill , plaint or information in any of his majesties courts of record , or before the iustices of assize , or in the general quarter sessions of the peace : in which suit , no essoyn , protection or wager of law shall be allowed . and be it further enacted , that if any merchant or other person or persons shall after the said fourteenth day of january transport or cause to be transported , any sheep , wool , wool-fels mortlings , shorlings , woollen-yarn , wool-flocks , fullers-earth or fulling-clay , contrary to the true intent of this act , and be thereof lawfully convicted , that then he shall be disabled to require any debt or accompt of any factor or others for or concerning any debt or estate properly belonging to such offendor . provided alwaies and it is nevertheless declared , that this act or any thing therein contained shall not be construed to take away any greater pains or penalties inflicted or to be inflicted for any the offences aforesaid by vertue of any former act of parliament now in force . and be it also further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that every offence that shall be done or committed contrary to this act , shall and may be inquired of and heard , examined , tryed and determined in the county where such sheep , wooll , wool-fels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , wool-flocks , fullers-earth , or fulling-clay respectively shall be so packed , loaden , or laid aboard as aforesaid contrary to this act , or else in the county where such offenders shall happen to be apprehended , or arrested for such offence , in such manner and form , and to such effect to all intents and purposes as if the same offence had been wholly and altogether done and committed at and in such county . provided alwaies and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no person or persons whatsoever shall at any time hereafter be impeached for any offence aforesaid , unless such person or persons shall be prosecuted within the space of one year next ensuing such offence committed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawfull to and for any person or persons to seize , take and challenge to his or their own use and behoof , and to the use of the king , his heirs and successors , all and all manner such sheep , wool , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wool , wool-flocks , fullers-earth and fulling clay , as he or they shall happen to see , finde , know or discover to be laid aboard in any ship or other vessel or boat , or to be brought , carried or laid on shore at or near the sea or any navigable river or water , to the intent or purpose to be exported , transported or conveyed out of the kingdoms of england , or ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid contrary to the true meaning of this act , or to be packed or loaden upon any ●●orse , cart or other carriage , to the intent or purpose to be conveyed or carried into the kingdome of scotland aforesaid ; and that such person or persons as shall happen so to seize , take or challenge any such sheep , wooll , wool-fells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth or fulling clay as aforesaid , shall have the full moiety thereof , to all intents and purposes . provided alwayes , that such person or persons as shall make any such seizure or challenge as aforesaid to his or their own use , shall not be admitted or allowed to give in evidence upon his or their oath or oathes against any person or persons , which shall happen to be indicted , accused or questioned by vertue of this act , or any thing therein contained . and furthermore be it enacted by the authority aforesaid . that all and every ship , vessel , hulke , barge or boat , of what kinde soever , whereof any alien born , or whereof any naturall born subjects not inhabiting within the realm of england , shall be owner or part owner , and wherein any sheep , wooll , wool-fells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , wooll-flocks , fullers earth , or fulling clay shall happen to be shipped , put or laid aboard contrary to the true meaning of this act , shall be forfeited to the kings majestie , his heirs and successors . provided alwayes , that this act shall not extend to any lamd skin ready drest , and prepared fit and usefull for furr or lynings . provided also , that this act shall not in any wise extend to the transporting , carrying or conveying away of any such wool-fells or pelts , with such vvooll upon them , or to any beds stuffed with flocks , which shall be carryed or imployed in any ship or other vessel for necessary use onely , of and about the ordnance or other thing in or concerning such ship or vessel , or onely for the necessary use of any the persons in such ship or vessell , passing or being , and which shall not be sold or uttered in any foreign parts , out of the kingdomes of england or ireland , or town of berwick , istes or dominion aforesaid ; nor to the exporting , transporting , carrying or conveying of any weather-sheep , or of the vvooll growing upon any such vveather-sheep , to be carryed alive in any ship or other vessell , for and towards the onely necessary food or diet , of or for the company or passengers or other persons therein , and for and towards none other purpose . provided alwayes , and be it further enacted , that this act or any thing therein contained shall not extend to any such wooll to be exported or transported out of or from the port of southampton , onely unto the aforesaid isles of jersey and guernzey , by , or for the onely use or behoof of any the inhabitants of the said isles of jersey and guernzey , or either of them , or to any such vvooll to be shipped or loaden aboard in any ship or other vessel , by , or for the only use or behoof of any the inhabitants of the said isles of jersey or guernsey , or either of them in the port aforesaid , to be exported and transported into the said isles of jersey or guernzey or either of them ; so as such person and persons that shall so ship or lay aboard such wooll into any ship or other vessel , do before the shipping or laying aboard such vvooll , deliver unto the customer , comptroller , surveyor or searcher of the port of southampton aforesaid ( out of which the same vvooll is to be exported ) a writing under the seal or seals of the respective governors of the same isles of jersey and guernzey , unto which the said wool is to be transported , or of his or their deputy or deputies respectively , the which writing shall purport and express that the party named in such writing is authorised and appointed to export or to cause to be exported out of the port aforesaid so much wooll , expressing the number of the tods , to the same isle , to be used or manufactured in one of the same isles , or in some of the members or parts of the same , and that such party so authorised and appointed to export or cause to be exported that wool , hath before the making and sealing of that writing , entred sufficient bond to his majesties use for the landing of the said wool in that isle . and to the intent that the quantity of wooll to be exported out of the port of southampton aforesaid into the said isles or either of them in any one year , accompting the year to begin from the first day of january next ensuing , and so yearly from the first day of january , may not exceed the quantity hereunder specified ; that is tosay , unto the isle of jer●ey two thousand tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto guernzey one thousand tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto alderny two hundred tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto sarke one hundred tods of unkeamed wool and no more , every tod not exceeding thirty two pounds . and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the governor of the said isle of jersey or his deputy for whom he will answer , shall not make to any person or persons any writing or writings such as is above specified , to authorise or appoint such person or persons as aforesaid , to fetch , e●port , or transport out of the port of southampton aforesaid unto the said isle of jersey in one year , accompting the year from the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty aforesaid , any greater quantity of vvool then two thousand tods in any one year ; and that the governor of the said isle of guernzey , or his deputy for whom he will answer , shall not make to any person or persons any writing or writings , such as is above specified , to authorise and appoint such person or persons as aforesaid , to fetch , export , or transport out of the port above specified unto the said isles of guernzey , with alderny and sarke , in any one year , accepting the year from the first day of january aforesaid , any greater quantity of vvooll then one thousand tods for guernzey , two hundred todds for alderney , and one hundred todds for sarke in any one year ; and that the customer of the port of southampton aforesaid , shall keep a true accompt of all the said quantity of woolls so by him permitted to be loaden by vertue of this act , and shall not permit any greater quantity of vvoolls to be loaden then by this act is prescribed in any one year to either of the said islands respectively under any pretence whatsoever , upon the penalty of the forfeiture of his place , and the summe of one hundred pounds in money , one moyety whereof to the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same in any court of record , wherein no essoyne , protection or wager of law shall be allowed . and if any of the governors aforesaid , or any their or either of their deputy or deputies of the said isles , or either of them , shall give , grant , or make any licence or licences for exporting from southampton aforesaid , into the said isles respectively , of any greater quantity of such vvooll , then is before by the true meaning of this act limitted and appointed in that behalf ; that then the respective governor or governors of such of the said isles , shall forfeit and pay to the kings majesty , his heirs or successors , the summ of twenty pounds of lawful money of ●ngland , for every todd of vvooll which shall be so licenced to be exported , over and above the rate or proportion of vvooll in and by this act , or the true meaning thereof limited or appointed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the respective governors aforesaid , or their respective deputies , or any their clerks , officers or servants , for the granting , making , or sealing of every such writing of licence as is aforesaid , and for the entring a remembrance of the same into some book , which they shall have and keep for that purpose , may have and take the summ of twelve pence , and no more , upon pain of forfeiting to be partie grieved the summ of five shillings for every penny which shall be taken over and above the said summ of twelve pence , in and by this act allowed to be taken , and so after that proportion , the said penalty or forfeiture for the taking above twelve pence as aforesaid , to be recovered by bill , plaint or information in any court of record at westminster or elsewhere , wherein no injunction , protection , priviledge , essoyne or wager of law shall be admitted or allowed . anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duodecimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day or april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by john bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for confirmation of marriages . whereas by vertue or colour of certain ordinances , or certain pretended acts or ordinances , divers marriages since the beginning of the late troubles , have bee● had and solemnized in some other manner then hath been formerly used and accustomed : now for the preventing and avoyding of all doubts and questions touching the same , it is enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , with the advice and assent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by authority of the ●ame , that all marriages had or solemnized in any of his majesties dominions since the first day of may , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty and two , before any iustice of peace , or reputed iustice of peace , of england or wales , or other his majesties dominions , and by such iustice or reputed iustice , so pronounced or declared . and all marriages within any of his majesties dominions , since the same first day of may , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty two , had or solemnized according to the direction or true intent of any act or ordinance , or reputed act or ordinance , of one or both houses of parliament , or of any convention sitting at westminster ; under the name stile or title of a parliament , or assuming that name , stile or title , shall be , and shall be adjudged , esteemed , and taken to be , and to have been of the same and no other force and effect , as if such marriages had been had and solemnized according to the rites and ceremonies established , or used in the church or kingdom of england , any law , custome , or vsage to the contrary thereof notwithstanding . and be it further enacted , that where in any suite commenced or to be commenced in any of the courts of the common law , any issue hath beén joyned , and not already tryed or determined , or shall be joyne● upon the point of bastardy , or lawfulness of marriage , for or concerning the marriages had and solemnized as aforesaid , the same issues shall be tryed by iury of twelve men according to the course of tryal of other issues tryable by iury at the common law , and not otherwise , any law , statute , or vsage to the contrary thereof , in any wise notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for prohibiting the planting , setting , or sowing of tobacco in england and ireland . your majesties loyal and obedient subjects , the lords and commo●s in this present parliament assembled considering of how great concern and importance it is , that the columes and plantations of this kingdom in america , be defended , protected , maintained , and kept up , and that all due and possible encouragement be given unto them ; and that not onely in regard great and considerable dominions , and countries , have been thereby gained , and added to the imperial crown of this realm ; but for that the strength and welfare of this kingdom do very much depend upon them , in regard of the employment of a very considerable part of its shipping and seamen , and of the vent of very great quantities of its native commodities and manufactures , as also of its supply with several considerable commodities which it was wont formerly to have onely from forraigners , and at far dearer rates : and forasmuch as tobacco is one of the main products of several of those plantations , and upon which their welfare , and subsistence , and the navigation of this kingdom , and vent of its commodities thither , do much depend ; and in regard it is found by experience , that the tobaccoes planted in these parts are not so good , and wholsome for the takers thereof ; and that by the planting thereof your majesty is deprived of a considerable part of your revenue arising by customes upon imported tobacco ; do most humbly pray that it may be enacted by your majesty : and it is hereby enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same : that no person or persons whatsoever shall , or do from and after the first day of january , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred and sixty , set , plant , improve to grow , make or cure any tobacco either in seed , plant , or otherwise , in or upon any ground , earth , field , or place , within the kingdom of england , dominion of wales , islands of guernsey or jersey , or town of berwick upon tweed , or in the kingdom of ireland , under the penalty of the forfeiture of all such tobacco , or the value thereof , and of the sum of forty shillings for every , rod or pole of ground to planted , set , or sowen as aforesaid ; and so portionablely for a greater or 〈◊〉 quantity of ground , one moyety thereof to his majesty , his heirs and successors : and the other moyety to him or them that shall sue for the same , to be recovered by bill , plaint , or information in any court of record , wherein no essoign , protection , or wager in law shall be allowed . and it is hereby further enacted , that all sheriffs , iustices of the peace , maiors bailiffs , contrables , and every of them , upon information or complaint made unto them , or any of them , by any the officers of the customes , or by any other person , or persons whatsoever , that there is any tobacco set , sowen , planted , or growing within their iurisdictions , or precincts , contrary to this act , shall within ten days after such information or complaint , cause to be burnt , plucked up , consumed , or utterly destroyed , all such tobacco so set , sowen , planted or growing . and it is hereby further enacted , that in case any person or persons shall resist , or make forcible opposition against any person or persons in the due and through execution of this act , that every such person or persons for every such offence , shall forfeit the sum of five pounds to be divided and recovered in manner aforesaid . and in case any person or persons shall not pay the sums of money , by them to be paid , by vertue of this act , that in every such case , destress shall be made and sale thereof , returning the over-plus to the owners ; and in case no destress be to be found , that then every such party shall be committed to the common gaol in the county where such offence shall be committed , there to remain for the space of two moneths , without bail or main-prize . provided always , and it is hereby enacted , that this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to the hindring of the planting of tobacco in any physick garden of either university , or in any other private garden for physick or chirurgery , onely so as the quantity so planted exceed not one half of one pole in any one place or garden . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for erecting and establishing a post-office . whereas for the maintenance of mutual correspondencies , and prevention of many inconveniences happening by private posts , severall publique post-offices have been heretofore erected for carrying , and recarrying of letters by posts , to , and from all parts and places within england , scotland , and ireland , and severall parts beyond the seas ; the well-ordering whereof , is a matter of general concernment , and of great advantage , as well for preservation of trade and commerce , as otherwise : to the end therefore that the same may be managed so , that speedy and safe dispatches may be had , which is most likely to be effected , by ere●ting one general post-office for that purpose ; be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that there be from henceforth one general letter-office erected and established in some convenient place within the city of lond●n , from whence all letters and pacquets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition sent unto any part of the kingdomes of england , scotland , and ireland , or any other of his majesties dominions , or unto any kingdome or countrey beyond the seas , at which said office all returns and answers may be likewise received ; and that one master of the said general letter-office shall be from time to time appointed by the kings majesty , his heirs , and successors , to be made or constituted by letters patents under the great seal of england , by the name and style of his majesties post-master generall ; which said master of the said office , and his deputy , and deputies by him thereunto sufficiently authorised , and his and their servants , and agents ; and no other person or persons whatsoever , shall from time to time have the receiving , taking up , ordering , dispatching , sending post or with speed , and delivering of all letters & pacquets whatsoever , which shall from time to time be sent to and from all and every the parts and places of england , scotland , and ireland , and other his majesties dominions , and to and from all and every the kingdomes and countreys beyond the seas , where he shall settle or cause to be setled posts or running messengers for that purpose . except such letters as shall be sent by coaches , common known carryers of goods by carts , waggons , or packhorses , and shall be carried along with their carts , waggons , and packhorses respectively ; and except letters of merchants and masters which shall be sent by any masters of any ships , barques , or other vessel of merchandize , or by any other person imployed by them for the carriage of such letters aforesaid , according to the respective directions ; and also except letters to be sent by any private friend or friends in their wayes of journey or travel , or by any messenger or messengers sent on purpose , for or concerning the private affairs of any person or persons : and also except messengers who carry and recarry commissions or the return thereof , affidavits , writs , process , or proceedings , or the returnes thereof , issuing out of any court. and be it furtther enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such postmaster generall for the time being , as shall from time to time be made and constituted by his majesty , his heirs and successors , and the respective deputies , or substitutes of such post-master general , and no other person or persons whatsoever , shall prepare , and provide horses and furniture to let to hire unto all through-posts , and persons riding in post by commission , or without , to and from all and every the parts and places of england , scotland and ireland , where any post-roads are , or shall be setled and established . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawful to and for such post-master general to be constituted and appointed as aforesaid , and his deputy or deputies by him thereunto sufficiently authorized , to demand , have , receive and take for the portage and conveyance of all such letters which he shall so convey , carry , or send post as aforesaid , and for the providing and furnishing horses for through-posts , or persons riding in post as aforesaid , according to the several rates and summs of lawful english money hereafter mentioned , not to exceed the same ( that is to say ) for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , to or from any place not exceeding fourscore english miles distant from the place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence ; and for the like port of every pacquet of letters proportionably unto the said rates ; and for the like port of every pa●quet of writs , deeds , and other things after the rate of eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , above the distance of fourscore english miles from the place where the same shall be received , three pence ; and for the like port of a letter , not exceeding two sheets , six pence ; and proportionably to the same rates , for the like port of all pacquets of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquet of writs , deeds , or other things , after the rate of twelve pence of english money for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , from london unto the town of berwick , or from thence to the city of london , three pence of english money ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , sir pence ; and proportionably unto the same rates , for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet of greater bulk , one shilling and six pence for every ounce weight ; and for the port of such letters and pacquets as shall be conveyed or carried from the town of berwick unto any place or places within forty english miles distance from berwick , or any other place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence ; and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet or parcel , eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for every letter not exceeding one sheet to be conveyed or carryed a further distance then forty english miles , four pence ; and for the like port of every double letter , eight pence : and proportionably unto the same rates for the like port of every pacquet of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquet , one shilling for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet from england unto the city of dublin in ireland , or from the city of dublin in ireland unto england , six pence of english money ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets one shilling , and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters ; and for the port of every other pacquet of any kind of greater bulk , two shillings for every ounce weight ; and for the port of such letters or pacquets as shall be conveyed or carryed from the city of dublin , unto any other place or places within the kingdme of ireland , or from any other place unto the said city , or to , or from any other place within the said kingdome , according to the rates , and summs of english money hereafter following , viz. for every letter not exceeding one sheet , to or from any place within forty english miles distance from dublin , or any other place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence , and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet of greater bulk , eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for every letter not exceeding one sheet to be carryed or conveyed a further distance then forty english miles , four pence ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , eight pence ; and proportionably unto the same rates for the like port of every pacquets of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquets of greater bulk , one shilling for every ounce weight ; and for all and every the letters , pacquets , & parcels of goods that shall be carried or conveyed to , or from any of his majesties said dominious , to or from any other parts or places beyond the seas , according to the severall and respective rates , that now are , and have been taken for letters , pacquets , and parcels so conveyed , being rated either by the letter , or by the ounce weight , that is to say ,     d morlaix , saint maloes , caen , newhaven , and places of like distance , port paid to roan is for single vi double xii treble xviii ounce xviii     d hamburgh , cullen , frankfort , port paid to antwerp is single viii double xvi treble xxiv ounce xxiv     s d venice , geneva , legorne , rome , naples , messina , and all other parts of italy , by way of venice , franct pro mantua single o ix double i vi treble ii iii ounce ii viii     s d marcelia , smerna , constantinople , aleppo , and all parts of turkie , port paid to marcelia single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce ii ix ounce iii ix     s d genoua , legorn , rome , and other parts of italy , by way of lyons , franct pro lyons single i o double ii o q ●● . of an ounce ii ix ounce iii ix and of letters sent outwards ,     s d to bourdeux , rochel , nantes , orleans , byon , towers , and places of like distance , port paid to paris single o ix double i vi treble ii iii ounce ii o     s d and for letters brought from the same places into england single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce iii o ounce iv o also letters sent outwards ,     s d to norembergh , bremen , dantswick , lubeck , lipswick , and other places of like distance , post paid to hamburgh single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce iii o ounce iv o     s d and for letters brought from the said places to england single o viii double . i iv treble ii o ounce ii o and for the port of letters brought into england from     s d calais , diepe , bulloigne , abbeville , amiens , saint omers , montrell single o iv double o viii treble i o ounce i o     s d rouen single o vi double i o treble i vi ounce i vi     s d paris single o ix double i vi treble i iii ounce i o     s d dunkirk , ostend , lille , ipte , courtrey , gheandt , bruxells , bridges , antwerp , & all other parts of flanders single o viii double i iv treble ii o ounce ii o     s d sluis , flushing , middleburgh , amsterdā , roterdam , delph , hagh , and from all other parts of holland & zealand single o viii double i iv treble ii o ounce ii o provided alwayes , that all mercha●●●● accompts not exceeding one sheet of paper , and all bills of exchange , invoyces , and bills of lading , are , and shall hereby be understood to be allowed without rate in the price of the letters , and likewise the covers of letters not exceeding one fourth part of a sheet of paper sent to marseilles , venice or ligorne , to be sent forward to turky , shall be understood to be allowed to pass without rate or payment for the same ; and according to the same rates and proportions for the port of letters , packquets & parcels to or from any of the parts or places beyond the seas , where posts have not been heretofore setled , and may hereafter be setled by the said post-master general for the time being , his executors or assignes : and it shall and may be lawful to and for such post-master general , & his deputy and deputies , to ask , demand , take and receive of every person that he or they shall furnish and provide with horses , furniture and guide to ride , ost in any of the post-roardes as aforesaid , three pence of english money for each horses hire or postage for every english mile , and foure pence for the guide for every stage . and whereas upon the arrival of ships from parts beyond the seas into several ports within his majesties dominions , many letters directed to several merchants and others , have been detained long to the great damage of the merchants , in want of that speedy advice and intelligence which they might have had if the same had been forthwith dispatched by the s●●●d posts , and sometimes such letters have been delivered by the masters or passengers of s●●h ships to ignorant and loose hands , that understand not the way and means of speedy conveyance and delivery of letters , whereby great prejudice hath accrued to the affairs of merchants and others , as well by the miscarryage of many letters so brought , as oftentimes by the opening of the same to the discovery of the correspondencies and secrets of the merchant . be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all letters and pacquets that by any master of any ship or vessel , or any of his company , or any passengers therein shall or may be brought to any port-town within his majesties dominions , or any of the members thereof , other then such letters as are before excepted , or may be sent by common known carriers in manner aforesaid , or by a friend as aforesaid ; shall by such master , passenger , or other person be forthwith delivered unto the deputy or deputies only of the said post-master general for the time being by him appointed for the said port-town , and by him or them to be sent post unto the said general post-office to be delivered according to the several and respective directions of the same . and be it further enacted by the aforesaid authority , that no person or persons whatsoever , or body politick or corporate other then such post-master general , as shall from time to time be nominated and appointed by his majesty , his heires or successors , and constituted by letters patents under the great seal of england as aforesaid , and his deputy and deputies or affignes , shall presume to carry , recarry & deliver letters for hi●e , other then as before excepted , or to set up or imploy any foot-post , horse-post , coach-post , or pacquet-boat whatsoever for the conveyance , carrying , and recarrying of any letters or pacquets by sea or land within his majesties dominions , or shall provide and maintaine horses and furniture for the horsing of any thorow-posts , or persons riding in post with a guide and horne , as usuall for hire , upon paine of forfeiting the summe of five pounds of english money for every severall offence against the tenor of this present act , and also of the forfeiture of the summe of one hundred pounds of like english money for every weeks time that any offender against this act shall imploy , maintaine , and continue any such foot-post , horse-post , coach-post or pacquet-boat as aforesaid : which said several and respective forfeitures , shall , and may be sued for , and recovered by action or actions of debt , plaint , or information in any of his majesties courts of record , wherein no essoigne , priviledge , protection , or wager of law shall be admitted ; and the said several and respective forfeitures that shall happen from time to time to be recovered , shall be and remaine the one moiety thereof to his majestie , & his heires and successors , and the other moiety thereof to such person or persons , who shall or will inform against the offender or offenders against this present act , and shall or will sue for the said forfeitures upon the same . provided alwayes , that if any post-master of any respective place , doth not , or cannot not furnish any person or persons riding in post with sufficient horses within the space of one half hour after demand , that then such person or persons are hereby understood to be left at liberty to provide themselves , as conveniently they can ; and the persons who shall furnish such horses , shall not therefore be liable to any penalties or forfeitures contained in this act. provided alwayes , that if through default or neglect of the post-master generall aforesaid , any person or persons riding in post shall fail as aforesaid of being furnished with a sufficient horse or horses , for his or their use , after demand as aforesaid ; that in every such case , the said post-master generall shall forfeit the summ of five pounds sterling , the one moiety to his majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moiety to him or them who shall sue for the same in any court of record , to be recovered by bill , plaint , or other information , wherein no essoigne , protection or other wager in law shall be admitted . provided alwayes , and be it enacted , that nothing herein contained shall be understood to prohibit the carrying or recarrying of any letters or pacquets , to or from any town or place , to or from the next respective post-road , or stage appointed for that purpose ; but that every person shall have free liberty to send and imploy such persons as they shall think fit , for to carry the said letters or pacquets as aforesaid without any forfeiture or penalty therefore , any thing contained in this act to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that if the pacquet or maile shall be carried out of england into any part beyond the seas in any ship or vessel which is not of english built , and navigated with english seamen , that in every such case , the said post-master general shall forfeit the summ of one hnndred pounds sterling ; the one moiety to his majestie , his heirs and successors , and the other moiety to him or them , who shall sue for the same , in any court of record , to be recovered by bill , plaint or other information , wherein no essoign , protection , or other wager in law shall be allowed . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no person or persons shall be capable of having , using , or exercising the office of post-master general , or any other imployment relating to the said office , unless he or they shall first take the oathes of allegiance and supremacy , before any two iustices of the peace of the respective counties wherein such person or persons are or shall be resident , which said iustices are hereby authorized to administer the said oathes accordingly . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that a letter or pacquet-post shall twice every week come by the way of trurow and penrin to the town of ma●ketiew alias marhasion in the county of cornwall ; and once a week to kendal by the way of lancaster , and to the town of penrith in cumberland by the way of newcastle and carssile ; and to the city of lincoln , and the burrough of grimoby in the county of lincolne , any thing in this act contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided also and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such post-master generall to be from time to time appointed by his majesty , his heirs and successors as aforesaid , shall continue constant posts for carriage of letters to all places , though they lie out of the post-roads , as hath been used for the space of three years last past , at the rates herein before mentioned , under pain of forfeiture for every omission five pounds , to be recovered by action , suite , or plaint , in any his majesties courts of record , the one moiety to the use of his majesty , the other moeity to the use of the informer . and for the better management of the said post-office , and that the people of these kingdomes may have their intercourse of commerce and trade the better maintained , and their letters and advises conveyed , carried & recarried with the greatest speed , security , and convenience that may be ; be it further enacted , that the said post-master general so nominated , appointed and constituted as aforesaid , and his deputies , shall from time to time observe and follow such orders , rules , directions and instructions for and concerning the settlement of convenient posts and stages upon the several roads in england , scotland and ireland , and other his majesties dominions , and the providing and keeping of a sufficient number of horses at the said several stages , as well for the carrying and conveying of the said letters and pacquets , as for the horsing of all thorow-posts and persons riding in post by warrant or otherwise as aforesaid , as his majestie , his heires and successors shall from time to time in that behalf make , and ordaine ; and that his majesty , his heires and successors may grant the said office of post-master general , together with the powers and authorities thereunto belonging , & the several rates of portage above mentioned , and all profits , priviledges , fees , perquisites & emoluments thereunto belonging , or to belong , either for life or term of years , not exceeding one and twenty years , to such person or persons , and under such covenants , conditions and yearly rents to his said majesty , his heires and successors reserved , as his said majesty , his heirs and successors shall from time to time think fit for the best advantage and benefit of the kingdome . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the athority aforesaid , that no person shall have power to take , use , or seize any horses for the service mentioned in this act , without the consent of the owners thereof ; any usage or pretence , or any thing in this act contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all inland letters sent by any packet-post established by this act as aforesaid , do and shall pay the rates and prices before mentioned , at such stage where they are last delivered only , unless the party that delivers the letters desireth to pay elswhere ; any thing in this act to the contrary notwithstanding . provided always , that all letters , and other things , may be sent or conveyed to or from the two vniversities in manner as heretofore hath been used ; any thing herein to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli . ij. regis . an act impowering the master of the rolls for the time being , to make leases for years , in order to new build the old houses belonging to the rolls . whereas the mansion-house , ground , and tenements , with the appurtenances belonging to the master of the rolls , as master of the rolls , are much out of repair , and not capable of improvement , in regard the former masters of the rolls were not enabled to grant such leases , and for such terms as might encourage tenants to build and to repair : be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled ; and it is hereby enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the master of the rolls for the time being , and his successors , masters of the rolls , shall have good right , full power , and lawful authority , during the time he or they shall continue master of the rolls , by writing indented , under hand and seal , to grant and make leases for one and forty years , or for any lesser term , to commence from the making of any such leases , of all and singular the premisses , or any part thereof , the chappel of the rolls with a convenient mansion-house , court , yard , garden , stable , coach-house , and other our-houses and buildings , fit for the use and habitation of the master of the rolles , onely excepted ; which lease and leases , so to be made , shall be good and effectuall in law to all intents and purposes , as if such master of the rolls for the time being , as shall so make the same , had beén seized of the premisses of a good estate in feé simple . provided , that in leases where provision is made for new building of houses or tenements , that the yearly rent of twenty shillings at the least shall be reserved upon every lease of such a quantity of the said premisses , as shall be set out and assigned by the master of the rolls for the time being for any one house or tenement to be built upon ; and that in leases where there is no provision for new building , the like usual rent that hath beén paid or reserved for the greater part of seven years now last past , or more , shall be yearly reserved . provided also , that the master of the rolls for the time being , or any succeéding master of the rolls , after the prenusses have beén once letten , according to the power given as abovesaid , shall not grant or make any new or concurrent lease untill within seven years of the expiration of the lease then in being , nor for any lesser rent then was reserved upon the former lease , nor for any longer term , then for the term of one and twenty years from the making of such new lease . jo : browne cleric . parliamentorum . . an act for the restoring of henry lord arundel of warder to the possession of his estate . . an act for restitution of thomas earl of arundel , surrey and norfolk , to the dignity and title of duke of norfolk . . an act to restore to wentworth earl of roscomon , of the kingdom of ireland , all the honors , castles , lordships , lands , tenements and hereditaments in ireland , whereof james earl of roscomon his great-grand father , or iames earl of roscomon his father , &c. . an act for restoring of sir george hamilton unto his lands and estate in ireland . . an act for maintenance of the vicar for the time being of the vicaridge of royston in the counties of hertford and cambridge , and of his successors , vicars of the said vicaridge . . an act for enabling sir william vvray to sell lands for payment of his debts , and raising of portions for his younger children . . an act for naturalizing of gerrard vanheuthusen , daniel demetrius , and others . . an act for enabling of iohn newton the younger , and william oakeley , to make sale of lands for payment of debts , and raising of portions , &c. . an act for the levying of certain moneys due upon the collection for the protestants of piedmont . . an act for the naturalization of john boreell esq ; eldest son of sir william borreell knight and baronet . . an act for the naturalization of abraham watchtor born beyond the seas . . an act for restoring of sir thomas crimes baronet , to his estate . . an act for enabling george fawnt of foston in the county of leicester esq ; to sell and conveigh part of his lands , for payment of several debts and legacies charged upon his estate by sir william fawnt knight deceased , aud for the raising of portions for his younger children , and making his wife a joynture . . an act for naturalizing francis hide , and others . . an act to enable joseph micklethwaite an infant , and his trustees , to sell lands for payment of his fathers debts . . an act for raising portions , and making provision for maintenance for the younger children of sir edward gostwicke . . an act for confirming the sale of the mannor of hitcham , sold to charles doe , by sir iohn clarke knight and baronet , and for setling and disposing other the lands of the said sir iohn clarke and dame philadelphia his wife . . an act for the setling of some of the mannors and lands of the earl of cleaveland in trustees , to be sold for the satisfying of the debts of the said earl , and of thomas lord vventworth his son. . an act for the disappropriating of the rectory appropriate of preston , & uniting and consolidating of the said rectory , and of the vicaridge of the church of preston ; and for assuring of the advowson , and right of patronage of the same unto the master , fellows , and scholars of emanuel colledge in cambridge , and their successors . . an act for making the precinct of covent garden parochial . london , printed by john bill , printer to the king ' s most excellent majesty . . at the king's printing-house in black-fryars . <?xml-stylesheet href='xml htm.xsl' type='text/xsl'?> <?xml version=' . ' encoding='utf- '?> <?xml-model href="http://schemata.earlyprint.org/schemata/tei_earlyprint.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/ . "?> <tei xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/ . " xml:id="a "> <teiheader> <filedesc> <titlestmt> <title>wine, beer, and ale together by the ears</title> <author>anon.</author> </titlestmt> <editionstmt> <edition n=" . ">this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text s in the <ref target="http://estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (stc ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition> <editor>martin mueller</editor> <respstmt> <resp>incompletely or incorrectly transcribed words were reviewed and in many cases fixed by</resp> <name>melina yeh</name> </respstmt> <respstmt> <resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <publicationstmt> <publisher>earlyprint project</publisher> <pubplace>evanston il, notre dame in, st.louis, washington mo</pubplace> <date> </date> <availability> <licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ . /deed.en_us">distributed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . unported license</licence> </availability> <idno type="shc">a .xml</idno> </publicationstmt> <sourcedesc> <biblfull n="tcp source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <extent> dpi tiff g page images</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>university of michigan, digital library production service</publisher> <pubplace>ann arbor, michigan</pubplace> <date> march (tcp phase )</date> <idno type="marc"> </idno> <idno type="stc">stc ( nd ed.) .</idno> <idno type="stc">greg, ii, (b).</idno> <idno type="vid"> </idno> <idno type="dlps">a </idno> <availability> <p>this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. searching, reading, printing, or downloading eebo-tcp texts is reserved for the authorized users of these project partner institutions. permission must be granted for subsequent distribution, in print or electronically, of this text, in whole or in part. please contact project staff at eebotcp-info@umich.edu for further information or permissions.</p> </availability> </publicationstmt> </biblfull> <biblfull n="printed source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <editionstmt> <edition>this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text s in the <ref target="http://estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (stc ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition> <respstmt> <resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <extent>[ ] p.</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>by t[homas] c[otes] for iohn groue, and are to be sold at his shop at furniuals inne gate in holborne,</publisher> <pubplace>printed at london :</pubplace> <date type="publication_date"> .</date> <date type="creation_date"> </date> </publicationstmt> <notesstmt> <note> <p>a revision of "wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares", which was attributed to gallobelgicus.</p> </note> <note> <p>printer's name from stc.</p> </note> <note> <p>signatures: a-c d .</p> </note> <note> <p>the first leaf is blank.</p> </note> <note> <p>reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery.</p> </note> </notesstmt> </biblfull> </sourcedesc> </filedesc> <profiledesc> <textclass> <keywords scheme="lcsh"> <term>wine -- early works to .</term> <term>beer -- early works to .</term> <term>ale -- early works to .</term> <term>tobacco -- early works to .</term> <term>smoking -- great britain -- early works to .</term> </keywords> </textclass> </profiledesc> <xenodata 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-a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>no</seg> <corr>,</corr> <seg>tis your old acquaintance sugar .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>would bring whole sheets for me to lie in</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>by the gallants , kist by the gentlewomen</seg> <corr>:</corr> <seg>i am their life , their genius , the poeticall</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>ale</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>repuration</sic> <seg>carry it away , i will not loose a drop of my</seg> <corr>reputation</corr> <seg>, and by your fauour , if you stand so much</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>suaile</sic> <seg>purpose retirement and grauitie , that with the</seg> <corr>snaile</corr> <seg>carries the cares of a house and family</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>gine</sic> <seg>vnderstanding is not sufficiently lighted yet</seg> <corr>giue</corr> <seg>him leaue i pray .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>solidier</sic> <seg>, i remember i haue heard him reported a</seg> <corr>soldier</corr> <seg>, and once being in company with a knap-sack</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>knap-iack</sic> <seg>soldier , and once being in company with a</seg> <corr>knap-sack</corr> <seg>man a companion of his , i obtained a coppy</seg> </note> </div> </back> </text> </tei> the complaint of many free-holders, farmer, and others, of the common-wealth of england against the unlawfull planting of english tobacco. with an act of parliament prohibiting the same. read, robert, fl. - . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing r thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) the complaint of many free-holders, farmer, and others, of the common-wealth of england against the unlawfull planting of english tobacco. with an act of parliament prohibiting the same. read, robert, fl. - . sheet ([ ] p.) s.n., [london : ] signed at end: robert read. imprint from wing. annotation on thomason copy: "august ". reproduction of the original in the british library. eng tobacco -- great britain -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no the complaint of many free-holders, farmer, and others, of the common-wealth of england. against the unlawfull planting of english tobacco. read, robert d the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the d category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the complaint of many free-holders , famer , and others , of the common-wealth of england . against the unlawfull planting of english tobacco . with an act of parliament prohibiting the same . whereas divers great quantities of tobacco have been of late yeares , and now are planted in divers parts of this nation , tending to the decay of husbandrie and tillage , the prejudice and hindrance of the plantations abroad , and of the trading , commerce , navigation and shipping of this nation ; for prevention thereof , be it enacted or ordained by this present parliament , and by the authority of the same , that no person or persons whatsoever , doe or shall at any time from and after the first day of may , one thousand six hundred fifty and two , plant , set , grow , make or cure , or cause to be planted , set , grown , made or cured , any tobacco whatsoever as aforesaid , in any ground , field , place or places as aforesaid , contrary to the true intent and meaning of this present act , every such person or persons so offending shall forfeit the sum of twenty shillings for every pole or rod of ground ; and so after the rate for a greater quantity that shall be so used or imployed , the one moyety of such forfeiture , to the use of the common-wealth , the other moyety thereof , for the discoverer or prosecutor , to be recovered by action or debt , bill , plaint or information , in any court of this nation , wherein no essoyn , wager of law or protection shall lye : and for the more effectuall preventing the planting of tobacco's as aforesaid , that it shall be lawfull to or for any person or persons whatsoever , to enter into and upon all and every , or any place or ground within this common-wealth , where any tobacco shall be planted ▪ growing , curing or making , contrary to this present act , and to grub , cut up , destroy , and utterly to consume all and every such tobaccos : and the commissioners , sub-commissioners and officers of excise , are especially inioyned and required to look to the due execution hereof . the weed . england is called by the nations of the world , the garden of the world , but in it there is many weeds , and although divers have been at work to pull them up , yet still they grow , and more when they that indeavour to pull them up , seeme to take the greatest pains and care . weeds grow faster then good herbs , yet weeds are never planted , being they desetve not pains of planting but are unprofitable unnecessary and unwholsome . i shall say little concerning the allegory that may be upon weeds in generall , but in particular , one weed that cumbereth and anoyeth this garden of england is tobacco : the which some who have been and now are evill members of this common-wealth do indeavour to plant ; the onely rise of it is coveteousness , a sinne of high nature , and the cause of much evill in all persons and places , and to be abandoned , the continuance of it is , through the subtilty of a resolute people , who have no regard to obey , neither feare any threat , nor regard any publick good the end of it will be the beggering of our forraign plantations who have had , and doe depend on our brethren natives for relief by traffique with them the great hindrance of shipping and navigation , and the continuation of a long and impoverished condition among divers manufactors that might supply forreigne parts with needfull things . as for english tobacco it is thus caractered . a subject of deceit , causing many quarrels and law suits , a destroyer of all sorts of graine , by occupying the best ground , and using all the dung they can get to force their seed to plants , and after to inable the fields for such a stinking , rotten , unprofitable , unwholsome , unnaturall stuff , an inhauncer of rents , a barrenner of good land , an expugner of lawfull trades , an increaser of idleness , distructive to health of a perishing condition , a thing not worthy to have its being in our nation , alwayes by every power prohibited ▪ not accounted as a commodity , but as expeld exild and banished . that it doth deterr and hinder many thousand pounds a year to this nation of excise and custome that might be paid for other tobacco , if this were not pernicious in the roome of forraigne , besides the imployment of our ships and men , and other inconveniences , it is also not fit to grow in our climate , it never commeth to maturity it was not on the list for excise , but accounted as docks or hemlock . tobacco of forraign plantations is on the co●…trary beneficiall to merchandises and manufacture , profitable in the support of our nation , it officiates as money abroad , and gives content , to the buyer at home , and is accounted a commodity that hath sustained life upon the seas in time of distress , as also in prisons and garrisons when need hath been , it groweth in its proper place , comes to perfect maturity , and of all that are affected with tobacco , it is loved and desired ▪ and of all powers and people allowed in all nations , being of a sound quality , and fit for exportation to many places . the dammage that may grow by this english tobacco 〈◊〉 the decay of merchandise , tillage , husbandrie , the causing of corne to grow deare , the discomforting of our merchants , the undoing of our artificers , the increase of an idle and disobedient and rebel lious people , the plnaters of collonies will be discouraged , and the people that are abroad wanting necessaries must return home for reliefe : and be forced to trade with other nations that are our enemies . i shlll referre all things else that may be said to your best skill . and remaine your friend . robert read . servant both to the merchants of bristol and london . an aduice hovv to plant tobacco in england and how to bring it to colour and perfection, to whom it may be profitable, and to whom harmfull. the vertues of the hearbe in generall, as well in the outward application as taken in fume. with the danger of the spanish tobacco. written by c.t. c. t., th cent. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an aduice hovv to plant tobacco in england and how to bring it to colour and perfection, to whom it may be profitable, and to whom harmfull. the vertues of the hearbe in generall, as well in the outward application as taken in fume. with the danger of the spanish tobacco. written by c.t. c. t., th cent. w. r., fl. , attributed name. [ ] p. printed by nicholas okes, and are to bee sold by walter burre, london : . jaggard's catalogue (stc ), b r last line, lists this as being written by w.r. signatures: [a]⁴ (-a ) b-c⁴. reproduction of the original in the folger shakespeare library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an advice hovv to plant tobacco in england : and how to bring it to colour and perfection , to whom it may be profitable , and to whom harmfull . the vertues of the hearbe in generall , as well in the outward application as taken in fvme . with the danger of the spanish tobacco . written by c. t. london , printed by nicholas okes , and are to bee sold by walter bvrre . . an advice how to plant tobacco in england , and how to bring it to the colovr and perfection , to whom it may bee profitable , and to whom harmefull . i haue heard it reported , by men of good iudgment , that there is paid out of england and ireland , neere the value of two hundred thousand pounds euery yeare for tobacco ; and that the greatest part thereof is bought for ready money . sure i am , that when our englishmen for these seuen or eight yeares last past , traded for it at trinidado , or in orenoque , that great store of gold , siluer , coine , and plate was carried hence , and giuen to the spaniard there in exchange . for so greedy were our english of the indian tobacco ; as where in the beginning of our traffique there , some yeares since , the spaniards ( as in all new plantations ) were prest with all sorts of wants ; & had neither cloathes to couer them , nor shooes to tread on , nor bread to eate ; and did therefore exchange their tobacco for fish , wine , aqua-vitae , all sorts of lasting food , for woollen stockins , hats , threed , hatchets , & the like : they became in a short time so cloyd with all these commodities , as nothing ( some silkes , and cloath of siluer and gold excepted ) but ready money , and siluer plate could content them . this trade therefore , where the treasure of this land is vented for smoke , cannot but greatly preiudice the common-weale : which although it were in some sort tollerable , by reason that many shippes and mariners were employed , and that thereby wee kept our knowledge of the west indies , and bred many sufficient marriners : yet seeing the spaniards haue now vtterly banished our merchants , and put all to the sword , or to a more cruell death , which they can maister , or betray in those parts : i haue thought good , as well for the keeping within the land of the treasure before spoken of , then carried into the indies , and now into spaine , as for other respects hereafter remembred ; to instruct those of our nation how to sow , plant and perfect this drugge . for besides the ill exchange made for this fantasticall merchandize , and besides , the extreame rate , and price of the indian tobacco ; of which the greatest part is sold for ten times the value of pepper , and the best of it , weight for weight , for the finest siluer ; it is hard to find one pound weight in fiue hundred , that is not sophisticate . the blacke colour which it hath , and for which our shoppe-keepers praise it , is artificiall : yea all the tobacco ( the leaues of hispaniola excepted , which wee call saint domingo tobacco ) is noynted and slubbered ouer with a kinde of iuyce , or syrope , made of salt-water , of the dregges or filth of sugar , called malasses , or blacke honey , guiana pepper , and leeze of wine ; to which in some places they adde a red berry called anotto , and other tawn● berries , with which the indians paint their bodies , and their beds . this they doe to giue it colour and glosse , to make it the more merchantable , and to giue one and the same countenance to all their rotten , withered , & ground-leaues , which they wrappe vp in the midle of their wreathes , couering them ouer on the outside with one that is good . of this tobacco , painted with vnwholsome berries , there hath beene great store brought into england of late , in which the rednesse and art was manifest : so hath there beene vented a kinde of filthy leafe , sold by the portugalles residing in london , the same beeing made vp in rolles of pounds and halfe pounds . by these aditaments is the nature and operation of the tobacco changed , and the hearbe made vnhealthfull , and extreame dangerous : for it is well knowne , that how wholsome and medicinable soeuer hunnie it selfe may bee , yet the water of hunnie is starke poyson ; and although indian pepper , scumme of sugar , or the dregges or leeze of wine , and the rest , may be wholesome enough some way vsed : yet to take them into the head in fume , cannot but bee greatly offensiue and preiudiciall . but this is not the worst : for since the spaniards haue obserued , that the english respect but two things chiefly in tobacco , to wit , the colour , and the biting in the nose , they haue added poyson to the painting , and annoynted the leaues of their tobacco with common sublimate ; by which , though it doe not worke at the instant ; yet may the one halfe of all the gentlemen of england , and many thousands of others be easily poysoned in one yeare . for it is knowne to many that there hath been tobacco brought out of spaine , with dissolued sublimate , which euery man knowes to bee poyson , and no way so dangerously ministred without suspition , as by fume . the naturall colour of tobacco is a deepe yellow , or a light tawnie ▪ and when the indians themselues sold it vs for kniues , hatchets , beads , belles , and like merchandise , it had no other complexion , as all the tobacco at this day hath , which is brought from the coast of guiana , from saint vincents , from saint lucia , from dominica , and other places , where we buy it but of the naturall people ; and all these sorts are cleane , and so is that of st. domingo , where the spaniards haue not yet learned the art of sophistication . there is also a sort of caraccas tobacco , which the indians make vp , and sell to the spaniards , which is wholesome enough ; but there comes little of it into england now besides these harmefull mixtures , if our english which delight in indian tobacco , had seene how the spanish slaues make it vp , how they dresse their sores , and pockie vlcers , with the same vnwasht hands with which they slubber and annoynt the tobacco , and call it sauce per los perros luteranos , for lutheran dogges ; they would not so often draw it into their heads and through their noses as they doe : yea many a filthy sauour should they find therein , did not the smell of the hunny maister it ; which smell euery man may plainly perceiue that takes of the blacke role tabacco , brought from orenoque , trinidado , and else-where . to the end therefore , as i haue already said , that the treasures exchanged for tobacco , may be kept within the land ; that those that delight therin may haue it at a better rate , and to auoyd the danger of the spanish mixtures , i haue hereunder set downe certaine obseruations , by the helpe of which all that are disposed to plant tobacco in england , may assuredly bring the same to strength and perfection : yea to strength exceeding all that is brought from the indies . now the first thing that you are to take care for , must be the soyle : of which the ground naturally fertile , is the best , and that which hath not borne any other but grasse : for if you sow your seede in ground enriched with dung , except you stay two yeare at least , til the dung and the vapour therof be consumed , your tobacco will retaine the sauour of it . if you sow it where cabbage and turnips haue beene lately sowne ; those rootes will also infect your tobacco with their smell . nay you must take care that your ground be not ouer-far : for the fattest grounds bring forth so thicke and so rugged a leafe , and so fild with moysture , as it will neuer be brought to any colour , neuer to any strength , nor neuer burne well in the pipe : a good soyle , neither too rich nor too poore , is the best , and the best helpe to better the barren , is dung of sheepe . the seedes which you are to sowe , are of two kindes , the male and female ; the male is the lesser leafe , and beares a yellow flower ; of which kinde is that of brasill , which the people of the land call petun . the female brings a very large leafe , and farre larger and longer in england , and in france , then in the indies ; by reason of their sandy grounds , and want of raine there ; and it beares a pale incarnate flower . if this latter kinde would ripen in england , in certainty it would yeeld farre more profite to the planters , it requireth lesse labour in the gathering , withering , and making vp : and being ripe , it will come to a perfect tawny colour , without any other art then the stouing : but the lesser leafe is generally the stronger , and subiect to lesse hazard then the greater . in all the months betweene september and aprill you may cast your seed into the ground : for as that seed which falleth of it selfe in the end of september , and lyeth as it falleth vncouered , doth grow and thriue as well as that which is sowne in ianuary , february , or march : so doth the last sowing in aprill prosper as well , and grow as soone ripe as any of the rest . when it is sowne it must bee couered but thinly with earth : for if you rake too much earth ouer it , it will come vp too late to ripen for that yeare . if the spring bee dry , you must water it often to bring it out of the ground : your water must be riuer or pond water ; for that of welles is too cold , except you set it all the day in the sunne . after your seedes are growne vp to a stalke of three inches high , you must take them vp and replant them , leauing two foot betweene each plant of the lesser kinde , and three foo●● betweene each plant of the greater . if you leaue your plants so long on the ground ere you set them abroad , that the stalke haue sixe inches in length , then must you either bury in the ground foure of the sixe inches , or else they will hang the head , and be long ere they recouer : and hauing set them in so deepe you bury that part of the stalke which would bring out your fairest and strongest leaues : you must therefore replant as soone as you haue a stalke able to be set abrode . you must also take care to water your plants once a day : in the morning , if the spring bee cold ; in the euening if it bee warme ; otherwise they will wither , or stand long ere they recouer . after they are growne a foote high , or somewhat more , they will offer to knob , and cast out little buttons for seede ; which they will doe the sooner if you sowe them in the increase of the moone , which you must auoyd . these knobbes you must euery day nippe off , so must you doe all the by-branches that it casteth out , and all the stalkes but one that shoots out of the same root : you must leaue but one stalke , and vpon it not aboue or leaues . this pruning must be continued from the time that your tobacco begins to yeeld shuttes and buttons for seed , euen to the time that you gather it : which if you shall neglect , coueting to haue many stalkes , because many leaues , your tobacco will be weake and worth nothing . your next and greatest care must bee , your patience to attend the ripening : for if you gather your leaues before they change colour on the stalke , they will be good for nothing . your corne and all other fruits and graines may teach you this , that nothing hath any great vertue where nature is preuented . when your leaues be toward ripening , they will bee full of yellow spottes , which you shal best discerne if you hold a leafe betweene you and the light . and yet you must not so loue your owne as to take it greene : for if when you cut it and dry it , how strong soeuer it proue in the taking of it , the greatnesse shewes that either it wants ripenesse or fermentation ; it must looke yellow at the least , otherwise it may proue equally harmefull with that which is sophisticate . i must also aduise you , not to slubber your english with mel rosarum , and other trumpery , as many of our owne artificers do , therby to bring it to the indian colour : it is an impious practise to play with the health of men , and to make profite by their destruction . your english tobacco if you giue it time to ripen , and time to ferment , will change colour , and cast off all her naughty and vnwholsome moysture , and change her greene garment for that which is perfect yellow or tawny , without any art or addition . when you haue gathered the ripe leaues ; for all will not be ripe at once , you may lay them in the sunne for two or three houres , otherwise they will be so brickle , as they will breake in the stringing : and if the weather bee cloudy , then you may leaue them in your baskets two or three dayes , and then string them vpon threed , and so hang them in a close roome , where no winde entreth , or lay them on a cleane boorded floore , till they wither and become yellowish , which they will do in , , or dayes , but you may not ouer-dry them ; for then they will not sweat and change colour . when they are thus withered , but not dried to crumble , you must stoue them in heapes , in a heat somewhat stronger then a hot-house , and like vnto the heate of an ouen after the bread drawne : for if your heate bee too great , it will burne , if too little , it will require a long time in their sweating , or fermentation , ere they bee brought to perfection . but if you suffer your leaues to be perfect ripe ere you gather them , then they will ferment in a short time , and obtaine a perfect indian colour , i meane the naturall indian colour , though not the artificiall and blacke . he that weares cloath to the end it was inuented for , to wit , to defend him from cold , and wet , cares more for the goodnesse then the colour : howsoeuer it is better to accept of our owne with some little fault , then to vse the india with a great deale of filthinesse . in the meane time , and vntill we haue store of our owne , i aduise my countrey-men to take the leafe of saint domingo , or the leaues of dominica , and of the ilands adioyning , or those indian leaues that are of a deep yellow , or slight tawny , which colours are naturall , and forbeare the blacke which is foule , the dyed tobacco , which is red , and the leafe brought in by the portugalles , and the like slubbered stuffe . the tobacco which comes from the barmuda is cast away either by neglecting to prune it , or else because they nourish ouer-many leaues on one stalke , which they do either out of ignorance , or for that they couer to haue the greater quantity , or otherwise ; because , as i heare , they imitate the spaniards in iuicing it : that place would otherwise giue vs that which is excellent , and so would virginia . for the rest , after you haue taken your tobacco out of your stoue , you must layit abrode some three or foure dayes : for if you make it vp too moist , it will grow mouldy . for conclusion , because there hath beene much dispute about this hearbe , whether it bee wholsome or harmfull : i will let my countreymen know , what by long experience , and conference with others , i finde . it is taken in all america , euen from canada to the straights of magellan , in all affrica vpon the coast , from barbary to the cape of good hope , and so till you come to the mouth of the red sea ; it is also vsed in most of all the kingdomes of the east indies . the spaniards and indians of the west giue vs three principall reasons why they vse it : the first is because it opens the body , and le ts out the heate by the pores which is praeter naturam within them : the second is , the consumption and auoyding of superfluous moysture wherewith they are filled by eating of fruits abundantly , by drinking of water , and in all the in-land countries for want of salt : the third is , because it staies both hunger and thirst , and doth refresh them after great trauaile and toyle : these be the general vertues and knowne to all : but the spanish physitians , their priests , and others that are learned , finde somewhat else , and of more importance in this hearbe : for they vse a confection of tobacco in all callentures or burning feuers , and they take it in smoke to defend them in long nauigations from the scuruy , and they cure with it all sores and vlcers : yea it is certaine , that the iuice of tobacco , mixt with a little sea-water , doth resist the venome of poysoned arrowes , wherewith the spaniards ( how slight soeuer the hurt bee ) are without such a help wounded to death . the brasilians say that it is cordiall , and they also take it to stay hunger and thirst when they trauel and want sustenance . the people of the south-parts of virginia esteeme it exceedingly , and so doe the rest : they say that god in the creation did first make a woman , then a man , thirdly great maize , or indian wheat , and fourthly , tobacco : they vse it for the curing of wounds , and in smoke as we doe ; and they are superstitiously led to beleeue that when they are in danger of drowning , in foule wether , that if they cast tobacco into the water , that the billow will fall , and grow lesse . monardus the spaniard commends it in all pains of the head , growing by defluctions or windy vapors , in the tooth-ake occasioned by cold rume , in all diseases of the breast , old coughes , asmaticall passions , and the like , in all paines of the ioynts , and swellings , if the leaues roasted vnder imbers be often applied ; which the indian women administer to their children for the coldnesse of their stomacke , and windinesse . the same author affirmeth , that in the suffocation of the matrix , it is a present remedie , if the leaues made warme be applied to the nauell or bottome of the belly ; in all greene woundes and vlcers , and in the gangrene he prizeth it aboue all other vegetables : yea hee affirmeth that an experience was made in the presence of king philip the second of spaine , vpon a dogge poysoned . these be monardus his words , as i finde them in clusius , rex ipse catholicus , eius vires experiri volens , cani vulnus infligi iussit in gutture , & toxico quo ven●●atores vtuntur , illini ; & paulo post foliorum tobacci succum satis copiose instillari , & ipsa folia trita super vulnus ligari : liberatus est canis non sine omnium admiratione . the catholicke king willing to make triall of the vertue of it , caused a dogge to haue a wound made in his throat , and to be anointed with poyson which the hunters vse ; and a while after he made the iuyce of tobacco to bee plentifully powred into it , and the brused leaues to be bound vpon the wound , and the dogge was healed , to the no smal admiration of all that were present . the same author commends this hearbe for the cure of the polypus , and doth avow that he himselfe hath cured it with the iuice of tobacco . clusius in his experience affirmeth , that in all old vlcers putride , and of a maligne quality , in the gangren , in the scabbes , clouds in the eyes , &c. he hath vsed the vnguent of tobacco with happy successe . mr gerald in his history of plants , or great herball , tels vs , that the dropsie hath been cured with the iuice of tobacco ; and in the same book , he teacheth the cōposition of an vnguent made with the lesser or male tobacco : which booke , because the poorer sort are not able to buy , & that the said gerald doth so highly commend the vse of this hearbe , i thought good to take it out word for word , for the common good of all poore people needing such a remedy , and these be his words . i do make hereof an excellent balsame to cure deepe wounds and punctures , &c. which balsame doth bring vp the flesh from the bottome very speedily , & also heale simple cuts in the flesh , according to the first intention , that is , to glew or soder the lips of the wound together , not procuring matter or corruption vnto it , as is commonly seene in the healing of wounds . take ( saith he ) oyle of roses , oyle of saint iohns wort , of either one pint , the leaues of tobacco , stamped smal in a stone morter , two pound , boyle them together to the consumption of the iuice , straine it , and put it to the fire againe , adding thereunto of venice turpentine two ounces , of olibanum and mastic , of either halfe an ounce in most fine and subtill powder , which may at all times make it into an vnguent or salue , by putting therunto wax and rosin , to giue vnto it a stiffe body . he further saith , that the iuice or distilled water of the lesser leafe is very good against catharres , the dizinesse of the head , and rhumes that fall down to the eyes , against the paine called the migrame , if either you apply it to the temples , or take one or two greene leaues , or the drye leafe moystened in wine , and warmed on imbers , and apply it . many notable medicines are made hereof against the old and inueterate cough , a-against asthmatical and pectorall griefes , which if i should set downe at large , would require a peculiar volume . so farre gerald. for the taking of it in smoke , if the tobacco be cleane , and not poysoned with iuices , and other art , i know that it is an excellent remedy for the head-ake , for the vertigo & dizines of the head , for moist & watery stomakes , it preuaileth against the rumes & defluctions , & all the pains of the ioynts therby occasioned , and against all affections of the head , watering of the eyes , and tooth-ake , that it keepes off the gout and sciatica , and taketh away the rednesse of the face , that at sea it preserueth those that take it both from the calenture or burning feuer , and from the scuruie , that it openeth obstructions , and is exceeding profitable in the falling sickenesse . the syrope is a good vomite , and so is a draught of white or renish wine , wherein so much of the leafe as weigheth sixe pence hath beene steeped all night : the oyle that droppeth out of a foule pipe , killeth tetters , and all of that kinde . the hearbalists and other physitians make diuers kindes or species of this tobacco ; they commend that which beareth the great leafe , and pale incarnate flower , and call it the true tobacco , a second sort they call petum , and a third nicosian . others ( and thinke they speake learnedly ) call our english of the lesser leafe , yellow henbane , or hoscyamus luteus , and the greater hoscyamus peruuianus ; yea they make a difference between the tobacco of paria and trinidado , and that of peru ; although i am well assured , that there was neuer any one pound of peru tobacco seene in england or in europe . but if the hearb which we call sage , differ in kind from the same hearbe , because the french cal it searge , and the latines saluia , and so all other hearbs , which diuers nations call diuersly : then doth the petum , the nicosian , and the tobacco differ ; otherwise there is nothing between them : but the greatnesse & littlenesse which we distinguish by male and female , as in many other hearbs we doe the like : for the spaniards which first found this plant in the isle tobaque , did therfore call it after the name of that island : and it is true , that because there is no better soile in the world , and that it hath raine & heat sufficient , the tobacco there growing is very large . of this very kinde ( found euery where in america ) it was that iohn nicot , born in nismes in languedoc , & embassador in portugall for henry the d of france , sent of the seed to queen katherine of medicis , after called , queene mother of france , wherevpon it was by some called , queen mothers hearbe , by others it was and is still called nycosian , and yet theuet vaunts that he sent it into france years before nicots embassage . now as the brasilians call this tobacco , petum ; so in the west indies it is cald vicielt , saith monardus : and ouiedus . lib. c. . saith , that in hispaniola it is cald perebecenut , the guianians call it tamoi , other nations tekel , & the virginians opoak , & it is euery where , and in england it selfe , greater , according to the soyle : yea it diffe●s in taste , thickenesse , largenesse , and goodnesse almost in euery garden wherein it is planted . true it is , notwithstanding that there are found manifest differences in the male and female , or in the greater or the lesse , both in flower & largenesse , though both of one kinde , the same being found in many hearbes , plants , and trees besides . now for those that make tobacco a kinde of hoscryamus , because it stupifieth as hoscryamus , or henbane doth , they may as wel say that opiū is also a kinde of tobacco , or tobacco a kinde of opium , or that stramonium is of that species which benummeth more then either tobacco or opium . for the rest , this is true , that as it is vsually taken in england , it hath more of the ill then of the good . for those that take tobacco with wine , do absolutely alter the propertie of it , & make it the artificer of many ill accidents and diseases , i meane all those that drinke wine betweene meales , and presently after the taking of it . for where god hath giuen this hearbe for a remedy to those poore people that want both wine , spice , and salt , that doe often swim riuers , and diue vnder water , that goe naked , and are beaten with showres , that feed aboundantly vppon fruits , that suffer hunger and thirst , that liue in a region violently hot : we in this part of the world vse wine of all sorts , and all sorts of spices , we eate salt with our meat , and powder our flesh and fish with it , and thereby drye vp , and sucke out the corrupt and harmefull moysture that it hath : we that , besides wine , haue strong beere , & strong ale , that couer our bodies with garments , and are prest with cold for three parts of the yeare , do not need any such drying fume at all . it is true that those that haue decaying bodies , those that are of yeares , and opprest with moysture and fleame , those that are subiect to rhumes and the cough , that haue cold stomackes , and are inclined to the gout , or haue it , or that are subiect to any of the imperfections before named , for those it is a singular remedy . but it destroies all our youth that take it without cause , and euery houre of the day , it makes them tender and not able to endure the aire , it makes them dull and sleepy , brings them to the rhume and tooth-ake , marres their teeth , except they cleanse them often , begets in them a drouth , and consequently a desire to drinke : yea and an entrance to drunkennesse it selfe : for many of them finding some little sickenesse in their stomackes when they take strong tobacco , do presently drinke of the strongest wines : the tobacco opens the body , and makes way , by which the wine inuadeth the liuer , and drieth it vp : yea taken in that manner with strong drinkes it consumes the radicall moysture , and hastneth on old age : the indians doe therefore forbid it the children , till they haue taken wiues and haue had children , as wee in england were wont to forbid maides and yong men the vse of wine : for though tobacco stirre the appetite , yet is it no friend to generation , vsed with wine as before remembred . he that desireth further knowledge of this hearbe , let him reade oliuer de serres , l. of pradel in his agriculture , and car. stephanus vpon the same subiect , lib. . c. . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e l. . simplicium medicament . ex nouo orbe dilatorum . fol. . fol. . clusius & seres theuet . cos. gen . simp. medicam . by the king a proclamation touching tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation touching tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : m.dc.xxv [ ] caption title. imprint from colophon. forbidding importation except from bermuda and virginia. "giuen at our court at white-hall, this ninth day of april, in the first yeere of our reigne of great britaine, france, and ireland. reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- bermuda islands. monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- colonies -- commerce. great britain -- history -- james i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms ¶ by the king. a proclamation touching tobacco . whereas our most deare father , of blessed memorie , deceased , for many weighty and important reasons of state , and at the humble suit of his commons in parliament , did lately publish two seuerall proclamations , the one dated the nine and twentieth day of september , now last past , and the other the second of march following , for the vtter prohibiting of the importation , and vse of all tobacco , which is not of the proper growth of the colonies of virginia and the sommer islands , or one of them , with such cautious , and vnder such paines and penalties , as are in those proclamations at large expressed : wee , tendring the prosperity of those colonies and plantations , and holding it to bee a matter of great consequence vnto us , and to the honour of our crowne , not to desert , or neglect those colonies , whereof the foundations , with hopefull successe , haue been so happily layd by our father , beeing giuen to vnderstand , that diuers persons intending onely their priuate gaine , and neglecting all considerations of the publique , in this short time , whilest wee haue been necessarily taken vp in ordering of the great affaires of our kingdomes and state , haue taken the boldnesse , secretly , and by stealth , to import and vtter great quantities of tobacco , which is not of the growth of the plantations aforesaid , to the vtter destruction of those plantations , as much as in them lieth ; wee haue thought fit , for the preuenting of those inconueniences , which may otherwise ensue , to the irrecouerable dammage of those plantations , and of our seruice , to publish and declare our royall pleasure for the present , touching the premisses , vntill vpon more mature deliberation wee shall see cause to alter , or adde vnto the same , in any part . and wee doe therefore straitly charge and command , that no person whatsoeuer , of what degree or qualitie soeuer , doe at any time hereafter , either directly or indirectly , import , buy , sell or vtter , plant , cherish , or vse , or cause to bee imported , sold , or vttered , cherished , planted , or vsed , in our realmes of england , or ireland , or dominion of wales , or in any isles or places thereunto belonging any tobacco , of any sort whatsoeuer , which is not of the proper growth of the said colonies , or one of them ; and that no person whatsoeuer , by any shift or deuice whatsoeuer , doe receiue , or conceale , or colour the tobacco of any other , so imported , planted , bought , sold , vttered , or vsed within our sayd realmes , or dominions , or the isles or places aforesaid , or any part thereof , vpon paine of forteiture unto us , of all such tobacco so to be imported , bought , sold , planted , vttered , or vsed , contrary to the true meaning of these presents , in whose hands soeuer the same shall be found , and vpon such further paines and penalties , as by the lawes and statutes of these our realms , or by the censure of our courts of star-chamber , in either of our said kingdomes respectiuely , can or may be inflicted vpon the offenders , for contempt of this our royall command ; and to be reputed and taken as enemies to our proceedings , and to those plantations , which so much concerne our honour , and the honour and profit of our state. and our further will and command is , that all the forreigne tobacco , of what sort soeuer , which is not of the proper growth of those plantations or one of them , shall before the fourth day of may , now next ensuing , bee transported out of our realmes and dominions , as by the sayd former proclamations it was directed and commanded , vpon paine of forfeiture thereof , and vpon the other paines and penalties aforesayd to be inflicted vpon the offenders . and our pleasure is , that all such forreigne tobacco may bee freely exported by any person whatsoeuer , without paying to us , or to our vse , any subsidie , or other duetie for the same . giuen at our court at white-hall , this ninth day of april , in the first yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france , and ireland . god saue the king. ¶ printed at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . m.dc.xxv . tobacco tortured, or, the filthie fume of tobacco refined shewing all sorts of subiects, that the inward taking of tobacco fumes, is very pernicious vnto their bodies; too too profluuious for many of their purses; and most pestiferous to the publike state. exemplified apparently by most fearefull effects: more especially, from their treacherous proiects about the gun-powder treason; from their rebellious attempts of late, about their preposterous disparking of certaine inclosures: as also, from sundry other their prodigious practices. ... deacon, john, th cent. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) tobacco tortured, or, the filthie fume of tobacco refined shewing all sorts of subiects, that the inward taking of tobacco fumes, is very pernicious vnto their bodies; too too profluuious for many of their purses; and most pestiferous to the publike state. exemplified apparently by most fearefull effects: more especially, from their treacherous proiects about the gun-powder treason; from their rebellious attempts of late, about their preposterous disparking of certaine inclosures: as also, from sundry other their prodigious practices. ... deacon, john, th cent. [ ], , [ ] p. printed by richard field dwelling in great woodstreete, london : . dedication signed "iohn deacon". the author's name also appears in monograms on the title page and on p. . in two dialogues. the last leaf is blank. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- early works to . smoking -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - olivia bottum sampled and proofread - olivia bottum text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion tobacco tortvred , or , the filthie fvme of tobacco refined : shewing all sorts of subiects , that the inward taking of tobacco fumes , is very pernicious vnto their bodies ; too too profluuious for many of their purses ; and most pestiferous to the publike state. exemplified apparently by most fearefull effects : more especially , from their treacherous proiects about the gun-powder treason ; from their rebellious attempts of late , about their preposterous disparking of certaine inclosures : as also , from sundry other their prodigious practises . prov. . . if sweete oyntments and perfumes do vndoubtedly reioyce the heart of a man : then surely , all noysome sauours , and poysonsome smels ( such as is the filthie fume of tobacco ) inwardly taken , must necessarily disquiet , and driue the same into a dangerous condition . dignitatis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 deus . london , printed by richard field dwelling in great woodstreete . . to the most potent , learned , and religiovs prince , iames ( by the grace of god ) king of great brittaine , france and ireland , &c. be multiplied the abundance of spirituall sinceritie , of earthly prosperitie , and of eternall felicitie in iesus christ , amen . renowmed soveraigne , the almightie iehouah ( being in very deed ) the god of a order , hath created all things in so excellent and absolute an order , respecting b number , weight , and measure , as no one man liuing on earth may iustly challenge any one of his works , for being ( in any their seuerall orders ) the one either c better , or worse then another : if we exactly consider the exquisite order obserued among any his different operations in heauen , or in earth . for if we first consider what an absolute order he hath obserued in any the superior creatures ( more especially in the firmament it selfe , with other the celestiall orbes ) we may find the same ( by mathematicall demonstrations ) made apparently manifest to vs. then next , if we obserue ( in like sort ) the like most admirable , and absolute order among all other the inferiour creatures ( more especially in man whom he hath purposely made a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , i meane , an abstract epitome , or a liuely represent of all the rest ( as by physicall obseruations and sundry methodicall proportions may be made apparent vnto vs ) i doubt not at all but that the truth of this point will more plainly appeare then the sun-shine at mid-day : so as the simplest on earth may soundly conceiue the same in that one speciall creature , if ( besides his admirable creation ) they will likewise consider how the vniuersall societies of mankind here on earth , are ( by the almightie his most absolute wisedome ) very proportionably reduced into a fourefold corporall condition . namely , first into a meere naturall bodie : ● meane a corporall substance consisting ioyntly in an healthfull estate of sundry particular members sympathically combined in one . then next , into an oeconomicall bodie , i meane a domesticall , or well ordered houshold condition proportionably plotted together . then next , into a meere polititicall bodie , i meane the publike estate of kingdomes , and countries collaterally compact in one mutuall consort . and then fourthly , into an ecclesiasticall bodie : i meane , into that holy and blessed communion of saints which religiously consisteth vpon the mutuall and ioynt societie of a nationall church , disciplinated and gouerned in a most solemne and sanctified order . as this fourefold order of bodies doth comprehend , and vphold to the full , the seuerall conditions of men here on earth : so surely , the second and the last of these foure seuerall estates i do purposely pretermit for the present , as hauing heretofore in d some part , and also intending hereafter ( if god say amen ) to bend my cogitations more fully that way . hang downe the head , but all the other states else ( by a common consent ) they do collaterally become very crazie and weake , concerning any the dutifull discharge of their peculiar designements . as for example , the said stomacke it selfe , namely , the poore husbandmen , they are fearefully subiected to an intollerable feeblenesse concerning the timely performance of any their appointed functions ; to offensiue yelkings , and vomitings forth of sundrie discontentments against the whole state ; to an immoderate thirsting after other mens places ; to many most bitter heart-burnings , gripings , and gnawings ; to sodaine , and vnappeaseable inflammations of furie ; to an vtter loathing of their appointed ordinary labours ; to a dog-like appetite after other mens profites ; to an insatiable hunger concerning the speedie supply of their sundrie vnsufferable wants ; to a very bad digestion touching their present oppressions ; to many windie sufflations , and proud puffings vp ; to angrie belchings , to cholericke passions , to an vnnaturall fluxe of the purse , by meanes of too many their immoderate and superfluous dispendings ; to inward heart-gripings ; with sundry such other like fearefull occurrents as do finally disable their persons from the orderly collecting , and proportionable dispersing of publike maintenance to any one of the other estates in that selfe same politicall body . yea , and not onely the said stomacke it selfe ( i meane the poore husbandmen , ) but all other estates besides are likewise ( by a common consent as it were ) collaterally subiected to sundry most dangerous distempers : whether we consider the superiour , or any the inferiour parts of that politicall body . for first , ( concerning the superiour parts ) who may not easily see and perceiue how the head it selfe will forthwith begin to be fearefully tainted with capitall paines about the disordered state ; with want of due rest , by reason of sundry occurring cares ; with idle vertigoes , and many terrible turne-about thoughts ; with sundrie implacable furies , with most secure and fearefull lethargies , dreames , and drowsie securities ; with crasinesse of memorie concerning their duties to god and man ; yea , and ( which more is ) with such sodaine congealed catalepsies , violent conuulsions , and spi●ituall benummings , as if all conscionable sense and mouing ( in and about their designed imployments ) were vtterly lost , or quite forgot , at the least . and then next , for the shoulders and armes ( the nobilitie , and gentrie i meane ) who may not likewise perceiue , how that ( when the poore husband-mans state , which did vsually aford their politicall maintenance , beginneth to fag ) they do eftsoones begin to fall forthwith into fearefull apoplexies , i meane , to an vtter decay of all spirituall mouing and sense ; into quaking palsies and trembling of heart , vpon euery crossing occurrent ; into dangerous epilepsies , and deadly downefallings to euill ; into violent conuulsions , with a sodaine shrinking vp of the sinewes of loue ; into fearefull oppressing ephialteis , and intollerable burdens of sinne , each houre surcharging their sorrowfull soules ; into choking squinancies , i meane , a mercilesse throatling of all their inferiours ; into sundrie most deadly pleurisies , through the abundant spilling of innocent bloud ; into many quarkening peripneumonies , and suffocating ptisickes , i meane , into a difficult breathing forth of any gracious decrees concerning the present good of the poore ; yea and ( which more is ) into very many such impostumating empiemaes , and most fearefull exulcerations of conscience ( with other outragious enormities ) as bring an vtter consumption and waste to the whole politicall bodie . and as the superiour , so likewise the inferiour members of that selfe same politicall bodie , feeling once a defect in the stomacke ( i meane in the poore husbandmans state ) they do eftsoones decline to an vnnaturall weakenesse and distemperature of the liuer and splene ( i meane , to a fearefull decay of christian loue , for the timely discharge of any their christian duties ; to sundrie inflammations , obstructions , coldnesse , and hardnesse of heart against the whole state ; to most filthie deforming iaundeis , through an vnnaturall dispersing of cholericke pangs , and melancholicke passions ouer all the politicall bodie ; to many most languishing cachexies , i meane , to an inordinate consuming and wasting of politicke nutriment , by reason of some euill disposition in their proper estates ; to such dangerous dropsies , and disordered cariages , as do either procure a dissolute loosenesse throughout their peculiar societies , or an vnnaturall swelling at least , against the peaceable , and prosperous state of the whole politicall bodie ; to deadly stranguries , and dangerous difficulties about the timely dispatch of their publike designements ; to deadly benumming sciaticaes , and griefes in the huckle-bones , so oft as they are to vndergo the obsequious dispatch of their seuerall duties ; yea and ( which more is ) into many preposterous podagraes , and intollerable paine in their feete and ioynts , so oft especially as they are made to support and beare vp the necessarie burdens belonging to that politicall body whereof they are made the vnited members . so as your most excellent highnesse may here againe be pleased to perceiue very plainly , that ( by the onely distempers of the stomacke it selfe in either of both these bodies ) the whole bodies of both are most fearefully brought into such a languishing condition and state , as neither those stomackes themselues , nor the head , nor the shoulders , nor the armes , neither yet the legs , nor the feete are sufficiently able to dispatch their proper designements : by ●eanes whereof , euen those selfe same bodies ( with all their seuerall parts ) must needs remaine in a languishing state . and therefore , as the good estate of the stomacke it selfe must be carefully continued , especially , if we desire to vphold the happie condition of the whole bodie it selfe : so surely i do verily suppose there may no better meanes be deuised about that good estate of the stomacke , then to become very carefull first , for the ordinary supply of whatsoeuer good meanes may be helpefull vnto it : and then next , for the powerfull and speedie suppressing of whatsoeuer occurrent may be hurtfull vnto it in any respect . now then , these foure succeeding faculties are especially helpefull to the good estate of the stomacke it selfe , if they be rightly had , and ioyntly continued : namely , appetite , retention , digestion , with an orderly distribution . for sith it is the proper office of euery particular stomacke , very orderly to concoct the whole sustenance receiued therein , that so , the said sustenance may forthwith become good naturall nutriment for the whole bodie it selfe : who seeth not therefore but that ( in the stomacke ) there must first be procured an able and absolute appetite towards that the former receiued sustenance ? and because it is to very small purpose though the forenamed appetite be singular good , vnlesse the retentiue facultie be also euery way fitted for the firme retaining , and orderly holding of whatsoeuer solide sustenance so soundly affected before : who seeth not now , but that secondly a sound retention must necessarily be wrought in that selfe same stomacke ? and because the appetite , and retention both , will very little auaile to the good estate of the stomacke , vnlesse the said stomacke be throughly able withall , most soundly to digest whatsoeuer good sustenance so orderly affected , and so firmely retained before : who seeth not therefore , but that a very strong and absolute digestion must thirdly be kindled , and firmely continued in that selfe same stomacke ? and because both appetite , retention , and digestion also , are to very small purpose for the good estate of the stomacke , vnlesse the said sustenance so affected , so retained , and so digested , be likewise as proportionably dispersed throughout the whole bodie for naturall nutriment to the seuerall members thereof : therefore , who seeth not fourthly , but that the said stomacke it selfe must be aptly disposed towards the proportionable distribution of that selfe same concocted nutriment to each seuerall part of the whole body it selfe ? now then , all those the forenamed faculties so fitly and so proportionably concurring together about the orderly accomplishment of that the receiued nutriment , this stomacke it selfe may not properly be said to feele any want at all , for the timely dispatch of it owne imployments about any his designed functions . these fourefold faculties must ( in like manner ) all ioyntly concurre about the happie and prosperous estate of those our politicall stomackes : if especially , we would haue them profitably imployed in the orderly collecting , and frugall disposing of publike maintenance , for the conuenient supportation of the whole politicall body , in all and singular the seuerall parts thereof . and therefore , a principall care concerning the poore husbandmens happie condition , must first be made knowne to the world , by an orderly procuring of good appetites in euery of them towards their seuerall husbandries : that so , they may chearefully , comfortably , and profitably both affect , and effect the fruitfull managing thereof in euery respect . whereby it is apparently euident , that those their said appetites must not be killed by vnreasonable fines , by excessiue rents , by ouer heauie impositions , or any such other importable burdens . and then next , there must likewise be cherished in euery of them , a powerfull retention , an enabled facultie ( i meane ) to retaine , vphold , and continue their seuerall husbandries , for those the former publike respects . so as therefore , a like prouident care must be further had , that by no meanes they may be discouraged from their said husbandries by any mercilesse , vncharitable , or cut-throate dealings : neither yet compelled ( by any causlesse , and cruell oppressions ) to cassier themselues from their former callings , and so ( in a malcontentednesse ) forthwith to cast their ploughs in the ditch . and then thirdly , they must yet further be furthered this way , by a strong & speedie digestion , with such warme and cherishing comforts ( i meane ) as may enable them all to the orderly maintaining , the husbandly managing , and the wholsome digesting of those their said husbandries for publike good . and lastly , there must very carefully be wrought in euery of them ( by the ministeriall operation of the word and praier ) a sympathicall disposition , in and about the timely distribution of that their former collected maintenance , for the publike good of the prince , the peares , the nobles , the gentrie , the whole communaltie , and euery particular member of that selfe same politicall bodie . these things accordingly effected , who seeth not now , but that the naturall and politicall stomacks both , are sufficiently furnished with whatsoeuer supplies may any way be helpefull to either of them both for publike good ? and not onely things helpefull must so be supplied , but things hurtfull likewise must forthwith be suppressed , for feare of enfeebling or weakening the forenamed faculties . but there may not any thing be possibly found more hurtfull to the happie estate of those the forenamed stomacks , then superfluous excesse , or pining wants . for , as by superfluous excesse , the good ●state of those the said stomacks is fearefully ouerwhelmed and tumbled headlong into most dangerous surfeits and deadly distempers : so surely , by oppressing and pining wants , they are fearefully enfeebled , and finally disabled from the timely performance of their proper designements for publike good . first therefore ( for the timely suppressing of whatsoeuer superfluous excesse annoying the healthfull estate of both these stomacks ) a prouident care must forthwith be had , that not onely all carowsing and quaffing , all gulling and gormandizing , all excessiue and riotous banquetting : but also that all superfluous buildings , all needlesse braueries , all extrauagant sports , and all other profluuious dispendings be heedfully auoyded in euery state , more especially in those the forenamed stomacks themselues . for these onely respects , i haue here euen purposely ( although yet synecdochically ) censured all those the former most foule and shamefull disorders vnder the onely name of tobacco fumes ; putting downe a part for the whole : and naming that one vice especially , as a most liuely represent of those other the smokelike vanishing vapours ; and as the very principall annoyance to both the stomacks : and so consequently to the flourishing estate of the naturall , and politicall bodies themselues . and not onely all such superfluous excesse , but ( which more is by much ) all those oppressing and pining wants whatsoeuer , which may ( in any sort ) surprize the good estate of those stomacks , must forthwith be warily suppressed . namely , the want of competent tillage for corne ; the want of conuenient pasturing for beeues , for oxen , for milch-kine , for sheepe , with such other conuenient meanes to manure , mannage , enable , and strengthen their seuerall tillages and pasture grounds , for such a conuenient increase as may fully suffice from time to time , about the necessarie supportation of their owne , and the publike good . the want ( in like manner ) of politicke , of peaceable , and publike good orders , about the orderly and quiet collecting of such singular blessings as the lord ( in much mercie ) bestoweth vpon any their ordinarie labours for publike good , must be heedfully respected and timely redressed by publike authoritie . so as your excellent highnesse may herein againe be pleased to see the great conueniencie of all those good penall statutes ( were they but carefully executed ) which do necessarily concerne the orderly vpholding of husbandrie in it owne proper nature , or do purposely tend to the timely suppressing of whatsoeuer riots , routs , and vnlawfull assemblies that might respectiuely ouerlay the poore husbandmens labours , and peaceable proiects concerning any their peculiar professions for publike good . in consideration whereof , i haue here purposely , and largely laid open the vrgent necessitie for the timely suppressing of that late disordered and vnlawfull attempt of lawlesse persons , in and about the vnorderly and tumultuous disparking of pastures and seuerall grounds , vnder an idle pretence of the necessarie ( though needlesse ) augmentation of tillage : demonstrating most plainly , that their falsely supposed defect of tillage is no such an oppressing want , as doth presently hurt the poore husbandmans happy estate ( all other things else proportionably and euenly respected : ) and that therefore there needed no such disordered and headie attempts , for the timely supply of that their falsly supposed want . hauing hitherto anatomized the whole purport of this my purposed proiect for publike good , i am now , not vnwilling the same should be soundly peized with those the approued weights of the sanctuary which will not deceiue . especially , if our learned physitions be made the indifferent cyzers and censurers concerning all physicall questions : as also , if those our experimented politicians and politicke states-men may become the prouident weigh-masters of what points soeuer appertaining to matters of policie . more respectiuely ( most dread soueraigne ) i do here very freely , and submissiuely put ouer the whole to your maiesties approued consideration and view , as vnto the most competent iudge of publike regard ; very humbly intreating your excellent highnesse , that ( from out of your long experimented physicall skill ) you would first of all be pleased , very soundly to censure that former part of this present discourse , which more especially concernes those exceeding great hurts that do vnperceiueably surprise the bodies of men , by meanes of their inward taking of tobacco fumes . and then next ( with no lesse humble submission ) i humbly intreate , that your vnmatchable wisedome for publike good , would likewise be pleased ( from out of your long setled iudgement , and experimented practise about the orderly suppressing of whatsoeuer shamefull disorders adiudged pestiferous to the publike good of our countrey ) to priuiledge with the approued stampe of your authenticall approbation , that other part of this present discourse , which more respectiuely relateth the purses profluuitie about the superfluous charges of filthie tobacco fumes , and the pestiferous poysoning of the long setled peace of our publike state : so farre forth especially , as the truth it selfe , and present occasions do instantly craue from time to time . very submissiuely intreating moreouer , that the whole treatise it selfe may find at your maiesties hands , that fauourable entertainment which your gracious wisedome shall thinke good to grace it withall : and thereupon also , may publikely and boldly march vnder the martiall ensigne of your kingly care for publike good , against all the fiery encounters of whatsoeuer fuming tobacconists . so shall the almightie iehouah his absolute wisedome be e freely iustified of all her children ; so shall your kingly reputation be iustly eternized among all posterities ; so shall the publike state of our countrey be much more bettered , and more soundly conserued in a solide condition ; so shall the almightie law-maker be more largely magnified for his manifold mercies bestowed among vs ; so shall the poore husbandmens hearts ( as it were with kingly cordials ) be forthwith reuiued ; so shall our disordered tobacconists be presently daunted , and for euer hereafter discouraged : yea and so shall my poore selfe be more securely protected from whatsoeuer the fierie f strokes of venimous tongues , to my better emboldning , and further encouragement in such other like future attempts for publike good . and euen so , i most humbly surceasse my purposed suite for the present good of our publike state : beseeching the almightie iehouah to blesse your excellent highnesse in bodie and soule , and to enrich you in both with a principall spirit , correspondent to your princely place ; to the publike good of our countrey , and your owne euerlasting comfort in iesus christ. euen so lord iesus , amen . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . your maiesties most humble , and most dutifull subiect , iohn deacon . to the christian reader , grace in christ , with an holy discerning spirit . so be it . gentle reader , if thou wilt more seriously bend thy best thoughts awhile towards some serious consideration concerning thine accustomed inward taking of filthie tobacco fumes , it may be thy good hap ( by the merciful goodnesse of our gracious god ) to haue thereby thy fantasticall mind enlightened about a foule foggie error ; thy crazie corps disburdened of many pestiferous humours , and thy prodigall purse more might●ly priuiledged from those sundry proflunious expences , wherewith ( by tampering too boldly with filthie tobacco fumes , as also , by conuersing too commonly with carousing companions , and other like chargeable courses attending hourely thereon ) the same hath eftsoones bene shrewdly surprised , and ( in a manner ) most clearely euacuated . the true and timely apprehension of these three such precious and present auailes , succeeding these paganish and heathenish practises , may make thee in time ( by the great goodnesse of god ) to veile thy bonnet for publike good : and herein withall , to become forthwith a merchant venturer , by aduenturing boldly vpon the seasonable venting forth of this late inuention , for the publike aduantage of whatsoeuer our trifling tobacconists ; vnlesse haply , those their vapouring euacuations ( very chymically extracted from the fennish fumes of their filthie tobacco ) haue now too too fearefully ouerwhelmed their blindfold braines with such foggie forestalling mists , as do dangerously suppresse the senses themselues , and too too sottishly surprise the sway of sound reason . although notwithstanding , i am in no doubt at all , but that thou thine owne selfe ( hauing once in an approued experience , very sensibly apprehended the exceeding great efficacy of this present discourse for publike good ) wilt forthwith hold for an infallible axiome , that a a publike good , the more common it is , the better it is . and thereupon , as my selfe haue eftsoones bene moued by others , and now resolued in my selfe , to communicate these my priuate thoughts to each particular person for publike good : so thou thine owne selfe , and all the rest of that reasonable sort ( participating all ioyntly together with the publike profite thereof , ) will all ioyntly together extoll the infallible wisdome of that onely approued physition for bodie and soule , who hath euery way made vs so sufficiently and so christianly wise concerning the vndoubted safetie of body and soule : and therewithall , will ioyntly and heartily pray for the healthfull preseruation of such , and so many as seeke ( by any their sacred skils ) to cause euery of vs so foundly to conceiue ( though somewhat too late ) the vnsoundnesse of al those the vnsound and sottish conceipts which haue hitherto haled men headlong an end , to the vntimely taking of filthie tobacco fumes . if thy mind be still in a mammering doubt ▪ whether the venimous condition of these poysonsome fumes be so pestiferous as this present discourse doth seeme to purport , then turne thy present thoughts ( i pray thee ) towards the vntimely deaths of sundry such excellent personages as ( tampering too much therewith ) haue ( euen now of late ) not onely bene sodainly surprised by an vnnaturall death , but ( which more is ) their dead bodies being opened , had all their entrails as blacke as a coale , and the very fat in their bodies resembling ( in all outward appearance ) the perfect colour of rustie , or reesed bacon : whose names notwithstanding , i do here purposely conceale , for the very reuerence it selfe which i formerly bare to their persons and places . if notwithstanding all this , thou wilt not ( as yet ) bee brought vnto a present dislike of those the said fumes themselues , then turne thy serious and timely considerations to those fearefull effects , which ( not long since ) afforded their vntimely and terrible attendance towards those our disordered and turbulent tobacconists of former times . who ( for very loue of their tobacco trafficke , and other disordered courses ) neither spared their persons , nor purses , but wilfully spoyled and consumed them both : to the manifest wronging of many other besides , the publike contempt of good positiues lawes , the wilfull breach of his maiesties peace , the rebellious resisting of his martiall power , with the fearefull spilling of their owne , and other mens bloud . let no partiall affections ( good christian reader ) so far forth miscarrie , nor so violently inueagle thine vnsetled and wauering mind , as that thou shouldest once dare to applaud the disordered courses , and intemperate actions of any such barbarous cannibals as do causelesly conspire , and preposterously pretend to bring in a confused paritie throughout the whole state. with very base and most beastly degenerate minds are those monstrous minotaures bewitched , no doubt , who may ( by no meanes ) be brought to endure , or to broke the renowmed estates of the nobilitie , or gentrie in any their countrey coasts : neither yet to like long of any his maiesties fauourites , whom the almightie himselfe ( for the raritie of sundrie their singular vertues ) aduanceth to a timely honour . howbeit , very true is the saying it selfe , and the truth thereof made too too apparent in such disordered persons : namely , that b dishonestie it selfe is a thing euen vtterly destitute of all sense and reason . well ( whatsoeuer may be the successe with some others ) i doubt not at all , but that these my poore labours for publike good , will ( from henceforth ) make me as deepely interessed in some other mens labours of like interchangeable trafficke : more especially , of those well minded persons who now begin to perceiue what present profite may eftsoones arise from this my lately erected new mart for publike good . on the other side , if any idle , or odly conceited companions ( at the vnexpected pitching vp of these my approued boothstakes for publike good ) do ouer pecuishly fall into sustian fumes , because these their filthie tobacco fumes are thus sodainly enforced to render a most filthie redolent smell in the very nostrils of such & so many as are but competently furnished with a sound and setled iudgment : yet vndoubtedly , the integritie and vprightnesse of mine honest plaine heart herein , will be sufficiently able ( i hope ) to mannage most stoutly mine authenticall intent for publike good , against all the fierie thunder-cracks of those our fuming tobacconists , whose trifling courses do nothing else but breede the publike bane of our peace and prosperitie . and howsoeuer some malcontented tobacconists , ( of a very malicious spite ) may couertly endeauour to kindle their fierie tongues ( as it were with c iuniper coales ) against either my person , or published treatise , i doubt not yet , but as the integritie of mine honest intent for publike good , may sufficiently shelter my person for dealing herein : so am i strongly perswaded , that , that selfe same publike authoritie which so frankly affordeth free passage ( with priuiledge ) to this my published discourse for like publike good , at the very first sparkling forth of those our tobacconists fire-flashes ( how fierce , and how flaming soeuer ) will be authentically able , either to cause their turbulent rage to recoyle forthwith vpon their owne pates ; or to besmeare their persons at least , with that odde satyricall adage which termeth those our testie tobacconists d thericleiou philos , that is in english , a fantasticall fauourite and follower of cup-companions . howsoeuer , the better sort ( i am sure ) will readily entertaine my good meaning herein , with that honest affection and christian mind which is euermore accustomed to construe such a subiect as this , in the best and honestest sense : and therefore ( leauing the successe whatsoeuer to the orderly disposing of the onely wise god ) i will now shew thee forthwith my whole purpose and order herein . first , i haue propounded ( as thou seest ) the whole in dialogue manner , for the plainer demonstration of the matter it selfe , making capnistus , and hydrophorus the onely speakers therein . the first ( that is capnistus , signifying a fierie perfumed fellow ) resembleth our smokie and fumish tobacconists : the other ( hydrophorus i meane , betokening a water-bearer ) correspondently represents all such sound hearted subiects as are very well able ( by the sway of sound reason , as it were with cold water ) to quench the intemperate fierie flames of all our fuming tobacconists . hauing thus acquainted thee with my whole purpose and order herein , let vs now forthwith proceede to the orderly prosecution thereof . beseeching the almightie iehouah to bestow that blessing vpon it , which may tend to the euerlasting glory of his most glorious name ; the good of our church and the common wealth ; and our owne eternall comforts in iesus christ : so be it , euen so , amen . dignitatis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 deus . thine in the lord , and the lord his vnworthiest on earth , iohn deacon . a ware-lash for wood-braines . the sluggish sort , who snorting sleepe , and liue like lazie louts , false frauds will frame to mate each man ; yet firke them with their flouts . the serpent slie , the subtile snake , will fawne vpon each feare ; and coldly crewle till they be crept into the bosome deare , of them that pitie their complaints , and waylings well do way : but ( if in breast they once be borne ) to sting they neuer stay . the caterpillers carping crew , with these i may bring in ; who liue o' th labours of good men : yet passe they not one pin , what cold , what irkesome wearie nights , what tedious tasks , what toyle ; nor yet , how many meatlesse meales men haue , nor what turmoile . yet , deacon deare ( not dreading darts of furious franticke fooles ) hath wouen a web , and wrought a worke most meete for stately schooles . he feares no force of vipers b●oode , nor caterpillers crew ; but frankly of his owne accord puts it to publike view . in it he toucheth no mans state , of high or low degree : surmounting sinnes he would suppresse , as soothly men may see . each vice put downe in open booke , i might in order name , had not the author to our hands , so soundly shew'd the same . and sith the man gapes not for gaine , nor praise from men pretends : afford him thanks for his great paine , and so you make amends . this guerdon iust if you grudge at , i should accompt you wurse then iudas he , ( that treacherous wretch ) who bare about the purse . but , hope i haue , you will accept thereof by due desart , and it applaud : and so ( deare frends ) adieu with all my heart . laudum suarum praeco insufficiens , s. t. què sara , sara . to the beneuolent and honestly affected reader . if handi-crafts-men haue great praise for working well , ( with toyling trade ) the trifling wares which they for money sell : then why should deacon doubt to purchase praise of men , to whom he frankly giues the gift of this his learned pen ? if he his busied brow hath beat for our auaile , and for our profit taken paines : why should his guerdon faile ? no greedie golden fee , no gem , no iewel braue ; but of the reader , good report this writer longs to haue . no man of meanest wit , no beast of slender braine : who thinkes that such a worke as this , was penn'd with little paine . the worke it selfe portends what toyle he vndertooke , or er'e his curious file could frame this passing pleasant booke . if pleasure thou possesse , or profit thereby take : he hath the depth of his desire , who penn'd it for thy sake . but , though thou feele some want of that thou wish at furst : reade once againe with good aduice , before thou iudge the wurst . lay loue and hate aside , affection put to flight : so shalt thou iudge as iustice wils , so shall thy doome be right . remember , midas eares were framed like an asse : because he said that pan in skill , apollo farre did passe . so , if thou shalt preferre some trifle more then truth , thou shalt deserue ( as midas did ) the asses eares with ruth . for , learned is the man that did this treatise frame : and , learned is the wight , to whom he dedicates the same . and , learned is the worke , and honest eke the fact : and honest men will honestly allow each honest act . but , those that needes will storme , and wot not well wherefore , must needs haue part of that reward which midas reap't before . which , if thou wilt auoid ( as i would wish to shun ) do deeme with good aduised drift , this deede by deacon done . so , i that made this verse , will thinke no worse of thee , then deacons worke doth well deserue , accompted of to be . but , if thou barke at moone ( like bandog void of feares ) all men may deeme thee for an asse , by those thine asse like eares . virescit vulnere virtus . thine , to pleasure , and to profit thee , b. g. the fvme of tobacco taken inward , is very perniciovs vnto the body . capnistus , the speakers . hydrophorus , the speakers . capnistus . what hydrophorus , mine ancient antagonist ? adieu : farewell for a season . come , haste my mates : away . haue ouer , haue ouer . hydrophorus . cauallero capnistus , what haste i pray thee ? whither away man , that thou callest so earnestly for the marriners to haue thee ouer ? capn. what haste ( quoth you ) sir ? who euer expected such a friuolous demand from so famous a doctor ? hast thou vtterly forgotten the ordinarie prouerbe , which telleth vs plainly , that time and tide attends vpon no mans becke ? and i haue vndertaken a dangerous aduenture towards the vttermost parts of west india with spéed : from whence also i intend to trafficke tobacco into this our english iland . hydr. a dangerous , sayest thou ? yea rather , a most desperate aduenture . especially , when the voyage must be vndergone by a stripling so tender of yeares : and for a trafficke moreouer , so vntoothsome in taste . capn. i am sir ( i assure you ) of a contrary opinion . for ( my selfe being now in my most flourishing age ) you should déeme me so much more able to beare , and abide by the bickering , how bitter soeuer . and as for tobacco ( how vntoothsome soeuer it séemeth in taste ) being found most wholesome by plaine experience , & a trafficke moreouer in so great regard with one and other , i do not presently perceiue what one commoditie may be shipped from thence , more fit for publicke good , nor any way more méete for my priuate auailes . but , adieu for the present . come , haue ouer , haue ouer . hydr. what man ? pause ( i pray thee ) a little . for as soft fire maketh sweete mault : so , the hastie man ( we see ) doth seldome want woe . and ( without question ) thine vnexperienced age , as also this thy preposterous purpose concerning that thine intended trafficke , they do both of thē , argue more haste then heed ; more will then wit ; more hurt then health ; more poyson then profit ; and ( which more is ) a great deale more woe then welfare : if the same be not heedfully foreseene , and timely preuented . capn. why so , i beséech you , sir ? hydr. dost thou aske me , why so ? come hither i pray thee , sit close by my sides for a while : and i will tell thee why so . capn. content . but , of all loues , then be as briefe as you may : for feare of foreslowing my purposed voyage . go to now , tell me what one reason you haue , to be hardly conceited , concerning either my tender young yeares , or the long tried trafficke of this my intended aduenture ? hydr. with very good will. and this so much the rather , for that the consideration of both ioyntly together , do euen forcibly carrie my thoughts to that selfesame amazednesse , which formerly affected iulius caesar that mightie monarch and conquerour of the whole world , concerning the tried effects of that fearefull conflict which he eftsoones had with the almains and sweuians in germanie , the swissers and tournayans in france . capn. what strange amazednesse might that be , i beséech you ? hydr. certainely , euen such , and so exceedingly strange , as did ( for the present ) most fearefully daunt the very vigour and force of his vitall spirits . for , finding in that sort of people ( aboue other nations ) a wonderfull couragious mind , with exceeding great strength of body to beare out the hottest brunt of the battaile ; and hauing also at length obtained of them a very laborious and tedious victorie , with exceeding much toyle , and very great bloudshed : by the often consideration thereof , he was sundrie times drawne into this deepe and serious cogitation : namely , how it might possibly come to passe , that he should so experiment in euery of them , such a rare and couragious spirit , and so resolute a will , with sufficient strength accordingly , to vndergo any imminent danger ; whereas , in others he found nothing at all but an effeminate life , with a mind of curiositie , in withdrawing themselues from all dangerous and deadly occurrents . capn. and what ? was he caried so farre into this endlesse labyrinth , as he wotted not well which way to winde himselfe out , but with leading himselfe backward by the onely conduct of a labyrinthian clew ? hydr. nothing lesse . for ( hauing searched all the corners of his diuine wit , to find forth some reason in nature concerning this matter ) at length ( with exceeding great iudgement , and singular wisedome ) he espied two speciall causes hereof ; namely , their abstinence from wine : and , their want of trafficke with other nations . capn. what benefits could come vnto them by either of both these courses ? hydr. surely , exceeding great benefits . for , by the first ( namely , by their abstinence from wine ) they reaped this certaine commoditie ; i meane , they continued the state of their bodily humours in a sound and setled temperature : and , by the other ( that is , by their vtter want of vsuall trafficke with other nations ) they kept entire their ancient customes and manners , and held them continually absolute , and vncorrupted with the venimous vices of forreine countries . as also ( by the ordinary meanes of both ) they receiued this singular benefite , that they preserued from time to time , the vigour , as well of their minds as their bodies , substantially sound and liuely , and euery way pregnant and readie , both for peace , and for warres . capn. how hath this odde cogitation of his distracted your mind ? hydr. in very deed , exceedingly much . for , hauing eftsoones somwhat seriously pondered this his approued iudgment , and comparing it euen now , with the present occasions of this our licencious age , as also , with their childish & fond resolution concerning such forreine aduentures : i do find too too many important and weightie causes , very earnestly perswading me to be iumpe of iulius caesars opinion concerning such a purposed proiect . capn. and why so ? hydr. dost thou aske me why so ? do but euenly compare the one age with the other , and thou shalt plainly perceiue the reasons thy selfe . for , what made them ( in those dayes ) such able men of their bodies and minds , and so apt for euery difficult enterprise , but euen that their ordinarie abstinence from wine and strong drinkes ? and what causeth vs now to become such cauallering carpet knights , such fantasticall effeminate fellowes , and so vtterly vnfit for martiall affaires , but our continuall carousing of cup after cup ; our insatiable tippling vp of tobacco fumes , and our contagious conuersing with the vicious customes of forreine countries ? capn. i can ( as yet ) conceiue no one inconuenience from either of both . hydr. let vs then consider them seuerally : for , so shall wee the sooner perceiue the pernicious occurrents proceeding from either . obserue therefore i pray thee , what monstrous diseases are daily bred in mens bodies , as also , how many and diuerse corruptions are couched close in their minds , by reason of an immoderate swilling vp of wine , of ale , and of beere . for , from whence proceedeth superfluous moistures ouerspreading each solide part of the body ? from whence cometh catarres , coughs , rheumes , distillations of the braine , comaes , apoplexies , palsies , dropsies , peripneumonies , impostumations of the lungs , lethargies , ephialties , tremblings , cataracts , ophthalmies , crudities , iliaca passions , cachexies , surfets , vnnaturall vomitings , ioynt sicknesses , goutes , and sundry such other ; besides the manifold corruptions of the mind it selfe : from whence ( i say ) do all and euery of these take primarie being , but from an immoderate quassing ? would to god , this preposterous age of ours did not so pregnantly purport and witnesse the same , without any my record herein . capn. indéede i must fréely acknowledge , that such sundrie and strange diseases are growne too too rife and ripe in this our decrepite age , and those also very fearefully affecting both yong and old : but do all those diseases you speake of , directly procéede from an immoderate gulling in of hote wines , and other strong drinkes ? hydr. vndoubtedly , they do take their primarie sprout from those pernicious fountaines , either immediatly , or , by a mutuall consent in their sundrie and diuerse gradations at least : as thou thine owne selfe ( by some sober conference with graue and skilfull physitions ) maist more sensibly and more soundly be made to perceiue . capn. well sir , i vnderstand ( by the purport of your spéech ) what fearefull inconueniences may successiuely follow vpon such an immoderate swilling : and therefore i do herein accord with your selfe and iulius caesar , that , a moderate abstinence from wine and other strong drinks , is a singular good meanes to support the sound estate of mens naturall humours , and ( thereby ) the better to enable their bodies and mindes for euery notable exploite . howbeit , i cannot ( as yet ) conceiue , how this our entercourse of trafficke with forreiners should any way preiudice the persons of men ; or procure annoyance to the publicke good of our english iland . and therefore , tell me without farther delay , whether you do absolutely deny vs all trafficke with strangers ? hydr. nothing lesse . for , so should i be sure , not onely to crosse the singular good purpose of god , in the mutuall conseruation of people and nations dispersed abroad : but also , euen vtterly ouerthrow an excellent good course for the orderly increase of mutuall concord betwixt kingdome and kingdome , while the pining wants of the one , are plentifully supplied by the others abundance . concerning therefore the timely entercourse of trafficke with strangers , though i hold the same simply lawfull , nor flatly to be forbidden by any ; if especially , a prouident care and a due regard be first had of the traueller his age and yeares , as also , of the religious and honest estate of those countries themselues , whereunto the trauellers bend their purposed designements for such traffice intended : although yet , notwithstanding ( i know not well how ) this i am certainely sure of , that , whilest such an inconsiderate recourse to and fro from sundrie nations and kingdomes farre remote , lyeth carelesly open for whosoeuer will first giue the onset vpon it , wee leaue our ancient simplicitie eftsoones in a forreine ayre : and ( in stead thereof ) do too greedily sucke vp from forreiners , not their vertues , but vices , and monstrous corruptions , as well in religion and manners , as also , in framing the whole course of our life ( both for apparell , diet , and all other things ) euery way correspondent and currant to such a contagious , and most pernitious president . capni . by your leaue sir a little , before you procéed in your spéech . hydr. with all my heart : propound what you please . capn. this then is the summe of my purpose . séeing the holy scriptures do teach vs directly , that g it is the law in our members which leadeth vs captiues to sinne , and that h euery man is inticed and drawne vnto euill by his owne concupiscence : how dare you ascribe the corruptions either of our mindes or bodies , concerning religion and manners , vnto any our entercourse of traffike with forreine nations ? hydr. very true as thou sayest . it is the law of our members which leadeth vs captiues to sinne ; and that euery man is inticed and drawne vnto euil by his proper concupiscence . but yet , marke thus much withall , that the scripture doth not there make the mindes of men meere agents , but patients rather in the perpetrating of any vngodly actions ; because , those their minds , are said to be enticed and led , which necessarily importeth thus much at the least : namely , ( sith those their minds are said to be inticed , and led ) necessarily there must ( in euery such sinfull action ) be some other primarie agent ( besides their said mindes themselues ) which so inticeth , and leadeth men captiues : as also , a conuenient meanes with some proportionall obiect , whereby they may so be inticed and led vnto euil . now then ( to speake properly and pertinently ) the diuell himselfe is that primarie agent : who , by sundrie externall occurrents ( as it were by most apt and conuenient meanes thereunto ) doth accidentally intangle mens minds : that so ( their said minds being formerly captiuated by their proper concupiscence ) he might the more easily intice , and leade them captiues to all manner of euill . for so iames speaks plainly in the forenamed scripture , thus : let no man say ( when he is tempted ) i am tempted of god , for god tempteth no man : but euery man is tempted , when he is drawne away by his proper concupiscence . where y e apostle ( yousee ) speaketh purposely of three concurring together in euery temptation . namely , the primary tempter , i meane y e diuel ; the party tempted , that is , mans mind ; & the outward obiect , as ● conuenient meanes whereby the temptation it selfe is throughly effected : namely y t in-bred concupiscence which couertly lurketh in euery mans nature , as it were a quicke sparke vnder ashes . which said cōcupiscence ( hauing apt matter outwardly offered vnto it ) will quickly be kindled , especially , if y e diuel with his bellowes but blow vp the same . a most liuely representation presentation here of we may haue in the first fall of mankind● wherein i the diuell himselfe was the primarie tempter , k our grandmother eue she was the partie tempted ; and her l inherent concupiscence , the very meanes whereby the temptation it selfe was effected . which her concupiscence ( howsoeuer the same was m absolutely vpright and sound before , ) yet then ( hauing a proportionall obiect outwardly and conueniently applied vnto it , ( the n apple i meane which was good for meate , and pleasant in sight ) her said concupiscence ( being eftsoones blowne vp o by the bewitching bellowes of satans inticing blast ) was quickly inflamed and kindled in euill . and therefore ( the premisses rightly respected ) i both dare , and may as boldly asscribe the pollutions of our minds and bodies ( concerning religion and manners ) to such carelesse entercourse of trafficking with the corruptions and customes of forreine countries ; as i formerly auouched the immoderate swilling in of hote wines , with other strong drinks , to be the very procuring cause of many pernicious diseases in the bodies of men . capn. which waies sir , i beséech you ? hydr. dost thou aske me which waies , or by what means such carelesse entercourse of trafficke with forreine nations , might be any occasion of polluting both bodie and minde ? if i should likewise demand of thee now , which way , or by what meanes the wise king salomon became such a wicked idolater : wouldest thou not tell me straight way , that it vndoubtedly came so to passe , by his conuersing and wedding with wicked idolatrous nations ? capn. that would i presently do , and you may not denie it your selfe : because the word of our god p auoucheth so much . hydr. and doth not the same word of god tell thee in like sort , that q all such as handle pitch shall be defiled with pitch ? and therefore the good people of god are precisely charged r to go out forthwith from babylons beastly societie , for feare of partaking with babylons beastly sinnes . if good mens timely departure from babylons beastly societie , be deemed a very good meanes to deliuer their bodies and soules from babylons beastly sinnes : who seeth not then , but that their vntimely and carelesse conuersing with babylons societie , must needs be some vrgent occasion of a contagious communicating with babylons beastly cor●uptions ? yea and this so much the rather , by how much the feeble nature of sinfull man , is more wilfully prone to perpetrate whatsoeuer noysome pollutions , then warily prest to participate with holy and wholsome preseruations . capn. illustrate this one point ( i beséech you ) with some apparent and plaine demonstrations of truth . hydr. with all my heart . but first , let me here aske thee , whether thou thy selfe dost not very plainly perceiue ( in thy proper experience ) too too many of our english mens minds most fearefully estranged from the apostolike primitiue sinceritie : and their bodies withall , very monstrously transformed from their former ancient simplicity ? capn. yes vndoubtedly . i haue eftsoones experimented the truth hereof , in a daily , and due obseruation of their present estates : and withall , i haue wondred greatly thereat , considering the sincere and plentifull preaching of the gracious gospell among vs. hydr. no maruell hereof at all . for howsoeuer the sacred word of our god hath a glorious passage among vs , that it might be s a sauour of life vnto life in such as beleeue , or a sauour of death vnto death in so many as perish , and is also t in either of both a sweete sauour to god : yet surely ( such is the waywardnesse of mens wicked nature ) we commonly do take a much more delight in an apish inuention of mens wicked actions u then in an holy meditation of wholsome admonitions . and therefore , like as lewd words x are a most mischieuous meanes to corrupt good manners : so likewise , licentious manners , they are very contagious occasions to y contaminate the minds of men with all manner of outragious maladies . whereupon the apostle precisely commands men z to abstaine from all appearance of euill . capn. all this i fréely confesse : but what inferre you hereof ? hydr. this i inferre : namely , the very maine reason it selfe , confuting that their former most friuolous wondering at the contagious corruption of mens minds and bodies : especially in this age of ours , wherein the glorious gospel is so sincerely and so freely preached among vs. for ( pretermitting herein the vnsearchable purpose of god , who vseth eftsoones to punish one sinne with another ) what other more pregnant reason may be rendred for this , then our carelesse entercourse of trafficking with the contagious corruptions , and customes of forreine nations ? and ( to explane my speech in more particular manner ) from whence cometh it now to passe , that so many of our english-mens minds are thus terriblie turkished with mahometan trumperies ; thus rufully romanized with superstitious relickes ; thus treacherously italianized with sundry antichristian toyes ; thus spitefully spanished with superfluous pride ; thus fearefully frenchized with filthy prostitutions ; thus fantastically flanderized with flaring net-works to catch english fooles ; thus huffingly hollandized with ruffian-like loome-workes , and other like ladified fooleries ; thus greedily germandized with a most gluttenous manner of gormandizing ; thus desperately danished with a swine-like swilling and quaffing ; thus sculkingly scotized with machiauillian proiects ; thus inconstantly englished with euery new fantasticall foolerie ; thus industriously indianized with the intoxicating filthie fumes of tobacco , and what not besides ? from whence ( i pray thee ) do all these , and sundry such other prodigious pollutions of mind and bodie proceede , but from an inconsiderate conuersing with the contagious corruptions , and customes of those the forenamed countries ? according to the italian prouerbe which pourtrayeth forth an english-man , thus : englese italienato , e v● diabolo i●carnato : an english man italienate , is a very diuell incarnate . capn. and doth their onely conuersing with those the forenamed forreine countries , procure such filthie pollutions of bodie and mind ? hydr. it is not simply their conuersing with any those forreine countries themselues : but their communicating rather with the in-bred corruptions , and contagious customes of those seuerall countries , tha● poysoneth both , with such filthy pollutions . capn. you conclude then , that our countrie men may safely conuerse with those countries themselues , all the while they be carefully circumspect of their owne proper cariage , and resolutely purposed not to participate ( in any respect ) with the contagious corruptions of those selfesame countries . hydr. very true . but how difficult a matter it is for mans nature ( so vniuersally polluted ) to escape the pollutions themselues , each one may perceiue in his proper experience , and find it most apparently demonstrated by this ordinarie experiment : namely , let a sweete christall streame but haue it accustomed course through the midst of a foule filthie channell , and then tell me how long that streame it selfe will soundly retaine his inherent sweetnesse or clearenesse . now then , mans corrupted nature ( being neither inherently sweet , nor essentially cleare in it selfe ) if it be carelesly permitted ( hand ouer head ) to haue an ordinarie entercourse of trafficking with corrupt and contagious countries , as it were in a foule filthie channell , the very mind it selfe will be as vnable to withstand the pernicious customes of those contagious countries , as the very bodie of man ( accustomably conuersing in pestilentiall places ) is vnfit to resist the pestilentiall infections of those selfesame places . for a further proofe of this point , let other christian policie ; or the king his prerogatiue royall ; or the force of feare and bloudie massacres , but once proclaime a finall restraint , or perpetually forestall the accustomed course and recourse for trafficke to any the forenamed babels of beastly confusions , and thou shalt plainely perceiue by the very sequele therof , how farre forth the contagion it selfe hath hitherto possessed those passengers minds . for the merchants of the earth ( making erst their ordinary trafficke , in the bowels and bellie of those beastly babels ) will eftsoones beginne very greeuously to bemoane themselues , by reason of such a finall restraint from those their beloued babels of beastly confusions ; because no man may now a buy of their wares any more : their glittring wares ( i meane ) of gold , of siluer , of precious stones , and pearles : their wares of fine linnen , of purple , of silke , of scarlet , and all manner of thyne wood ; their wares of all vessels of yuorie , and of all vessels of precious wood ; their wares of brasse , of yron , and of marble ; their wares of cinamon of odours , of oyntments , of frankensence , of wine , of oyle , of fine floure , and of wheate ; their wares of beasts , of sheepe , of horses , of chariots , of seruants ▪ of the very soules of men : yea and of the apples ( i meane , the filthie tobacco fumes ) which their very soules and minds so earnestly affected , and lusted after . all these are departed from them ; and all other things else which were fat and excellent are quite departed from them , so as they can find them no more . the merchants of these ( i say ) which were made ( by such trafficke ) exceedingly rich , will stand afarre off and crie : alas , alas , that great babel of beastly confusions , which was formerly apparelled in fine linnen and purple , and scarlet ; and gilded with great and glorious riches ; as of gold , of precious stones ▪ and of pearles ; is now come to a wofull and sodaine desolation . and euerie ship-maister , and all the people that occupie ships , and shipmen , and whosoeuer do vsually trauaile vpon the seas , shall stand afar off & crie out , saying : what citie was euer like to this our beloued great babel for trafficke ? yea , they will euen cast dust on their heads , and with weeping and wayling will crie out and say : alas ▪ alas for this our beloued babel , wherein were made rich all such as had ships on the sea , by meanes of her costly trafficke : for ( by that former finall restraint ) shee is now in one houre , made vtterly desolate . now then , all these ( with sundrie such other their horrible out-cries , arising vpon that former finall restraint for trafficking any further with forreine countries ) do very plainly purport to the world , that both bodies and minds haue heretofore bene filthily polluted with the contagious corruptions and customes of those forreine countries . capn. they pretend ( i confesse ) very probable presumptions . but what ? is there none other remedie else for the timely redresse of this mischiefe , but the onely perpetuall , and finall restraint of trafficking with them any further ? hydr. god forbid the case should consist of such a desperate condition . capn. what then ( as you your selfe conceiue of the matter ) may be the safest course to be taken herein ? hydr. attend with patience , and i will tell thee my proper thoughts . capn. i do sir : and therefore , i pray you procéede . hydr. this then it is . when i had somewhat more seriously bethought me hereof ( though somewhat too late ) and with great griefe of heart obserued these matters , as well concerning our church , as commonwealth , euen thereupon i met with ( as i verily imagined ) a very fit meanes for the timely forestalling of all those the forenamed mischiefes : the which also i will here propound to the serious consideration of thy selfe , and all other besides . not because i do once imagine , that either thou or they may possibly be ignorant of it , being a point so frequent and popular in publike policy : but rather , that you all may ioyntly record , and mutually recognize with me that selfesame thing which cannot possibly become vnpleasant to any ; being ( in very truth ) approued of all , and vniuersally conuenient for the good estate of our church and countrey . capn. declare the same then , without any further delay . hydr. i will. aristotle that diuine philosopher , a man in all his inuentions very excellent , especially , in framing a commonweale , most admirable : he deemeth young men vtterly vnmeete to bee ouertimely instructed ( much lesse imployed ) in matters of ciuill policie . and moreouer , for so much as ( by reason of their tender yeares ) the humours of yong men are too too turbulent and headie , and their affections ouer easily caried away , he alloweth them no conuersa●ion at all with seruants , much les●e with strangers , of whom ( for the slendernesse of their present iudgements ) they might rather learne that which may fearefully corrupt both nature and manners , then what would any way better their minds in either of both . capn. to what purpose propound you this opinion of aristotle ? hydr. to a very good purpose . for by this one precept of his , we may clearely collect , what course ( in this case ) is most conuenient to be taken with youths , more especially with such as are students , as also with so many besides , as ( by reason of their worthes ) should seriously giue ouer themselues to the studie of learning for publicke good . capn. what course , i beséech you ? hydr. euen this which here followeth now : namely , that no forreine recourse be permitted to any ( especially the younger sort ) before they be fully come to their ripe , and well stayed yeares . capn. and why so , i pray you ? hydr. because then ( their humours being formerly setled ) the stayednesse of those their said humours will cause the perturbations of the mind to be calmed : so as ( from the orderly asswaging of both ) there must necessarily proceed a maturitie , and ripenesse in iudgement . because then they can more easily discerne what is sound in opinion , as also what is honest and meete in manners : being then also the better enabled ( with a more constant resolution ) to pursue , and to follow especially that which is good . capn. if this caution were carefully obserued in the ordinarie education of youths , what publicke commoditie would follow thereof ? hydr. very admirable and sundry commodities would grow from the same . for by this meanes , it would vndoubtedly come to passe , that neither our church would be dilacerated and disquieted with so many hereticall opinions ; our weale publicke deformed with so great and grieuous corruptions , nor the profession of physicke so amazed ( as eftsoones it is ) at the often beholding of such hideous monsters ( to vse auerroes his words ) in many diseases . capn. what sir ? will you now play the puritane , in presuming thus proudly to propound new platformes concerning ecclesiasticall and ciuill policie ? hydr. that was and is the furthest end of my thought . for seeing as well heresies in religion , as corruptions in manners are authentically referred to the seueral magistrates of church and commonweale , by them to be plucked vp by the rootes ; and seeing moreouer ( so much as lieth in them ) they haue hitherto very well and warily weeded them out in either of both : it neuer was , nor is now my meaning so polypragmatically to thrust forth my sickle into those their sincerely designed haruests , nor to entermeddle at all with any their lawfully propounded proiects . onely ( as a well-willer to either of both ) i do here purpose ( for the present ) to put downe and declare what dangerous discommodities in physicke , as also , what pernicious occurrents to our physicall methods of curing diseases , are too too perniciously brought home and procured from forreine trauell : while we haue ouercarelesly entertained a strange kind of curing , together with many strange and vncooth medicines neuer heard of before ; yea and those not so sorcible to helpe the diseased , as to infeeble and throw downe the sound constitutions : and which also we do vse so greedily ( i will not say want only ) quite contrary to our countries climate , the naturall constitution of our country bodies , the ineuitable rules of all physicall reason , and the long approued custome of all our wise ancestors . capn. pretermitting ( for the present ) your physicall methods for curing , our naturall constitutions , our countries climate , your physicall rules , as also our ancestors long approued customes , as matters beyond mine element : do tell mee ( i pray you ) what one kinde of hurtfull trafficke you are able to name , that is so carelesly transported from forreine countries ? hydr. what one , sayest thou ? alas man , what sundry sorts of poysonsome drugs could i not soundly challenge that way , if time would permit , and such an vnwonted challenge might possibly preuaile against the setled conceipts of headstrong people ? howbeit , among many things , which ( without either profite , or due regard ) are needlesly ( yet daily ) brought home by certaine vicious and wilde dispositions from the farthest india , surely nothing ( in my conceipt ) could be deuised more apt , and more fit to ouerthrow quite the solide strength of our bodies , nor more prompt and more readie to obscure and to darken the faculties of our minds , then this filthie fume of tobacco , whereof i purpose here chiefly to spe●ke . in drinking also whereof , too too many do leade a smokie life , breathing nought foorth but smoking fumes : vntill ( by vntimely deaths ) they do fearefully forestall the timely establishment of an honourable and ancient age . capn. b this then ( i perceiue ) is the onely faire helena for whose swéete sake now , a most bloudy bickering must be bladed betwéene vs. but yet heare good sir , i beséech you . this vnderhand particularizing of mens proper persons , as also , this so couert a singling forth of one particular commoditie from all the rest , they are plaine demonstrations , that your preposterous splene doth more dispitefully swell against my tender young yeares and purposed trafficke , then desirously séeke to asswage any soundly supposed corruptions from forreine countries . hydr. and why so , i pray thee capnistus ? capn. first , because you so boldly auouch some such vainly imagined venime , to be ouercarelesly conuayed from out of the farthest india into this our english iland , by vicious and wilde dispositions . secondly ( for that among those your manifold supposed corruptions ) you touch onely tobacco by name , as that onely troian horse-bellie from whence all forreine filthinesse ( as your selfe very soundly surmize ) doth too too infectiously ouerflow this iland of ours . hydr. i may safely sweare for hauing a thought or purpose , either to point at any mans person , or once to pursue his particular trafficke : but onely to insist vpon matters for publicke good . howbeit , seeing this thy particular application , enforceth here some further explication , i will therefore deliuer my mind in plainer termes touching either of both . for the first , who knoweth not of old , that this thy intended tobacco , was primarily posted ouer from west india to england , by a vicious , a vaine , and a wilde disposition ? that i say no more . and who seeth not likewise , that the same now ( for the most part ) is very vainly entertained in england , by as vicious , as vaine , and wilder dispositions , if wilder may be ? for tell me ( i pray thee ) what more vicious disposition then that , which so excessiuely taketh tobacco , of very purpose to inflame his excessiue and vicious affections ? or what more vaine disposition then that , which so insatiably swalloweth the filthie fume of tobacco , as an ordinarie shooing-horne , to pull on more insatiably , an aboundance of wine , and strong drinke ? briefly what more vicious , more vaine , or more wilde dispositions may possibly be then those our carousing companions , who so viciously , so vainely , and so wildly do vse the inward taking of filthie tobacco fumes , as an intoxicating poyson to make themselues , and other their swaggering associates most dangerously wilde and mad with the venimous and deadly contagion thereof ? lo ( capnistus ) these onely considerations ( not thy particular person ) did make me so peremptorily to terme those our carelesse tobacco triflers , with that proportionable title of vicious , vaine , and wild dispositions . so as none but such as cannot distinguish betweene the men and the matter it selfe , may iustly be offended therewith . neither did i precisely or purposely ayme at any one particular trafficke , appertayning more properly vnto thine owne selfe : but ( intending onely to propound and declare what dangerous discommodities in physicke are forcibly offred to our orderly method of curing , through an vnorderly transporting of sundry pernicious drugs into this poore iland of ours from forreine countries ) i made ( for further proofe of this point ) a speciall choyce to intreate of tobacco alone in stead of the rest : of very purpose to bridle our vnbridled and bewitched tobacconists from tampring any further therewith . whose wilfull errours and vicious customes , though ( as i could heartily wish ) i cannot throughly reclaime and correct ; yet giue me leaue ( at this present i pray thee ) to lay them wide open to the view of the world : that so our tobacconists themselues may perceiue ( if the blind obscuritie of their braines , procured from their filthie tobacco fume will giue them leaue ) how perniciously they dispose of their owne proper health , while they so insatiably sucke in ( by the conduite of their tippling tobacco pipe ) a venimous matter enemie to mans nature , and so inconsiderately entertaine that filthie noysome fume into the treasurie of their temporall life . capn. if you intend to maintaine this idle talke , for an absolute truth : you may be sure to haue moe fists then your owne about your pate . hydr. yea capnistus , i do looke for many gaine sayers herein , and some peraduenture of the learneder sort . howbeit , i leaue all men that way to their owne proper iudgement , all the while they worke no preiudice to this my opinion ; and so long as mine owne selfe may with the same good leaue dissent from them , by the which leaue they hold and maintaine a contrarie conceipt from me , i will not say from the truth it selfe . capn. but sir , howsoeuer you séeme to pretend many plausible pretences in open spéech , men may yet suspect that you harbour some other shrewd purpose in your secret heart . hydr. men ( if they please ) may imagine many curious castles beyond the moone , without either matter or forme at all . howbeit i protest , not to speake purposely to the preiudice of any mans person : but let euery man enioy his proper opinion for me . neither yet is this my speech herein vndertaken for the priuate respect of painefull physitions ; ( which wicked imagination , some christopher of all conceipts may peraduenture very viciously vent foorth against my good meaning : ) but rather that i might more freely , and more ingeniously expresse my whole mind in this matter , and shew thee more plainly how i am perswaded in conscience concerning the same . capn. well then , this your pretended purpose being soundly performed , i doubt not but each man may reape a singular profite thereby . hydr. it were ( in very deede ) to be wished so : although yet i can hardly be perswaded it will be so . for plato ( in his booke c intituled gorgias ) doth say there are two holes in mens minds , by meanes whereof they cannot soundly containe the knowledge of good things ; to wit , forgetfulnesse , and misbeleefe . capn. how do those two holes hinder their apprehension of good things ? hydr. after a very pestiferous manner ; if thou obserue it well . for by the first ( i meane by forgetfulnesse ) the noble vertue experience ( locked vp long since in our memorie ) is eftsoones lost : and by the other ( namely by misbeleefe ) that stedfast perswasion whereby we should firmely resolue our selues vpon the authenticall authority and faith of our teachers , is confusedly scattered . both of these hurtfull holes , i would haue surely shut vp in thy selfe , and so many besides as desire to reape any benefite by this my present discourse . capn. let other men deale as they list ; i ( for mine owne part ) will carefully sée them most soundly shut vp in my selfe : and therefore procéede and spare not to speake what you please , concerning the smoke of tobacco . hydr. with very good will : wherein also i purpose to propound , and prosecute this following order . first ( being now to speake generally of the nature of smoke ) i will briefly and plainly shew thee what smoke is : and how the same is distinguished from vapour and exhalation . secondly , how many kinds of smoke there are : and from what kinde of matter each one is drawne . and lastly , i will shew thee what inconuenience and hurt the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth dangerously effect in the bodies of men . hydr. a most excellent order , no doubt : procéede therefore ( i beséech you ) first , in shewing me generally what smoke is . hydr. content . wherein , marke this well , that almost all kinds of combustible matter , do send foorth either smoke , vapour , or exhalation extracted from thence by the heate of the fire . the which three kinds of matters are also distinguished one from another , in respect either of their efficient ; or of their matter ; or of their effect at least . for the better vnderstanding whereof , i thinke it best ( in this place ) to define them all seuerally , appointing to euery of them his owne particular limits and bounds . capn. go to then , without any further delay . hydr. aristotle ( in the booke of his meteors ) doth d distinguish them all in this sort . first , he defineth smoke to be the generall and common extraction of drinesse and moistures together , being wrought by the heate of a more vehement fier : which notwithstanding , doth neither moisten , nor bedeaw , but rather infecteth with a blacke colour such things as are smoked . in which definition , smoke ( thou maist see ) respecting the matter thereof , is said to be a common extraction of drought and of moisture together . in respect of the efficient , it is said to be drawne out by a more vehement fire . and in regard of the effect , it is said to be died with a blacke colour , but yet not to moisten it at all . capn. sir , by that which is hitherto spoken , i do plainly perceiue what smoke is ; but how distinguish you the same from vapour and exhalation ? hydr. euen by those three former respects ; namely , by the efficient , the matter , and the effect : as the comparison of smoake it selfe with those other two , will make more manifest . capn. why , what thing is vapour i pray you ? hydr. aristotle ( in his e forenamed booke ) defineth vapour to be a separation extracted ( by a vehement heate ) from water , and turned into aire and spirit : which can make moist , but giue no colour at all . capn. and what is exhalation ? hydr. the said aristotle defineth exhalation or breath , to be a separation of moisture alone , wrought by a small heate , which ( in continuance of time ) doth draw it forth : and which also is turned into aire , and not into a spirit ; neither yet doth it giue any colour or moisture . capn. hauing succinctly shewed me what smoke , vapour , and exhalation is : now tell me ( i pray you ) wherein they accord , and how they do differ . hydr. i will. first therefore , smoke and vapour they ioyntly accord ( thou maist see ) in their proper efficient cause , for both of them are wrought by a vehement heate , whereas exhalation is effected by a very small heate . againe ( in respect of their matter ) smoke doth differ from vapour , and exhalation both : for so much as smoke is the extraction of moisture and drought together , whereas vapour and exhalation they are onely but the extraction of moisture . againe ( in regard of the effect ) smoke altogether varieth from vapour , because smoke is neither resolued into aire , not yet into spirit , neither doth it moisten at all ; both which are effected by vapour . againe , smoke and exhalation ( in their effect ) do partly differ ; for that smoke coloureth , which the other doth not : and partly they accord in this , that neither of them both doth moisten . againe , vapour ( concerning the effect ) seemeth both to differ from exhalation , and to accord with the same . for , in that vapour turneth vnto a spirit , and moisteneth also , therein it differeth : but whereas it is sometimes turned to aire , therein it accordeth with exhalation . by all the premisses then thou maist plainly perceiue wherein smoke accordeth with vapour and exhalation : and wherein also it differeth from either of both . capn. very true as you say , if men may confidently credite philosophie . hydr. why not credite the same ? especially , it being so consideratly determined by that prince of philosophers , who both had a principall illumination this way from the heauenly philosopher himselfe ; and withall , the ioynt approbation of all succeeding philosophers : as may very plainly appeare by the approued consonancie which this his opinion h●ldeth with the originall words put downe in the sacred scripture . capn. shew me succinctly this your supposed consonancie . hydr. with very good will. f first therefore ( concerning the first word , viz. smoke ) the hebrewes they vse the word gnaschan , arising from the radicall verbe gnaschan : which signifieth to fume , to vapour , or send forth smoke . the grecians , they haue the word capnos , that is , a fume , a vapour , or smoke . the latines haue famus , which we commonly call smoke : that is to say , a blacke vapour extracted from fire , taking it owne name from a fornace colour , and besmearing whatsoeuer it fumeth vpon . and as this is the very true etymon of the word smoke it selfe , so surely the sacred scriptures , they do accordingly obserue the same . as for example : when the lord had assured abraham of the amorites countrey in the fourth generation following : the holy ghost there affirmeth , that , when the sunne went downe there was a fearefull darkenesse . g for ( saith the hebrew ) vehine thannur gnaschan ; the septuagint saith , clibanos capnizomenos ; the latine saith , & ecce fumantem furnum : that is ( saith the english ) and , behold a smoking fornace . this place ( thou maist see ) is directly plaine for our matter propounded . againe , when the lord in mount sinai , gaue the law to his people , it is there said , that mount sinai was all on a smoke , because the lord came downe vpon it in fire . and ( saith the hebrew ) vaiagnal gneschano ; saith the septuagint , hosei capnos caminou : saith the latine , & ascendebat fumus eius ; that is ( saith our english ) and lo , the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a fierie fornace . in this place likewise thou seest an approued consonancie concerning this point in question . in like manner , when ioshuah had set the citie of hai on fire , it is said , that the men of hai looked backe and saw it : i hebrew , vehine gnalah gnaschan ; y e septuagint , et heoroun tòn capnón ; the latine hath , & ascenderet fumus ciuitatis : that is ( saith our english ) and lo , the smoke of the citie ascended vp vnto heauen . in all these , and k sundrie such other places besides , the holy ghost ( thou maist see ) doth not onely obserue the very etymon of the word ( smoke ) but ( which more is ) he accordeth clearely with that which aristotle hath set downe before concerning the very true nature of smoke : namely , that it is an extraction of drinesse and moistnesse together from some fierie combustible matter , through the heate of a vehement fire ; that it is of a darke or sootie aspect ; and that it besmeareth with a blacke or duskish colour , whatsoeuer is fumed therewith . hereunto also accordeth the ioynt approbation of all the succeeding philosophers , holding smoke to be hot and drie ▪ and answerable in all things to that which was formerly spoken concerning the same . for ( saith l ouid. ) — calidóque inuoluitur vndique fumo . also virgil saith thus , m mistóque vndantem puluere fumum . in like manner saith cicero thus , n paulisper stetimus in illo ganearum tuarum nidore , atque fumo : and so all the rest . seeing therefore we haue thus , not only the ioynt approbation and mutuall consent of all succeeding philosophers ; but ( which more is ) the authenticall consonancie of sacred scriptures concurring fully with that which aristotle putteth downe in his meteors , concerning the efficient , the matter , and the effect of smoke : let this fully suffice for thy full satisfaction that way . capn. it giueth me ( sir , i assure you ) sufficient content , and therefore procéede now to the word vapour , i pray you . hydr. with very good will. and therefore , herein obserue ( in like manner ) that ( for that which we call vapour ) the hebrewes they haue o edh , that is , a vapour or very thinne fume . it hath a maru●llous affinitie with another word called udh : that is , a fire-brand , an adustion , or burning , a peece of wood made blacke by adustion . the grecians they haue p atmòs , that is , a vapour or aire . the latines they haue vapour : that is to say in our english tongue , a waterie or earthy humour , extenuated or thinned : the breath or vapour of the seas , or the earth . or , it is a very thinne humour ascending vp by adustion , and resolued into a waterie cloud , being ( by nature ) moist and cold . according to that in genesis saying , p hebr. veidh ; septuagint ; pêgê , lat. vapour : that is in english , and a vapour ascended vp from the earth , and watered all the earth . againe , it is said in iob , q that when god restraineth the drops of water , the raine poureth downe . hebr. leidho , graec. eis nepheleen , lat. ad vaporem : that is in english , by the vapour thereof . in these two places , the holy ghost ( thou seest ) doth not onely obserue the very true etymon of the word vapour it selfe , but doth likewise very fitly accord to that definition thereof which was formerly put downe by aristotle ; namely , that vapour is a separation extracted ( by a vehement heate ) from water , and so turned into aire or spirit ; which also can moisten , but giue no colour at all , being ( by nature ) cold and moist . neither is the said vapour r any inflammable impression as exhalation is : because ( being but a moist and waterie meteor ) it cannot possibly be set on fire , nor caried beyond the middle region of the aire : although notwithstanding ( being so eleuated ) it may be thickened and made constringent . and hereunto also , we haue the ioynt approbation of all the succeeding philosophers . for saith ouid , s vapor humidus omnes , — res creat , & discors concordi● foetibus apta est . howbeit this word , vapour , is sometime put downe for heate , as witnesseth columella saying , t minusque vaporis aestate per angustum os penetret . and so likewise saith virgil , u lentusque carinas — est vapor , & toto descendit co●pore pestis . and so likewise the rest of that sort . seeing therefore we haue thus , not onely the ioynt approbation of all succeeding philosophers , but ( which more is by much ) the authenticall consent of the sacred scriptures , euen mutually concurring with that which aristotle himselfe hath formerly put downe concerning the word , vapour , let this therefore ( for the present ) suffice for that point . capn. it fully sufficeth , and therefore procéed now ( in like manner ) to the word exhalation i pray you . hydr. with all my heart . wherein obserue ( as before ) that ( for that which we call exhalation ) the hebrewes they haue the x word mappach , that is , a sufflation , an aire , or a breath . it comes of the radicall verbe , naphach , which properly signifieth to blow , to breathe , to send forth an aire from out of the mouth . it hath a maruellous affinitie also with poach , that is , to breathe againe , to breathe forth : and is properly spoken of the aire of the day . the grecians , they call it y apophora , that is , an exhalation , or an expiration . the latines they haue exhalatio , that is , a breathing , or drawing forth of breath . by all which it is apparently euident , that exhalation is a certaine thinne terrestriall spirit , which ( by reason of a vehement heate ) is exhaled , and drawne from out of the earth , and caried about in the aire ; being ( by nature ) hot and drie : and therefore very apt to be kindled or set on fire ; a thing quite contrarie to vapour , as i told thee euen now . whereunto accordeth that in iob , who saith , that the hope of the wicked shall faile , their refuge shall perish : and their hope is z mappach naphesh . graec. a apóleia , latine , exhalatio , vel expiratio animae , that is , as the exhalation , or the expiration of life : i meane , a very vaine hope , or an exceeding sorrow of mind . thus then thou maist here plainly perceiue the currant consent of sacred scriptures concerning the etymon also of this word exhalation . neither is there wanting herein the ioynt approbation of all the succeeding philosophers : according to that which plinie speakes of it thus , b certior multò nebulosa exhalatio est . againe cicero accordeth thereunto c saying thus . quod & humidum , & caliginosum est , propter exhalationes terrae . and so likewise the rest . seeing therefore we haue herein , not onely the authenticall consent of all succeeding philosophers , but likewise the full approbation of sacred scriptures concerning the true etymon , the nature , the efficient , the matter , as also the seueral effects of these three different words , i meane , of smoke , of vapour , and of exhalation : thou maist now more apparently perceiue then euer before , wherein smoke accordeth with vapour and exhalation , and wherein also it differeth from either of both . capn. very true as you say , but i pray you procéed . hydr. these things then being thus briefly determined , and set downe ( as thou seest ) by their seuerall names and differences : let vs here now put vapour and exhalation apart for the present , as nothing appertaining to our purpose intended ; and consider ( in like sort ) of the seuerall kinds of smoke ; that ( by the meanes thereof ) we may haue a readie accesse to the rest . capn. why sir , how many kinds of smoke are there ? hydr. aristotle ( in that d his forenamed booke and chapter ) deuideth smoke into three seuerall kinds : and distinguisheth them moreouer , in an especiall respect of those seuerall matters from whence they are drawne . namely , into fume , fulîgo , and nidor . capn. what saith he first of fume ? hydr. he defineth fume , to be a terrestriall exhalation extenuated ; e which the hebrewes call nasi , the grecians atmós : that is , a vapour or fume of the earth . the frenchmen they call it vapeur , exhalation , & fumée montant de la terre en haut : that is , a vapour , exhalation , or fume arising from some terrestriall or earthie substance . more especially ( saith aristotle ) from some wooddie matter : whereunto also he referreth bones , haires , hearbes , and such like . all which said seuerall matters , notwithstanding they haue no one name common to euerie of them , yet are they ioyntly ranked in one and the selfesame kind , as witnesseth empedocles , saying thus . f of same kind are both leaues , and haires , and pens of fethered fowle ; with scales of fishes , wherewith their strong bodies are couered . capn. empedocles ( by your patience sir ) he had not chiefly a respect vnto any their supposed resemblance in matter , but vnto that rather which consisteth in the finall cause of those the forenamed seuerall things . namely , that looke what end & vse there is of haires in creatures liuing vpon the drie land : the selfesame vse there is also of leaues in plants , of feathers in fowles , and of scales in fishes ; because vnto euery of the forenamed creatures hath nature allotted those selfesame supplies , for their timely preseruation and proper defence . hydr. very true as thou sayest . and yet ( notwithstanding all this ) it is not to be doubted but that empedocles withall , doth euen secretly seeme ( as it were ) to point also at the earthie constitution of euery of these : which their said constitution is an effectuall and a speciall furtherer of such conseruation . capn. well sir , procéed to the other kinds of smoke , i beséech you . hydr. the second kind of smoke he calleth fulîgo , that is , a vapouring earthie fume extracted by heate : and making blacke the very beames of mens houses . whereupon quintilian ( describing a student rethorically ) doth tell vs directly , that g vnto such a one , fuligo lucubrationum bibenda est , the very smoke of the candle or lampe must be sucked vp : meaning thereby , that a good student must abide by his booke , and spend light after light for the timely attainment of learning . in like manner , aulus gellius ( alluding directly to the besmearing nature of fuligo ) very liuely setteth forth ( by the same ) the deceiptfull speeches of a subtile man , saying thus , h verborum , & argutiarum fuliginem ob oculos audientium facit : that is , he casteth a mist of words before the eies of his hearers . and as the witnesse of these men is a pregnant proofe for this point ; so surely , the hebrewes they haue a word very consonant thereunto . for that which we name fuligo , they call i kitor . the septuagint they terme it athrachia ; the latines , fuligo : that is , a vapouring fume , or subfumigation extracted from frankinsence , mirrhe , aloes , or some such other aromaticall spices , or hearbes , being cast in the fire , as k may plainly appeare by sundry places of scripture . wherein thou maist plainly perceiue , that aristotle ( in his former booke ) doth fully accord with the infallible truth of god , by telling vs confidently , that fuligo is some such vapouring exhalation as proceedeth from matter of fatty substance , especially from frankinsence , pitch , and such other like subiects that are of a more fattie and pitchie nature . capn. and what is the third kind of smoke ? hydr. the third kind of smoake ( named nidor ) is that which the hebrewes call riach , id est , odoratus est , olfecit ; the grecians call it osmein ; the latines odor , as appeareth euidently by m sundrie places of scripture put downe in the margent . all which do plainly approue vnto vs , that nidor is the fume or sauour of any thing burned or broyled : according to the french-mens opinion , who call it n l'odeur & flair de quelque chose qui est au feu , ou bruslé . the italian he tearmes it o odor di cosa arostica . the germans they name it , p ein geschmunerezeren . againe , ein gescmack eines gebratnem oder geroesteren dings . and the spaniard intitles it , q odor suave del maniar . whereunto also accordeth virgil , saying , r illi ingens barba reluxit , nidorémque arbusta dedit . properly it signifieth some smell of oylie-meates either boyled or broyled : according to that of martiall , saying , s pasceris , & nigrae solo nidore culinae . by the premisses then it is very apparent , that aristotle he was not deceiued at all , in defining nidor to be such a vapouring fume as is vsually sent forth from some vnctuous and oylie matter . capn. but sir , you séeme herein ( by your leaue ) to confound fuligo and nidor , and so to make of them both but one kind of smoke : for , what difference ( i pray you ) betwéene a fattie and an oylie matter ? hydr. how a fattie and oylie matter do differ one from another , the said aristotle ( in the former place ) very plainly declareth , t affirming fatte to be more drie , and oyle more moist . yea , and galen in his booke u of simples , as also aristotle in the forenamed treatise , do ioyntly affirme the fattie fume called fuligo , to be more drie then that oylie exhalation which is commonly called nidor : for that it consisteth of an earthie substance , and retaineth withall some strength or force of the fier . capn. well then , let it be so as you say : but what do you obserue from this your thréefold difference of smoke it selfe ? hydr. surely a very fit introduction to this our intended businesse . for , seeing fume is drawne ( by the operation of heate ) from those selfesame materiall substances , which ( being by nature more earthie ) will not , nor cannot be made to melt , but by reason of their drinesse ( which is the nature of flame in an only losse of their coldnesse ) are turned estsoones into fire : and seeing flame it selfe is nothing else but aire , or smoke set on fire and kindled , it must necessarily follow ( thou seest ) that therefore , fume , it hath a farre greater force to heate and drie , then either fuligo , or nidor hath . capn. the consequence i fréely acknowledge , but what inferre you hereof ? hydr. a very pregnant gradation to this our purposed discourse concerning the fierie pernicious fume of filthie tobacco . for these things being thus orderly set downe and determined , according to the vndoubted truth of that naturall philosophie which holdeth so apt a consonancie with the sacred scriptures themselues , how can it possibly seeme strange to any man liuing , that i should thus confidently affirme the fume of tobacco ( inwardly taken ) to be very pernicious to the bodies of men ? for , seeing all kind of smoke doth not onely drie vp the humors of the body , and inflame the inward parts , but also doth scorch and burne them vp , yea and consume those radicall humours which should vphold and nourish the spirits , and euen feedeth ( as it were ) vpon the heate both naturall , and externall , or accidentall : how should not the smoke of tobacco ( being a more forcible fume then many of the rest ) be much more able to drie vp the humours , to inflame the intrals , to scorch and consume the radicall humors , and so vtterly to extinguish the naturall heate it selfe ? whereupon must necessarily ensue , not onely a most fearefull extraction of that the said naturall heate , but also of those the vitall spirits wherein are contained the vigor and power of the whole life it selfe . capn. i perceiue no such necessary consequent ( sir ) as your selfe would here séeme to conclude from the fume of tobacco . besides that , howsoeuersome nimble and exquisite wits ( by such a voluntarie discourse as this of yours is ) are sufficiently able to set a vermilion die vpon whatsoeuer subiect or matter they please : yet ( being at any time drawne to a more deliberate and succinct dispute ) then a man may easily espie the manifold imperfections which couertly lurke in their extrauagant and rouing collations . and therefore procéede now more syllogistically ( i beséech you ) in the orderly prosecution of this your intended discourse , without any such soaring aloft in the aire . hydr. with very good will. and therefore ( to shut vp this my wide open hand a firme closed fist , and to reduce my succeeding discourse into the ordinarie limites of an artificiall argument ) i may thus propound my first reason fyllogistically : which also ( being absolutely grounded vpon the premisses , as vpon a firme foundation and infallible ground ) may ( by no cunning opposition or craf●ie engine ) be possibly ouerthrowne . capn. go to then , propound it ( i pray you ) whatsoeuer it be . hydr. attend then vnto it , for this it is . that which consumeth the naturall heate , is very pernicious to the bodies of men . but the smoke of tobacco taken inward , consumeth the naturall heate . therefore the smoke of tobacco taken inward , is very pernicious to the bodies of men . capn. your maior proposition séemeth something obscure in my apprehension : and therefore , shew me more plainly , how that which consumeth the naturall heate , is very pernicious to the bodies of men . hydr. that may easily be proued by this following argument . that which causeth putrifaction and corruption both , is very pernicious vnto the bodie . but that which consumeth the naturall heate , causeth putrifaction and corruption both . therefore that which consumeth the naturall heate , is very pernicious vnto the bodie . capn. this argument ( i must néeds confesse ) is very probable , but what authoritie haue you ( besides your selfe ) for further confirmation thereof ? hydr. why man , both propositions ( as thou heardest euen now ) are firmly protected by the authoritie of aristotle , in that x the forenamed booke and chapter . where he auoucheth confidently , that all kind of smoke doth drie vp the humours , inflame the intrals ; burne , scorch and consume those radicall humours which are the vpholders and nourishers of the vitall parts ; and extinguisheth their heate , both naturall , and externall , or accidentall : and therefore pernicious vnto the bodie . capn. but how are you able to maintaine the minor or second proposition of your former argument : namely , that the smoke of tobacco consumeth the naturall heate ? hydr. if any make question thereof , the same may thus be performed . that which extinguisheth the naturall and radicall moisture , consumeth the naturall heate . but the smoke of tobacco extinguisheth the naturall and radicall moisture , and that in a very short time . therefore , the smoke of tobacco consumeth the naturall heate . capn. how proue you the proposition first : namely , that that which extinguisheth the naturall , and radicall moisture , consumeth the naturall heate ? hydr. i proue it very substantially and soundly , thus . that which consumeth the subiect , fountaine , and maintainer of the naturall heate , the same doth extinguish the naturall heate . but that which feedeth vpon the naturall and radicall moisture , consumeth the subiect , fountaine , and maintainer of the naturall heate . therefore , that which feedeth vpon the naturall and radicall moisture , extinguisheth the naturall heate . capn. sir , i cannot contradict you in this : the proofe thereof is so pregnant . notwithstanding , i do flatly deny the assumption put downe in your former argument : namely , that the smoke of tobacco extinguisheth the naturall and radicall moisture , and that also in a very short time . hydr. i confirme it more fully , by this syllogisme or reason succeeding . that which scorcheth and burneth the naturall or radicall moisture , that extinguisheth the naturall or radicall moisture . but all kind of smoake drawne immediatly from a matter hot and drie , scorcheth and burneth the naturall or radicall moisture . therefore , all such kind of smoke ( and so consequently the smoke of tobacco drawne inwardly ) extinguisheth the naturall , and radicall moisture . capn. i cannot as yet conceiue the soundnesse of this your syllogisme . hydr. why man , the soundnesse of both propositions is apparently euident by that which was spoken before from aristotle . namely , ●hat y all kind of smoke doth drie vp the humours , inflame the intrals , burne vp , scorch and consume the naturall and radicall humours ; feedeth vpon those the said humours which are the vpholders , maintainers , and nourishers of the vitall parts ; yea and extinguisheth their hea●e both naturall , and accidentall . if all kind of smoke ( drawne inwardly from a matter hote and drie doth worke such fearefull effects : then surely , the smoke of tobacco ( it being drawne inwardly from a matter more hote and d●ie then many of the rest ) doth much more effectually , and more speedily procure such fearefull effects . and so consequently , the fume of tobacco taken inward , is very pernicious to the bodies of men : according to the ineuitable force of this our first artificiall argument . capn. stay sir i beséech you : insult not so brauely before the finall successe . for as one swallow makes not a sommer : so surely , this your first conflict against the fume of tobacco , it concludes no absolute conquest ouer tobacco . and howsoeuer this your primarie assault may haply be thought very fierce and forcible , yet full féeble is the refuge of that resistance , which ( for one onely receiued wound ) forsaketh the field . hydr. why man , one onely receiued wound ( being both mortall and deadly ) is no lesse dangerous to the life it selfe , then tenne hundred concurring together . howbeit , because the conquest it selfe will be so much more glorious , by how much the aduerse part is made to appeare more ignominious : it shall not be greatly amisse to vndertake ef●soones , some deadly encounter herein . to the end therefore , that this smokie contagious fume ( receiuing the deadly wound afresh ) may concludently , and clearely be chased from out of our coasts , i will now muster forth some fresh supply from those other our sound harted arguments , which ( for mannaging the fore-front of this our set battel ) do here so frankly offer their seruice in the open field . capn. discharge your vttermost force against the fume of tobacco , and spare not . hydr. take this then that followeth , for a second murdering canon . whatsoeuer dissolueth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies compounded and mixt , that same is very pernicious vnto the bodie . but the smoke of tobacco dissolueth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies compounded and mixt . therefore , the smoke of tobacco , is very pernicious vnto the bodie . capn. sir , i am something suspicious of the first proposition : namely , that that which dissolueth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies compounded and mixt , is very pernicious vnto the body . hydr. the same may be made more apparently manifest , by this following proofe . whatsoeuer doth corrupt things naturally compounded , and so bring them to destruction , that same is very pernicious vnto the body . but that which vndoeth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies mixt , doth corrupt and destroy things naturally compounded . therefore , that which vndoeth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies mixt , is very pernicious vnto the bodie . capn. explane your proposition , i pray you . hydr. why man ? the proposition needeth no explanation at all , it is of it selfe so apparently manifest . for z is not the essentiall being of a man , a bodie naturally compounded ? and is not corruption , the mutation , and amission either of the substantiall forme , the quantitie , or qualitie of such a compounded bodie ? that thing then ( whatsoeuer it bee ) which so corrupteth and destroyeth the substance , forme , quantitie , or qualitie of any compounded body , must needs be very pernicious to that selfesame body . capn. what meane you ( sir ) by a bodie compounded ? hydr. that selfesame substance whatsoeuer , which ( being primarily connected , or knit together of it owne proper beginning , elements , substantiall , and integrall parts , causes , and qualities ) is essentially combined in it owne proper nature and substance , for a composition is nothing else but the connexion of formes in a naturall bodie : by which connexion , that selfesame naturall body doth essentially cohere and consist in the proper proportion of parts and accidents . now then , that thing which corrupteth and destroyeth the proportionable connexion of such a compounded body , must needs become very pernicious vnto the body . capn. i begin now to perceiue the pregnancie of your last proposition . howbeit , i do flatly denie your assumption : namely , that that which vndoeth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies mixt , doth vndoubtedly corrupt and destroy things naturally compounded . hydr. the same is approued by the ioynt authorities b of hippocrates and galene ; as also by c aristotle himselfe , in that the forenamed treatise . wherein the excellent philosopher ( defining procreation to be properly effected by the due proportion of elements ) doth manifestly notifie vnto vs : that death and destruction is nothing else but the dissolution of that selfesame proportion , or ( at the least ) that this dissolution is the very cause or way to such destruction . capn. well , be it so . but proue the assumption put downe in your former propounded argument : namely , that the smoke of tobacco dissolueth the naturall proportion of elements , in bodies compounded and mixt . hydr. the same is apparently euident by this following argument . whatsoeuer augmenteth the iust proportion and measure of heate and drinesse limited by nature , that dissolueth the naturall proportion of the elements in bodies compounded and mixt . but the fume of tobacco taken inward , augmenteth the iust proportion and measure of heate and drinesse limited by nature . therefore the fume of tobacco taken inward dissolueth the proportion of the elements in bodies compounded or mixt . capn. proue your proposition , i pray you sir. hydr. why man , the proposition is manifest enough of it selfe : so as all men ( but naturall sots ) may sensibly conceiue the same . for as well augmentation as diminution vndoeth the due measure of heate and drinesse limited by nature her selfe : and so consequently , dissolueth the proportion of the elements in bodies compounded and mixt . capn. go to then , make good your assumption : namely , that the fume of tobacco taken inward , augmenteth the proportion and measure of heate and drinesse limited by nature . hydr. i will conuince the same to be true , by this subsequent syllogisme . a more vehement heate and drought added to a lesse , augmenteth the proportion and measure of the lesse . but the smoke of tobacco is more vehemently hot and dry , then the naturall heate and drought of mans body . therefore the smoke of tobacco augmenteth the heate and drinesse of mans body aboue the naturall proportion thereof . capn. make plaine your proposition i pray you . hydr. the same is plaine enough of it owne proper nature : being moreouer confirmed by the ioynt authorities of hippocrates , galene , and aristotle , as also by common sense . for who can denie that a greater quantity added to a lesse , increaseth the iust proportion of the lesse ? capn. you say very true . but yet for all that , i suspect the soundnesse of your assumption : namely , that the smoke of tobacco is more vehemently hot and drie then the naturall heate and drought of mans bodie . hydr. some man ( peraduenture ) will not beleeue that to be true : but ( being more fully confirmed by this following argument ) the truth thereof will appeare vnto any how vnlearned soeuer . that which the physitions ( in respect of mans temperature ) do call hot and drie in the second degree , that ( i meane ) which exceedeth the due temperature of mans body by two degrees , and which ( by adustion and b●rning ) obtaineth a more vehement force from both ▪ that same is more vehemently hot and drie then the naturall proportion of mans bodie by much . but the smoke of tobacco exceedeth in heate and drinesse the due temperature of mans body by two degrees , and ( by adustion and burning ) obtaineth a more vehement force from both . therefore the smoke of tobacco is more vehemently hot and drie , then the naturall proportion of mans body by much . capn. i denie your argument . hydr. why man ? the proposition thereof very reason it selfe doth ratifie ; and all sorts of learned physitions do ioyntly subscribe to the same . capn. go to then , make your assumption : namely , that the smoke of tobacco exceedeth in heate and ●rinesse , the due temperature of mans bodie , by two degrées . hydr. that is sufficiently mainta●ned and vpholden by the authenticall authoritie of theuittus a french monke ; of monardus a spaniard ; of gesne●us a germane ; of wicke●●s ; clusius ; and other new writers ; who do all ioyntly affirme tobacco to be hot and drie in the second degree . capn. be it supposed , that those men do hit on the sooth , by telling vs ioyntly that tobacco is hot and drie in the second degree . what then ? doth it necessarily follow thereof , that therefore , the smoke of tobacco taken inward , exceedeth the due temperature of heate and drought in our bodies by two degrees at least ? hydr. yea , that ( be thou sure ) must necessarily follow . for sith heate and drinesse c be primarie sensible qualities , and that all primarie sensible qualities are the primary vertues of elements concurring ioyntly together in the due composition of bodies naturally compounded ; it cannot possibly be , but as that which diminisheth the due proportion of heate and drought in bodies compounded , is colder by two degrees at the least , then if the naturall heate & drought of such compounded bodies : so surely , that which augmenteth the due proportion of naturall heate and drought in such compounded bodies , it must needs be hotter and drier then the naturall heate and drought of those selfesame bodies , by two degrees at the least . but now , that the heate and drought of this thy tobacco smoke surmounteth the due temperature of heate and drought in the bodies of men , let our tipling tobacconists tell thee the truth hereof in their proper experience ; who ( by reason of the excessiue scorching and burning flames of their inward taken tobacco fumes ) are enforced eftsoones to asswage the vehemencie and outrage of that excessiue heate , by an excessiue swilling in of wines , of ale , or of beere at the least . seeing then this inward taking of tobacco smoke dissolueth the due proportion of elements in a body compounded or mixt ; seeing it corrupteth things naturally mixt in such a compounded bodie ; seeing it augmenteth that due proportion of heate and drought which nature her selfe hath iustly limited to such a compounded bodie : it is more then apparently manifest , that the same surmounteth the naturall heate and drought of our bodies , by two degrees at the least . and therefore , who seeth not now by this our second assault , but that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , is very pernicious vnto the body ? capn. good sir ; how confidently soeuer you séeme to conclude your selfe : that ( be you well assured ) which you haue hitherto said will be deemed as good as nothing , among those our gallant tobacconists who make the very smoke of tobacco their smoking glory . hydr. it may be true as thou sayest ; especially among such as do make d their glorie their shame , minding nothing at all but earthly things . neither do i much maruell at this their bewitched blindnesse . for how is it possible that they whom this smokie fume hath made so fantasticall ( i will not say so senslesse in iudgement ) should euer be able to determine substantially concerning this matter ? and therefore , sith this their seducing tobacco smoke is such an intoxicating circes , a monster of so many heads , and hath taken withall so deepe roote in those our besotted tobacconists minds , as it will be found but an herculean labour to eradicate and roote out the same from a soile so suting vnto it : i hold it euery way a very good course , yet still to bend moe engines about it , and euen to pull vp ( if possibly it may be ) all the farre spread sprouts and riotous springs thereof . capn. undertake what exploit you please to supplant the same : for neither they , nor i do craue any fauour herein . hydr. go to then , let this which followeth now , and which also ( in such gallant brauerie against those gallant tobacconists here marcheth on gallantly towards the very forefront of the battell it selfe , be entertained afresh for a third encounter against the inward taking of tobacco fumes . that which maketh the cleare , sweete , and holsome spirits to become obscure , stinking , and vnholsome , is very pernicious vnto the body . but the smoke of tobacco taken inward , maketh the cleare , sweete , and holsome spirits to become obscure , stinking , and vnholsome . therefore , the smoke of tobacco taken inward , is very pernicious vnto the body . capn. pardon me sir , though i do absolutely deny this argument . hydr. oh nay capnistus , beware of such an absurd and senslesse deniall . for as the argument it selfe is absolutely sound in moode and figure , so surely , either of both propositions may thus be easily proued . whatsoeuer infecteth the instruments of both bodie and mind , that same doth most perniciously procure the destruction of the bodie . but that which maketh the cleare , sweete and holsome spirits to become obscure , stinking , and vnholsome , infecteth the instruments of both bodie and mind . therefore , that which maketh the cleare , sweete , and holsome spirits , to become obscure , stinking , and vnholsome , that same doth most perniciously procure the destruction of the body . capn. i do not as yet conceiue the soundnesse of your first proposition : namely , that that which infecteth the instruments of both bodie and mind , doth most perniciously procure the destruction of the body . hydr. the soundnesse thereof is hereby apparent : namely ; for that no one action of life can be exercised without the mind and body . but neither body nor mind may possibly performe their dutie that way without their proper instruments . howbeit , the instruments of both , they are the spirits : the clearenesse , sweetnesse , and holsomnesie of which said spirits being made obscure , stinking , and vnwholsome : how should either bodie or minde be able to exercise any one action of life in good order ? capn. uery true as you say . but how are you able to proue your second proposition : namely , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth so infect , and corrupt the spirits ? hydr. the same may very plainly be proued by this following argument . whatsoeuer infecteth and defileth the whole bodie with a blacke , filthie , and smokie colour , that same doth make the cleare , sweete , and wholsome spirits to become obscure , stinking and vnwholsome . but the smoke of tobacco taken inward , infecteth , and defileth the whole bodie with a blacke , filthie , and smokie colour . therefore the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth make the cleare , sweete , and wholsome spirits to become obscure , stinking and vnholsome . capn. howsoeuer amazed herein , at all aduentures i denie your argument . hydr. thine amazednesse ( it seemes ) hath made thee at all aduentures to bewray thy palpable ignorance in denying the argument . for the first proposition thereof is such , and so sound , as no man of sound iudgement will once dare to denie : it being ( euen in common sense ) no lesse apparently euident then the sun-shine at mid-day . for must not that which infecteth and defileth the whole body with a blacke , filthie , and smokie colour , euen necessarily make the cleare , sweet , and wholsome spirits to become obscure , stinking , and vnwholsome ? what one man ( being well in his wits may not plainly perceiue the apparent necessitie and truth of such a consequent ? capn. but how proue you the second proposition : namely , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , infecteth and defileth the whole body with a blacke , filthie , and smokie colour ? hydr. that is fully ratified by the authoritie of aristotle in his former treatise ; where ( as i haue eftsoones told thee before ) he affirmeth e all sorts of smoke ( and therefore the smoke of tobacco ) to infect with a blacke colour : the same also auoucheth galene in sundry places . and ( besides their two approued testimonies ) that which i haue heard eftsoones very credibly reported by many ; as also , that whereof my selfe was once an eye-witnesse , namely , an approued experience in the opening of sundry mens bodies , which ( being fearefully strangled vp with this poysonsome smoke ) very sodainly died ) doth apparently prooue the truth of this proposition : for so much as those dead bodies ( being so cut vp ) were euery of them found strangely infected with a certa●ne blacke and smokie colour . seeing therefore the inward taking of tobacco smoke doth make the cleare , sweete and holsome spirits obscure , stink●ng and vnholsome ; sith it infecteth all the instruments of the bodie and mind ; briefly ▪ seeing it corrupteth and defileth the whole body with a blacke , filthie , and smokie colour : who can ( without blushing ) denie , but that the taking of tobacco inwardly , is very pernicious vnto the bodie ? capn. howsoeuer my selfe be vnable with sway of argument to denie the same : yet be you well assured of this , that you shall find ten thousand tobacconists flat opposite to you . hydr. that may very well be , for so one onely michaiah f did find foure hundred opposite to that which he spake from the mouth of the lord : and yet , their exceeding great multitude was no manner of preiudice to the truth which he taught . howbeit , that i may here ( as much as possiblie lieth in my power ) take away whatsoeuer occasion of either gainsaying or doubting , and that the truth of this matter might be made to appeare as manifest as the sunne in his strength : i haue euen purposely placed this following argument in the rereward of the battell , as an armour of proofe , to giue a fresh encounter against tobacco fumes . capn. discharge your vttermost force , and spare not . hydr. well then , stand strongly vpon thy guard : for this it is . whatsoeuer spreadeth and disperseth throughout the whole bodie a most venimous matter , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man , that same doth bring destruction vnto the bodie . but the smoke of tobacco taken inward , spreadeth and disperseth throughout the whole body a most venimous matter , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man. therefore , the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth bring destruction vnto the body . capn. i perceiue not the truth of your first proposition . hydr. how true that is , we may plainly perceiue by the pestilence , and sundrie such other infectious diseases . all which ( by the dispersing and spreading of a venimous matter , and a mortall enemie to mans nature throughout the whole body ) do procure the present destruction of men by many great multitudes , as daily experience approueth . capn. well , be it so as you say : but how appeareth the truth of your second proposition ? namely , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth spread and disperse throughout the whole body , a venimous matter , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man ? hydr. the truth thereof doth sound forth it selfe throughout euerie coast , by the sodaine and lamentable end of many tobacconists ; more especially , by a pitifull experience in parson digbie at peterborough of late : who ( hauing excessiuely taken tobacco in a tippling house ) did instantly fall downe starke dead in the open streets . all which examples ( being no lesse true then wofull ) as they may serue for a terrour to all : so especially , these our insatiable suckers in of tobacco smoke , should conscionably apply to themselues , and be warned thereby . notwithstanding , this fantasticall course ( i know not how ) is now growne into such a foole-hardie custome among vs , as other mens harmes cannot make vs beware : neither yet are bare examples of sufficient force to suppresse and abolish this idle opinion from out of our idle braines . capn. what sir , would you haue men so precizely , so certainely , and so confidently conclude conceipts from euery vncertaine and sodaine occurrent ? so should we be sure , eftsoones to conclude many strange , extrauagant , and vncertaine conclusions . men must liue ( you know ) by infallible rules : not by fantasticall , and fickle examples . neither haue you your selfe any one authenticall rule , to conclude so certainely , from such an vncertaine example as you vrged euen now . for what kind of sequele call you this ? namely , such a man died instantly after his insatiable taking of tobacco fumes : therefore , his insatiable taking of tobacco fumes was the vndoubted cause of that his so sodaine a death . hydr. it followeth as fitly as this : such a man died instantly vpon his carelesse entertaining of one dangerously sicke of the pestilentiall infection● therefore , his carelesse entertaining of one so dangerously sicke of the pestilentiall infection , was the vndoubted cause of that his so sodaine a death . capn. nay sir , the pestilence , and tobacco , as they are not of one and the selfe same mortall condition : so they worke not one and the selfe same mortall infection . for the pestilence , and sundry such other infectious diseases , they containe in them essentially some contagious and venimous matter , which ( dispersing it selfe presently throughout all the parts of the body ) will vndoubtedly procure the present destruction of that selfe same bodie : whereas you haue not hitherto proued , that there is in tobacco it selfe any such infectious or venimous matter . hydr. well then , thus much thou doest grant by the way : that the perill by conuersing with pestilentiall persons , must necessarily arise from some infectious or venimous matter proceeding from those pestilentiall diseases , and dispersing it selfe presently throughout the whole bodie . capn. sir , if i should denie that to be true , experience it selfe would proue me a foole . hydr. and doest thou fondly imagine , that experience will proue thee a wise-man , if thou deniest the truth of the other ? for tell me ( i pray thee ) must not the present destruction of so many tobacconists , euen as necessarily also arise of some infectious or venimous matter proceeding from such inward taking of tobacco fumes , and presently dispersing it selfe throughout the whole bodie ? capn. good sir , this sequele is yet in dispute : and you take it as granted . hydr. i scorne such a grant at any mans hand : especially in this so euident , and so cleare a cause . and therefore , i will here vndertake afresh to conuince ( if possibly i may ) by sound and substantiall reasons , that which i cannot perswade by sundry examples , how lamentable and pregnant soeuer . thou hauing therfore so freely granted , that the thing which thus sodainly surpriseth the life of mens bodies , must necessarily haue in it some infectious or venimous matter , dispersing it selfe presently throughout the whole bodie : why should not the assumption it selfe ( established especially vpon so certaine a ground ) be able to stand inuincibly against whatsoeuer assaults of fantasticall and idle companions ? capn. well , go to then , proue your assumption : namely , that this insatiable swallowing vp of tobacco smoke doth spread and disperse throughout the whole bodie a venimous matter , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man. hydr. that may soundly be proued by this subsequent syllogisme . whatsoeuer sodainly ouerthroweth both the faculties of mind , and strength of bodie , that doth vndoubtedly spread and disperse throughout the whole bodie , a venimous matter repugnant to nature . but the smoke of tobacco taken inward , sodainly ouerthoweth both the faculties of mind , and strength of bodie . therefore , the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth vndoubtedly spread and disperse throughout the whole bodie , a venimous matter repugnant to nature . capn. sir , i do absolutely denie your argument . hydr. in so doing ( capnistus ) thou declarest the selfe an absolute asse . for this know thou assuredly , that a common axiome among physitions conuinceth the proposition to be certainly true : namely , that nothing can sodainly confound and ouerthrow both faculties of mind , and strength of bodie , & so either leaue none at all , or a depraued motion in both , but the same hath some infectious & venimous quality wherewith it possesseth the bodie . and thereupon it is , that all physitions ( with one consent ) do ioyntly affirme that the falling sickenesse ariseth of a venimous aire possessing the braine . capn. but how holds your assumption currant and good : namely , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , doth sodainly ouerthrow both faculties of mind , & strength of bodie ? hydr. surely capnistus , the daily experience of such as vsually drinke that selfe same smoke , doth easily confirme the truth of this matter . for what one is he among our tippling tobacconists , that doth not ( alas ) euen presently perceiue a certaine whirling about of the braine , and find himselfe very fearfully possessed with a certaine kind of giddinesse immediatly after the taking thereof ? or ( if not so ) that suffreth not at the least , a maruellous perturbation , and a dangerous disturbance of nature ? notwithstanding ( besides this their proper experience ) i will yet further maintaine , and defend this point , by the approued authoritie and fortresse of sundry late writers ( as it were with a wall , or rampire ) against the violent assaults of all sorts of gaine-sayers how gallant soeuer . capn. go to then , muster forth now your surest men for the field : and make them march forewards in battle-aray . hydr. content . amongst whom i will make dodonaeus and metellus the first in that ranke : who do recken tobacco among the sundry sorts of henbane . capn. what inferre you hereof ? hydr. the firme , and infallible proofe of that which i affirmed before : namely , that there is in the fume of tobacco inwardly taken , some venimous matter , which so dainly ouerthroweth the faculties of mind , and strength of body . for whereas dodonaeus and metellus do so skilfully sort tobacco among the sundrie kinds of henbane , it is apparently manifest ( from out of dioscorides his approued iudgement ) that all kind of henbane is venimous , as an enemie disturbing nature , disordering reason , assailing the braine , which is the metropolitane ouer the whole body , & the very tower of the heart ; yea and procuring a certaine madnesse withall for the present . capn. dodonaeus , metellus , and dioscorides they onely say so : as for the truth of their spéech , that we must take at their hands vpon trust : for they onely say so , but shew no one reason at all . howbeit sir , our tobacconists ( be you sure ) they hold not those men of pythagoras authoritie : neither will they be brought to conclude on this sort ; dodonaeus , metellus , and dioscorides do ioyntly auouch , that all kind of henbane is of a poysonsome and venimous nature , and therefore it is certainly so indéed . hydr. why capnistus , hast thou not a more reuerend regard of that the accustomed and ancient axiome , which telleth plainly , that euery g expert and skilfull artist must be beleeued in his proper profession ? notwithstanding ( because thou makest no more accompt of those their authenticall iudgements ) thou shalt heare further , what gesnerus h auoucheth from his proper experience : who ( hauing experimented the true operation of tobacco in his owne proper bodie ) giueth a iudicious censure concerning the nature thereof , in an epistle to iohn functius , that renowned , and learned physition . capn. what is his censure thereof ( sir ) i pray you ? hydr. i will put downe the same in his owne proper words : without either adding , or taking therefrom . the leafe ( saith he ) which was sent out of france to augusta , seemed most strange vnto me , and a very plaine noueltie . wherefore , i was very desirous to taste therof : but presently i perceiued a maruellous sharpnesse therein , and it did most strangely affect me . so as , me thought verily i was starke drunke ; and ( as it were ) sayling downe a riuer in some staggering ship : yea and trying the same againe and againe some three or foure times , i eftsoones found the selfesame effect . wherefore , washing my mouth , and drinking vp a spoonefull of vineger : i forthwith put away the giddinesse of my head . moreouer , i gaue a peece of the leafe ( bruised and wrapped in flesh ) vnto a dog : which ( presently after some few houres ) did cause him to vomit abundantly . verily ( whatsoeuer it is ) i suppose , it cannot possibly be without some secret venime . thus much gesnerus concerning the vertue and force of tobacco in his proper experience . capn. this ( i confesse ) is something to our present purpose in hand : but sir , one swallow ( you know ) maketh no sommer . hydr. well then , let vs adde to gesnerus experience , that which theuittus in his description of west india ; as also that which monardus , clusius , and weckerus do ioyntly remember thereof . namely , that the priests and other the common people of the indians do vse to sucke vp the fume of tobacco through a pipe or conduite , either when ( as being asked ) they giue answers concerning the successe of businesse , or when they are desirous to see visions ; and ( as it were ) to be rapt from themselues in a trance : or being to enter into the dangers of battell . which said disturbance of mind and soule , by no meanes can be so sodainly wrought in mans body ; without the force and efficacie of some venimous quality concurring therewith . capn. not so sir , for then should the force thereof be generally perceiued in all men alike . howbeit , this swimming of the head is not generally in all : and in them whom it so strangely possesseth , the same may séeme rather to procéede of a certaine thinne humour sodainly turned into wind , and of a whirling about of that aire so sodainly changed , then of any other supposed quality in the smoke it selfe , as being venimous , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man. hydr. this peraduenture ( in a simple swimming , and such as is eftsoones felt at some other time else ) might seeme to carrie some shew of truth : but in this sodaine darknesse and falling into trances vpon the onely taking of tobacco , and at none other time else ; and wherein all the senses , and the whole braine is so sodainly ouerwhelmed with an obscure and cloudie smoke , it cannot possibly haue any place at all , but by the operation of some venimous matter concurring therewith . for such a swimming ( for the most part ) is the vndoubted forerunner of the falling euill : and impresseth such a sensible weaknesse in the braine , as may not possibly be cured , nor ordinarily helped by any medicine at all . capn. why sir , not all that drinke of this smoke do feéele such a smming ? hydr. that is nothing at all to the purpose . for the pestilence and such other infectious venimes they do not forthwith destroy all whom they possesse , nor infect euery one indifferently : which notwithstanding , haue in them naturally a power of killing and slaying . and therefore , whereas all men are not equally affected with y e selfesame swimming , that ought rather to be attributed to the benefit of nature , and sound constitution of the braine , then vnto any defectiue poysonsome qualitie in the smoke it selfe , which is euermore venimous , and a mortall enemie to the nature of man. capn. but sir , the vse of tobacco is very profitable for such as are affected with shortnesse of breath , and with stopping of the lungs by reason of grosse humours ouergrowing the same . hydr. what vse of tobacco is profitable for those diseases ? the scorching smoke thereof drawne or sucked into the body by a tobacco pipe ? nothing lesse , be thou sure . for so the lungs themselues being made hard and stiffe ( as in old age it commonly cometh to passe ) by reason of the extreme force of the fume in drying , so as they cannot be fanned , nor lifted vp any longer , the naturall heate is choaked vp quite for want of breathing . and there is much difference betwixt the smoke of the earthie and stinking fume of a burnt hearbe , and the airie iuyce of the said hearbe drawne forth by infusion , by steeping , by boyling , or seething . indeed , the broath of tobacco , or a sirupe made of the infusion thereof , doth somewhat helpe the stopping of the lungs , but not the smoke . capn. and yet for all this , the smoke of tobacco disburdeneth the braine from this sinke of humours : and purgeth the bloud from filthie and vnwholsome matter . hydr. yea marrie sir , a very trimme purgation ( no doubt ) that draweth so forth from the bodie and braine such a thinne , subtile and waterish matter , as ( it may be ) nature her selfe had proportionably appointed to both for the better and more easie conueyance of the bloud it selfe throughout the whole bodie : and ( in stead thereof ) placeth grosse humours in the braine and all the rest of the members ; and whereby a certaine curdled matter is increased , and this same smokie stinking fume setled in the roome thereof . capn. but sir , the fume of tobacco fréeth the spirits from those burdensome humours , as it were from fetters : and so maketh them more prompt and nimble by much . hydr. and doth it so indeed ? when rather the spirits ( whom nature hath ordained to be cleare and bright , both for the discoursing of reason , as also for the ministerie of the senses themselues ) by this filthie fume-drinking are made obscure and darke , and the braine , and whole bodie infected with a smokie blacke colour ? yea , and when in stead of that same drie clearenesse & light which heraclitus , and ( with him ) all , both philosophers and physitions of any sound iudgement do accompt the principall and purest soule , those fume-drinkers do substitute and thrust in their appointed place , most palpably obscured and darkened spirits ? in which their so preposterous a purging of the braine it selfe , they do both confound the orderly works of nature , and euen quite ouerthrow the infallible precepts and rules prescribed by physitions : who are the appointed ministers of nature her selfe for the orderly preseruation of the body in health . who all ioyntly with one vniforme assent do affirme ; that a cloudy and obscure aire , or such as proceedeth from hollow and fennie places , is very vnwholsome for the bodies of men . which their canonicall iudgment those our fume-deuourers do neuer obserue , vntill ( with an extreme hazard of life ) they do find ( by their miserable and wofull experience ) how pernicious a thing it is . neither , without an exceeding great cause were chimnies ( by our ancestors formerly inuented , that thereby , the smoke ( drawne by a vehement heate of the fire from matter apt to burning ) might be dispersed abroad in the aire , for feare of hurting the bodies of men . capn. why sir ? there are many sorts of fumes inuented and taught by the physitions themselues , as well for the strengthning of diuerse parts , as also for the curing of hard diseases . hydr. there are so ( i confesse , ) but what dost thou conclude from the same ? that therefore the smoke of tobacco sucked vp by a pipe or conduite , is exceeding wholsome for the bodies of men ? alas sillie soules , who may not plainly perceiue a flat fallacion in this their consequence ? for almost all sorts of fumes are vsed by expert physitions , to recreate and comfort the spirits by their odoriferous smels , rather then to draw any thing out of the bodie by such scorching fumes as do heate and drie . yea and that sweete kind of refreshing the spirits was instituted first by nature her selfe , who telleth vs directly and truly that i sweete oyntments and perfumes reioyce the heart . and as this was dame natures owne institution , so was the primarie practise thereof set first afloate by learned hippocrates , the prime interpreter of natures purpose therein . whereas these filthie scorching tobacco smokes , do nothing else but daunt and drie vp the spirits : a thing flat opposite to natures institution , and the witles inuention of vicious and wild dispositions . capn. not so sir , for some stinking fumes are also applied by physitions themselues in the suffocation of the matrixe , or rising of the mother : and this also with laudable and happie successe . hydr. very true as thou sayest . howbeit , those stinking fumes they are not so applied by expert physitions with any purpose or mind to cure the disease , but for this end rather : namely , that nature her selfe , and the naturall heate so sodainly surprised by reason of those stinking fumes which they naturally abhorre , might be the sooner prouoked to gather their naturall strength and vigour afresh , and thereby disperse and expell that venimous aire wherewith the matrixe it selfe being stuffed , did so dainly arise and ascend vpward . capn. but ouer and besides the suffocation of the matrixe ( namely , in the consumption of the lungs , as also in y e french pore ) certaine fumes of cynoper , red arsnicke , quick-siluer , orpiment , and other venimous things are admitted and vsed of sundrie late writers in physicke , as fallopius and others . hydr. they are so i confesse . howbeit , warily , sparingly , and in very small quantitie : yea and this also not without a considerate , and proportionable mixture of some other things else to correct and alay the force of their venimous qualities . and that moreouer the operation thereof in drying onely ( which agreeth with nature ) might be communicated to the bodie it selfe : and yet ( notwithstanding all this ) the learned ( for their parts ) haue euermore had a very vehement suspition of this kind of curing . and ( in the consumption of the lungs especially ) i see that galene mislikes those fumes : and approueth rather of a sweete bath , or hot-house . and certainly , fallopius himselfe doth not altogether approue of those fumes . and for learned fernellius , he vtterly misliketh of them : in so much as ( in the cure of the french-poxe ) he will not admit any ointment compounded of quick-siluer . and verily , if galene durst not so much as taste of the herbe lycoporsium , because onely it but smelt somewhat strong : shall those our smoke-deuourers thus dare , not onely to taste , but also to entertaine into the secret and most inward parts of their bodies , yea euen into the very treasury of nature it selfe , such an infectious , venimous , and most deadly consuming poyson ? capn. but be it sir , there were ( as you say ) in this tobacco smoke some certaine contagious venime : our artificiall tobacconists they can very skilfully correct , and allay that selfesame venimous qualitie with the powder of a nutmeg , and two or thrée drops of the chymicall oyle of anise , compounded and blended with the pouder of tobacco it selfe , or euer the same be inwardly taken . hydr. our artificiall tobacconists sayest thou ? nay rather , our seraphicall smokie asies . who ( by this their skilfull vnskilfull mingle-mangle ) do shew themselues such soddenheadded sots as blend sugar-candie with rats-bane . of very purpose forsooth , that ( howsoeuer the rats-bane it selfe be mortally dangerous ) it might by the sweet taste , be made to passe more pleasantly downe , and thereby also more vnperceiueably conuey the venimous poyson it selfe into the inward parts , and so more powerfully surprise the vitall spirits . and ( yet for all this ) these fantasticall fellowes , they must ( by thy calculation ) be accompted forsooth our artificiall tobacconists . well then , be it so for this once ; and now do tell me withall , whether thou thy selfe by the very purport of thine owne proper speech , doest not couertly confesse the inward taking of tobacco smoke to be very pernicious vnto the body , except the same be consideratly and skilfully corrected before . but what a strange and monstrous kind of correction is this that thou speakest of ? what man ? when the very smoke of tobacco it selfe is a mortall enemie to the natu●e of the bodie , may the grosse muddie smoke of those oylie matters commixed with that former poysonsome fume , be possibly made either good or wholsome ? what is this else , but to adde fire vnto fire ? and ( in stead of suppressing ) to set that scorching flame yet further afloate ? that so ( with an ouer hastie and vntimely death ) they may the more speedily consume and scorch vp their vitall spirits and radicall humours . capn. well sir. and yet for all that , if this smoke of tobacco were taken but once in a wéeke , peraduenture it might do much good in resoluing the excremental humours onely ; as also in expelling them out of the bodie , and yet not consume the naturall moisture thereof . hydr. doest thou place the preseruation of mens health vpō blind peraduentures ? surely , a wise man should be without all peraduenture , before he aduenture to take any thing inwardly into his body : or else he may peraduenture but play the part of a foole . and yet this i confesse withall , y t the taking of tobacco but once in a weeke would do y e lesse hurt , though it would ( notwithstanding ) do very much hurt , by working such an imbecillitie and weakenesse in the braine it selfe , as would make it much more apt to entertaine sundry other excrementall humours afresh : and by procuring the said braine withall ( by reason of the excessiue heate and drines thereof ) to draw and sucke vp from the lower parts , some such excrementall humours as were not to be expelled that way . and verily , if our common prouerbe be true in any one thing , it is infallible , and most certaine in this so seldome a sucking vp of tobacco smoke : namely , that a little can do no harme at all , if the same be not taken . capn. but sir ? what spéedier course may possibly be inuented for purging those excrementall humours out of the bodie , then by drinking this smoke ? hydr. what capnistus ? and must we ( in very deede ) be inforced to borrow from the furthermost parts of india this stinking , infectious and venimous smoke , to expell that masse or sinke of humours from out of the body : when we haue here at home that selfesame method of curing ( whether by pilles , by medicines to be chewed in the mouth , or put into the nose , or by sweating ) which was formerly deriued from the ancient , & most famous physical fountaines of the world ? or ( if that do not like thee so well ) thou maist then ( by the meere benefit of nature it selfe ) very easily dispatch thy selfe from all such corruptions , if thou diligently and religiously obserue that golden meane which hippocrates perswades , and prescribes in thy labour , thy meate , thy drinke , thy sleepe , and thy lust . for as in domesticall and household affaires , parsimonie or sparing is worth a great stipend : so surely , from the very manner of thy conuersation and cariage , thou mayest receiue a very rich benefite , as well for retaining thy strength , as for preseruing thy health . and herein i will giue to thy selfe , and all our tobacconists this onely precept : which if thou and they do conscionably and carefully obserue as you ought , you may easily and a long time preserue your bodilie healths healths in good estate . the precept for that purpose is this : do not lift vp your hands so oft to your mouths : for , an insatiable swilling downe of wine , ale , and beere , as also this inordinate sucking vp of filthie tobacco smoke , do euen band and bend themselues ioyntly together , to breede , hatch , and nourish this filthie foule channell or sinke of corruptions . saint bernard is reported to haue sharply accused himselfe , for that ( whiles he went about with ouermuch abstinence ) to keepe his bodie vnder , by corrupting the vigour and temperature of that his said bodie , he did ( after a sort ) defraud the functions of his mind , of their appointed organe or instrument . for vnderstanding at length , that he ought not to liue priuately to himselfe alone , but also to the publicke benefite of others , by instructing , exhorting , and comforting them : and perceiuing withall that those publicke duties of pietie required the ministery of the bodie it selfe , he found by experience at length , that a man ought so far foorth to make much of his bodie , or otherwise to keepe the same vnder : as ( in the meane time ) the powers and operations of the mind be neither choked with pleasures , nor dulled by too much austeritie . now then , if so grieuous a pricke of conscience did euen sting that holy man bernard , because he but made his bodie too too leane and withered with godly exercises , what punishment ( thinkest thou ) are those men to expect and looke hourely for from the hands of our god , who ( by vnseasonable swilling and riotous fumes ) do most prodigally consume and so riotously weaken and waste the very treasurie of nature it selfe ? i for my owne part will put downe no censure vpon them : but ( with all my heart ) i will beseech the almightie to giue them farre better minds . lo , this is the very worst i wish vnto them , and this is the best i can do for them . capn. as your prayer is most charitable : euen so are your earnest perswasions with me so auaileable , as i am vtterly vnable any further to gainesay your spéeches herein . hydr. k great is the truth i perceiue , and will euer preuaile . well then , seeing therefore the smoke of tobacco consumeth the naturall heate ; sith it drieth vp that radicall moisture which is the very fountaine of that selfesame heate ; sith by corrupting the due proportion of the elements , it dissolueth the primarie composition of the whole bodie it selfe ; sith by the sharpenesse thereof ( which partly it hath by nature , & partly doth draw from the burning ) it euen gnaweth and fretteth the members of the bodie ; seeing it causeth the cleare , sweete and wholsome spirits of the bodie to become obscure , stinking , and vnwholsome ; seeing it disperseth throughout the whole bodie a venimous aire , and repugnant to nature , assayling the head , heart , and life ; finally , for so much as it bringeth all these incommodities to mans naturall life , without any one hope of profite at all to the same : let nature her selfe , and the iudgement of sound reason both say and affirme for me , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , is very pernicious vnto the bodie . capn. alas poore tobacco , my pretie tobacco ; thou that hast bene hitherto accompted the ale-knights armes , the béere brewers badge , the carousers crest , the drunkards darling , the draffe-sackes delight , the easterlings ensigne , the fantasticals foretresse , the gormandizers glorie , the hungry hostesses alepole , the mad-braines merriment , the new-fangles noueltie , the poope noddies paramour , the ruffians reflection , the swil bols swine-troffe , the linkers trull , the tospots protection , the vintners vintage , and the vnthrifts pasport : thou must now ( i feare me ) bee enforced forthwith to take thy farewell towards the vttermost parts of india , from whence thou wert first transported to england by vicious and wild dispositions , and there must make thy finall abode : hauing now ( i plainly perceiue ) the very head of man , the braines , the radicall humours , the vitall spirits , the wit , the memorie , the senses , all the naturall faculties , the whole body and soule , yea nature her selfe , and the sway of sound reason so strongly combined in one , to proue thy inward taken smoke , a very pernicious matter for the bodies of men . hydr. it is euen certainly so as thou sayest . and therefore i pray thee perswade her capnistus , with all her fierie fumes , and fumish fauourets , to be forthwith packing together apace , for feare of losing their tide : and so to be left in the lurch . capn. i will ( from henceforth ) be readie to do mine vttermost endeuour therein . howbeit good sir , you do confidently auouch euen in the very forefront of your tractate it selfe , that the smoke of tobacco taken inward , is not onely very pernicious to the bodies of men , but too too proflu●ious for many tobacconists purses ; and most pestiferous likewise to the publike state . hydr. i did so confesse : and what thereof ? capn. i desire in like manner to heare those points confirmed at large . hydr. with all my heart , if thy leisure will giue thee leaue to attend thereupon : in the meane time , let vs walke forth a while to take the fresh aire , and then returne againe to our purpose intended . capn. with all my heart . the end of the first part . nulla valet tantum virtus patientia quantum . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the fvme of tobacco taken inward , is too too profluuious for many of our tobacconists purses , and most pernicious to the publike state. capnistus . sir , hauing hitherto proued the smoke of tobacco taken inward , to be very pernicious vnto the bodie : you remember ( i am sure ) that you also affirmed the same too too profluuious for many of our tobacconists purses , as also most pestiferous to the publike state. hydrophorus . i did so indeed : and what then ? capn. do you aske me , what then ? why sir , this is the reason of this my demand . hauing hitherto sufficiently shewed the pernicious effects of tobacco fumes , respecting especially the bodies of men : i pray you , proue now ( in like manner ) the profluuitie thereo● concerning their purses , and our publike state. for so shall you be sure to let all our tobacconists bloud euen in the basilica veine it selfe : and to draw forth presently the very feces or dregs of any their preposterous affections towards those infectious filthie fumes . hydr. in very deede , it is true as thou sayest . the purse-plague is much more respected now , with some sorts of people , then is either the plague of body or soule : they are so desperatly drenched in their dangerous delights . and therefore ( to effect this our pretended purpose the better ) we will herein obserue this following order . there shall first be propounded the purses profluuitie it selfe : and then secondly , there shall be resounded the consequent effects succeeding the same . capn. a most excellent order , procéede ( sir ) vnto it with spéede , i beséech you . hydr. with very good will. wherein first shall be shewed what this the purses profluuitie is : and then next , how such an insatiable sucking in of filthie tobacco fumes , becommeth too too profluuious for the purse it selfe , and our present state. capn. what meane you first , by the purses profluuity ? hydr. by the purses profluuitie , i do not meane any frugall or commodious disbursing , but a prodigall or profluuious dispending of those worldly prefermen●s and blessings which the lord god ( in his abundant mercies ) bestoweth on men for their necessary vses , not needlesse abuses : to the preposterous impouerishing of them and theirs , the dangerous infecting of others about them , and the pestiferous vndermining of the publike state. capn. sir , i do now vnderstand to the full , what you simply meane here , by the purses profluuity : and therefore , shew me next ( i beséech you ) how this our insatiable swilling in of filthie tobacco fumes , becometh too too profluuious for our tobacconists purses , and most pestiferous to the publike state. hydr. content . wherein thou hast first to obserue , that tobacco it selfe hath bene euermore held at an exceeding high price ; that those our tippling tobacconists cannot ordinarily compasse the same without an excessiue reckoning ; that such an excessiue reckoning cannot possibly be performed without very chargeable cost ; that such chargeable cost cannot be freed from superfluous and riotous wasting ; that such superfluous wasting procureth a prodigall dispending of mens patrimonies with other worldly preferments ; that such a prodigal dispending of patrimonies with other worldly preferments , is ouer profluuious for our tobacconists purses : and that this their purses profluuitie is most pestiferous to the publike state. capn. this gradation ( i must néeds confesse ) doth giue to the eagle-eied , and sharped-sighted sort , some glimmering shew concerning your purpose propounded : howbeit , that l the day-dawne and the day starre thereof may more clearely breake forth to the simplest mans view , i pray you discourse of these more at large . hydr. i am not vnwilling therewith . first therefore for the exceeding high rate that this tobacco hath euer bene at since the very first arriuall thereof into england , thou thy selfe , and all our tobacconists , are able to say this of your owne proper knowledge : namely , that the same hath vsually bene sold by the pound , for twentie nobles , fiue , foure , or three pounds : yea and when it came to the lowest price , it could not bee had vnder foure markes or fortie shillings , which amounteth to three shillings foure pence an ounce at the least . is not this ( thinkest thou ) an exceeding high rate for filthie tobacco ? and is not twenty nobles , fiue , foure , or three pounds , yea fortie shillings , an excessiue great price for a pernicious poysonsome smoke ? and may such an excessiue great price be performed without a chargeable cost ? and c●n such chargeable cost be possibly freed from a superfluous or riotous waste ? and will not such a riotous waste procure ( in the end ) a prodigall dispending of patrimonies with other like worldly preferments ? and will not such prodigall dispending of patrimonies , become too too profluuious for our tobacconists purses ? and will not such a profluuitie of purses , in the end proue very pestiferous to the publike state ? speake man and spare not , what sayest thou to this demonstration ? do not euery of these ( like the inseparable lincks of a deadly deuouring chaine ) very dangerously draw a publike calamitie vpon our countrey and kingdome ? capn. indéed sir , i cannot but acknowledge the excéeding rate , the excessiue reckoning , as also the chargeable cost bestowed vpon tobacco it selfe : but i sée not as yet , how th●se our professed tobacconists will accompt that thing a superfluous or riotous cost , which ( as they verily suppose themselues ) doth worke their so excéeding much good . hydr. it hath bene apparently proued , and thy selfe hath freely confessed in our former discourse , that the smoke of tobacco is very pernicious vnto the bodie : and which way then doth it worke them so exceeding much good ? i am certaine it worketh a wonderfull strange consumption in euery of their purses at least . if therfore some odly conceited companion ( whose braines are filthily besotted with filthie tobacco fumes ) should ouer idlely imagine , that that thing which vnnecessarily costeth both liuing and life , were no superfluous or riotous waste : must that his idle supposall be forthwith priuiledged for a currant conceipt among such as are soundly wise ? god forbid that any such peeuish perswasion should euer possesse the prudenter sort . for so should we m set seruants on horseb●cke , and make princes to plod by their sides as pages : yea so s●ould the crew of some idlely conceited companions , bec●me the canonized counsellers to those that haue farre finer wits then themselues . concerning therefore that former superfluous and riotous waste , which those tobacconists do so wilfully make about their beastly tobacco fumes , do tell me in good sadnesse , whether it be not a superfluous waste , for any man of great place , to paddle forth y●arely one hundred pounds at the least , for an hundred gallons of filthy fumes ? for a gentleman of meaner condition , to be at fortie pound annuall expences , about bare fortie pottels of stinking flames ? for a yeoman , an husbandman , an artificer , a trades-man , a tinker , a shoomaker , or a cobbler , to bestow weekely some three shillings fourepence at the least , for but one onely ounce of fantasticall fooleries ? what sayest thou capnistus ? is not this a very superfluous and riotous waste ? do answer directly , either yea or no to the same . capn. in very déed sir , i must néeds acknowledge it a superfluous and riotous waste : yea and no better in effect then the fantasticall purchasing of vanitie it selfe . hydr. go to then . can such a superfluous and riotous waste be possibly performed without a prodigall dispending of those our tobacconists their patrimonies and worldly preferments ? or without a friuolous pursing vp of their annuall reuenewes and rents n in a bottomlesse bag ? who seeth not then , but that their filthie tobacco fumes ( being ordinarily at such an exceeding high rate , at such an excessiue reckoning , at such a chargeable cost , at such a superfluous-waste , and at such a prodigall dispending of patrimonies , with other like worldly preferments ) must needs become too too profluuious for any our tobacconists purses , and very pestiferous to the publike state ? capn. it is euen certainly so . and therefore sir , ( hauing hitherto succinctly shewed the vndoubted profluuitie of the purse it selfe ) i pray you now likewise procéed to the orderly setting downe of those fearefull effects which successiuely follow thereof . hydr. with a very good will. wherein we haue to obserue , that those selfe same effects , they are such as more especially concerne the tobacconists themselues : or some other besides . capn. very well . but what are those effects first which more properly concerne themselues . hydr. they are all those accidentall occurrents which ( proceeding collaterally from those their tobacco fumes ) do more especially respect the parties themselues , without any proper relation , or peculiar reference to any other man else besides themselues : being such withall as more especially concerne either their owne person , or their proper estate . capn. what are those effects first , which more especially concerne their owne person ? hydr. they are those dangerous diseases , and those desperate deaths , which ( by reason of such an insatiable sucking in of filthie tobacco fumes ) do euen ordinarily attend ( like pursuiuants ) vpon their very bodies and soules . namely , a fearefull consuming of the naturall heate ; an vnquenchable scorching and drying vp of the radicall moisture ; an vtter exhausting and sucking out of the corporall humours ; a most poysonsome corrupting of the due proportion of elements appointed by nature ; a continuall f●etting and gnawing of all the bodily members ; a pernicious dissoluing of the primarie composition of the whole bodie it selfe ; a preposterous procuring of the cleare , sweete , and wholsome spirits , to become obscure , stinking and vnwholsome ; a most dangerous dispersing of a venimous ayre through out all parts of the bodie ; a violent assailing of the head , the braine , the heart , the whole body and life it selfe ; yea and eftsoones a most so daine and desperate death , as we haue more la●gely declared before . lo capnistus , euen these , and sundry such other occurrents , they are those proper effects which do vndoubtedly attend vpon the poore tobacconists body , and as ordinarily follow his insatiable swilling in of filthie tobacco fumes , as the shadow followes the bodie . and as his said bodie is therewith very dangerously infected , so surely that his honest reputation ( which should be vnto him o as a precious oyntment ) is thereby most shamefully blemished . being pointed at by all sorts of people when he walketh abroad in the open streets , and too too reprochfully termed a tippling tobacconist , a swaggering swil smoke , a sodden headed asse , a fantasticall foole , a proper tale stripling to play at poope-noddie , a man of a wonderfull wit ( forsooth ) cōcerning those our newly deuised chymicall extractions : being sufficiently able ( in very short time ) to turne a shilling to nine-pence , one that hath a meruellous dexteritie in augmenting his patrimonie by a plaine retrogradation , beginning directly where his ancestors ended , and neuer giuing ouer before he come where they first began : to knit vp all in a word , he is ( say they ) thericleíouphil●s : p that is ( in plaine english ) a friend and follower of cup companions . what one ingenious nature may possibly but heare these disdainefull reproches , and his very eares not burne on his head ? or who is the wight which ( being thus odiously branded in euery place ) would not grow grosly ashamed of that shamefull condition which thus makes him the shame of the world ? surely , the timely consideration of these fearefull effects concerning especially their owne proper persons , would euen presently take vp our tobacconists minds with farre better imployments : were they not too too beastly bewitched with those venimous vapours which flow from their filthie fumes . for lo , these are the faire fragrant flowers of their chargeable flames , the vndoubted successe of those their sottish attempts , and the flourishing fruites of those their fantasticall fooleries . the very feeling of these and such other most fearefull effects should cause them continually to crie out and say thus , q oh how pestiferous is that transitorie pleasure which we haue dearely purchased with such perpetuall paine & shame ? for lo now we do find and feele ( in our proper experience ) that these our filthie tobacco fumes , are not onely pernicious vnto our bodies , but too too profluuious also for our purses , in procuring such fearefull effects to our owne proper persons . capn. they should so , i confesse . and i doubt not but ( by that time they haue bene better schooled a while with the mistris of fooles ) they will learne that lesson by roate . but what are those other effects ( i beséech you ) which do likewise concerne their proper estates ? hydr. they are those accidentall occurrents which do ordinarily attend vpon such chargeable cost , such superfluous waste , such a prodigall and profluuious dispending of ancient patrimonies with other like worldly preferments . for what other things else may possibly follow thereof ( besides a pernicious hurt to the body , and vntimely vndermining of mens honest reputations ) but an vnrecouerable subuersion of that their ancient estate which they formerly receiued from their forefathers frugalitie ? a perpetuall supplanting of that their primarie approued condition ? and a monstrous metamorphosing of their former well managed mannors , with other their domesticall maintenance ? so as ( by these meanes ) they make great noble persons , but single-soaled gentelmen ; well bred gentelmen , but bare thredded yeomen ; bountifull yeomen , but beggerly husbandmen ; hospitious husbandmen , but shifting trades-men , artificious trades-men ; but conicatching companions ; conicatching companions , but vagabond rogues . thus thou mayest plainly perceiue how these their intoxicating tobacco fumes are able ( in an vnperceiueable and circean manner ) to transforme nobilitie into gentrie , gentrie into yeomanrie , yeomanrie into husbandry , husbandrie into maunuarie , manuarie into manubiarie , manubiarie into a vagrant and retchlesse roguerie , and what not besides ? capn. do you then determine , that these their tobacco fumes are the vnchangeable cause of such a changed condition ? hydr. i do not make those their said fumes the efficient cause , although yet an vnchangeable occasion of such a change . for seeing r the spirit which dwelleth in them , doth lust after euill continually : who seeth not then , but that this filthie tobacco fume ( so forcibly bewitching their braines ) is the vndoubted occasion of inflaming their said luft to such a profluuious waste for the timely purchase of that which makes them eftsoones to s waxe wanton with the good blessings of god ? and euen as israel t affected flesh for their lust : so these our fantasticall spirits ( requiring tobacco fumes for their filthie desire ) do most prodigally dispend their patrimonies about the vntimely procuring of those vanishing flames which they so wastfully u consume vpon their inordinate lusts . howbeit , this one thing withall i pray thee obscrue : namely , that as the lord god indirectly x giues them this way their hearts desire : so surely while the tobacco fume is yet in their mouthes , y his ineuitable wrath falles fearefully vpon them . for not onely he deli●ers them vp ( in iustice ) z to their owne hearts lust : but leaues them withall so sottish in iudgment , as themselues know not which way to mannage their present possessions ; making thē insatiably mad in dispending their patrimonies about such smokie delights , and in wasting their worldly preferments vpon those their preposterous lusts . and thus at length they begin to perceiue in their proper experience , that as the water which driues the mill , decaies the mill : so surely with whatsoeuer vaine man a insatiably sinneth , with the same eftsoones he is foundly punished . capn. why sir ? may not wise men maintaine their tobacco fumes , as well as their meate , drinke , & cloathing , without either offending god , or the pitifull subuersion of their present estates ? hydr. dost thou accomt those for wise men , which so wantonly and foolishly waste their worldly maintenance vpon those their forenamed fooleries ? but that thou may be able to vnderstand these matters the better : thou must learne here to distinguish betweene the necessary , and the needlesse supplies of nature . for all those things which do necessarily tend to an orderly preseruation of natures well being , according to the prouident purpose of god himselfe , namely , meate , drinke , and clothing : they may , and they must bee maintained by a moderate and frugall expence , correspondent to each man his present abilitie . yea and all the necessarie expences bestowed that way , they do vndoubtedly receiue such a blessed increase from the goodnesse of god , as a man shall be sure , therein b to eate the labour of his owne proper hands , and it shall go well with him euery kind of way . howbeit , all those things whatsoeuer which are but needlesse supplies to natures well being , not onely needlesse ( i say ) but noysome withall ( such as are our immoderate gormandizings , our superfluous quaffing vp of wine and strong drinkes , our insatiable sucking in of filthy tobacco fumes , with sundry such other fantasticall fooleries ) as they are not the ordinarie appointed labours of those mens hands which c walke vprightly in the waies of the lord , so hath the lord himselfe not onely alotted no one blessing vnto them , but rather imposed a d fearefull curse of penurie vpon them . for as it is the e blessing of the almightie that maketh men rich , so surely all those senslesse fooles which so insatiably deuoure their owne proper substance , they shall be enforced eftsoones f to vomite it vp againe , for the lord god will draw it out of their bellies , be they neuer so great , or so mightie . yea and not onely the great ones shall be sure to feele this fearefull effect concerning their owne present estates , but euen the g labouring men likewise that are so resolutely giuen to these their drunken delights , they shall neuer be rich : and all they that make not much of a little , by little and little shall soone come to nothing ; so vncertaine are the estates ( be thou sure ) of all those our insatiable suckers vp of filthie tobacco fumes . capn. but why should the expences bestowed vpon meate , drinke and clothing receiue such a blessing from god , and the excessiue cost layed forth for filthie tobacco fumes , vndergo so fearefull a curse ? hydr. the reason is this . meate , drinke , and clothing , they are necessarie supplies for natures well being , and the ordinarie props appointed of god for the timely support , and needfull preseruation of this present life : so as a moderate expence bestowed that way , it is the almightie his mercifull designement to such as h vprightly walke in his waies . whereas that superfluous waste which these men do riotously lauish forth vpon their filthie tobacco fumes , it is not the approued ordinarie way which the almighty appointeth for mans preseruation , but rather such an inordinate desire of mans lusting heart as procureth his present destruction . to the one sort therefore the lord hath promised a i blessing vpon their basket and store : and telleth them withall , that they shall vndoubtedly k eate the labour of their owne proper hands , which do so industriously and so painefully walke in his waies . to the other , he not onely denounceth a curse vpon l their fields their basket , their store , the fruite of their land , the increase of their kine , and the flockes of their sheepe , but also vpon their reuenewes and rents how exceeding soeuer ; telling them withall , that they do but euen m purse vp the same in a bottomlesse bag . so as the very curse of the lord ( thou seest ) is in n the house of the wicked : but he blesseth the habitation of the righteous . i will make thee perceiue my purpose herein , by some plaine demonstration : and ( for better performance hereof ) let vs put this downe here for the present proportion . be it supposed that some great man receiued yearely but fiue hundred pounds annuall rents to defray his domesticall charges withall ; which said fiue hundred pounds ( being handsomly husbanded , and frugally employed ) would accomplish that worke in a very commendable and competent manner : but being any way superfluously or wastefully spent vpon excesse of apparell , meates , drinkes , and other such riotous courses , would come very short in the reckoning . suppose now withall , that this man forsooth ( to fulfill the inordinate lust of his owne licentious heart ) would yearely dispend one hundred pound at the least , vpon the vanishing flames of filthie tobacco fumes , not abating at all his said excesse in apparell , in meates , and in drinkes : doth it not necessarily follow , that either this mans fiue hundred pounds rent must otherwaies receiue some extraordinarie supply for the continuall support of such a superfluous waste , or that else his present estate ( in continuance of time ) will be tumbled vpside downe ? what sayest thou capnistus ? do answer directly either yea , or no. capn. the one , or the other ( i fréely confesse ) must necessarily follow thereof : namely , either some present supplie , or a present supplanting of that mans present estate at the least . hydr. thou iudgest aright . but tell me now where must such a present supply be had ? there is no hope to obtaine the same from the blessing of god , because such a riotous course is directly opposite to his holy appointed ordinance : but rather the contrarie . for as those men do prodigally euen blow away their wealth about filthie superfluous fumes , so surely the almightie himselfe ( euen in his fuming vengeance ) doth proportionably blow forth a fearefull curse vpon all their labours : willing them to o consider their owne waies in theit hearts , and telling them withall that p although they sow much they shall bring little home , and though they do eate , they shall not be satisfied : and although they do drinke , they shall not be filled ; ●hough they cloath themselues , they shall not be chearished ; yea although they addle much wages , or receiue large reuenewes , yet shall they but purse vp the same in a bottomlesse bag : because i haue blowne vpon it , saith the lord god. yea , the iust reuenger of such fantasticall courses , will appoint q the palmer worme to spoile the rest of their store ; and that which is left by the palmer worme , shall the grashopper eate , and the residue of the grashopper shall the canker-worme eate ; and the remainder of the canker-worme , shall the caterpiller consume and deuoure . by all which thou mayest very plainly perceiue , that rather a final consumption , then any formall supply , it is to be fearefully expected from the hands of the lord. capn. very true it is . and therefore , i sée now they must either surceasse from that their former superfluous waste : or vse some other deuice of their owne , to supplie their wants . hydr. thou sayest very well . but what one deuice of their owne will be able to counteruaile the determined vengeance of god against those their superfluous vanities ? no no , it is vtterly in vaine for those vaine-headded men , whose r breath is in their nostrils , to encounter herein with that s god of vengeance whom they haue t moued with iealousie , and prouoked to anger by those their superfluous vanities : and who moreouer ( besides that ineuitable curse vpon their worldly preferments ) will yet further smite their owne persons with such u amazednesse , such blindnesse , and astonishment of mind , as they shall be quite destitute euen of naturall discretion and iudgement which way to mannage well their proper estates : but shall ignorantly x grope about the same at middle-time of the day , as blind men grope in the darknesse , and shall not be able to prosper in any their waies . and from hence ( i assure you ) it is that thou beholdest hourely among them , such sodaine alienating of ancient inheritances ; such a beastly bangling out of their birthrights ; such carelesse curtolling of ancient entailes ; such iniurious transporting of former titles ; such an horrible chopping and changing of long continued lordships ; such a monstrous metamorphosing of their ancestours mannors ; such a gracelesse acknowledging of fines and recoueries , and such a preposterous posting ouer of patrimonies with other like worldly preferments . and howsoeuer these our ammorites sinnes y are not as yet mounted vp to their excessiue height , but that the men themselues do still continue a time in some part of their ancient possessions : yet be thou assured of this , that ( so soone as the iust measure of those their monstrous enormities are heaped vp once to the full ) then euen those their reserued possessions will likewise vomit them forth ; so as open bils of sale shall be set ouer their doores , to purport to all passengers the sale of such houses . yea and this also , to the great admiration of those our diogenists , who will be readie to put downe this their cynicall censure vpon it , and say , z oh house , house ; i thought thou wouldest surfet so long vpon those thy tobacco fumes , that at the length thou wouldest spew thy maister quite out adoores . for now we do plainly perceiue , that the lord a hath not left in thee , one man of thine owne bloud , to make water against the wall . lo , here the fearefull effects concerning these our fume-suckers present estate in the world . capn. very fearefull effects i assure you . but sir , hauing succinctly shewed me those horrible effects which more especially concerne the tobacconists themselues , in an onely respect either of their person , or their proper conditions : now shew me in like manner ( i pray you ) those other effects which more respectiuely concerne some others besides themselues . hydr. with very good will. wherein also thou hast to confider , that those selfe same effects they are of two sorts : namely , such as more properly concerne their owne wiues and children : or such else , as do more generally concerne some others besides . capn. what are those effects first , which more properly concerne their owne wiues and children ? hydr. they are all those accidentall occurrents which do very fearefully affect their sorowfull hearts . namely , the riotous dispending of that their allotted maintenance ; the alienating of their designed inheritance , and their vtter impouerishing without all hope of redemption . from the wofull consideration of which occurrents , they are seuerally enforced to put vp their pitifull complaints for the ease of their endlesse griefes . capn. what complaints ( i pray you ) are those ? hydr. surely , euen such as are able to batter our tobacconists hearts in an hundred peeces , were they not an hundred times harder then the adamant stone . for imagine thou beheldest here such a fume-suckers wife most fearefully fuming forth very fountaines of bloud , howling for anguish of heart , weeping , wailing , and wringing her hands together , with grisly lookes , with wide staring eies , with minde amazed , with thoughts perplexed , with body shiuering and quaking in euery ioynt : wouldest thou not wonder greatly at this her so sodaine a change ? i am sure thou couldest not but wonder much . but suppose withall thou shouldest presently heare the thundring eccho of her horrible outcries ring in the clouds , while she pitifully pleades with her husband thus : oh husband , my husband , mine onely husband ! consider i beseech thee , thy deare , thy louing , and thy kind-hearted wife . am not ( i alas ) thine onely wife ; thy best beloued wife ; yea and b the onely wife of thy youth ? out , out ( alas ) why art thou then so carelesse of this my present estate ? why dost thou so vainely preferre a vanishing filthie fume before my permanent vertues ; before my amourous imbracings ; yea before my firme setled faith & constant loue ? alas ( my sweet husband ) haue i not bin the almightie his sanctified meanes to c build thee vp with an d holy , a blessed , and a sanctified seede ? haue not i here brought forth e an armie of children vnto thee ? haue i not enabled thee ( husband ) to f speake with thy stoutest enemies in the open gates ? yea haue i not made thee ( alas ) an happie man , by g filling thy quiuer full of faire , of faithfull , and gracious young impes ? what might any one woman in the vniuersall world haue done more for thee ( my deare husband ) then thy deare wife hath done ? oh , out ( alas ) why art thou then become now so graceles a father towards this thine owne of-spring ; and so grieuous an husband to me their poore mother , in preferring a fantasticall smoke before these so substantiall blessings ? oh husband , husband , oh hard hearted husband ! nay rather , a h bloudie husband thou art vnto me . for that thou ( neglecting i thy proper calling & care concerning an husband ) hast causelesly brought k abundance of cares vpon me thy sillie poore carefull wife : a care how to liue my selfe , a care how to vphold our present estate , a care for these my poore comfortlesse brats , a care for their present prouision and foode ; hil-backe , and fil-bellie is now mine hourely care , yea and a care for some corner ( god knowes ) wherein we may hide our beggerly heads . for thou ( alas husband ) hauing hitherto vainely wasted their proper reuenewes vpon a vanishing filthie fume , i my poore selfe must be faine ( now ) to forgo my feoffement also , i must ( perforce ) be enforced to yeeld to the present sale thereof , to acknowledge before some iudge my vnwilling willing consent thereunto , full sore ( god he knowes ) against my owne will. howbeit , necessitie ( they say ) hath no law : i must now do it ( alas ) or let thee lie fast by the heeles . i must do it ( god wot , ) otherwise my poore selfe and my sorowful children must starue in the open streets . tell me capnistus , if thou shouldest but heare a poore sorrowfull wife thus pitifully complaine vpon her pitilesse fume-sucking husband , wouldest thou not forthwith imagine that her poore fainting heart had too effectually felt the fearefull effects of that his former fantasticall fooleries ? capn. yes in very déede would i sir , and ( i suppose ) not without a very vrgent occasion : but what are the poore childrens complaints , i pray you ? hydr. they are those sighing sobs , and those sorowfull outcries which euen present necessitie , and the fearefull foresights of their future wants doth hourely vrge them vnto . for the better explanation wherof , imagine thou shouldest here likewise behold before thy face , a yong tender brat , or little pretie nest-cukkle ( beginning to bite in the lip , to whimper a little ) and then ( creeping pretily betweete the degenerate father his legs ) should cry out and say thus vnto him in the name of all the rest of his brethren and sisters : dad , hearke dad in thine eare . am not i thy best boy , am i not , dad ? and doest thou not loue me thy best boy , dad ? harke dad , thou wert wont ( whē thou wentst to the faires ) to buy thy best boy , fine knacks , fine boxes , fine rattles , a fine feather , a fine gilden dagger , and a fine golden hobbie-horse : wert thou not , dad ? and wilt thou now let me thy white-headed boy runne barefoote and barelegged without hose and shooes ? why harke dad , hath the fire of tobacco filched thy purse ? hath filthie tobacco flames enforced all thy golden angels to creepe couertly out of thy coffers into thy profluuious pouch , and from thence to flie forth all about ? tell me good dad , hath the poysonsome stinke of those filthie tobacco fumes made me thy owne pretie boy , my brethren and sisters to stinke now so horribly in thy vnnatural nostrils , as thou art vtterly vnable ( how willing soeuer ) to buy my brother humfrey an hat , or little francke a fustian coate , or my sister kate a new coife , or poore prettie tib a tawdrie lace , or yet me thy best boy a new nothing to hang on my sleeue ? i pray thee hearke dad , and i 'le tel thee a thing in thine eare . my brother robin he wrings his hands thus , and cries mainly out : because thou art now no more able to maintaine him any longer to schoole , and yet he hath halfe learned his puerilis ( he saith ) without booke . and my sister meg , she sits mourning in corners , because ( being now ripe and readie for mariage ) thou art not able to prefer her that way , with one groates-worth of goods , she being otherwaies capable enough of many good mariages . and dad , little kit , he cries out for a prenticeship , but cannot preuaile therein , for want of preferment . yea and mine eldest brother will , he goeth wailing vp and downe : because his birth-right ( he saith ) is bangled out about nothing . dad , hearke in thine eare ; will , he prates many bugs-words to my brothers and sisters behind thy backe . he maruels ( he saith ) how thou canst for very shame go daily ( as thou doest ) to heare sermons , and profite no more by preaching . nay , hearke dad , he telleth them that saint paul saith plainly , l thou hast denied the faith ; art become an apostate , and worse them an infidel : because thou shewest thy selfe so carelesse in prouiding for vs , & the folke of thy familie . yea and that the lord god proceedeth iustly in iudgement against thee , by causing thy fantasticall sucking in of filthie tobacco flames , to feede thee as fat as a foole . for lo ( saith he ) our father long since did lie m in his bed , deuising that monstrous flame : neuer regarding at all , how the lord ( in the meane time ) was n deuising a plague against him and his familie , from which neither he himselfe , nor we his forlorned of-spring , shall euer be able to plucke out our neckes . and therefore ( with very great griefe and anguish of heart ) we may now take vp this reproachfull parable against him ▪ yea we may now lament with a dolefull lamentation , and say one to another . alas , we be o euen vtterly wasted ? behold here , how the righteous iudge ( for our fathers fantasticall fooleries ) hath iustly dispersed the long setled portions of vs his poore of-spring for euer . for lo , our owne father himselfe ( being fearefully giuen ouer to the insatiable lust of his owne licencious heart ) hath now made such an absolute sale of his lands , and so beastly bangled out our birth-rights in so many odde parcels , as there is vtterly no hope at all of any redemption ; nor possibilitie that any one of our fathers poore of spring shall euer be able to cast forth a coard by lot , in any our alienated inheritances . in so much as wise men ( wondring greatly thereat ) may say one to another : behold , we p haue seene the foolish man substantially rooted , and surely setled : but lo , now the lord curseth his habitation , and telleth him , his children shall be destitute , and farre from succour : yea that they shall be destroyed in the gate , and none shall deliuer them . the hungrie shall eate vp this foolish mans haruest ; yea they shall euen take it away as it were from among the thornes ; and the thirstie shall drinke vp his substance . neither may our said father impute the blame hereof to the barrennesse of the soile , but to the badnesse rather of his owne proper husbandry , and to the preposterous waste of his profluuious purse . for q miserie cometh not forth of the dust , neither doth pouertie spring out of the earth . lo dad , my brothers and sisters they prate thus in corners behind thy backe , so they do : and i said i would tell thee thereof , so i would ; and wilt thou not whip them soundly for it ? how sayest thou capnistus ? if thou shouldest but heare some poore distressed mother and her pitifull brats thus greeuously crie and complaine , wouldest thou not forthwith conclude that their poore hearts had formerly felt the forenamed effects of such a fantasticall sucking in of filthie tobacco fumes ? capn. yes that would i , no doubt : and not without very great cause . but good sir , forbeare ( i beséech you ) all such your further patheticall prosopopoeias . for my very heart it bléedes in my body , to thinke that any poore harmelesse infants should thus be enforced to pull a publike reproch vpon their owne fathers , for those their fantasticall and palpable fooleries . hydr. i am very well willing ( vpon this thine intreatie ) to surceasse forthwith from those their supposed most pitifull plaints ; not taking any pleasure at all in such prosecutions , but desiring thereby to make those their vnchristian courses become odious , euen in the eares of all sorts of people . and surely , had those our blindfolded sots but one dram of gods grace , or one drop of good nature remaining within them , they would eftsoones imagine such patheticall prosopopoeias in their owne sinfull soules . howbeit , this is certainly a vengeance decreed with god , that as r the prosperitie of those our foolish tobacconists is their proper destruction , so surely the almightie ( in that selfe same decreed vengeance ) will euen constraine them perforce to s eate vp the whole crop of their owne foolish waies , and to be filled with the fruites of their former deuices . yea he will enforce their t appointed pouertie to come speedily vpon them as one that passeth apace by the way : and make their allotted beggerie very fiercely to assault them , like a strong armed man. capn. well sir , let this fully suffice for those fearefull effects which more respectiuely concerne their wiues and ●hildren : an● now lay open those other effects ( i pray you ) which more generally concerne some other besides . hydr. with a very good will. wherein thou hast here to obserue , that those selfe same effects , they are either such as more especially concerne the poore tenants themselues : or such else as more generally appertaine to the publike state. capn. what are those effects first , which more especially concerne the poore tenants themselues ? hydr. they are all those importable burdens which their intoxicated land-lords do most grieuously impose vpon the poore mens backs , for the bloudie supplie of their beastly wants . for , these our insatiable suckers of smoke , feeling once ( in a miserable experience ) that their fiue hundred-pounds yearely reuenewes will not render an allowance to that their prodigall dispending of one hundred pounds yearely at least vpon those their filthie tobacco fumes , without a finall confusion of their forefathers patrimonie ; and perceiuing moreouer , that no one supply of those their superfluous wants may possibly bee expected from any the good blessings of god , but the cursed supplanting rather of their present possessions , they begin eftsoones to cast about with themselues , which way they may assuredly support their fantasticall fooleries , without the finall subuersion of their proper estates . and this imagination of theirs , no sooner possesseth their swimming heads , but the diuell himselfe doth forthwith suggest as pleasing a supply to their swilling hearts ; perswading them seriously ( through the diuellish deuice of christian craft , that machiuilian monster which hourely attends on their persons , and vndertakes withall to mannage their domesticall affaires ) that they may very well raise yearely some two hundred pounds more at the least from among their poore tenants , towards the timely defraying of those their superfluous and idle expences , without any present oppressing of those peasant-like fatbackes at all . capn. oh monstrous imagination of theirs ! all the diuels in hell could neuer haue found forth a more mischieuous deuice for the pitifull spoyling of those their poore tenants . hydr. very true as thou sayest . for this diuellish deuice is no sooner set on foote by those monstrous minotaures , but the same is as diuellishly entertained of our tyger-like tobacconists , and as perniciously put in present practise by them , and their bloudie bailifs together . so as , from this sandie foundation doth forthwith arise the monstrous improuing of lordships , the mercilesse inclosing of seuerall grounds , the insatiable inhaunsing of incomes and fines , the excessiue racking and raising of rents , the beggerly borowing of some three yeares pay before hand at the least ; the rufull riding and running ; the chargeable carting and carying , so vncharitably exacted vpon the poore tenants ; their bondslaue-like boonings at euery becke ; their extraordinarie rent-corne , rent-coales , rent-capons , and i wot not what ; together with the vnseasonable haling home of their hungry land-lord his haruest , notwithstanding the exceeding great losse of their owne , lying all abroad in great danger of waste . yea from hence also ariseth the taking of so many new leases , in a needles reuersion ; the vnhonest drowning vp of some nine or ten yeares in the old lease at least ; the finding forth of some certaine odde quirkes in either of both ; and the vnequall making of forfeitures in either of both , so oft as poore tenants refuse to crouch downe like old beaten hounds at their maisters becke , or to supply the insatiable want of the land-lords insatiable lusts whensoeuer they call . by all which thou maist plainly perceiue , that these our insatiable suckers of smoke , do nothing else in effect , but euen u batter their poore tenants to pouder , x grinde the poore mens faces away , y swallow vp the hungrie soules , z buy the needie for shooes , a oppresse the iust in the gate , b make the needie of the land to faile , yea and c insatiably deuoure the innocent bloud , to vphold their insatiable filthie fooleries . so as , the d whole land must tremble for this : and euery man mourne that dwelleth therein . capn. and very well worthie they are . but sir , do you absolutely ascribe these fearefull effects , to our insatiable taking of tobacco fumes alone ? hydr. not so . for howsoeuer it be a most fearefull sinne before the maiestie of the immortall god , for any man thus vainely to waste his wealth : yet surely this our superfluous sucking in of filthie tobacco fumes goeth neuer alone by it selfe , but hath ( like an amourous ladie ) her lasciuious hangbies attending hourely vpon her traine , to aggrauate her needlesse excesse the more in the presence of god. for this burning and scorching flame being once inwardly taken into the bowels ; there must necessarily follow , an insatiable quaffing vp of wine , ale , or beere at the least , to allay and quench the excessiue heate of the stomacke . and by the insatiable quaffing in of these strong drinks , dame venus her selfe beginneth eftsoones so fiercely to be enflamed and set on fire , as nothing in the world but some one of her damosels , or draf-sackes at least , must forthwith be fetcht , to calme the new kindled coales of their lusting hearts . and those amourous damosels so seruiceably attending their becke , & so wantonly seruing their turnes that way , they must not only be most gallantly adorned with whatsoeuer ornaments of brauery themselues , but be courted eftsoones ( by those their prodigall paramours ) in sundry changeable & chargeable sutes . and this brauery of apparel , it must be proportionably graced with proud & sumptuous buildings : and those sumptuous buildings , they speedily procure a prodigall dispending of patrimonies with other like worldly preferments . and this prodigall dispending of patrimonies , it cannot but impaire our fume-suckers ancient estates . and this needlesse impairing of ancient estates , it must haue forsooth some present supply from a pitifull oppressing of the poore tenants themselues . so as , albeit these sundry most wastefull disorders do all ioyntly concurre in the speedie subuersion of our fume-suckers ancient estates , and therefore we do synecdochically put downe but a part for the whole ; yet the filthie tobacco fume ( thou maist plainly perceiue ) is now adaies become the troian horse-bellie of those other hidden mischiefes , and the onely metropolitane of all those monstrous misorders . by the misguidance whereof , our insatiable fume-suckers ( thou seest ) they do nothing in effect : but euen e hatch the cockatrice egges , and weaue the poysonsome spiders web , f conceiuing mischiefe , and bringing iniquity forth : thus g drawing wickednesse to themselues with the cords of vanitie , and sinne , as t● were with cart-ropes . capn. let this suffice for those fearefull effects which more especially concerne the poore tenants themselues : and now shew me ( i pray you ) those other effects which more generally appertaine to the publike state. hydr. with very good will. and those effects also are such as do primarily proceed from the mightier sort of our filthy fume-suckers : or from the more abiect crew of those our tippling tobacconists . capn. very well . but what ( first ) are those fearefull effects , which do primarily procéed from the mightier sort of our fume-suckers ? hydr. they are such monstrous attempts and outragious enormities , as honest minded persons should euen tremble to tell ; as men of common humanitie should abhorre to heare ; and as holy religious wights should loath in their hearts . for when those our insatiable suckers of filthie fumes are vtterly sunke ; when their ancient estates ( i meane ) haue suffred such an vnrecouerable ship-wracke , as they know not which way to winde themselues forth from the sands of sorrow , and shelfs of shame , then they forthwith resolue vpon desperate courses for the daily supply of their present wants . for then ( forsooth ) they will either become magnificent statesmen in stand-gate hole ; or too too humbled suters at shooters-hil ; or huffing hunts-men on new market-plaine ; or brauing bow-bearers at black-moore heath ; or hucking habberdashers on hog-magog hils ; or the kings cauallering coyne-takers at crabtree corner ; yea or the most fliggering faulkeners at flittesse hedge , to let flie at each passengers purse at the least . for as these fellowes can neither h dig , nor delue : so are they most egregiously ashamed to beg their reliefe at honest mens houses . capn. these sir ( i confesse ) they are most horrible effects . hydr. they are so indeed . and yet ( if no helpe might be found for the same ) i could euen heartily wish that these were the worst . because then it were more safe to suffer some small inconuenience , then desperately admit of an horrible mischiefe . yea and of two dangerous occurents , rather to tollerate the least of the twaine , then fearefully vndergo the hazard of all . capn. what might be your meaning herein sir , i beséech you ? hydr. my meaning herein is this . namely , if there could none other helpe at all be had , then were it much better to beare a time with such desperate aduentures as tend to the onely hurt of some priuate persons , then ouer carelesly to neglect the vnnaturall nourse-mother of some such dangerous attempts as directly do aime at the publike good of the state. i will demonstrate this matter by an apparent example thus . those our late traiterous recusants , they were all ( for the most part ) but beggerly bankrupts , and men of very base condition , as authoritie it selfe ( by due inquisition , and prouident enquirie ) found plainly forth , and their owne fauourites themselues very freely confesse . now those men ( for the most part ) they were formerly held for professed tobacconists : namely , for disordered and riotous persons . who falling first from tobacco to tippling ; from tippling to whoring ; from whoring , to a court-like brauing ; from a court-like brauing , to superfluous building ; from a superfluous building , to a prodigall dispending of their ancient patrimonies , & other their alloted preferments ; from a prodigall dispending , to an excessiue want ; from an excessiue want , to a wofull malcontented condition ; and from their malcontended condition , to the proud pioners most bloudie profession in that the vndermining practise of theirs : wherein they purposely put downe their pestiferous proiects and plots for their present reliefe . for howsoeuer they made religion it selfe vnseemely couerture to those their traiterous attempts , because among them , i in the name of god , all mischiefe begins : yet ( without doubt ) the preposterous supply for those their profluuious purses , was the principall propounded period to those their pestilent purposes , and the fully determined shot-anker of that their subsequent shame . the sequele it selfe doth sound forth at large the truth of the premisses now , how intricate soeuer before . for their intollerable wants became so heauie a burden vnto their vnbended backes , as ( before they would too long vndergo the huge weight thereof ) they rather most damnably resolued among themselues to massacre our most christian king , our gracious queene ; our peerlesse young prince , the whole royall of-spring , the honorable councell ; the nobles , the gentrie , the cleargie , the communaltie , and the happie estate of this our whole countrey : like a most viperous brood , deuouring the very belly it selfe wherein they were borne and bred . capn. oh horrible attempt ! what stéelie heart would not tremble and quake at the very hearing thereof ? but go to sir , make haste i beséech you , to the timely vnfolding of those other effects which more respectiuely procéed from the baser sort of those our tippling tobacconists . hydr. content . wherein also i would haue thee consider afresh , that albeit this sort of tippling tobacconists bee accompted for men very abiect and base , in comparison of those loftie fume-suckers we spake of before , yet proue they too too pestiferous also to the publ●ke state ; and their pretended proiects and plots are much more pernicious that way , then may well be perceiued at first . and howsoeuer these , and the other may seeme somewhat to differ in their seuerall circumferences , they do both of them ioyntly fall iumpe and pat vpon one and the selfesame period of publike disorder . for ( concerning any their practicall designements ) they mutually march forwards in one and the selfe same circular motion , i meane , in the pestiferous disturbing and preposterous supplanting of our publike state. capn. good sir , i cannot as yet conceiue your purpose herein . hydr. i will thus more expresly demonstrate the same . be it here supposed that this baser sort of tippling tobacconists ( whether husbandmen ▪ artificers , trades-men , sadlers , shoo-makers , taylers , tinkers , or any other else of the vulgar condition ) hauing in all ▪ but twentie nobles , twentie markes , twentie or fortie pounds maintenance to defray all manner of domesticall charges withall ) should weekely dispend some three shillings fourepence vpon filthie tobacco fumes : who seeth not plainly , but that either their said maintenance must forthwith bee mannaged by some other bad meanes , or this their ancient estate in very short time be shrewdly surprized , and ( in a manner ) quite subuerted ? capn. there is no necessarie consequent in either of both . for behold sir , they may forthwith surceasse from such a superfluous waste , and eftsoones betake themselues to a much more frugall course . hydr. surceasse from their former superfluous waste ( saist thou ) and fall to frugalitie ? when the skie falleth so downe to the ground , wee may haply gather great store of larks . no , no , it s more possible for a man to take an hare with a tabret and whistle , then turne those bewitched tobacconists frō that tippling course wherein they were more accustomably bred and brought vp . for howsoeuer they be k wise enough to do wickedly : yet ( without question ) to do well , they haue no knowledge at all . do thou but take an exact suruey of any their disordered courses , or desperate attempts in all their assemblies , and at euery time and tide : and then tell me withall , what any one hope may bee had after such a moone-shine in the water ? and whether worse canker-wormes can be found in a christian common-wealth , then those our l egyptian caterpillers . capn. helpe me good sir ( i beséech you ) in such a suruey . hydr. with all my heart . and ( for the more orderly effecting of this our intent ) it shall be by a liuely resemblance of them , and their ordinary practises . let vs therefore accordingly imagine , that prince arthur our aleman , babble-much the barber , barthelet the butcher , cocke-on hoope the cobbler , ding-thrift the dog-keeper , false-chaps the fidler , grout-nolle the girdeler , huf-cap the hunts man , iustle-king the ioyner , lithersbie the lath-render , martin the marriner , mad-braine the make-shift , nichol the net-mender , oliuer the oyster-man , perkin the pedler , partiface the piper , proud-mind the plummer , runagate the royster , simkin the sithesmith , small-braines the shoo-maker , thin-gut the thatcher , talke-apace the taylour , with tom-trash the tinker : imagine here ( i say ) that all and euery of these should mutually assemble themselues at saint paltockes inne , wouldest thou not accompt them m a quaint crobylian yoke , a congruent cluster ( i meane ) of prettie carowsing companions ? capn. i might ( at first sight ) so accompt them , i fréely confesse . howbeit sir , this your cynicall censure , it will ( i feare me ) be shrewdly distasted of some : because the trades themselues which you speake of here ( being rightly respected ) are very commendable , yea and sundry men of those selfe same trades , are worthily reputed for honest persons . hydr. distasted of some ( sayest thou ? ) a silie poore witlesse some they are ( be thou sure ) who wot not how to distinguish betweene those trades themselues , and the men in those trades . for i do not here censure those good trades themselues , nor the honest men whatsoeuer , imployed in any of those commendable trades : onely i taxe the scum and of-scouring of honest men , and the palpable abusers of those the good trades whatsoeuer . and therefore ( to proceede directly in that our former suruey , ) let vs imagine that either all , or some certaine of these should purposely assemble themselues at arthur ale-mans house about eight or nine of the clocke in the morning , with a ioynt and full resolution there to hold out side till eleuen or twelue in the night : what kind of coile ( thinkest thou ) would those our quaint companions keepe there for all the day long ? capn. when the good ale were once got in the head , and wit gone out , i feare me sir , they would kéepe a very bad coile . hydr. thou mayest be assured of that , if thou but obserue their ordinarie courses . for ( hauing ioyntly determined vpon the match making ) to make then their sweete liquor of life the appointed period to all those their pot-like proceedings , they suppose it not greatly amisse , to begin the match first , by drinking in measure next their hearts ; that is , each man ( for his share ) must carouse a whole quart at a clap , for curing his eie-sight . after all this , they mispend some quarter of an houre in questioning about the maner of their hostesses brewing , and in commending most highly that last brewed liquor of life . but now ( forsooth ) perceiuing some sodaine cold qualme ouerwhelming their queasie stomackes by reason that their lately receuied liquor lieth cold in the same , they do call forthwith for one ounce of tobacco , for a tobacco pipe , and a greasie candle to kindle the same : sucking in ( by course ) that filthie tobacco fume , as eagerly ( i assure thee ) as the hungrie horse-leach sucketh vp the putrified bloud from a sore bruised leg . this is no sooner done , but they begin eftsoones to feele the fierie scorching flame of that filthie tobacco fume , to fret and burne in their bellies : and thereupon , they do presently call for a whole yard of ale , that is , for so many fresh cups of that their beloued liquor , as may stand one by one within a yard compasse euery way . with these they resolue to allay , and to quench the outragious heate in their belching breasts : wherein also they do make exceeding much haste , for feare of fiering their rubie vermilion noses . this purpose performed , they perceiue their former fierie stomackes so sodainly cooled , and do then feele withall , such a chilling cold dispersing it selfe throughout all the parts of their bodie , as they feare to be forthwith surprised with a cold deadly palsie , or to fall eftsoones into some new feauer-lurden at least : and thereupon they take tobacco afresh : and withall ( for preuenting the worst ) they do call forth a whole iurie of fresh cups , to conclude and determine the good estate of their bodies . the first quart cup of those twelue ( being called tom troth ) they do make the foreman of the iurie : swearing him forthwith , to giue vp a very true verdict concerning this present point , and to kisse the booke , that is , to cleaue close to their pale coloured lips till all the liquor be out . after him , brafield-font he is next called , and so all the rest of their iurie in order : telling them one by one , that the same oath which their fore-man had taken , must euery one of them also ( for their parts ) take and fulfill , so helpe t●em belzebub , in the name of bleare-eied bacchus their ale-mighty soule-slayer , & to kiffe the said booke as before . the iurie now hauing thus deuoutly taken their oathes , and very deepely considered their late-giuen charge to the bottome , breede-bate y e bailieffe he cries , a verdict , a verdict . whereupon prince arthur the ale-man ( being then made the deputed rhadamanthus ouer those his tippling tobacconists ) he readily receiueth the verdict , as followeth : namely , that ( howsoeuer all the rest of their damned crew , are in prettie good case ) cocke-on hoope the cobler is fallen into very great danger , hauing too too beastly surfeited in his swine-like bodie , and being soule-sicke to death : so as there is none other way with him for the present , but forthwith to dispose of his last will and testament , and so to betake himselfe ( hand ouer head ) into the hands of pluto his magnificent lord and maister . capn. a very sharpe verdict . but sir , what was the successe thereof ? hydr. vpon the hearing of this late-giuen verdict , the whole company aduise cocke-on hoope to deuise of a will : who willingly consented thereunto . and thereupon rince-pot the register , he is sent for in haste , to write & record the same . rince-pot ( hauing formally put downe the stile of the testament ) doth aske him withall , what he would haue him write . cocke-on-hoope willeth him to write word for word from his mouth , as he vtters them forth : which ( immediatly after the ordinarie stile ) was thus in effect : namely , drinke , then more drinke , then a little more drinke , then yet more drinke , then a little modicum of bakers bread , then drinke againe , then more drinke , then a little more drinke , then yet more drinke , and so forth . item , i appoint arthur ale-man mine onely executor , making huf-cap the hunts-man , and small-braines the soomaker , the ioynt superuisers of this my last testament : allowing them all three , a full pipe of tobacco , for their paines that way . witnesse hereunto , the whole raskallike-rabblement of this our damned crew . go to now ( saith cocke-on hoope ) let me heare my last testament . content ( quoth rince-pot ) and thereupon ( crying silence my maisters ) he read the same forth in this following order : in the name of belzebub , amen . i cocke-on hoope cobler , being now most shrewdly surfeited in my beastly bodie by reason of the good ale suddes , and damnablie soule-sicke in these my damned delights , but yet of a reeling and rotten remembrance , blessed be bacchus therefore , do ordaine this my last will and testament , in manner and forme following . first , i bequeath my beastly body to bacchus mine onely ale-mightie protector , and the same to be buried directly vnder our gallowes , at the east townes end : surrendring withall my swine-like soule into belzebubs hands , to be shrined vp for euer in the neathermost stygian gulph . then next , i bequeath to the whole societie of these my carousing companions , as followeth : namely , drinke , more drinke , a little more drinke , yet more drinke , then a little modicum of bakers bread : then drinke againe , then more drinke , then yet a little more drinke , and so forth . item , i appoint arthur ale-man , the sole and onely executor of this my last testament , making huf-cap the hunts-man , and small-braines the shoomaker , my ioynt superuisers ; allowing to euery of them , a full pipe of tobacco for his paines taken that way . witnesse hereunto , the whole rascabilian rabblement of this our damnable crew . lo this ( quoth rince-pot ) is here set downe as your last will and testament : how like you thereof ? i do like it ( saith cocke-on hoope ) exceeding well , sauing in one onely point , namely , that little modicum of bakers bread marreth all : if that were some way amended , i do ●ot doubt to recouer forthwith . can you not put out the modicum of bakers bread clean , and put downe a good pipe of tobacco in the place thereof ? that may be done with a trice ( quoth rince-pot ) and so accordingly recordeth the same . cocke-on hoope , at the hearing thereof ( being somthing recouered of his surfeiting sicknesse ) he biddeth groutnolle the girdler to reach maister rince-pot the bottome of the pot for his paines : and withall prayeth false-chaps the fiddler , & partie-face the piper to play him his resurrexit à mortuis . at which his idle conceite , the whole company they fell forthwith into an exceeding loud laughter : and thereupon ( calling eftsoones for faire allicocke their hostesse , as also for her fine minion , mistresse winefride the wring-spigot ) they held it an ancient kind of carousing curtesie ( in a merrie memento ) to kisse both of them round for feare of some ranckling . capn. but , how did arthur her husband like of that matter ? hydr. exceedingly well : and no maruell at all . for it is the manner of such cup-shotten companions , to accompt those wiues the best wiues ( what baddes-bies soeuer ) which with one after-noones sport , are able to make their pottage-pot play the better for a whole weeke together . howbeit , here began the new broyle . breede-hate , he breweth a maruellous brawle about his ordinary fee for summoning the grand-iurie before ; and runagate the royster , he lendeth him a sound cuffe on the eare for the same . whereupon the whole crew of companions fell a scuffling together , neither once knowing , nor yet caring whom they do strike , so they may soundly light pat on any mans pate . in this their drunken fought fray , there was giuen many a broken head , besides sundry drie blowes about their shoulders . at length they friendly parted themselues : and thereupon arthur ( to saue his recognizance ) conueyes them one from another into seuerall corners , there to sleepe out the good-ale suddes . after all this ( hauing somewhat recouered their senses ) they call forthwith for a reckoning : which came iust to twentie shillings ten pence for ale , and seuen shillings sixe for tobacco and candle . such as had present money payed their shares : and such as had none , either layed downe their pawnes , or else ranne on the score till a further reckoning . and then ( calling for a fresh paire of cardes , and their reckoning cups ) they thought good to conclude their sport , with a game or too at poope-noddie . capn. at poope noddie sir ? what game ( i beséech you ) is that ? hydr. what capnistus ? art thou a professed tobacconist : and knowest not poope-noddie ? i had thought the very hearing of these former disorders , would haue made thee acquainted therewith . well then , i will shew thee the whole sport , according to the credible information of such as learned the same themselues in a sound and setled experience . marke it well man ; for this ( i assure thee ) it is : namely , all the kine out of the stall ; all the sheepe out of the fold ; all the corne out of the barne ; all the coine out of the coffer ; all the webs out of the wardrobe ; all the pennies out of the purse ; all the drinke out of the pot ; all the wit out of the head ; all the shame out of the face ; all honestie out of the heart ; bodie it selfe vnderneath the boord ; and soule and all to the diuell . lo here the sway of poope-noddie : and this for a short suruey concerning any their disordered courses . capn. disordered courses indéed . but yet sir , these courses ( how disordered soeuer ) they hurt onely themselues : neither do i perceiue as yet , how the same should be greatly pernicious to the good of our publike state. hydr. surely , capnistus , thou art ouer shallow of conceit to deale in deeper matters of policie , if thou perceiuest not this . for ( besides the great hurt which those our tobacconists do causelesly procure to their owne proper persons and states ) is it not exceedingly hurtfull to the publik good of our countrey , that any such able persons should be so carelesly permitted to cassier their publike callings ; to leade an idle and loytring life ; to lose their precious times ; to abandon their ancient trades ; to neglect their charges ; to consume their patrimonies ; to lauish forth their worldly preferments ; to waste their whole wealth ; & so to procure such needlesse pouerty vpon themselues and all theirs , as they must be enforced perforce , either to beg their bread , or to be maintained vpon publike charge at the least : to the vntimely imbeazilling of their present prouision , and the preposterous vndermining of publike good ? tell me ( i pray thee ) whether these their disordered courses do not collaterally and consequently become very pestiferous to our publike state ? besides that , these disordered persons , they are egregiously scandalous to sundry such others of like disposition , in giuing them all a very pernicious president to such profluuious expences as they are naturally prone vnto , by procuring them to the like disordered practises ; by causing them very carelesly to foreslip their present auailes ; to lose their precious times ; to neglect their commendable callings ; to cast off all christian care concerning themselues , their wiues , their children , and all the folke of their familie ; yea and euen prodigally to dispend , and wastefully to consume their worldly wealths vpon vanishing and vaine delights . are not these squandring courses of theirs become very pestiferous presidents , and most pernicious practises ( thinkest thou ) to the vndoubted preiudice of our publike state ? for how should publike states be prouidently supported , and safely preserued in their publike good : without the honest cares , the carefull endeuours , and industrious labours of men in their sundry professions and callings ? and who shall attend vpon such industrious , laborious , and painefull endeuours , if all sorts of trades-men should confusedly become such carousing companions ? and why should cocke-on hoope the cobler , or ding-thrift the dog-keeper , or false-chaps the fidler , or lithersbie the lath-render , or partiface the piper , or small-braines the shoo-maker ; or spend-all the spurrier , or any other else of that retchlesse rascabilian route , be more priuiledged to plod forth their precious times in any such pestiferous practises , then either bonny-boy the barber ; or doubti-man the draper ; or honest-heart the hatter ; or lustie-lad the labourer ; or trusty-man the mason ; or true-pennie the taylour ; or labour-hard the lock-smith , or any other man else that make conscience of their calling , that do n eate the bread of carefulnesse , that ( as the beloued of god ) do repose their whole rest in his gracious and most mercifull prouidence ? capn. it is certainly euen so as you say . hydr. very well . and will not then ( thinkest thou ) these the disordered courses of those our carousing companions become very pernicious occasions of breeding and procuring a maruellous discontentednesse in the mindes of these other industrious persons , all the while they perceiue them thus wastefully to liue of the spoile ? the pretie pismires prouiding o their meate in sommer , and gathering their winter foode in the haruest before , they can ( by no meanes ) abide and sloathfull ants in their companie . the painefull bees they cannot possibly endure that any idle drones in the hiue , should p sucke vp the sweete of their diligent labours . and how ( thinkest thou ) may these our honest minded labouring men ( at any hand ) be made to mannage the ruinated estates of any such monstrous minotaures as seeke nothing else ( in effect ) but euen vtterly to massacre and spoile their owne , and other mens publike preferments ? no , no , they will rather run desperately vpon them at once , like q fierce assyrian bees ; or cruelly r cluster about them as an angry swarme ; or s chase them away from their hiue at the least , like amorite waspes ; and so send them t to beg their bread in desolate places . capn. and very well worthie they are . hydr. but yet this would i haue thee obserue herewithall : namely , that y e honester minded sort , grow maruellously miscontented with those their monstrous misorders . for , out vpon those gracelesse ding-thrifts say they : what an excessiue spoile do they make of all the good blessings of god ? wee must be carking and caring , while they sit carousing and carding ; we must be labouring , while they lie loytring ; we must be toyling at home , while they are tippling and trifling abroade ; we must be warily working in haruest , while they are wantonly wasting at ale-houses ; yea we ( alas ) must bee spending our spirits at plough , while they lie spoyling our purses at play . what reason haue we to become bondslaues for bellie-gods ; poore saint christophers , for proud carousers , diligent drudgs , for such desperate drunkards ; yea and most prouident sparers , for such prodigall spenders ? is it not strange that authoritie should so curbingly bridle vs in , and so carelesly cast the raines in their neckes to all licentious courses ? that they should so greeuously u bind burdens vpon vs while our backes are readie to burst ; and so egregiously to winke at their carousing of cup after cup , while their bellies are readie to breake ? that they should so chargeably exact payment after payment vpon euery of vs for the necessarie support of publike affaires ▪ and so vncharitably grant payment to any of them for the pernicious supply of those their prodigall dispendings ? or that a weekely contribution towards the poore , should be imposed vpon euery of vs : and a weekely distribution thereof be so pestiferously allowed to euery of them , to the irreligious robbing of poore men indeed and the profluuious dispending of our proper wealths ? much better were we to forsake our painefull professions , and to follow eftsoones their prodigall practises , with an hourely expectation of like publike reliefe , then ( in this sort ) to toile and turmoile our selues about a pestiferous supportation of any their retchlesse reliefe . lo here ( capnistus ) how these honest poore men grow malcontented against those monstrous minotaures ? how they begin to distaste authoritie for their pestiferous permission ? yea and how bitterly they murmure at those superfluous impositions which they are enforced eftsoones to vndergo about the vnnecessarie releeuing of these our riotous rungates ? may not these beginnings of mischiefe become very pestiferous in the end ( thinkest thou ) to our publike state ? capn. yes verily may they : and it were very conuenient they should be circumspectly preuented in time . hydr. very true as thou sayest . howbeit ( in the meane time ) these our tippling tobacconists they run headlong an end vpon sundrie other disordered courses , no lesse pernicious to our publike state then those other before . for when their patrimonies are all dispended ; when their worldly wealth is vtterly wasted ; yea when those their profluuious purses haue thus prodigally poured forth the best bloud in their bellies , then they bring their hungrie hostesse some pretie pawne or pledge for their beloued liquor . then their houshold trash must trudge forth ; then their whole webs of cloth must walke ; then their bras pots , their bras-pans , their platters and the rest , must be purloyned away for the vnnecessarie purchase of the blacke stone pot , and their pretie tobacco pipe : yea then the very couerlet and sheetes from their bed must be carelesly chaffered forth for their filthie tobacco fumes , and causlesse carousing cups . and now ( hauing their faces frecked ouer with a crimson colour , and their wits well whitled with the good-ale suds , and perceiuing withall , the pulse-veine of those their profluuious purses to beate very weake for want of further supply ) they begin forthwith to cast about for their neighbours chickins , to houer vp and downe for their hens ; yea and eftsoones to prey vpon their yong sucking pigs , for their owne and their hungrie hostesses tooth , and what not besides ? tell me ( i pray thee capnistus ) are not these their disordered courses become very pestiferous practises to our publike state ? capn. they are so , i must néeds confesse . hydr. well then , let vs here forbeare to speake further of their disordered courses ; and now turne our talke towards some of their l●te most dangerous attempts against the good of our state : to see whether these our tippling tobacconists be not that waies also become most pernicious and pestilent companions towards y e wished welfare of our publike state. for when they haue played the poope-noddies too long in dispending their worldly preferments after such a riotous sort , and are also enforced to feele the present want of their filthie fume , and to perceiue some lacke of that their beloued liquor , not knowing which waies in the world to supply their said wants : then they begin eftsoones to pray for the pestilence , to wish for wars , to hope for a change , to broach many dangerous babbles about some sodaine inuasion ; to mutter forth certaine mutinous murmurings concerning some ciuill dissensions among men of state ; yea and to wish the whole land on an vproare at least : that so they might come to make present spoile of haukin-holdfast his house , or to preie vpon godfrey-gather-goods purse . tell me now capnistus , are not these their desperate attempts most dangerously pestiferous to the present good of our publike state ? capn. i dare not denie them to be certainly so . hydr. and yet these ( alas ) they are but the beginnings of mischiefe , in comparison of those their subsequent most desperate attempts . for ( feeling once a greater increase of their present wants , and perceiuing all further supply therein to decrease more and more ) they do then forthwith become professed malcontents against the well setled peace of our publike state : wishing and praying eftsoones for their long expected iubilee : and hoping earnestly after a presposterous deliuerance from all dutifull subiection towards their holie superiors : telling their carousing companions , that it will neuer be merrie with boon-companions in england , before the inhabitants of england bee vp together by the eares among themselues . for then ( say they ) would forthwith begin the sport : then should we come to catch that catch may ; yea then should we compell our countrey cormorants themselues , to catch at a broun-bread crust : whereas those mercilesse peasants do now leade the whole world in a string , and deale with good fellowes as it pleaseth themselues . then would wee soone make their full barnes to supply the long lacke of this our beloued liquor , then would we constraine their rustie red ruddockes to run at our becke , and to attend vpon the pleasure of vs , and the rest of our carousing companions : yea then would we cause their inclosures to cracke . how sayeth thou capnistus to these their desperate attempts , are they not ( thinkest thou ) most dangerously pestiferous to the present peace of our publike state ? capn. surely sir , their desperate prate it selfe is very pernicious : for it puts disordered persons in present mind of some such desperate practises , as cannot but greatly preiudice the long and well setled peace of this our publike state. hydr. thou speakest the truth . and therefore , their very prate it selfe would forthwith be sharply suppressed , for feare of some subsequent mischiefe . howbeit , these our tippling tobacconists ( those riotous companions i meane ) they feare not to surpasse the pestilent bounds of that their pestiferous prate , by putting in present practise all those pernicious proiects and plots which their pestilent tongues had so audaciously , and so vndutifully prated of , long before . for mad-braine the make-shift , proud-mind the plummer , small-braines the shoomaker , and iustle king the ioyner , they do no sooner heare speech of causing inclosures to crack , but forthwith they care not a point to cracke their desperate conscience on peeces , in an vndutifull vndertaking to set such a perillous practise on foote : arming themselues , and animating their desperate associates to the ioynt and speedier performance ( forsooth ) of such a preposterous enterprise . pretending withall ( to such as demand a reason of those their desperate aduentures ) that one maister neede did this way set them on worke ; that they were resolued to deale no further therin , but according to maister mend-all his only direction , and with the authenticall warrant besides of an old penall statute against such hurtfull inclosures : yea and that also ( for their protection and pay ) they marched vnder the approued conduct of captaine pouch . this exploit was no sooner bruited abroad , but the very garbage of gracelesse subiection ; they off-scouring of honestie ; the scumme of humanitie ; yea the whole rif-raffe of vicious persons came flocking thicke and threefold from euery coast vnto their accursed company : reporting abroad , they had twelue pence aday for their paines , with wine , ale , and beere so much as their bellies would hold . these flying reports drew multitudes vnto them from euery place , and procured them many moe fauourets wheresoeuer they came : who would not sticke on their ale-bench to say , god speed the plough , though yet they durst not afford them their presence . how sayest thou capnistus , are not these the odde youths of our countrey ? are not these our old suresbies to serue at a pinch , and to helpe our state at any dead lift ? what saist thou mā , to these desperate practises ? capn. i should accompt them desperate practices indéed , had they not had the kings broade-seale for their warrant : which was commonly reported they had . hydr. the kings broade-seale for their warrant ? fie , fie for shame man , that any such the incredible reports of idle-brain'd fellowes , should once make thee imagine we had but a foole to our king. capn. god forbid that such a grosse and vndutifull imagination should euer be found in any true hearted subiect . for all the whole world doth vniuersally both know , and acknowledge his highnesse to haue a most admirable , superexcellent , and sanctified wisedome . hydr. they do so i confesse , and this also not without a iustly deserued cause , i assure thee : beseeching the almightie iehouah that x onely wise god , euen ten y times yet more to double his spirit of wisedome vpon him . and yet without doubt , his highnesse should herein haue shewed a very slender vse of his said excellent wisdome ; if ( as that rebellious rout made publike report ) he should ( by his prerogatiue royall ) first priuiledge them to dispark and disclose all such inclosures : & then should forth with authentically arme a subordinate power to suppresse their person with z the sharpe sword of vengeance , if none other peaceable meanes might make them desist from those their desperate attempts . for how long ( thinkest thou ) could his highnesse securely continue a supereminent king ouer england , if he should so improuidently haue set all his subiects in england together by the eares ? capn. not halfe so long ( i feare me ) as a my heartie desire is he may by many hundred yeares : if it were so the good pleasure of god. and surely , the whole world may now plainly perceiue by the sequele it selfe , that those foolish reports were purposely prolated abroad , to make the foolish people applaud their irregular procéedings . but yet sir , it was commonly said , that the yong prince himselfe ( by the peremptorie command of his mercifull mother ) was priuately conuersant with thē , to protect their procéedings this way : and moreouer , that the good king of denmarke himselfe was personally , and newly entred england with fortie thousand strong to mannage their matter in hand . hydr. oh heauens ! oh hell ! oh horrible hideous helhounds ! was it likely ( thinkest thou ) that the enterprise it selfe should euer attaine to an happy end , which was formerly begun , and forthwith continued with such horrible and such monstrous lies ? although yet this their diuellish dissembling doth palpably discouer their diuellish dissent to all the world , and that their impudent lying , most apparently vnfolds their impudent b lying father the diuell . for is it possible ( thinkest thou ) that such a pearelesse prince should proudly attempt , or such a gracious queene , should preposterously command any one proiect or plot , so authentically , and so peremptorily countermanded by his most excellent highnesse before ? or is it credible in nature , that a naturall king , yea a king of such a sanctified nature withall , should so vnnaturally permit his owne naturall prince ( being the c primarie of-spring of his fatherly strength ) the secondarie supply of his princely succession , and the happy eternitie also of englands princely hope on earth : is it credible ( i say ) that such a prudent fatherly king should so improuidently permit his owne naturall sonne ( in such dangerous manner ) to sort himselfe among such degenerate and desperate monsters , as neither regarded god nor the diuell in those their desperate and dangerous attempts ? and now next ( concerning the good king of denmarke himselfe ) may it in any humane reason ( thinkest thou ) bee possibly brought within the compasse of paganish humanity , that an humane king ( being withall so good and so christian a king , a king ouer a nation so humane and christian , an humane kingly brother to so humane and christian a king ) should so inhumanely , and so vnchristianly inuade so humane and christian a kingdome ; either to mannage so inhumane , and so vnchristian an enterprise , or once to vndertake so inhumane , and so vnchristian an exploite ? god forbid that any humane , or christian-minded man should once dare ( so inhumanely and so vnchristianly to dreame of any such palpable fooleries : or that any sound-hearted subiects should seeke to shelter such desperate attempts , vnder any such plausible pretences . capn. i wish so much with all my heart . neither did i euer admit such an idle imagination to enter my head : howsoeuer ( by obiecting the same to your selfe ) i déemed it very conuenient that those their palpable fooleries , and treacherous pretences should thus be desplayed to all y ● world . but yet sir , many men ( notwithstanding ) do confidently affirme that they had the warrant of an old statute law , against such a lawlesse inclosing or arrable grounds conuerted to pasture . hydr. i do not denie , but that ( for the necessarie vpholding of husbandrie , as also against the apparent decaying of tillage ) there haue bene sundrie good penall statutes prouided from time to time . first in the d reigne of henrie the seauent ▪ y e same also being further fortified by sundry other like godly statutes , in the reigne of henrie the eight ; with a fresh corroboration also therof , at sundry other parlaments since , in the flourishing reign of our late soueraigne ladie queene elizabeth : yea and those also more fully confirmed since by the kings most excellent highnesse , at his very first entrance into this his kingdome . so as wise men may iustly wonder that any one of those our e gripers and grinders of poore mens faces , should not be grosly ashamed to shew their shamelesse faces , in but once daring either to vphold their old , or to aduenture so boldly vpon any other new inclosing of tillage , contrary to those the former most forcible statues , considering especially the greeuous penalties imposed vpon euery such wilfull transgression . but what ? doth it follow thereof ( thinkest thou ) that ( because for the needful vpholding of tillage there are prouided many good statutes , ) therefore these disordered persons ( for the better preseruation of tillage ) might ( at their priuate pleasures ) very boldly pull downe whatsoeuer inclosures against those the said statutes ? nothing lesse . and therefore , it was to no purpose at all for those persons to pretend so presumptuously the supposed timely supportation of those their disordered attempts from any those penall statutes , vnlesse they could shew in some one of those statutes , an apparent prouiso at least ; that one maister neede , maister mend-all , maister proud-mind the plummer , maister small-braines the shoo-maker , maister lustle-king the ioyner , with the residue of that rafcabilian rebellious rout ( so riotously marching vnder the conduct of captaine pouch ) had speciall priuiledge to disparke and disclose such lawlesse inclosures euen in an open despite of the owners themselues , as also , in a rebellious contempt of our gracious soueraigne . capn. sir , i am certainly assured there is no such prouiso at all , in any one of those the forenamed statutes . hydr. then am i also as certainly assured , that they did more then they might do by much . and so ( for that their lawlesse vsurpation of the princes sword contrary to christ his commandement , who chargeth all priuate persons to put vp the sword into his owne place : because , whosoeuer in such sort vsurpeth f the sword , shall be sure to perish with the sword ) they were therefore most iustly suppressed by that the prince his authenticall sword , who g beares not the same for nought , but is the subordinate minister of that immortall prince who hath power to take an ineuitable vengeance on such as do euill . capn. but sir , séeing those kinde of inclosures , are so directly opposite to the good lawes of our land , as i perceiue by the former statutes they are : it séemeth strange to those disordered persons themselues , as also to their fauourites of euery sort , that such an hard hand should be caried against them , for but pulling downe that which is so directly opposite to the law it selfe . hydr. howsoeuer all those kinds of inclosures which directly do tend to the hinderance of husbandrie , and decay of tillage be vndoubtedly opposite to those the established lawes of our land , as i she wed thee before : yet had those disordered persons no one law of the land ( in such riotous and rebellious sort ) to pull downe inclosures ; but rather y e sharpe lawes of our land against euery such disordered and vnlawfull attempt : as is apparently euident in h sundry good penall statutes prouided against riots , routes , and vnlawfull assemblies . and therefore , no hard , but an heedfull hand for publike good , was so carried against them . capn. i must néeds acknowledge so much as you say , if ( indéed ) there be any such sharpe lawes prouided against those disordered actions : and therefore i beséech you set downe some summarie abridgement of those selfe same lawes , as well for my further satisfaction herein , as also for a necessarie caueat or watchword to all others hereafter , to beware how they deale afresh in any such disordered actions . hydr. with all my heart ; and therefore , giue eare to the words of those statutes as followeth thus : if i any persons to the number of twelue or aboue , shall intend , go about , practise , or put in vre with force of armes vnlawfully , and of their owne authoritie , to ouerthrow , cut , breake , cast downe , or dig vp the pales , hedges , ditches , or other the inclosure of any parke , or other ground inclosed ; or the bankes of a fish-pond , or poole ; or any conduicts for water , conduict-heads , or conduict-pipes hauing course of water ; to the intent that any of the same from thenceforth should remaine open , not inclosed , or void ; or vnlawfully to haue common , or way in the said parke , or other ground inclosed , or in any of them ; or to destroy the deere in any parke ; or any warren of conies , or any doue houses ; or any fish in any fish-pond or poole ; or to pull , or cut downe any houses , barnes , mils , or baies , or to burne any stacks of corne ; or to abate , or diminish the rents , or yearely value of any lands , or tenements , or the price of any victuall , corne or graine , or any other things vsuall for the sustenance of men ; and being required or commanded by any iustice of peace , or by the sheriffe of the countie , or by the maior , bailieffe or bailieffes , or other head-officers of any citie , or towne-corporate where such assemblies shall be had , by proclamation to be made in the kings name , to returne in peaceable manner to their places and houses from whence they came : and they or any of them ( notwithstanding such proclamation ) shall remaine and make their continuance together , by the space of one whole houre after such commandement or request made by proclamation ; or after that , shall ( in forcible manner ) do , or put in vre any of the things before mentioned : then as well euery such continuing together , as euery such act , that ( after such commandement , or request by proclamation made ) shall be done , practised , or put in vre by any persons being aboue the number of t●elue , shall be adiudged felonie ; and the offenders therein , shall be adiudged felons , and shall suffer onely the execution of death , as in cases of felonie . lo here capnistus , whether there be not a plaine sta●ute directly against such disordered and vnlawfull attempts : what sayest thou vnto it ? capn. in déede sir , i do now perceiue that the case is very cleare against all such riots , routs , and vnlawfull assemblies for any the forenamed intents , by what persons soeuer attempted : and therefore , i dare not ( in any sort ) approue of the late vnlawfull enterprise of those disordered persons . and yet ( had not some bad practices by sundry of lewd disposition ) incensed and raised vp the people of euery towne thereabouts , for very shame to yéeld their present assistance to that vnlawfull enterprice ; neither had the assemblie it selfe bene so mightie as it was , by many hundred folds ; nor the primarie attempters thereof ( being but few in number before ) neuer would , nor could haue continued the disorder so long as they did : and therefore , thē selues & their fauourites thinke there should haue bin had a more respectiue pitie vpon the first actors thereof . hydr. nay , not one whit . for as it was their owne disorder first , which subiected their persons to such a sharpe and bitter suppression : so surely , all those the incensers and raysers of others whosoeuer they be , they are ( by the iust sentence of law ) made liable likewise to the selfe same punishment , as appeareth in those the forenamed statutes , telling them thus . if k any person or persons vnlawfully and without authoritie , by ringing of any bels , sounding of any trumpet , drumme , horne , or other instrument , or by fiering of any beacon , or by malicious speaking , or vttering of any words , or making any outcry , or by setting vp , or casting of any bill or writing abrode , or by any other act , shall raise , or cause to be raised , or assembled , any persons to the number of twelue or aboue ; to the intent that they should do or put in vre any of the things aboue mentioned ; and that the persons ( to the number of twelue , or aboue ) so raised and assembled after request , or commandement had , or giuen in forme aforesaid , shall continue together as is aforesaid , or vnlawfully , and in forcible manner shall commit , or put in vre any of the things aforesaid : then all and singular persons , by whose speaking , act , or any other meanes aboue specified , any persons to the number of twelue or aboue , shall be raised or assembled fo● the doing , or putting in vre any thing , or things aboue mentioned , sh●ll be adiudged for his so speaking or doing , a felon , and shall suffer execution of death , as in case of felonie . what sayest thou capnistus , to these raisers of vnlawfull assemblies ? doth such action of theirs either helpe themselues , or any way quallifie the disordered enterprise of those other disordered persons ? capn. neither of both , if i my selfe vnderstand the matter aright . but sir , howsoeuer the concourse of people ( in those their vnlawfull assemblies ) was growne to a wonderful greatnesse : yet surely , had they not bene excéedingly animated , encouraged , and hardned forwards in those their disordered enterprises by such as assisted them with meate , drinke , monie , and other like néedful supplies , they neither would , nor could possibly haue held out so long as they did : and therefore , so much the more to be pitied , as them selues and sundry others suppose . hydr. not fo . and surely , euen this which they say here , doth rather aggrauate , then extenuate the act . for it plainly purporteth to all the world , that neither their loue to god and the king ; nor the conscionable obedience to his maiesties lawes , neither yet the terrour of threatned death , but the onely exceeding great want of some needfull supply for the present , could possibly suppresse the outrage of those their vnruly attempts . and as for those their inconsiderate and rash releeuers , it had bene much better for euery of them , to haue left such vnlawfull assemblies succourlesse at sixe and seauen , without yeelding them succour at all , then ( by the preposterous supply of those their preposterous wants ) to procure their owne present woes , in making them selues guiltie likewise of those their iustly deserued punishments : as by the former statutes is very apparent , telling them thus : if l any wife , or seruant of any of the same persons assembled , or any other person else whatsoeuer , shall willingly , and without compulsion bring , send , deliuer , or conuey any monie , harnesse , artillery , weapon , meate , bread , drinke , or other victuall , to any person or persons so assembled as is aforesaid , during such time as her or they shall so bee together : then euery wife , seruant , or other person so bringing , sending , deliuering , or conueying any of the foresaid things to the same persons so assembled , or to any of them , and not departing to their dwelling places vpon request or commandement made vnto them as is aforesaid , shall be adiudged a fellon , and shall suffer onely the execution of death as in cases of fellonie . these things exactly considered , what thinkest thou now of that former hard hand , so vniustly surmized , against them selues , their abettors , procurers , and counsellers ; as also , their assistants , aiders , and comforters : were they not very well worthie of whatsoeuer hard measure befell them ? capn. i must néeds acknowledge the same from my heart . although yet , they them selues , and their fantasticall fauourites so couertly séeme to impose some imputation of blame vpon those his maiesties iustices who were next to the places where they so assembled them selues : because they no sooner suppressed the outrage , or euer it came to such a strong head ; as also , for that they then caried so hard an hand in suppressing the same as they did . hydr. oh horrible ingratitude of base minded monsters ! that would so outragiously procure their owne hurt , and then thus vnhonestly go about to impose the blame thereof vpon those his maiesties iustices , whom rather they ought to reuerence and loue all the daies of their life , in an onely regard of that their exceeding great lenitie , and christian care to restraine their said excessiue outrage , with none or as little spilling of bloud as possibly might be . for , did not those his maiesties iustices from time to time ( by all gentle and louing allurements ) very earnestly labour their peaceable and quiet departures in euery place ? did they not rather aduenture the hazard of m an hundred pounds apeece in regard of their kind and godly forbearance a while , then that they would set too fiercely vpon them at first ? and ( hauing solemnely published his maiesties late proclamation in euery open market ) did they not euen then also intimate eftsoones his maiesties further pleasure concerning their speedie suppressing by force and armes , if none other meanes else would serue the turne ? yea and ( which more is by much ) did they not ( with often intreaties , againe and againe ) perswade them to a peaceable departure , or euer they published the appointed proclamation against their outragious disorders , or did once endeuour to put the seueritie of his maiesties power in practise vpon them ? capn. what proclamation i pray you was that ? hydr. the same which is authentically put downe among those forenamed statutes in this following order : first his maiesties iustices caused to be openly made an oyes : & then afterwards was deliberately pronounced these following words , or the like in effect : n the king our soueraigne lord chargeth and commandeth all persons assembled , immediatly to disperse them selues , and peaceably to depart to their habitations , or to their lawfull businesse , vpon the paine contained in the act lately made against vnlawfull and riotous assemblies . and god saue the king. capn. and was this proclamation then published accordingly ? hydr. that was it , i assure thee , and a full respite giuen them withall , for their peaceable departures , with like vehement perswasions thereunto as before . and ( which more is ) did not his maiesties said iustices , vpon the very day of the skirmish it selfe ( for the former part of the day ) both traine and march their souldiers very neare the place of that their vnlawfull assemblie , of very purpose , to strike an impression of feare in their hearts , to further their present departures ? did they not moreouer send sundry messengers of purpose vnto them to perswade that matter by all possible meanes ? did not some of his maiesties iustices solicite them sundrie times on their knees with teares ? yea did not the right worshipfull sir anthony mild-may ( with hat in hand ) very earnestly intreate the same , or that ( at the least ) they would desist from their purpose for fiue , or sixe daies , till they might know his maiesties further pleasure ? yea and ( which is most to be wondred at ) did not the said iustices before the skirmish began ( in an exceeding great care of sparing their bloud ) giue secret direction to the whole companie of shot , for discharging the first volley of shot but idlely vpon them , in hope that the sodaine feare of the said shot , would make them the sooner depart the field ? capn. but sir , what effect did all this take among them , i pray you ? hydr. all the premises were so farre off from working their timely departure , as they were rather more desperately imboldned in that their rebellious attempt . for not onely they cast vp their caps with a wonderfull shoute , crying , againe , againe , come better , come better : but they endeuoured also with stones , and other bad meanes , to driue the said iustices , with his maiesties power from out of the fields . which their said in satiable outrage did then enforce a sharper fresh charge and onset vpon them ; whereof ( i suppose ) they were very well worthie . tell me now capnistus : was this an hard hand against them , or no ? capn. surely sir , if all this be certainly true , i must néeds confesse they were very well worthy of whatsoeuer hard measure befell them either then , or at any time since , although yet their fauourites , and such as applaud the enterprise , they say their intent was onely for publike good : yea and they worke also it selfe ( namely , the casting downe of such vnlawfull inclosure ) was simply and in it owne nature , a very good worke . hydr. first , for the truth of the matter , let those parties themselues vndertake to contradict the same in any one point , if they possibly can . next , for thei● good intent : who can certainly say what good intent they had in them selues , saue onely that god who is o card●ognostes , the searcher ( i meane ) of the heart and the reines ? but be it , their intention therein was fully so good as themselues and their senslesse fauourites do seeme to surmise : can the goodnesse of any mans intention , make good an vnlawfull action ? i suppose no : because it is not enough for a man to do what which in it selfe is simplie good and iust , vnlesse the same also be iustly effected . and whereas they accompt such casting downe of inclosures a very good worke , they do therein declare them selues , either such as cannot p euenly discerne betweene the right hand and the left , and therefore vtterly vnable to distinguish soundly betweene good and euill : or such impudent wretches at least , as are not ashamed of sinne , nor yet care for honestie in any respect . but ( being growne to a desperate impietie ) do q speake good of euill , and euill of good ; putting darkenesse for light , and light for darknesse , holding bitter for sweete , and sweete for bitter : and therefore a fearefull woe with a vengeance , is denounced against them . for may that be a good worke ( thinkest thou ) which was so wilfully wrought with the r wronging of others ; with open contempt of publike authoritie , & with an obstinate rebellion against god , and his maiesties highnesse ? capn. sir , those men ( commending the goodnesse of that worke ) do meane ( as i verily imagine ) the onely matter it selfe , that is , the onely disparking of such lawles inclosures : and not any such a disordered manner of casting inclosures downe . hydr. then surely , howsoeuer the matter ( the disparking of inclosures i meane ) be simply good in it selfe , their manner of casting inclosures downe ( by their owne confession ) was simply euill ; and so the very worke it selfe , which was thus outragiously , and without authoritie performed by them , deserues not the name of any good worke . but be it here supposed , their action was simply lawfull : and now tell me withall what makes them to thinke that the casting downe of inclosures should ( in it owne selfe ) be simplie good ? capn. because then ( say they ) such conuerting of pasture to arrable ground , must necessarily tend to the mightier augmentation of tillage : and so consequently to the publike good of our countrey . hydr. as though the owners of such pasture grounds were more necessarily constrained to plough vp their said grounds being so disparked , then at any time before when they were hedged in . but suppose those said grounds were all conuerted to tillage ; how are they able to proue , that the augmentation of tillage doth vndoubtedly tend to the publike good of our countrey ? capn. because ( say they ) the augmentation of tillage would procure more plentie of corne by much ; the great plentie of corne would presently pull downe the excessiue prices of corne : & the excessiue prices of corne being brought once to a very low rate , then the artificer , the tradesman , and poore labouring people might more merrily liue by much . for was it not a merrie world ( say they ) when a man might buy barley and pease for foure pence the bushel , mault for fiue , rie for sixe , and wheate for seauen or eight at the most ? hydr. in deede , those our beastly bellie-gods who liue onely to eate , but not eate to liue , they reason euen so for all the world , saying thus : oh sir ! was it not f a merrie world ( i pray you ) when a poore man might buy twentie foure egges for a pennie ? or as those our tippling tobacconists do now say one to another : ah sirrha , how sayest thou ( my heart ) was it not a merrie world ( thinkest thou ) when good fellowes might haue foure gallons of good-ale for an halfe-pennie ? and thus , these our poore mault wormes they measure the publike good of our countrey by their owne proper bellies , and so determine the matter and meanes of maintenance ( thou maist see ) as if the welfare of countries and kingdomes consisted wholly in gormandizing and gulling in of meates and drinkes , and in an onely fragging and pampering of poore mens bellies , though it were with the filching and pining of all other besides them selues . yea surely , these our tippling tobacconists they measure the welfare of men in the world , as the common drunkard vseth to size the fatietie of such as sit with him at table , by the onely placing of all y e good-ale pots plumme vnder his owne proper nose , saying thus to the rest : sirs , set vp your pots hither i pray you , that euery man may the more easily reach them . as though he him selfe were euery man , or as if ( because the said pots be now within the reach of his owne proper nose ) it may be t enough for the rest to see them , or to liue by their onely smell , without any tasting at all . euen such is our tippling tobacconists care ( thou maist see ) for publike good . although yet , i will not denie , but that this which they thus babble abroad , might haue in it some better resemblance of truth , if in ( very deede ) the welfare of kingdomes co●sisted alone in the exceeding great plentie of corne , and in an onely superfluous support of the poorer sort . and therefore ( for a further manifestation of this one matter now in question ) let vs here first consider vpon what kind of people the welfare of countries and kingdomes doth chiefly consist : and then next , whether the low prices of corne would bee the onely best meanes for the better vpholding of that kind of people . capn. vpon what kind of people , i pray you , doth the welfare of countries and kingdomes chiefly consist ? hydr. vpon that selfesame kind ( i verily suppose ) which best maintaine●h the whole , or greatest multitude of men in the kingdome . for sith the u honour of a king is immoueably setled vpon the multitude of subiects , and that ( for want of such subiects ) the prince himselfe must necessarily come ( in successe of time ) to an ineuitable desolation and spoile : who seeth not now , but that the happie estate of kings , of kingdomes , and countries must consequently arise from that sort especially , whereby the greatest multitude of true hearted subiects is most surely maintained ? but that sort ( all men know by daily experience ) is the yeomanrie or husbandrie of countries and kingdomes : because by it are kings supported ; by it , are princes and nobles sustained ; by it , all artificers , trades-men , and poore labouring people are preserued from famine . for tell me , i pray thee capnistus , from whom especially do kings receiue their subsidies , their fifteenes , their taxes , and yearely prouisions for any their domesticall or publike affaires , but principally , or collaterally from poore husbandman ? from whom do the poore , the nobles , and gentrie of countries or kingdomes possesse their annuall rents , their ancient reuenewes , their incomes and fines , their boonings and ordinarie carriages , but primarily from out of poore husbandmens purses ? from whose onely endeauours and labours do all artificers . trades-men , and poore labouring people enioy their bread-corne , and mault-corne , but onely , and altogether from the poore husbandmans plough ? capn. that is certainly so : and thereupon they boldly conclude without all contradiction , that the augmentation of tillage would yéeld a further complement to all those the former supplies . hydr. very well . now then we are consequently come to consider more especially of that our second propounded point . namely ( for that the surest supportation of all estates in a countrey or kingdome doth primarily consist in the ordinarie vpholding of husbandmen ) whether therefore the augmentation of tillage ( all other things continuing still in their ordinarie course ) would become the onely best ordinarie meanes to maintaine that one onely state it selfe in such solid condition , as that thereby also all other estates besides are the more surely supported from time to time ? my meaning is this , whether ( all other things else continuing stil their ordinarie accustomed rate ) the onely augmentation of tillage must be adiudged the best meanes of all to maintaine and vphold the husbandmans happie estate ? capn. surely sir , they do all ioyntly imagine it would be so . hydr. their vncertaine imaginations , they are no certaine conclusions . and therefore , do speake directly to the question propounded : by giuing some certaine demonstration of that their vncertaine imagination . capn. they take in hand to demonstrate the matter thus . by the augmentation of tillage ( say they ) there might be maintained in england , as many moe husbandmen as there are at this present . and so the greater multitude of husbandmen , the greater aboundance of corne ; and the greater aboundance of corne , the better cheape it would be by much . hydr. they shew themselues to be men of shallow conceipts : because such an augmentation of husbandrie , would directly become an augmentation of beggerie . for if a poore husbandmā may now very hardly vphold his present husbandrie , when corne is presently worth some two shillings sixe-pence at least : how should he be able to vphold the same in any good sort , when the price of corne is but sixe-pence the bushell at most ? capn. that might be very well done , say they : because for euery bushell he hath at this present , he should then be sure to haue full foure at the least . hydr. they haue no certaine assurance of such a proportion : because the increase of their labours consisteth not x in any their owne proper planting , but in the onely good blessing of god. but be it supposed , the increase it were ce●tainly such as they say ; and yet euen then also a man may plainly perceiue , that ( according to this their propounded proportion ) the poore husbandmans state should euen now become worse then it was before , by sixepence at least in euery bushell . for if he might vsually sell his one bushell before for two shillings sixe-pence at least , and now ( that corne is so cheape ) can sell those his foure bushels but for bare two shillings at most , is not the poore husband-mans state impouerished , rather then bettered , by this their augmentation of tillage , notwithstanding any the exceeding great plentie of corne ? now then , if the abundance of corne ( arising from that their former augmentation of tillage ) be brought once to such a low price , as ( albeit the poore husbandman had now foure bushels at least for euery one bushell before : how shall he be able ( in such an impouerished estate ) to discharge his annuall rents , to performe his seruants wages , to prouide plough and plough-geares , cart and cart-geares , at such an excessiue reckoning , to defray his domesticall charges , and vphold his husbandrie also , without the vtter impouerishing of his present estate ? capn. very true . but then the rents of farmes would be brought to some low reckoning they say : and so should the husbandman be somewhat eased thereby . hydr. how should the rents of farmes be brought to a lower reckoning , when the greatest number of farmes are leassed forth for some ten , twentie , yea forty yeares yet to come , with a strict couenant for such an excessiue rent , during the whole remainder of yeares ? those our husbandmen therefore being thus shrewdly impouerished through the small prices of corne , and no way eased of those their excessiue rents , neither yet any thing bettered by the abundance of corne : who seeth not , but that such an augmentation of tillage , would become the vndoubted diminution of the poore husbandmans estate ? capn. the kings maiestie might be moued ( they hope ) to mitigate those their excessiue rents in such reasonable sort , as the poore husbandman may be able to liue well of his farme . hydr. yea , but sith the leasing forth of lands is allowed by positiue lawes , and for that many of our noble-mens and gentlemens lands are already so leased forth : the kings maiestie ( gouerning the whole kingdome by those his positiue lawes ) he will not so farre forth intermeddle with those noble-men , and gentlemens priuate possessions , vnlesse such an extraordinarie course did necessarily tend to a more publike good , then these our preposterous platformers are yet able to demonstrate vnto him , by any one probable reason . besides that , as the head must ( by no meanes ) go about to strengthen the legs and the feete , by infeebling the shoulders and armes ; for that would bring hurt to the whole body it selfe : no more may his excellent highnesse ( for the onely support of inferiour subiects ) so weaken the good estate of his nobles and gentlemen , ( who are the very shoulders and armes of his kingdome ) as they shall not bee able to yeeld him their publike assistance in time of need . for must not our nobles and gentlemen , of necessitie be maintained by their yearely reuenewes and rents ? but this could not now be possibly done , if those their annuall rents and reuenewes were brought to such an abatement as these our base-minded platformers propound to them selues . and therefore ( all other things else continuing still in such sort as they presently do ) i cannot perceiue ( i assure thee ) how the poore husbandmans state should not rather be hindred , t●●n helped by this their preposterous augmentation of tillage . capn. but , if husbandmen ( say they ) were wise , vpon the clause of réentrie contained in their lease , they would ( by one vniforme consent ) make presently a forfaiture of all their old leases , for the none-payment of those their excessiue rents : and so suffer their land-lords to réenter vpon their farmes . hydr. a very proper deuice to impouerish them selues , and to procure a present great hurt to our publike good : because ( by this meanes ) that their supposed great multitude of farmers should rather be decreased , then any thing increased at all . moreouer , what would then become of that their augmentation of tillage which they so eagerly pursue , if all farmers should so foolishly forfait their leases ? but ( to shew them their follie more plaine ) bee it supposed a great number of farmes were so fallen , and left for a while in the land-lords hands , what issue ( thinkest thou ) might follow thereof for publike good ? capn. this good ( say they ) would follow thereof : namely , by that time those insatiable land-lords had held such forfaited farmes in their owne occupation but seauen yeares together , they would be right glad to let them afresh at a farre easier reckoning . hydr. as though ( if the farmer did good on such a farme , notwithstanding his former excessiue rent ) the land-lord sitting rentfree , and throughly occupying that selfesame farme , might not do much more good thereof then did the farmer before him : yea and so perhaps ( beginning a little to feele the sweetnesse of gaine ) will not hereafter lease forth the faid farme any more , but still hold the same in his owne occupation . how then ? where are now become the great multitude of farmers which these our foolish platformers do idlely dreame of by this their augmentation of tillage ? but be it supposed those land-lords so holding those forfaited farmes in their owne hands for seauen yeares together , would quickly waxe wearie , and so be right glad to lease them afresh at a more reasonable reckoning : how then ? what ( in the meane time ) thinkest thou are husbandmen bettered ? or how is husbandrie it selfe any better held vp by this their idle augmentation of tillage , when ( by reason of the low prices of corne , and such excessiue great rents ) the poore husbandman himselfe is enforced to forsake his farme for seauen yeares together , in hope of an easier rent : and in all the meane while both he and all his fit pilling of strawes by the fire side ? when in the meane while all tillage decayeth ; the old store of corne is quite consumed ; the nobles and gentlemen are mightily impouerished for want of their vsuall rents ; and poore men are famished for lacke of foode ? is this the publike good we are to expect from that their former augmentation of tillage ? but , be it supposed againe , that the poore husbandmen might now haue those their said farmes at twenty nobles rent by the yeare , for which they payed yearely some twentie pounds at the least before : would those husbandmens state become any thing better now by this abatement of rent , then it formerly was when they payed twentie pounds yearely at least ? capn. what one wise man ( say they ) would make any question thereof ? hydr. that would i mine owne selfe , i assure thee , not without great probabilitie of reason also : and therefore , do heartily desire thine owne selfe , as also those our disordered tobacconists , that you would herein permit me to y play the foole for a while ; because you your selues are so wonderfull wise in your proper conceipts . and ( for a further demonstration hereof ) let it here be supposed againe , that the poore husbandman ( when he sate vpon twentie pounds rent before ) by his good husbandrie grew yearely some threescore quarters of corne ; and that now ( paying but twentie nobles a yeare ) he doth one yeare with another reape some twelue score quarters of corne at the least ; which ( thou mayest not denie ) were a wonderfull oddes : yet surely ( so long as all other things else do hold their accustomed rate ) thou mayest plainly perceiue ( euen by that selfe same proportion which them selues haue made ) that the poore husbandmans state ( notwithstanding the former abatement of rents , and great abundance of corne ) is farre worse now then it was before when he payed a farre greater rent , and grew not so much corne by foure times double at least . for first , if we rate his threescore quarters of corne but at threescore pounds , after two shillings sixepence the bushel , who seeth not plainly but that ( deducting twentie pounds from the same for his twentie pounds rent ) he hath still remaining fortie pounds to himselfe , for the timely discharge of his other domesticall expences , as also the orderly vpholding of that his said husbandrie ? perceiuest thou this capnistus ? capn. he were worthie to be crowned a coxecombe , that cannot perceiue the same ? hydr. go to then , let vs now likewise obserue that their former proportion also in their abundance of corne , and abatement of rents , by rating their tweluescore quarters of corne , at their owne wished price , namely , at fiue pence the bushell , that is , three shillings foure-pence the quarter ; and so , our totall summe for the tweluescore quarters amounts but to fortie pounds . from this now deduct his twenty nobles rent ( which is their desired abatement ) and so hath he left to himselfe but fortie markes at the most , to defray his domesticall charges and vphold his said husbandrie . is not herein his estate made worse then it was before by twentie markes yearely at least , notwithstanding his former twentie pounds rent , and the small quantitie of corne , in comparison of his tweluescore quarters now ? so then , this his impouerished state being soundly considered , as also , the excessiue charges of all other things being still considered ; how shall this poore husbandman be able ( thinkest thou ) to vphold his said husbandrie , to maintaine his owne house , to pay seruants their wages , to bring vp his children , to performe to the kings maiestie his ordinarie subsidies , fifteenes , taxes , prouision , and such other extraordinarie payments , without the vtter subuersion of himselfe , and his happie estate ? capn. good sir , your obseruations herein they are , i assure you , very probable , neither do i perceiue how the poore husbandmans state should possibly ( in such an abatement of the prices of corne ) be bettered one pennie by the augmentation of tillage : vnlesse all other things else that belong to his husbandry , were likewise abated in price . hydr. thou conceiuest the matter aright . for whereas in former times ( when corne was sold for fiue pence a bushell ) the poore husbandman payed for a good new cart but one noble at most : now he payeth foure nobles at least for the like . then he might buy him a plough readie made for fourteene pence ; now it will stand him in fourteene groates at the least . then he might prouide him his yron-workes for three farthings the pound : now he must pay three pence halfe-penny for euery pound at the least . then he might haue a whit-leather hide for one shilling at most : now he payeth fiue shillings foure pence at least . then he might haue had an acre of grasse both mowne and made to his hands for two groates , or ten-pence at most : now he must giue two shillings sixe pence at least , and not haue it so well done by the halfe . then might he hire a very good man-seruant for twentie groates wages : now can he not haue any so good for twice fortie shillings at least . then might he purchase a very good yard of full brode-cloath for three shillings foure pence at most : now he must pay some foureteene shillings foure pence at least , for the like , then he might haue had a good paire of shooes for sixe pence : now can he not haue the like for two shillings sixe pence at least , and so for the rest . these things therefore being soundly considered , how should the poore husbandmands state be bettered one pinne , by abating the prices of corne through that their preposterous augmentation of tillage , so long as all other things , else do contiue still in that their former excessiue reckoning ? capn. sir , i am full of your mind concerning this . but so long as corne say they , is at such an excessiue reckoning , all other things else must néeds be deare ; whereas the small prices of corne will bring all other commodities to their former low rate . hydr. alas good capnistus , it should seeme that these our disordered reformers do either dotingly dreame of some drie haruest after michelmas moone when corne is cleane gathered into poore husbandmens barnes : or that else their wilde wits do rouingly run a wool-gathering , after the sheepe-maisters flockes are all shorne . for , tell me ( i pray thee ) which waies a wheele-wright should any way possibly afford an exceeding good cart for twentie groates now , as in former ages , and pay for the very timber thereof some sixteene shillings him selfe ? or how a tanner may well forgo a good bend of soaling leather for eightpence now , as in former daies : and pay foure markes a loade for his barke at the least ? or how the shoo-maker should sell a good paire of shooes for sixe pence now , as in former seasons : and himselfe pay twentie pence full , for the leather thereof at the least ? or how the ioyner should yeeld a very good cup-boord for foure shillings now , as in former times : when the very timber thereof doth stand him in twentie shillings at least ? or how a good man-seruant should be able to serue for twentie groates wages now , as before : and pay ten-groates thereof , for one paire of high-buckled shooes ? and so forth for all the rest . these things therefore being soundly considered , let all those our tippling tobacconists which so eagerly affect the former low prices of corne , first deuise which waies to reduce the ordinarie trafficke of all other commodities else to their pristinate state : and then vrge ( as they now very idlely do ) the pristinate prices of corne . or ( if that will be thought a matter impossible ) let them ( at the least ) begin this their preposterous reformation first in them selues : and then see how thicke & thre●fold all other sorts of people will follow their foote-steps . my meaning is this . let iustle-king the ioyner afford so good a cup-boord for foure shillings now , as other men sell for foure nobles before his face ; let proud-mind the plummer forgo so good a brewing-lead for foure shillings now , as other men sell for sixteene shillings at least : let small-braines the shoo-maker not take aboue sixe pence now for so good a paire of shooes as others do sell for two shillings sixpence : briefly , let lithersbie the loyterer not take now aboue ten pence for mowing and making an acre of grasse , howsoeuer all other poore painfull labourers do take two shillings sixe pence for doing the like : and then see how the abatement of rents , and low prices of corne will follow thereof . capn. what sir ? they will neuer be brought to such an abatement in any their trades ( they say ) do the prince what he please . for , ( besides that such a fond course would worke nothing at all towards the publike good ) they should thereby be sure to impouerish themselues . hydr. and why then should the prince ( at any their preposterous beck ) be pleased to procure the peeres of his kingdome , the nobility , gentrie , yeomanrie & poore husbandmen to bee brought vnto such an excessiue abatement of rents , and prices of corne : sith ( besides that the same would become no furtherance at all towards publike good , all other things else considered ) they should therby but impaire their proper estates ? thus then , thou maist plainly perceiue by the premisses , what manner of reformation it is , that these our disordered fellowes do z so furiously driue at , as if they were mad ; namely , at the preposterous prancking vp of their priuate estates , without giuing regard to the publike good of our countrie and kingdome : not caring one whit ( so themselues may stretch out their infatiable guts with bread , ale , and beere ) though the whole peeres of our kingdome , the nobilitie , the gentrie , the yeomanrie , the husbandrie , yea and ( by consequent ) our good king himselfe , come all to present confusion : such a publike good ( thou seest ) must necessarily insue of this their preposterous augmentation of tillage . capn. me thinke sir , you speake probably herein , and to very great purpose . but yet , those our monstrous malcontents they haue still a mighty imagination among thēselues , that such augmentation of tillage would vndoubtedly tend to a publike good . hydr. so might it do , i confesse , if the poore husbandmans state were not hindred , but helped also thereby : otherwaies not . but tell me ( i pray thee ) what the abundance of corne would be better for him , all the while such an abatement in the prices of corne did drinke vp his gaine ? as also , which way would the abundance of corne make the artificers and trades-men become the wealthier one groate then they were at the first , if corne ( notwithstanding the abundance thereof ) continue still at the accustomed price ? it is not therefore the abundance of corne , but an excessiue abatement in the prices of corne , that these men do make the onely shot-anker of all their hope . and very certaine i am , that ( so themselues might buy bread-corne and mault-corne fox sixe pence a bushell ) they would neuer thus disorderly prate , and practice for the augmentation of tillage : though there were lesse corne in the land then ( god be blessed ) there is , by ten hundred thousand quarters at least . by all this it is apparently euident , that then the augmentation of tillage doth vndoubtedly tend to a publike good , when not onely some one or two sorts of people are thereby helped , and the poore husbandman especially is not therwith hundred at all . otherwise the partiall supportation of some few alone , with y e fearefull suppression of sundrie besides , were very preposterous . for euen as in our naturall bodies , when the sustenance thereof is soundly concocted , and proportionably dispersed throughout for conuenient nutriment to each seuerall part , then the whole bodie it selfe is vniuersally vpheld and continued in a very good state ; whereas , if that the said nutriment should be wholly exhaust by some three or foure members , with an vtter depriuation of nutriment from the rest of the members besides , then surely , that selfe same body would not onely grow out of order in it selfe , hauing some three or foure members thereof puffed vp vntill they bee ready to burst , and all the rest made as leane as a rake ; but besides , there would follow ( in continuance of time ) a finall confusion of all the whole bodie : so surely , in the body of our commonwealth , when the whole commodities thereof are aptly imployed , and proportionably disposed for the more conuenient welfare , and publike good to each seuerall member thereof , then the whole bodie of commonwealth is vniuersally vpheld , & continued in an happie estate . whereas , if the commodities of our countrie were wholly sucked vp by some three or foure sorts of subjects , to the pitifull impouerishing of all ●he rest : then without question , the whole body of our common-wealth could not long continue in good estate . because some would be readie to burst with abundance , while many other besides , do euen woorne away with their wants , to the finall confusion of the whole state it selfe in a very short time , without some timely redresse . and therefore , howsoeuer such abundance of corne , might vndoubtedly become exceeding commodious to some three or foure monopolian merchants , who ( by transporting the same ( at such a slender reckoning ) into all forraine parts with an excessiue great gaine , would grow ( in a very short time ) so abundantly rich as if they were readie to burst . or howsoeuer such an excessiue abatement in the ordinarie prices of corne , might be singular good for artificers & trades-men , and poore labouring persons , who ( buying corne now for nothing , and selling their commodities and ordinary labours as excessiuely deare as euer before ) might ( in very short space ) attaine to a wonderfull wealth : yet without doubt , the poore husbandmans state ( by whose onely industrious labours all other estates are hourely vpholden ) it being greatly impouerished by the small prices of corne , and mightly oppressed through the excessiue rating of all other commodities else ; i cannot possibly perceiue how this their augmentation of ●illage should in any sort be helpfull , but euery way hurtfull to him . capn. oh yes sir. for if there were once a farre greater augmentation of tillage obtained , then euery husbandman ( say they ) should hold ( in his proper occupation ) twice so much land as he held before . hydr. and what then , i pray thee ? would not the small prices of corne ( in such an hourely excesse of all other things else ) become a very shrewd cooling card to that his great store of tillage , he hauing thereby , as much more toile imposed vpon him , with a farre lesse commoditie then he vsually reaped before ? for tell me , i pray thee , whether it be the great store of tillage , or the well manuring of tillage that breedeth abundance of corne ? hath not some excellent husband as much corne of one acre , as some haue of two or three ? be it therefore supposed that a poore husbandman , hauing in his occupation before , but bare fortie acres of arrable land , did yearely grow thereof some fortie quarters of corne at the least : whereas now ( when he hath some fortie acres more annexed to his farme ) hee hardly groweth fortie quarters of corne at the most . how much ( thinkest thou ) is this poore husbandmans state aduanced by this their augmentation of tillage ? may he not boldly put vp the whole gaine of his getings in his eye , & yet see neuer the worse ? is he not properly promoted by tillage , being thereby surcharged now with a two fold toile , for a bare single increase of corne ? is not his great abundance of arrable ground ( through some lacke of good order ) growne now so farre out of order and heart , as it will either yeeld him but little , or no burden at all ? his charge of housekeeping , of houshold seruants , of horses , of carts , of ploughs , with other odde implements , is mightily increased : and the great gaine of those his daily endeauours , and industrious labours , as deepely decreased . how then is this poore husbandmans estate made any thing the better , by that their augmentation of tillage ? capn. sir , he must procure him abundance of shéepe ( they say ) to amend his barren land by the often foulding thereof : and withall , he must get him a great companie of beasts to bréede him good store of compose , and thereby better his barren grounds by manuring of the same to the full . hydr. this , ( indeed ) is something they say . but yet now ( when the small prices of corne haue so mightily impouerished the poore mans purse , as he is hardly able to buy him cloathes to his backe ) where is y e meanes ( thinkest thou ) that should compasse those cattle ? corne he hath none to sel : and many quarters of graine would not buy him halfe a quarter of a flocke to fould his said barren ground . or , be it supposed the man had money good store to buy those beasts : where is the most conuenient place for their walke ? or wherewithall shall he pasture those cattell , when all his inclosures and other laie-grounds are quite conuerted to tillage ? before this augmentation of tillage , a poore man might very well raise his whole rent from out his fallow-fields , those fields affording him great store of grasing to pasture his sheepe : but when all his gras-grounds are turned to tillage , that hope of gaine is growne out of vse ; and he may haply reape from his fallow-fields now , some three or foure loades of thistles to recompence his paines in ploughing the same . for , consider capnistus and marke it well , are there not ( at this present ) in euery champion field , some ten , twelue , yea twenty hundred acres of laie-grounds at least , which being ( as it appeareth ) in former times made arrable land , were all of them left laie by poore husbandmen , some two hundred yeares past or more . what was the maine cause ( thinkest thou ) that our fore-fathers ( in former times ) did make such a mighty decay of tillage ? capn. surely sir , either it was so because those poore husbandmen then could make no benefit at all by vpholding of tillage , corne being brought at that time to such a low price , and all other things else at an excessiue reckoning : or for that those husbandmen wanted both grasse and hay for their cattell , and were therefore enforced for very great néed , to conuert their tillage againe into pasturing grounds . hydr. thou speakest aright : and therewithall dost fully conclude euen this our disordered persons proper dispute in a circular motion : not vnlike to the circular paces of a maultmil horse . for , marke here i pray thee , the manner of this their preposterous prate . we must haue ( forsooth ) an augmentation of tillage , by conuerting all ancient inclosures and pasture-grounds into arrable land , for the speedie abating of these excessiue prices of corne : and then ( when corne is once come to so low a reckoning as the poore husbandman is not able to liue of his plough ) we must forthwith turne the greatest part of our tillage againe into pasturing grounds , for the necessary increase of grasse and hay for our cattell . tell me capnistus , whether these their changeable courses , be not ( in very deed ) to make and marre , to do and vndo , because the day is our owne till night . yea tell me , i pray thee : whether this be not a proper roauing dispute of these our round-about robins , as if they were hunting the wild-goose chase ? a man ( without question ) might quickly purse vp whole poake-fuls of wit , if he would but follow a while all these their extrauagant courses , and wandring vagaries : and ( in the end ) be enforced to bring them backewards againe by the nose , to let them then see ( if they would not be wilfully blind ) that the poore husbandman ( so long as all other things else do still continue their excessiue reckonings ) is rather hindred , then helped by this their augmentation of tillage . capn. but sir , do you hold in good earnest , that such an augmentation of tillage would bring some hinderance now to our common-wealth ? hydr. perceiuing not hitherto , any reason at all to the contrarie , i vndoubtedly do , and may very confidently hold this one speciall point : namely , that such a preposterous augmentation of tillage as these our polypragmat●call spirits do now so fiercely pursue , would rather be hurtfull , then helpefull to the poore husbandmans present estate : so long especially as all other things else do thus continue ( as we see ) at such an excessiue reckoning as i shewed thee , and thou thy selfe hath confessed before . besides that , these our beastly a bellie-gods who babble so inconsiderately ( i might say so baldly ) about the abundance of corne , without due consideration or further regard of any other as needfull commodities for publike good , they grosly imagine ( as it seemes by their courses ) that each common-wealth is sufficiently vpheld in an happie estate , all the while they haue plentie of bread and beere . but tell me ( i pray thee capnistus ) are not good dearies as conuenient euery way for euery house-keeper , as is plentie of corne ? may butter and cheese , may milke and milke-meates by missed wholly in husbandmens houses ? what one familie at all throughout the whole country , may well be maintained without butter and cheese ? what prety young brats may possibly be bred , or brought vp without milke ? what flesh-meates may fitly be rosted ? what light stuffe may soundly b● baked ? what minced meates , what carrots , what parsneps , what other ●ates else may be buttered , where poore house-keepers can haue no butter at all ? capn. good sir , this is euen certainly so as you say . hydr. very well . hereupon then let these our tippling tobacconists tell thee with the best wits they haue in their head , how those poore house-keepers may possibly compasse such store of milke , butter , & cheese without keeping milch-kine ; how milch-kine may be maintained and kept without conuenient pasturing ; and where such conuenient pasturing may possibly be had , when all inclosures and pasture grounds are so preposterously conuerted to tillage ? capn. in déed sir , as i ( for my owne part ) do hold it impossible for husbandmen to haue good dearies but by kéeping milch-kine : so is it hard for them to kéepe milch-kine at all , where inclosures and pasture grounds are so preposterously conuerted to tillage . but yet ( say they ) this their augmentation of tillage would bring abundance of corne : and so poore husbandmen ( hauing abundance of corne ) might kéepe ( if néede were ) their milch-kine with corne . hydr. i told thee euen now ( and thou couldest not deny ) that it is not the abundance of tillage , but the well manuring of tillage which breedeth abundance of corne . but be it here granted , that the abundance of tillage would vndoubtedly bring them abundance of corne ; what then ? how would the excessiue prices of corne be any whit abated thereby , all the while that selfe same abundance is quite consumed with keeping of cattell ? and this their abundance of corne being that way consumed quite , how then shall the artificers , the trades-men , and poore labouring peoples estates bee any way bettered at all by such abundance of corne , if corne ( being so consumed ) did still continue their excessiue great prices ? by all which thou mayest plainly perceiue , that euen this their preposterous augmentation of tillage , it would either procure a present diminution of dearies , and so that way become very dangerous to the publike good of our countrey : or ( if such an augmentation should maintaine good dearies by keeping milch-kine with corne ) that then the said artificers , trades-men , and poore labouring people their estates could not be bettered at all , by any their supposed abatement of the excessiue prices of corne . capn. surely , the one or the other would follow thereof . and therefore sir , these mens preposterous augmentation of tillage it doth but endanger their owne proper persons , without bettering their owne , or the poore husbandmans state at all . hydr. very true . but ( for further demonstration hereof ) be it againe supposed that such an augmentation of tillage would both breed an abundance of corne , and bring downe also the prices of corne ; what then ? when these our insatiable suckers of filthy fume haue euen fragged their bellies with bread and beere to the full , would they then bee content ( thinkest thou ) with their present estates ? it is a common speech ( i confesse ) among those our ordinary ale-knights , that such nippitatie new liquor wil serue very wel for meate , drinke , and cloath , if it bee soundly taken in a cold frostie morning next a mans heart . but ( howsoeuer their tongues run round when they are met on their ale-bench ) can they and their families liue without flesh-meate , or the offals therof at the least ? do thou aske them ( i pray thee ) whether there may be an excessiue abatement of beeues and muttons in england without the present impairing of our publike good ? may the ordinary prouision of flesh in any our markets , be much lesse then it is any market day , without wonderfull hurt to the countrey in sundry respects ? are not beasts hides , sheepe-skins , with such other pelts else ( notwithstanding our daily , & our ordinary slaughter of beeues and muttons ) euen litle enough in euery country ? doth not the great scarcitie of hides and skins make leather and shooes , with liquor for leather , and tallow for candle , excessiuely deare ? now then , those our artificers ' and trades-men , who keepe such a combersome coyle for corne ( hauing once corne to their owne content ) let them then tell me in sadnesse , whether themselues ▪ and the fulke of their families , are able to liue long without any meate ; to run , or ride without bootes ; to go or walke without shooes , to worke day and night without any candle , or to dispatch ( in any good so●t ) the most of their ordinarie trades without much tallow , and great store of kitchin stuffe compound●d therewith ? but how should they haue flesh-meate to eate , store of leather for bootes and shooes , tallow for candle , or kitchin-stuffe at all for any their needfull affaires , without an exceeding great breede of beefes and muttons ? and how should such an exceeding great breede of beefes and muttons be possibly bred and maintained , without very great store of inclosures and pasturing grounds ? and where must such store of pasturing grounds be got ( thinkest thou ) if all inclosures were preposterously turned to tillage ? capn. the certainty of your spéech is such , as i am not able to contradict . hydr. besides all this , when these our disordered persons haue ( by much augmentation of tillage ) euen crammed their bellies with bread and beere till they be readie to burst : must they not likewise haue cloathes for their owne , and their families backes ? but can they possibly make webs of cloath without any wooll ? or can they haue wooll to web , but by breeding abundance of sheepe ? or can such abundance of sheepe be bred without many inclosures , and much pasturing grounds ? but where may many inclosures , and pasturing grounds be got , when all our inclosures are preposterously turned to tillage ? capn. surely sir , these your apparent demonstrations of policie they are held in as high admiration with me , as were ( in times past ) the sundry oracles from apollo pythius at delphos . howbeit , many others do hold , and my selfe haue heard some preachers auouch in publike place , that this onely great bréede and pasturing of shéepe , is the most gréeuous bane and spoile of our land . the silie poore shéepe ( say they ) which are ( by nature ) the méekest creatures on earth , are now made the most mercilesse minotaures in the world : for euery where now they do eate vp whole townes , and deuoure the inhabitants young and old . hydr. i hate from my very heart y e destroying of townes and depopulation of countries , as a most barbarous crueltie beseeming rather the sauage cannibals , then any sound hearted christians . assuring my selfe withall , that all those our vgly blacke raue●s which seeke to b dwell alone vpon the face of the earth by that their vnspeakeable crueltie , shall one day be sure to feele a woe with a witnesse , and to haue c the law of like repayed double and treble vpon their owne pates . yea and that they , and all theirs ( without a speedie repentance ) must vndoubtedly receiue their allotted reward d with wicked king ahab . although yet i doubt not at all but that those our great breeders of sheepe , which so make the best of their pasturing grounds without e grinding the faces of their silie poore tenants , they are the blessed instruments of our bountifull god , for publike good . and therefore ( concerning that point which thy selfe hath heard some preachers auouch in publike place , about the great breeding of sheepe ) howsoeuer i make no doubt but that those selfe same preachers they deliuered then the priuate opinion and thought of their owne proper hearts : yet when they shall hereafter somewhat more considerately examine the matter it selfe without any such wry-respect , and according to the proportionable bounds of christian policie for publike good , i make no question at all , but that they themselues will eftsoones affirme , that ( in those their blind baiard-like bold speeches against such necessarie breeding of sheepe ) they were rather misguided with the sway of inordinate affection , than soundly directed with any authenticall rule of setled reason . for , howsoeuer those our great pasture men do gather vp to them selues an exceeding great gaine by the breeding of sheepe , as there is no reason at all , but that they which win it , should weare it : yet surely ( if i conceiue not the matter amisse ) there is no one commoditie throughout the whole land more tending to the publike good of rich and poore , than the great abundance and mightie increase of sheepe , as that which was f the ordinarie practise of all the patriarkes , and which also receiued from time to time g an extraordinarie approbation from the vnchangeable prouidence of the eternall god. and ( to let passe the much bettering of arrable ground by the foulding of sheepe ) this ( i do verily suppose ) may here be auouched for an infallible truth : that almost the third part of people in this our english iland , are vpheld & maintained by the breeding of sheepe . whereupon this consequent doth clearely demonstrate it selfe to all the world , that those men which prate purposely against the great breeding of sheepe , they do either discouer ( at vnawares ) their wayward and enuious hearts against the breeders themselues without any respect of publike good ; or lay open at least , their owne inconsiderate thoughts , and shallow conceipts concerning such matters of publike regard . capn. the one or the other must necessarily follow thereof . but sir , if you be able ( indéed ) so demonstrate soundly vnto vs , that almost the third part of people in this our english iland are vpheld , and maintained by the ordinary bréeding of shéepe , you shall satisfie many concerning this point . hydr. i doubt not to demonstrate the same to the full . for first , let an exact suruey be had of those our great sheepe-maisters themselues , as also of that their ordinarie retinue which they hourely imploy about the breeding & hearding of sheepe ; then next , of all those our professed clothiers in wales , in cornewall , in deuonshire , in kent , in essex , in suffolke , in northfolke , in yorkeshire , lancashire , cheshire , hallifax , kendall , with other like places where cloath-making is purposely professed and practised together , with all their whole families depending vpon them ; then next , let the selfe same suruey be likewise taken of al the poore labouring people which are this way set hourely on worke by those our cloth-makers , about the seuering , sorting , towsing , carding , spinning , knitting , weauing , fulling , shearing , dressing and dying of wooll and of cloathes ; then next , of all those prouident husbandmen who yearely defray their rents , and apparell themselues by the breeding of sheepe ; and then lastly , of all those artificers , trades-men , and poore labouring people which yearely do cloathe themselues , their wiues and families , with those webs of cloath which they vsually make of the gathering loakes that are scattered in pastures and fields by the breeding of sheepe : let ( i say now ) some sound and exact suruey be forthwith taken of all and euery of these , and i doubt not ( when the accompt is cast vp in a totall summe ) but that the whole wil amount to the third part of people in our land at the least . capn. the third part ( say you sir ) nay , the better halfe i am sure . hydr. go to then , tell me what one reason those preachers haue to barke so bitterly against y e breeding of sheepe ? or any man else to mislike of that one commoditie whereby the one halfe of our kingdome is so well set on worke , and which tendeth to the publike good of our countrey ? capn. but sir , howsoeuer there be great store of cloath-making amongst vs in england , yet cloathes ( they say ) are neuer the cheaper in england : and therefore they sée not how poore men are bettered any thing at all , by the making of cloath . hydr. though cloathes ( in very deede ) were neuer the cheaper by the great store of cloath-making among vs in england , which is vtterly vntrue : yet would cloathes become more excessiuely deare among vs in england by much , were it not for the great store of cloath-making throughout the whole land . and therefore howsoeuer these gaine-saying companions , do grosly imagine that the poorer sort of people are nothing bettered by the making of cloath , yet surely if that one trade alone were discontinued among vs but for few yeares together ; not onely the better sort of men they would quickly begin to feele some very shrewd want , but many poore soules besides ( set on worke by that meanes ) should shortly haue hungrie bellies . yea euen those our tobacconists themselues would plod vp and downe with thread-bare backes , and tattered tailes . but now tell me capnistus ( i heartily pray thee ) how any great store of cloathes may possibly be made without abundance of wooll ; which way , men may haue abundance of wooll , without a continuall breeding of sheepe ; how such a continuall breeding of sheepe may well be maintained without abundance of pasture ; and how such abundance of pasture may possibly be had , where all our inclosures are thus preposterously conuerted to tillage ? capn. surely sir , i wot not which way to supply such a want : and therefore i do fully referre the further answer hereof to those our disordered tobacconist's who labour so eagerly after such a preposterous augmentation of tillage , without giuing regard at all to sundrie other as néedfull commodities as corne it selfe , for the orderly supportation of euery seuerall estate in the land . wherein moreouer they declare ( at vnawares ) that as the water which driueth the mill , decayeth the mill : so surely , those their disordered affections which so preposterously enforceth them forwards in such an idle conceite of publike good , would turne ( in very short time ) to the fearefull subuersion of our publike good . hydr. that is vndoubtedly true , as may bee plainly demonstrated vnto them by a pregnant comparison , put downe by adrian the fourth , vpon a very like occasion of discontentment . capn. declare the comparison i pray you at large . hydr. with a very good will : this therefore it is . it came to passe on a time ( h saith he ) that all the members of a mans body conspired ioyntly against the poore stomacke , as against him ( forsooth ) who ( by his insatiable rauine ) did continually exhaust and deuoure the ordinarie labours of all the other members besides . for , whereas the eie it selfe was neuer satisfied with seeing , nor the eare with hearing ; whereas the hands were bent each minute of an houre vpon their ordinarie labours , the feete became fearefully sorebated with trotting to and fro ; the tongue was euen worne to the stumpes about the moderating of speech and silence ; yea all the whole members were mutually deuoted towards the publike good of the whole body it selfe : onely ( in this their generall carefulnesse and excessiue toyle ) the stomacke it selfe ( as they falsly surmised ) he liued at ease , and whatsoeuer the rest of the members had carefully prepared before by any their mutuall labours , he alone deuoured vp the same by a prodigall waste . what neede many words ? the rest of the members considering this , they do all ioyntly conclude to desist forthwith from all those their peculiar designements for publike good : and therewithall ( withholding whatsoeuer conuenient sustenance from the said stomacke it selfe ) they fully resolued to torture that their insatiable and slothfull aduersarie with the continuall want of nutriment . vpon this their ouerhastie and headie resolution , one day was passed quite in a pining penurie . the second day followed more tedious and irkesome than the other before . but the third was so extremely byting and pinching to the stomacke it selfe , and all the said members besides , as they ioyntly began to faint and to fagge . oppressed thus by vrgent necessitie , the members they assemble themselues afresh , very seriously consulting about their owne , and that their supposed aduersarie his present estate . in which their publike assemblie , the head it hung drooping downe ; the shoulders ( being shrewdly benummed ) they shakingly shrunke together ; the armes became weake ; the hands vnable to hold themselues vp ; the feete were infeebled so sore , as they could not possibly support their appointed burden ; the whole body it consumed away ; yea the tongue which vntill then was pregnant enough to pleade for the publike good of the whole body it selfe , it eftsoones began to faulter , and cleaue so fast to the roofe of the mouth , as it had now no power in it selfe to propound and expound the publike occasion of that their present calamitie . the case standing fearefully thus , the whole members ( by a ioynt consent ) they make their mutuall recourse to their soueraigne ladie the heart , for present aduice in this their publike distresse : who ( examining the matter with a more aduised and mature deliberation , ) by the very sway of sound and substantiall reason did make it apparently euident to all the members , that this so exceeding a miserie befell them all , onely because of their former hard measure towards the said stomacke their falsly supposed aduersary . for , by withdrawing a competent sustenance from him ( he being the deputed publike dispenser thereof to the rest of the members , ) they did thereby also depriue thēselues of conuenient naturall nutriment . and ( sith none ought i to go a warfarre at his owne proper cost ) it cannot otherwaies be , but that ( by withholding the publike maintenance from the said stomacke it selfe ) they themselues were proportionably disabled euery of them from the dutifull discharge of their proper designements for publike good . neither may any blame thereof bee iustly imputed vnto the poore stomacke : because he could not possibly distribute that publike sustenance to the rest of the members , which he receiued not first for himselfe . and therefore ( saith reason ) i conclude it a safer course , and much more consonant to natures sacred direction , that a conuenient nutriment be primarily bestowed on him who must propor●ionably distribute the same vnto others , then ( by thus peeuishly depriuing the said stomacke therof ) to procure an ineuitable penurie vpon it selfe , and all the rest of the members . hereupon it came forthwith to passe ( by reasons pithie perswasion ) that the said stomacke being presently repleate with corporall sustenance , all the rest of the members ( by her operation ) were proportionably , and mutually refreshed together . ladie experience ( the schoolemistrisse of fooles ) making the rest of the members now to perceiue their former exceeding great follie , the stomacke he was vniuersally freed from all imputation of blame concerning this their needlesse calamitie . because , howsoeuer he be ( in very deede ) an insatiable deuourer of whatsoeuer their publike labours , yet doth he not so insatiably feede thereupon for himselfe alone , but likewise , for all the rest of the members : and therefore , he being pined with a needlesse penurie , they cannot but be miserably pinched with a biting hunger . surely capnistus , if thou examine the matter aright , thou shall find it euen so in the politicke body of euery particular countrey . wherein , albeit the stomacke ( the poore husbandman i meane ) doth heape vp together exceeding much maintenance : yet doth he not heape vp the same so much for his owne proper vse , as for the publike good of all the particular members in that selfe same politicall body . and therefore so much the more heedfull regard must hourely be had about the orderly supportation of that one estate aboue all the rest : by how much the prosperous , or the pining condition of all other estates doth proportionably depend vpon that one estate aboue all the rest . for be thou throughly assured of this , that there is proportionably euen one and the selfe same office of the stomacke in a naturall bodie , and of the poore husbandmans estate in euery politicall body . because if the stomacke it selfe be hourely kept in good quarter , all the rest of the members they are mutually refreshed thereby . whereas , if it be made empty of corporall sustenance , how should it then be able , either properly to support it owne selfe , or collaterally to sustaine the rest of the members ? and euen so , if the poore husbandmans estate be vpheld in an happie condition , the rest of the members throughout the whole politicall body , are substantially and soundly supported from vtter confusion . whereas , if the poore husbandmans happie estate be fearefully impouerished , how should any estate else in that selfe same politicall body be possibly enriched , or safely preserued ? and therefore let these our disordered tobacconists take heede in time , lest ( by this their preposterous augmentation of tillage vnder an idle and fained pretence of publike good ) they do not hurt themselues and the rest of the members in this our politicall body , to the vtter subuersion of our publike good . for if corne it selfe ( by this their augmentation of tillage ) should inconsiderately and causelesly be brought to such a small price , as the poore husbandman ( all other things else continuing at an excessiue great reckoning ) be not able to sustaine himselfe and his familie : how should he possibly be able to afford any publike maintenance to all other states else in the politicall body ? capn. surely sir , this comparison doth set forth the matter so plaine , as none now but sencelesse and péeuish idiots may possibly be ignorant thereof . although yet ( for all this ) there be many rich parsons and vicars in sundrie parishes , who likewise do kéepe a combersome coyle about this their preposterous augmentation of tillage , as an vndoubted present good meanes for publike good : commending each enterprice that waies attempted , and wishing an happie successe to the same . hydr. why capnistus ; neuer wonder at this . for so k demetrius the siluer-smith he kept a combersome coile , concerning the prosperous and happie estate of his siluer-shrines . in so much as he called together the workemen of that selfe same trade , and told them saying : sirs , you all do very well know , that ( by this our craft ) we haue gotten our goods . declaring ( by this his pernicious prattle ) that it was neither the loue of religion , nor the honest care of publike good that set him so greedily a gog in that his tu●bulent course , but the onely inordinate desire of his owne , and of those his copartners priuate respects . if these pratling priests thou speakest of now , were carried with wrie respects , and such other like priuate motions about any their vndutifull managings of these late disordered and diuellish attempts , they may rather more truly be termed the pestilent parsons of poysonsome parishioners , than the prouident pastours of a peaceable people ; yea and the demetrian vicars of most detestable villanies , rather than the honest deputed vicegerents of iesus christ concerning the christian subiection of dutifull subiects . declaring themselues to be such l insatiable dogs as neuer haue enough : and therefore , they do all of them looke to their owne proper waies , euery of them seeke his peculiar aduantage , & after his owne priuate gaine , without giuing a due regard to the publike good . capn. but sir , what might it be that makes those our rurall parsons and vicars so rustically mad vpon that so mischieuous a matter in hand , if the augmentation of tillage doth tend so little to the publike good ? hydr. i cannot certainly set downe the reason of that their vnreasonable applaud to such a pestiferous purpose , vnlesse i did certainly know the very thought and intent of their secret hearts . howbeit , if the secrets of the heart it selfe may shrewdly be gessed vpon , by the m very outgoings they haue to any externall action , then surely this their preposterous approbation of any such a pernicious practise , it could not possibly proceede from any good motion ; the best that may be conceiued thereof is this : namely , that as those kind of persons are commonly n destitute of all vnderstanding , so ( it may be ) they but drousily dreamed that this preposterous augmentation of tillage would vndoubtedly bring forth an augmentation of tithes ; and that such an augmentation of tithes , would more abundantly increase their augmentation of worldly trash . and that therefore ( vpon this their fantasticall fliggring confidence ) when the whole countrey was o full of co●fusion , it may be they thought it not gr●atly amisse , to keep such a combersome consort with that rascabilian rout who so disorderedly made the late vprore , and euen mainely to crie out among them and say , p oh great is diana of the ephesians ; or rather more plainly thus : great q gaine without doubt , will grow yearely to vs , by this their preposterous augmentation of tillage . howbeit , if these pedling parsons and vicars were but once enforced to find and feele in their proper experience , that such a preposterous augmentation of tillage did afford them no further augmentation of tithes then they reaped before , yea and that those selfesame tithes which thus befall to their portion , are farre worse in quantitie and qualitie both , then were those their former tithes which they possessed before , when there was lesse store of tillage by much ; and ( which more is ) that ( notwithstanding the badnesse thereof ) they are eftsoones enforced to bestow a twofold labour in gathering the same : surely when their proper experience hath made them perceiue the plaine truth of the premisses , they will then crie out to their seruants and say , sirs , we haue now adaies a very long haruest for a little corne . for fie vpon this preposterous augmentation of tillage : it was neuer well with the common-wealth , since the same was first so fantastically set on foote . for euery husbandman now hath so much arrable land in his proper possession , and so little manure withall to make it more burthensome , as he loseth one acre while he is sore toyling about another . the land ( for want of good order ) is now so cleane out of order and heart , as it yeeldeth more weeds then corne : yea and the corne which it commonly beareth is so leane and so light , as it affordeth no floure at all . what sayest thou now capnistus , to these our counrrey parsons and vicars cars who so highly applaud these publike disorders ? capn. surely sir , if the sequele should thus fall forth , i might boldly affirme , that the iudgement of god were iustly vpon them . hydr. very true as thou sayest . for , as it is a most filthie shame for them , to yeeld their vnderhand approbation towards any such publike disorders : so surely , had they but one dramme of gods grace in their hearts , one scruple of a subiect like subiection in their heads , yea one iot of an honest humanitie in any of their minds ; they would hold it much more beseeming their persons and places , to teach their parishioners al holy subiection towards their superiours ; to beate downe very bitterly whatsoeuer disorders shall but put out their head against our positiue lawes , and the publike peace of our soueraigne lord the king ; yea and euen rather to hazard their proper persons and states about the timely suppressing of euery such desperate attempt from priuate persons , than either by deed , by word , or by countenance , to giue any encouragement at all to such a preposterous proiect . howbeit as r wisedome is euermore iustified of her owne proper children : so surely , there was neuer yet any one faction so filthie in nature , so foule in apprehension , neither yet so furious in practise , but the same had euermore either the primary sproute , the preposterous proceeding , the pernicious progresse , the pestiferous perfection , or the pestilent approbation at least of some of those simple sir iohns ; who rather should soundly conuince , then seditiously confirme the same . howbeit , as euer there hath bene , so still there will be like people , like priest . that so ( the base people practising , and the bad priest approuing such pestilent practise ) they might all ioyntly become liable to one and the selfe same determined iudgement of god against such disordered attempts : according to the testimonie of the prophet who saith , t the priests they eate vp the sinnes of my people , and lift vp their minds in these their palpable iniquities . therefore there shall be like people , like priests : for i will visite their waies vpon themselues , & reward their wicked deeds vpon their owne pates . by all the premisses then thou maist plainly perceiue , that ( nothwithstanding whatsoeuer those our disordered tobacconists pretend , or these our men-pleasing priests do prate ) about their preposterous defence ) the poore husbandman his estate ( so long as all other things else do continue at such an excessiue reckoning ) is rather hindered then helped by this their preposterous augmentation of tillage . capn. good sir , the whole matter it selfe ( in my poore apprehension ) is so apparently euident , as i am able u to say nothing thereunto either good , or euill . hydr. i hope , by this time thou maist plainly perceiue the falsly supposed goodnesse of that preposterous worke which was so perniciously applauded among the very garbage of humane societies : namely , those the desperate attempts of these our disordered tobacconists against the long setled peace of this our publike state , in a matter especially of such slender importance and so needlesse moreouer , if all other things else be soundly resolued . capn. but sir , do you hold ( in good earnest ) the augmentation of tillage a matter most néedlesse , especially in this our age ? hydr. i tell thee this in good earnest : it must either be needfull , or needlesse . but howsoeuer the augmentation of tillage may very truly be said to be simply good init selfe , because it was x the primarie ordinance appointed by god for mans preseruatiō & practise : yet do i not hold it so needfully good for y e present , if all sorts of people in our publike state be proportionably respected , according to the seuerall qualities of their persons and places . for how may this their preposterous augmentation of tillage be held now so needfully good , it being euery way so hurtfull as thou heardest euen now , the present condition of our publike state being duly considered ? then next , a matter but needlesse it may seeme to be for the present : because corne is not now so excessiuely deare , but that each man ( of what sort soeuer ) may as sufficiently be able to maintaine his proper estate , by paying two shillings sixe pence the bushell , as were the people of those former times , when they payd but sixepence the bushell . capn. i pray you sir , demonstrate this point more plainly for the better satisfaction of my selfe , and all others besides . hydr. this thing is so plaine of it selfe , as it needs no plainer demonstration at all , then the former , and now present experience . for who doth not see , but that the whole peeres of our kingdome , y e nobles , the gentrie , & yeomanrie also , might much better maintaine their estates in former ages with some fiue hundred , three hundred , or one hundred pounds rent at the most , when all other things else appertaining to their houshold prouision , their ordinarie attire , and the moderate pompe of their persons and places did generally run at so low a rate , then they may now ( in this present age ) with a thousand , sixe hundred , or three hundred pounds rent at the least , when all those the former supplies cannot possibly be gotten without an excessiue reckoning ? capn. i am iust of your mind for that . but sir , these our great personages ( say they ) do prodigally and wastefully consume so much wealth vpon superfluous buildings , and sumptuous apparell , as they cannot possibly vphold their estates , without an excessiue polling and pilling of all their poore tenants : and there is the welspring it selfe of all their wants . hydr. i intend not now to pleade for , much lesse to put downe any patrocinium at all to mens superfluous expences , how many , or how mightie soeuer : hauing so sufficiently censured the same a little before . although yet ( respecting these great mens persons y and places , the z royalties of salomons house , the clothing of the kings daughter a in beaten gold with rayment of needle worke ; the acustomable b wearing of silkes , and soft apparell , in princes courts ; yea and that c seame-lesse coate of our sauiour christ being wrought vpon throughout ) i dare not denie a different dignitie in apparell , in diet , in sumptuousnesse in buildings and euery way else , from the base and vulgar sort ; which made me euen purposely put downe the moderate pompe of their persons and places in my former speech , as a pompe respectiuely permitted vnto them by the almighty himselfe . howbeit , capnistus seeing thou thy selfe art iust of my mind ( as thou saidest euen now ) cōcerning our purpose propounded , i will therefore ( without further delay ) proceed in the rest . capn. do so sir , i pray you : and first , how they husbandmans state is euery way now as good as in former times . hydr. why man , who makes any question at all , but that the poore husbandman may as competently , as commēdably , and as contentedly continue the good estate of himselfe , and his husbandrie , now when he sits vpon twentie pounds rent , and growes but threescore quarters of corne at the most , as he might haue done in our forefathers daies , when he payed but twentie nobles rent by the yeare , and reaped tweluescore quarters of corne at the least , all other things else being proportionably and euenly respected according to their different rates and reckonings ? for when as one bushell of barley ( being then sold for fourepence in former times ) was able to buy him but one pound of candle : one bushell of barley now ( being sold for two shillings sixpence ) will purchase this poore husbandman , a pound of candle , a pound of hops , a quarter of lambe , three pennie-worth of bakers bread , & a gallon of good ale at the least ; & so forth proportionably for the rest of any his other needfull affaires . capn. the case is apparently euident concerning the husbandmans happie estate : but how for the inferiour sorts of subjects ? hydr. the selfe same proportion ( respecting their seuerall persons and places ) will fitly serue for euery of them . for who seeth not but that the artificers , trades men , and poore labouring people ( being painefull in their callings , frugall in their gettings , and prouident in all their dispendings ) may as competently , and as conueniently maintaine themselues , and the folke of their familie now , with bestowing two shillings sixpence vpon euery bushell of corne , as their fore-fathers might haue done in former seasons when they payed but sixpence for euery bushell . for euen as the prices of corne are now increased , so surely the different prices of their seuerall traffickes , their sundrie commodities , and ordinarie labours , they are likewise proportionably augmented and raised accordingly , so as the different times haue brought no disparagement at all to their different states . i will make it more apparently manifest by this demonstration : when a shoo-maker ( in former seasons ) might readily buy him a bushell of corne for sixpence , in those selfe same times he hardly could sell a good paire of shooes for sixpence . and whereas a shoo-maker now payeth two shillings sixpence for euery bushell of corne , he may now also sell the like paire of shooes for two shillings sixpence . so as one paire of shooes ( in former times ) would buy but a bushell of corne : and one paire of shooes ( in our present daies ) will likewise procure him a bushell of corne . these things being certainely so , the shoo-makers state is much better now , then was the shoo-makers state in former seasons . for , this shoo-makers hauing once procured him a bushell of corne with one paire of shooes , which also his fore-fathers were forced to giue for a bushell in former ages , he hath fully as many shooes remaining for his further vses , as had his fore-fathers before him , yea and each paire of his will be fully as much worth as fiue paire of the like in his fore-fathers daies . and as in this one , so likewise in all other trades else , according to the selfe-same proportion of persons , of times , of trades , and of trafficke . capn. it is euen certainly so as you say . and therefore i wonder what should make our artificers , our tradesmen , and poore labouring people so malcontent as they are , with their present estates . hydr. it is not any vnauoydable want ( i assure thee ) but a fantasticall wantonnesse rather , which ( shaping their shooes now a great deale higher in the instep , then did their fore-fathers in former times ) doth make them so malcontended . my meaning is this . our men ( hauing now more ambitious , more aspiring and haughtier hearts than had their fore-fathers before them ) they cannot d content themselues with meate , drinke , and clothing , with that competencie ( i meane ) wherewith their fore-fathers were fully contented before them : or ( at least ) they will not be pleased before such time as they haue abundance of blessings , to e consume the same vpon their inordinate and licentious affections . for let our artificers , our trades-men , and our poore labouring people be as industrious now in their different degrees , as diligent in their seuerall callings , as painfull in their ordinary labours , as prouident in getting , as carefull in keeping , as frugall in disposing , and as heedfull in their domesticall dispendings as were their forefathers before them : and i see not ( as yet ) to the contrary , but that ( the premisses themselues being proportionably and rightly respected ) they might euery way liue in as happie a state as did their fore-fathers before them . but when those men were industrious , and our men are riotous ; when they were diligent , and ours too too lazie ; when they were painfull , and ours ouer playfull ; when they were prouident in gathering , and ours profluuious in scattering ; when they were carefull in keeping , and ours carelesse in sauing ; when they were frugall in disposing , and ours prodigall in bestowing ; when they were heedfull in dispending , and ours altogether heedlesse in dispersing : how should they possibly accord in their proper conditions , when there is so great discord in their diuerse professions ? how should they consent in their equall properties , when they dissent so much in their seuerall practises ? or how should they iump pat in their congruent states , when they so greeuously iarre in their different stirres ? the trades-men ( in former times ) would not willingly spend so much in seuen yeares together about the necessarie decking vp of themselues , their wiues , and seauen small children , as our trades-men now do wilfully waste about the needlesse trimming vp of proud tag-tailes their wiues in lesse then one quarter of a yeare , or two at the most . the ancient artificers then would not vsually prouide so many delicate dishes for themselues and their families in a whole twelue-moneth together , as our new vpstart artificers do now commonly procure for each sundaies dinner at least . milke , cheese , and butter , was a rich and bountifull banquet with them : pig , porke , and lambe is nothing with ours , vnlesse also they haue a whole quart of sacke to kindle their queasie stomackes withall . it was very much with poore laboures then , to play one poore halfe-pennie at cards throughout a whole christmas together to cobble their shooes : it is nothing with our loyterers now , to lauish forth twelue-pence a weeke at one vnthristie , or poope-noddie at least , for whole gallons of ale to comber their cockscombes withall . it was fully sufficient for the common sort then , their wiues & poore children , to be reputed good , honest , plaine countrey people : whereas our vulgar sort are neuer satisfied now , vnlesse themselues be reckoned the odde burgo-masters of euery parish ; vnlesse their proud wiues be gentilized with , may it please your good worship at euery word ; vnlesse my yong princkcockes their sonnes be maistered with long lowsie huge lockes on their head , and a guilt-dagger forsooth , behind at their backes ; yea and vnlesse my prettie pigs-nie their daughters bee ladified with a tucke on their tailes , and a paire of new pumpes on their heeles for hurting their kibes . so as howsoeuer our ancestours liued honestly , & contentedly with their former conditions , it is no maruell at all if these our late vp-startes be monstrously malcontent for their proper estates ; without any one occasion at all from the scarcitie of corne for want of more tillage . capn. surely sir , if you had bene lodged these seauen yeares together in the very closet of our common peoples hearts , you could neuer haue layed forth more soundly , the foolish humours of those their fantasticall heads . yea and all men may now plainly perceiue , that it is not any want of corne , but the wantonnesse rather of their leud dispositions that makes them discontented with the times , with their states , and with whatsoeuer else is opposite to their humorous affections . hydr. very true as thou sayest . for the times themselues are as tollerable now , as euer before ; their ordinarie estates as competent now , as euer before ; the great plentie of corne as exceeding much now as euer before ; yea and the prices also of corne as proportionably conuenient as euer before , if all things else bee rightly respected : onely our mutable minds are now growne quite out of order , and that is the onely maine cause which maketh vs so malcontent in our selues , and so mischieuous also against the publike good of our present state . but be it supposed there were now some present want of corne in our countrey , as these our disordered persons may seeme to suggest , might not this want ( thinkest thou ) be much better supplied , than by these their disordered attempts about the vntimelie disparking of all inclosures , for that their needlesse augmentation of tillage ? capn. good sir , i sée not ( as yet ) how these our unruly tobacconists may be brought to conceiue the reason hereof . hydr. when proud horses ( being handsomly had forth to the christall streames ) may not possibly be made to drinke , canst ●hou conceiue any other reason of this their wilfull refusall , but the onely pride of their stomacks which maketh them so causelesly to distaste the good and wholsome water before them ? capn. no surely sir , that is the onely cause , i verily suppose . hydr. and euen so in like manner , it is the onely height of our proud tobacconists minds that will neither suffer themselues to see the depth of their desperate follie herein , nor yet let them be handsomly led forth to a better dexteritie , from y e approued iudgement of others . for let the earth but yeeld yearely the like abundance of graine that it now ordinarily groweth from time to time : and i doubt not at all but the prices of corne may still be continued in the selfe same reasonable reckoning which they hold at this present , yea and ( perhaps ) be brought to a lower rate ( as neede shall require ) if the obseruations i could giue them herein , were rightly respected . capn. put downe those obseruations , i beséech you sir. hydr. nay , soft here a while . for as i am not ( i assure thee ) a professed polititian , so dare i by no meanes presume to put downe political orders for the publike state , in a kingdome especially so prudently gouerned . capn. let no such néedlesse conceite ( i beséech you ) withhold your christian care from y e publike good of your countrey . for as it was no presumption in f naamans little girle to propound , nor any preiudice to the reputation of naaman to practise her prudent aduice for the timely restauration of his diseased bodie to it pristinate estate : so is it no arrogancie in your owne selfe , nor derogancie at all from the iustly deserued dignity of any our politike statesmen , to referre your good thoughts ( for the publike good of your countrey ) to a publike consideration . and therefore , feare not to put your obseruations vpon termes at y e least , whatsoeuer dislike ensue thereof . hydr. i do willingly consent to this thy reasonable and honest perswasion . first therefore , if it might but please his excellent maiestie , to command from time to time , a strict execution of all those penall statutes which were formerly g prouided against the needlesse transportation of corne and victuals into forreine parts , beyond y e ordinary prices of corne put downe in those statutes ; with a seuere exaction of the penalties appointed , at the hands of such husbandmen first , as conuey , or cause to be conueyed their corne to any hauen or port to be so transported ; at the hands also of such insatiable merchants or others as do so transport our said corne ; and then lastly , at the ship-maisters and marriners hands for so transporting the same : & i doubt not but that there would be plentie enough of corne in our countrey , and the same continued from time to time at a reasonable rate . againe , if his said maiestie might eftsoones be pleased to h become very prouident in granting so many needlesse licenses to any of those our monopolian merchants especially , who do nothing else in effect , but ship ouer our corne , with other the like substantiall commodities of their natiue countrey into all forreine parts , and bring home from thence their trifling toyes ; i meane boxes , hobbie-horses , and rattles for little young babes , loombe-works and laces for young ladified lasses ; proud pomanders , perriwigs , and squirrels tailes for prickmadaintie fooles , with other like trumpry trash : and i doubt not but that there would be plentie enough of corne in our countrey , and the same continued from time to time at a reasonable rate . againe , if his said excellent maiestie might likewise be pleased to command from time to time , the like seuere execution of penall lawes , prouided i against all fore-stallers , regrators , and ingrossers of corne and victuals , with a full exaction of the penalties appointed against euery offender therein : and i doubt not but that there would be corne enough in our country , and the prices continued from time to time , at a reasonable rate . againe , if his said maiestie might be pleased to giue it in speciall charge , that the iustices of euery countrey should from time to time k take a diligent suruey and view whether any of our countrey cormorants do accustomably keepe vp in their hands , some two , three , foure , fiue , yea sixe yeares corne together , first for the feeding of rats , mice , weasels , and then ( being good for no purpose else ) to bee tumbled forth by whole quarters at once for hogs and swine ; with a very seuere and sharpe punishment for such as so filthily consume the good blessings of god : & i doubt not , but that there will be plentie enough of corne in our countrey , and the prices continued from time to time , at a reasonable rate . againe , let his maiestie be likewise pleased to giue strictly in charge from time to time , that l no roysters , ruffians , riotous persons , nor tippling tobacconists do continue day by day , and night by night , at tippling alehouses in a needlesse gormandizing , carousing , quaffing , and swilling in of wine , ale , and beere , as they vsually do ; but m be industriously held and kept to their seuerall callings and labours : and i doubt not but that there will be plentie enough of corne in our countrey , and the prices therof continued from time to time at a reasonable reckoning . againe , let his excellent maiestie be likewise pleased to command very strictly n the due execution of lawes from time to time vpon rogues , vagabounds , and sturdie-beggers , who like greedie caterpillers , deuoure the good blessings of god , and as idle drones , do but sucke vp the sweete of other mens labours ; as also o vpon any their maintainers and releeuers ; together with such and so many as p neglect their timely apprehension : and i doubt not but that there will be corne enough in our countrey , and the prices thereof continued stil at a reasonable rate . briefly , let his said excellent maiestie be likewise pleased to command his said iustices in euery countrey , from time to time q to execute very sharply the breach of his lawes vpon all disordered alehouses , as also to put presently in practise r the speedie suppressing of superfluous alehouses to the sixt part at the least in our land : and i doubt not to haue plentie enough of corne in our countrey , and the same at a reasonable rate from time to time . for i make no question at all , but that ten hundred thousand quarters of mault at the least ( besides the abundance of wheate and other the good blessings of god ) are very riotously , wastefully , and needlesly bestowed from yeare to yeare in our land , by reason of such superfluous tippling houses : which said mault , wheate , and the rest of gods good blessings ( being otherwise most frugally dispended onely for the present necessitie of his maiesties subiects ) would make more plentie of corne in our land by much , and continue the same from time to time at a reasonable rate , without any such needlesse augmentation of tillage . capn. surely sir , if these things were prouidently obserued , and carefully executed from time to time ( as in equitie they ought ) according to the true intent and meaning of law , we should haue from yeare to yeare such abundance of corne , and at so reasonable a rate withall , as the augmentation of tillage would rather be hurtfull then helpefull to all estates : and therefore that the disordered enterprice of those our tippling tobacconists ( for any thing i do perceiue ) was idle , and vtterly needlesse . hydr. very true as thou sayest , and the needlesnesse also thereof may yet be made more apparent by much , if thou considerest rightly the very true cause it selfe of these our tobacconists wants . which their said wants arise not ( i assure ) from any defect of corne in our countrey , or through the excessiue prices of corne for the present , but rather from their owne inordinate riotous , licentious , and loytring carriage . for , what is the cause that all other artificers , trades-men and poore labouring people do now ( notwithstanding this falsly supposed want of corne , and the excessiue prices of graine ) so competently and so commendably maintaine their seuerall charges , with monie from time to time in their purse for any their needfull affaires : and these our disordered tobacconists are each hou●e so oppressed with penurie and want , as they are eftsoones enforced to aduenture vpon such vndurifull and desperate attempts , to preserue them and all theirs from famine and hunger ? capn. howsoeuer i my selfe might shrewdly ghesse thereat , yet can i not certainly set downe the certaine reason thereof : and therefore do heartily intreate your assistance therein . hydr. with very good will. wherein this also obserue by the way , that if it were the present want of corne , or that the excessiue prices of corne might iustly be adiudged the cause thereof , then all other poore men besides , hauing fat greater charges than they , and ( setting their painefull labours apart ) as little to take to as any of them , should haue as great cause to complaine of their wants as themselues . neither is it their want of a competent skill , or sufficient strength of bodie to maintaine their labours that constraines them thus to complaine : for therein they farre exceede , and go beyond those other poore men by many degrees . but it is their onely want of grace , their want of a christian conscience , their want of an honest heart , and the want of a readie will to walke industriously in their seuerall callings , that causeth this stirre . it is their lazie , their loytring and idle life , being hardly brought to labour soundly one day in a weeke . it is their prodigall dispending of whatsoeuer they get , about their filthie tobacco fumes , and superfluous carousing cups . it is their fine daintie tooth , their excesse in apparell , and their riotous behauiour in euery place . yea it is their profluuious lashing forth of whatsoeuer they get , at cards , ●ice , and other v●lawfull , nay rather vnthriftie pastimes . a●d now when all is thus spent , yea more than all , and themselues growne impatient in that their penurious estate , then forthwith they make most dangerous outcries about their priuate wants , and most desperately vndertake a causlesse supply thereof , by their disordered disparking of all inclosures forsooth , vnder a false pretence of the needlesse augmentat●●n of tillage . by all which thou maist plainly perceiue , how pestiferous those their bad practises are to the long setled peace of our soueraigne lord the king : and consequently , how pernicious withall to the present good of our publike state. capn. sir , the case is apparently euident , like the sunne in his strength , so as euen all ( but such as are wilfully blind ) may very easily espie the euident truth thereof . hydr. very true as thou sayest , and therefore , that these our poor-blind platformers in publike affaires , as also , euery of their polypragmaticall applauders may the more readily be made to recouer a cleare vnderstanding concerning these matters , let vs now next , endeuour to draw those s filthie scales of corruption from out of their eies , by demonstrating yet more plainly to euery of them what further pestiferous perils to the present good of our publike state did still proceede , and poysonsomely breake forth from those their desperate attempts . for here i would haue thee to obserue afresh , that the late disordered enterprise of those our intemperate tobacconists , it was not onely flat opposite to the well established peace of our soueraigne lord the king as thou heardest euen now , but very rebellious likewise to his kingly soueraigntie it selfe . not onely , because they so desperately attempted the wilfull breach of his peace , but for that they so proudly resisted his kingly power , and did thereby most impudently declare themselues very obstinate , and open rebels against his sacred maiestie . capn. oh sir , i would to god you had bene somwhat more spare in your spéech , and not so satyrically haue termed them rebels ; for that terme ( i feare me ) will hardly be brooked . hydr. howsoeuer thy selfe would haue me be spare , i loue to be plaine in my spe●ch , and to call a spade , a spade , how hardly soeuer digested . and why should they themselues , or any man else ( i pray thee ) dislike of that name which they in the very secret of their hearts so earnestly desired , and ( by their outragious carriage ) so iustly deserued ? that they in their owne hearts desired this name , it is more then apparently euident : because neither peaceable intreatie , nor any plausible meanes might possibly perswade their dutifull departure , nor once make them desist but a while from those their desperate attempts . and that their outragious cariage di● duly deserue such an odious name , they may not denie it themselues : not onely for that they would not ( vpon his maiesties proclamation ) depart from the field , but rebelliously persisted and proceeded afresh , in that their vndutifull practise . howbeit ( to the end thou maist more exactly vnderstand my meaning herein ) it shall not be greatly amisse , to examine first , the ordinarie vse of the word rebellare , according to the iust proprietie of seuerall languages : and then next , to set succinctly downe a true definition of the very matter it selfe , as is properly intended by those the said seuerall languages . capn. a very excellent order , and therefore i pray you procéede in your purpose . hydr. with very good will. wherein , i would haue thee obserue with deliberate consideration , that the hebrewes they vse t the word maradh , which signifieth to offend by rebelling against , to reuolt or forsake , to fall finally from one , to rebell , to deale perfidiously : as thou maist plainly perceiue by those seuerall scriptures which are purposely put downe in the margine to make it more manifest . this word maradh , it hath a maruellous affinitie with another word u called marah , that is , to make bitter or sowre ; as also with iaradh , that is , to descend or fall from : because the man that rebelleth , doth seeme ( as it were ) to reuolt or fall from his superiour so , as he doth vtterly vexe and grieue his heart . according to that which abner vttered to ioab , in an onely regard of the exceeding great slaughter betweene them , saying thus : x shall the sword deuoure for euer ? knowest thou not that it will be bitternesse in the latter end ? the grecians they vsually haue for this matter , the y word aphistamai , which properly signifieth to resist , to withstand , or to depart from one : because the man that rebelleth doth seeme ( as it were ) to depart , or to withdraw himselfe from that other whom he so vniustly resisteth . the french-men they commonly haue z rebeller , se reuanger , that is to say , to rebell , or to reuenge himselfe : because the man that so vniustly resisteth his lawfull superiour , doth seeme to rest ( as it were ) vpon his owne proper reuenge without all authoritie . the italians they do vsually put downe for this point , the word a rebellare , resorgere , that is , to resist , or rise vp against one : because the partie rebelling doth rebelliously rise vp in armes against his superiour whom he so proudly resisteth . the latines they do eftsoones obserue the word b repugnare , that is , to fight purposely against , or to raise vp an opposite warre : because the partie so rebelling , doth vndutifully beare armour against him , whom he so vniustly resisteth . so as all these seuerall languages , they do ( by this word to rebell ) euen purposely speake of all such as abide not very firmely in that loyaltie or faith wherein they are authentically obliged , and dutifully bound to their soueraigne king , and naturall countrey . or they vnderstand it of such as ( being victoriously subdued before and ( vpon their humble submission receiued to mercie ) do nothwithstanding endeauour eftsoones to stirre vp rebellious strifes against some such as they are orderly subiected vnto , and from whom they formerly receiued much mercie . now then , as a warrior is properly called of the hebrewes , c ish-milehamah , that is to say , a man of warre ; also of the grecians , d polemisteis , that is , a man at armes , or one rightly enabled for warlike affaires ; also of the french men , guerroyeur , homme de guerre , that is , a warriour , or a man of warre ; also of the italians , combattitore , gueerieur , that is , a combatter , or warriour ; and of the latines , bellator , that is to say , a warriour , or bearer of armes : so surely a rebell he is vsually called of the hebrewes , posheang , that is to say , a transgressour , a perfidious , or mischieuous person ; also of the grecians aphistamenos , that is to say , a reuolter from an open resiter , or a wilfull withstander of publike authoritie ; also of the french-men , celuy qui rebelle , that is , one that obstinately , or stubbornely rebelleth against his superiour . also of the italians , he is called rubello that is to say , a very pestiferous , or most persidious rebell ; also of the spaniard he is termed , rebela , that is , one which rebelleth , or taketh vp armour against his prince : and of the latines , rebellator , that is to say , a rebeller , an obstinate resister , or a wilfull withstander of the princes power . by all this then it is very apparent what the word ( rebellare ) doth signifie , according to the naturall proprietie of each seuerall language . capn. good sir , you ●aue sufficiently set forth the sence and meaning of the word rebellare , and therefore , now i pray you procéede to put downe a perfect definition of the matter it selfe , which is purposely intended by the naturall proprietie of those seuerall languages . hydr. content . and ( for this respect ) thou hast here to obserue afresh from the premisses , that a rebell is he who ( hauing bene lawfully conquered before , and vpon his humble submission receiued to mercie ) doth estsoones ( notwithstanding ) seditiously raise vp and vnlawfull war against his liege lord , and lawfull superior . or else , a rebell is he , who abideth not firmely in that honest loyaltie and faithfull obedience wherein he is strictly obliged to his authenticall king , and dutifully bound to his naturall countrey : but too too rebelliously reuolteth from both , and resistingly taketh vp armour against his said authenticall soueraigne and naturall countrey . by this then it is apparently euident , that rebellion is nothing else but a wilfull resisting or rising vp against a lawfull authoritie . and that therefore , if the word bellare be properly and purposely put downe to import and authenticall and lawfull warre , then the word rebellare it doth not improperly , but euen purposely betoken an vnlawfull rebelling , or an vndutifull raising of warre against a lawfull authoritie . as also , if the word bellator , be truly translated an authenticall warriour , then the word rebellator , is not vnaptly termed a treacherous rebellour . i will yet more plainly demonstrate this matter thus . when two fight together in a cause contradictorie , or in a matter of meere repugnancie , that quarrell ( in the one of them ) is vndoubtedly iust : but yet ( in the other ) it is vtterly vniust , so as ( in this case ) the imputation of rebellion it cannot be truly imputed to both . for he that hath the iust quarrell , is properly said bellare , that is , to fight lawfully in the necessary defence of his owne proper right : but he that vpholdeth the vniust quarrell , he is not improperly said rebellare , that is , vnlawfully to rebell or rise vp in an vnnecessary opposition to him that stands in the lawfull defence of his owne proper right . not the other then , but this man that maketh the vniust opposition , is properly termed the partie rebelling . to apply this to our present purpose . the kings maiesties power , and these our disordered persons did skirmish together in a cause contradictorie , or in a matter of meere repugnancie . because the kings power it stood for the timely supportation of publike peace , and the necessary defence of his maiesties positiue lawes against that their vnlawfull assembling together for the lawlesse and needlesse disparking of pastures inclosed : those disordered person so vnlawfully assembled they rose vp in their owne proper persons against that his authenticall power , to mannage the vnlawfulnesse of that their desperate attempt against those his maiesties lawes . not both , but the one of these may truly be said to rebell . if they had dared to say then , or at this present do but thinke that his maiesties power rebelled against them , and not they against his maiesties power , it were more then high time they were all cut off quite , for so proudly e aduanc●ng the base bramble-bush of shechem against the tall cedar of libanon . for f were not this ( in very deed ) to warre with the gods , i meane , to resist , and rise vp against nature her selfe ? because in whomsoeuer there is a maioritie , in them there is placed a commanding authoritie , and in whomsoeuer there is a minoritie , vpon them is imposed an obeying necessitie . and therefore , if his maiesties power may not iustly be said to rebell in that action , because it authentically stood vp for the onely supportation of publike peace , and the timely defence of his maiesties positiue lawes : it must then necessarily follow , that they themselues ( so vnlawfully arising against his said maiesties authenticall power ) did make the rebellion . and euen so , those our disordered persons ( in that their vnlawfull resistance ) they are very aptly and properly called obstinate rebels , how vnsauourie soeuer the word rebell doth seeme to that their vnsauourie taste . and that therefore the one part of them ( for that their vnlawfull rebellion ) were iustly put to the sword , and all the rest of them since , not vniustly deserued the gallowes as felons , had not his excellent highnesse ( euen by the meere motion of his kingly clemencie without any their merit ) then mingled g mercie with iustice , according to the approued testimonie of the blessed apostle , who telleth them thus : h let euery soule be subiect to the authoritie of the higher powers . for there is no power but of god , the powers that be , are ordained of god : whosoeuer therefore resisteth the power , resisteth the ordinance of god , and they that resist shall receiue to themselues damnation . for princes are not to be feared for good workes , but for euill . wilt thou then be without feare of the power ? do well , so shalt thou be praised for the same , for he is the minister of god for thy wealth . but if thou do euill , then feare ; for hee beareth not the sword for nought , for he is the minister of god , to take vengeance on him that doth euill . wherefore you must be subiect , not because of wrath onely , but also for conscience sake . what sayest thou capnistus , to the word rebellion , now ? as also to the testimonie of the apostle concerning the same ? were they not rebels in that their resistance ? and was not that their rebellion a very pestiferous enterprise against the present good of our publike state ? capn. the case ( i confesse ) is much more apparently euident , than that any sound hearted subiect may once dare to oppose himselfe to the same . although notwithstanding , they themselues , and their vnderhand fauourites do séeke to suppresse the imputation of rebellion thus : indéed ( say they ) if those silie poore soules had taken vp armour against his maiesties power , they might iustly be called rebels : but ( alas ) they were silie poore snakes , vtterly vnarmed , and therefore no rebels . hydr. why man , that their disordered intention ( it being wilfully persisted in , with a resolute mind not to depart from the place ) is by those ( the forenamed statutes ) made a plaine rebellion against his maiestie , though neither armour nor weapon were vsed at all . yea and the word which the apostle puts downe in the forenamed scripture , importeth so much . for the word there i is antitassómenos , that is , one opposing himselfe vnto ; one that resisteth , or withstandeth the power . signifying thereby vnto vs , that not to obey , or not to submit to the power , is a plaine resistance , or a standing against the power of god , albeit neither armour nor weapon were vsed at all . otherwise saint steuen could not iustly haue challenged the stifnecked iewes for k resisters and rebels against the holy ghost , because ( in that their wilfull resistance ) they vsed no materiall armour at all , but onely l the weapons of vnrighteousnesse to sinne . but tell me capnistus , do those captious confederates then onely accompt it rebellion when as weapons are vsed with warre against warre ? or is it onely the bearing of armour against his maiesties power that maketh the rebell ? how then may themselues be ( that way ) set free from the iust imputation of an obstinate rebellion ? for ( besides that their vndutifull withstanding of his maiesties proclamation so authentically made in their owne proper hearing ) had they not armour ? had they not weapons ? had they not hatchets , axes , mattocks , shouels , spades , forks , staues , bowes and arrowes , bils , partizans , guns , with other like implements ? were these no weapons thinkest thou ? and would they be commanded ( in a peaceable manner ) to deliuer vp these ? nay did they not with violent force , and to their vitermost power , make a rebellious resistance with euery of these , against his maiesties power ? yea and ( which more is by much ) did they not ( like proud railing shimeis ) very villanously m cast pibbles and stones against our most vertuous dauid his authenticall power , euen then , when all the men of warre were n on their right hands , and on their left hands , i meane , had enuironed them round about on euery side ? if therefore , it be the onely bearing of armour against his maiesties power that makes the rebellion , why , yet then surely euen they also themselues ( so vsing these weapons against his maiesties power ) they are here very clearely concluded for rebels , and therefore very pestiferous persons against the present good of our publike state. howbeit ( besides those their former disordered courses , and desperate attempts against good lawes of our land , against his maiesties peace , as also against his said maiesties soueraigne power ) their disordered enterprise was yet more hurtfull to the present good of our state , by procuring ●o causelesly their owne , and other mens bloud to be so fearefully spilt about that their rebellious enterprise . the timely consideration whereof , should euen forcibly constraine the principall procurers of such a bloudie massacre to tremble and quake all the daies of their life , for feare , lest that shed bloud ( at one time or other ) be iustly o reuenged with bloud-shed vpon their owne pates . capn. oh nay sir , such a consideration is so farre off from working their feare , as it rather procureth their comfort . for p the liuely image of god being ( by that massacre ) so fearefully defaced in those sillie poore soules whose bloud was so cruelly spilt , they doubt not ( they say ) but that the iust reuenger of bloud ( whose image was so fearefully defaced in euery of them ) will one day require an accompt for their bloud , according to his owne infallible promise , saying thus : q i will surely require your bloud wherein your liues are , at the hands of euery beast will i require the same . at the hand of man , euen at the hand of a mans brother , will i require the life of man. for r whosoeuer sheddeth mans bloud , by man shall his bloud be shed : because s in the image of god hath he made man. now sir , ( this being certainely so ) they doubt not ( they say ) but that euen those war-horses , as also the warriours them selues shall one day yéeld an heauie accompt for so cruelly spilling their bloud . hydr. why man , thou didst freely confesse but euen now , that their rebellious disorder ( in this their rebellious attempt ) was very well worthy of death . capn. i did so indéed : and am still of that mind . hydr. yea , but tell me this one thing i pray thee . who is the man that either may , or will dare to execute such a deserued death vpon any one of them all , if ( as themselues do blindly imagine ) their bloud must be required at the hands of such as shall put them to death ? thou must necessarily acknowledge thus much at the least , that some kind of men ( in such an orderly execution of death vpon malefactors ) are clearely acquited of those malefactors death , and so freed from yeelding an accompt vnto god for their bloud : or else ( if that which these our fantastickes do fondly conclude from the forenamed scripture be soundly concluded ) that then no malefactors bloud may ( at any hand ) be split , without the dreadfull displeasure of god. capn. that must néeds be certainly so : and therefore , i pray you explane that portion of scripture , for the better satisfaction of them , and of me . hydr. with all my heart . wherein thou hast here to consider afresh , that ( immediatly after the first creation ) the almightie iehouah designed to adam himselfe t the primarie and soueraigne dominion ouer all other his creatures in generall , by u putting them vnder his feete : and then next ( in a more speciall manner ) ouer euah her selfe , by x subiecting her desire to adam her husband , appointing him withall , to haue the maiestical● soueraigntie ouer her person . after this , the lord ratified afresh , that selfesame maiesticall soueraigntie in caine ; by constituting him y a princely ruler ouer abel his brother ; by subiecting abel his ordinarie desires vnto caine ; and by authorising the said caine to rule ouer the person of abel . by this meanes , insinuating to all the succeeding ages , that as he is z the god of order , so would he haue a order obserued among his creatures . and thereupon ( by this his primarie president of such a princely soueraignty in the said person of caine ) dis plainly demonstrate to all the world throughout their generations from age to age , how he had decreed for euer , that ( in all humane societies to the end of the world ) there should be some to beare rule , and some to obey . now then , to the end the of-spring succeeding might not too too grosly imagine , that this selfesame princely preheminence of some speciall person ouer the people , after the first age of the world was come to the full period or vttermost date , the lord therefore immediatly after the floud ( when the b windowes of heauen were closed vp , and the waters quite fled from the vpper face of the earth ) he c powerfully renewed the world afresh , by that selfesame primarie blessing wherwith d the propagation of man was blessed at first : and e reestablished also in man his primarie dominion ouer birds , beasts , and fishes . yea and euen then also ( recalling eftsoones to remembrance f the bloudie massacres of nimrod and others , as also intending a maruellous increase of the world afresh , by those eight suruiuers after the floud ) he purposely diuised a very prouident restraint concerning all such outragious murders as might any waies hinder his forenamed purpose for propagation : telling noah and the rest , that he would vndoubtedly g require the bloud of man , at the hands of euery man outragiously spilling the same . and because there should no scruple of conscience remaine in any those iust reuengers of bloud , the lord god therefore doth authentically establish afresh , a perpetuall supereminent power ouer man and beast , for the orderly execution of that his vnchangeable ordinance concerning the lawfull reuenge of any such wilfull murthers , telling them thus : h whosoeuer sheddeth mans bloud , in man , or by man shall his bloud be shed , or let his bloud be shed . lo this i assure thee , is the true sence and meaning of that portion of scripture . capn. surely sir , this sen●e which you giue , it seemeth very congruent with the proportion of faith , and scope of the text . although yet , i haue heard say of some who do verily thinke that i the lord ( in that text ) hath not exactly and purposely put downe any politique or positiue law concerning the authenticall punishment of outragious murders . hydr. there are some ( i confesse ) who affirme as thou sayest , and those also of reuerend regard with the churches of god. but whosoeuer more considerately examineth the apt coherence of this one , with all the precedent verses , he will ( i verily suppose ) be soone of a contrary mind . for sith the lord god ( by the very tenure of that text ) doth directly determine a timely reuenge of euery such wilfull murders by the subordinate ministerie of some one man or other : what man is he that may vnblameably vndertake the timely execution of that selfe same determined reuenge , but only some such a one as the lord himselfe hath publikely and powerfully enabled thereunto ? besides that , if we consider somewhat more strictly , the very maine reason it selfe which the lord god hath purposely rendered for the vndoubted approbation of such a ministeriall reuenge : we shall find ( in my iudgement ) the matter more euident than that it may probably be impugned of any . for whereas noah , and his sonnes ( conceiuing some doubt concerning the matter propounded ) might haue made this exception , saying : lord thou hast told vs euen now , that the outragious spiller of any mans bloud shall vndoubtedly be sure to haue his owne bloud spilt againe by man : but here shew vs ( we pray thee ) what one man in the world may reuengingly shed such a murderers bloud , and not be made guiltie of bloudshed himselfe ? that may the magistrate to ( saith the lord ) into whose authentical hands alone , i haue ( for such a determined reuenge ) euen purposely put k my reuenging sword . lo , here is the proper coherence , and the purposed scope of this present text . capn. very well . but why may such a man do it more than another , and not be made guiltie of murder himselfe ? hydr. for answer herein , let me first aske thee this question : namely , whether thou beleeuest that the lord god himselfe may take an immediate reuenge of innocent bloud vpon the murdering person ? capn. that i do verily beléeue ; both because he hath iustly decreed such iust reuenge : and for that also he ( being onely the supereminent god ) may l do whatsoeuer seemeth good in his owne eies , without the checke or controlement of any . hydr. well , and that which he may immediatly so worke by himselfe alone , may he not likewise mediately accomplish the same , by the ordinary meanes of another ? capn. yes sir , he may worke either by himselfe , or by another , what pleaseth himselfe . but sith he hath vnchangeably determined such a reuenge vpon any the causelesse spiller of bloud , how may this his mediate reuenger of bloud performe such an action more then another , and not be guiltie of bloudshed himselfe ? hydr. such a man may vnblameably do it ( saith god ) because i my selfe ( for that selfe same purpose ) haue vndoubtedly substituted him thereunto , according to m the very image of that mine owne maiesticall soueraignty . that is , i haue ( in a more especiall manner ) aduanced him to such an excellent seruice , by inuesting his person more properly with a most liuely resemblance of mine owne reuenging power : & by making him especially , the authenticall representation or the expresse image of that mine owne immaculate iustice against malefactors . thus then , these words of the lord , namely ( for n in the image of god hath he made man ) they are euen purposely annexed to that the precedent decree of the lord , as the very maine reason why such a substituted magistrate may powerfully and vnblameably require like of a murderer as a decreed reuenge of the murder committed : namely , because ( for that selfe same businesse ) he is the authenticall image of the almightie his absolu●e authority . capn. surely sir , those words ( as you say ) they séeme to haue in them a very probable reason of that the presedent decrée concerning the iust reuenger of bloud : and are therefore euen purposely annexed thereto , for a further confirmation thereof . howbeit , some others ( by your leaue ) they do imagine that these words ( o for in the image of god hath he made man ) they were p not put downe there for any such supposed confirmation of the magistrate his subordinate power , as your selfe do séeme to affirme ; but as an amplification rather , to aggrauate the sinne of such murder committed : telling the murderer thus , that not onely he hath bene most iniurious to the man whom he murdered , but that also the lord his supereminent maiestie is mightily wronged thereby , q because his owne image in man ( by such an outragious murder ) is most monstrously mangled , marred , and ( in a manner ) defaced . hydr. although this which those men affirme , be ( in it owne selfe ) such a sanctified truth as proportionably consorteth with the analogie of faith : yet is it not truly collected ( i verily thinke ) from that portion of scripture , if we more strictly consider the same according to the maine purpose of the almightie himselfe . because these words ( the image of god ) they haue not any such reference there to the murdered man , but rather to the magistrate himselfe , so seuerely reuenging the murder committed . the lord very plainly declaring therby , that r not onely a iust reuenge must seuerely be executed vpon the outragious murderers , but that also , the said reuenge must onely be orderly vndertaken by a man authentically endued with the authoritie of god. yea and this sence of the place may yet more euidently breake forth to euery mans apprehension , if we aduisedly consider , first the seuerall significations of the image of god : and then next , if we examine more strictly the word s gnasa it selfe , put downe in the forenamed text . capn. shew me first ( i beséech you ) the seuerall significations of the image of god. hydr. touching the seuerall significations of that selfe-same image , so frequent and ordinary in sacred scriptures , we haue here to obserue , that a man is said to be made according to the image of god , in a threefold respect : namely first , respecting the nature of his soule : the same being a spirituall essence , immortall , eternall , inuisible , and very significantly resembling the immortalitie , eternitie , and inuisibilitie of his lord and creatour . and in an especiall regard hereof , each man ( so created ) is fitly called t a liuing soule secondly , a man is not vnaptly said to be created also according to the image of god , in an onely respect of the essentiall qualities of that his said soule , namely , righteousnesse , and holinesse : because man also was therein accordingly created after u the image of god. and thirdly , a man may very well be said to be created also in the image of god , in a more speciall respect of the holy attributes thereof bestowed vpon him , namely , dominion , dignitie , and glorie : because man also himselfe ( euen by a more speciall dispensation from god ) obtained from god x a most princely soueraigntie ouer all the inferiour creatures , as also more specially y concerning mankind . capn. this sir ( i confesse ) is maruellous strange , and more then euer i heard . but what do you inferre from this thréefold signification of the image of god ? hydr. euen that which notably tendeth to the timely confirmation of our purpose concerning the true ●ence of this text . for we may not ( in any wise ) vnderstand this portion of scripture according to that primarie signification of the image of god , namely , according to the spirituall essence , immortalitie , eternitie , and inuisibilitie of mans soule : because therein the soule of man was made immortall ; and the lord speaketh here precisely of that image of god in man , wherin mans bloud may be spilt , which cannot properly be said concerning mans soule . neither may we vnderstand this portion of scripture according to that secondarie signification of the said image of god , namely , according to the essentiall qualities of that selfesame soule , i meane , true righteousnesse , and holinesse : because those the essential qualities appertaining to the soule of man , as they were vtterly lost in our forefather adam , so surely ( being now eternally restored to a man in christ ) they are no way subiected to any such outragious spilling of bloud . and therefore we must necessarily vnderstand this making of man in the image of god , according to the third signification of the image of god , namely , according to that z diuine dominion , power , or soueraignetie which ( by y e speciall dispensation of god ) is more especially designed to some such speciall persons as are ( by his absolute authoritie ) to take a iust reuenge vpon all malefactours . capn. surely sir , this thréefold signification of the image of god , doth shew forth the true sence of that text by sundry degrées a like the day-dawne in the morning . but how may this sence be yet further confirmed from a more strict examination of the word gnasa , put downe in that text ? hydr. exceedingly wel . because the word gnasa , ( which is there translated ( made ) it may not properly be referred to that speciall worke of creation wherein adam b was primarily c or secondarily made according to the said image of god , concerning either the essentiall being , or the essentiall qualities of that his said soule , which are no way subiected to any such outragious spilling of bloud : and therefore it cannot bee rightly referred to either of them . capn. oh yes sir , maruellous fitly , especially if the word gnasa , be vsed indifferently for that thréefold signification of the image of god. hydr. it were certainly true as thou sayest , if the word gnasa indeede , were vsed indifferently for euery of those seuerall significations of the said image of god. and therefore , we haue here now to consider afresh , that as the holy ghost hath purposely distinguished those seuerall significations of the image of god the one from the other : so hath he precisely obserued three seuerall words in the originall tongue , to set forth the different degrees of those the said actions of god , according to their different conditions . capn. what are those thrée seuerall words , i beséech you ? hydr. the first word is d bara , that is , to create , or to make : and more properly it betokeneth e the bringing out of something , without any matter at all preexisting in nature . and euen so accordingly this word bara , it is vsed sometimes f for creation ; sometimes againe g for procreation ; or the bringing of one thing from out of another , and sometimes also for h recreation , or making againe : because euery of these three seuerall actions there appeareth a wonderfull inherent power in god , who i worketh whatsoeuer pleaseth himselfe in heauen and earth : and k calleth those things which are not , as though they were . secondly , the lord sometimes vseth the word l sarath , which properly and naturally signifieth to m burne vp , to boyle , to melt mettall , to trie forth by fire , and so metaphorically , to n trie out the children of men , to search through their hearts and their waies : also sometimes if signifieth to o to forme , or to fashion a thing , and to bring it vnto that exact and absolute condition which p doth proportionably consent with the primarie patterne thereof . and thirdly , the lord sometime also he vseth the word q gnasa put downe in this portion of scripture , as also r in sundry other places where occasion requireth . the which word ( in like manner ) is diuersly obserued in the sacred scriptures , according to the diuerse and sundry occasions offered . for sometimes it signifieth s the timely producing , and the orderly bringing forth of the fruites of the earth according to natures primary appointment ; sometimes it signifieth t the procuring , the getting , and the gathering , together of things , as men vsually do , when they gather vp goods and treasures ; sometimes it signifieth u to prouide , to prepare , or to make readie a thing , as men commonly do , when they prepare and make readie their meate for the hungrie trauelling persons ; sometimes it signifieth x to do , to make , to fashion , to forme , or to finish a thing , as the lord did his workes in the first creation ; sometimes it signifieth y to present with sacrifice , or to offer vp sacrifice as men vsually do in the seruice of god ; yea sometimes againe it signifieth z to aduance , to extoll , to grace , or to magnifie , as men commonly do vnto some such speciall persons as they aduance vnto dignitie , and euen so is the word gnasa a vsed in this our present text . capn. i perceiue the variety of significations concerning those the forenamed thrée words , but what do you obserue from the same ? hydr. surely , euen that which sufficiently tendeth to the true opening of this portion of scripture according to that onely sence which i set downe before . for seeing the holy ghost hath not here put downe the word bara , which properly betokeneth the creating of something from out of nothing preexisting in nature ; neither yet hath vsed the word tsarath , which properly signifieth to forme or fashion a thing ( as it were ) by melting the same in a mould : therefore , this portion of scripture ( being not purposely declared by any of those two words ) it cannot properly be vnderstood of that primarie image of god which more particularly respecteth the first creation of man ; and so consequently the speciall reason comprehended therein , it can haue no such peculiar reference to that murdered man in whom the created image of god is so defaced . moreouer , sith the holy ghost doth precizely put downe in this portion of scripture , neither bara , nor tsarath , but the onely word gnasa , which properly betokeneth to aduance , to extoll , or to magnifie with honor , as i told thee before : therefore the text cannot significantly be resolued thus ; for in the primarie image of god , hath the lord created or formed that murdered man : but rather more proportionably thus ; for in the secondary image of god , hath the lord aduanced , and magnified that his subordinate reuenger of innocent bloud . and so the maine reason rendred there in that text , it hath ( thou maist see ) a much more peculiar reference to such a reuenger of innocent bloud as is peculiarly authorised thereunto according to that diuine image of soueraignetie , wherein such a reuenger ( by a peculiar dispensation from god ) is authentically aduanced , extolled , and most honorably magnified . now then , the almightie iehouah ( protesting to noah and the rest , that the b outragious spiller of any mans bloud ▪ should by man haue his owne bloud spilt againe in a iust reuenge ) doth presenly put downe the maine reason , why such a subordinate reuenger of bloud may boldly , and vnblameably accomplish that businesse : namely , because such a man ( such a ministeriall reuenger of bloud i meane ) is authentically formed or made in the image of god ; or ( to speake more significantly and properly according to the originall text ) because such a subordinate reuenger , is authentically aduanced , dignified , extolled , or magnified with the authenticall image , or liuely resemblance c of that the almightie his maiesticall soueraignetie , wherewith he may boldly and vnblameably execute vengeance vpon all such malefactors as are formerly condemned to death for any their enormious or capitall crimes . lo capnistus , this ( i assure thee ) is the very true sence and meaning of that portion of scripture . capn. surely sir , this sence which you giue ( in my proper conceipt ) it is without all contradiction . more especially , if those the former thrée words be not méere synonima , words ( i meane ) of one and the selfesame signification , but are vsed rather ( as you say ) for such different termes as are purposely put downe by d the spirit of truth , to distinguish those the forenamed thrée actions of god , according to their different , and diuerse conditions . hydr. there is ( i assure thee ) no question thereof . yea and therefore the e onely wise god ( to take quite away all colourable shewes of any such idle conceipt ) hath of very purpose compacted and coupled euen those the former three words ( i meane , bara , tsarath and gnasa ) all ioyntly together in one and the selfe same verse , yea and ( which more is by much ) for those the three former different respects which we precizely spake of before , saying thus : euery one shall be called by my name , for f berathiu , ietsarethiu , aph-gnasithiu that is , i haue created him , i haue formed him , yea i haue exalted him . we may not therefore too too grosly imagine that these three seuerall words were here put downe by the prophet , onely for bate synonima , as words ( i meane ) of one and the same signification ; for so should he haue made but an idle tautologie , that is , but a superfluous and a needlesse repetition of one and the selfe same matter , propounded thus : i haue created him , i haue created him , i haue created him . but those three seuerall words they are vsed there rather g as different termes , or as an elegant gradation , to set forth more succinctly , the excellent and most admirable order of the lord his exceeding great kindnesse towards the elect . for first of all the prophet he telleth the people , that ( from the very first houre of their creation ) the lord h hath ordained them to his owne euerlasting glorie i according to the eternall purpose of his owne will. then next , that he formeth or fashioneth them afresh , being fearefully fallen from their former integritie : that is , k he calleth , iustifieth and preserueth them to himselfe , by this holy spirit of regeneration , and lastly , that he aduanceth , extolleth , or magnifieth them with a soueraigne dominion , dignitie and honour l both in this , and the life to come . capn. the matter ( as you make it ) both seeme verie probable . but yet do tell me ( i pray you ) wherefore you your selfe haue purposely translated the word gnasa put downe in that place ( aduanced or magnified ) rather then ( made or formed that man in the image of god ) as it is vsually turned in many of our latine and english bibles ? hydr. i haue purposely translated the word gnasa so , for three principall reasons . first , because ( among the manifold significations of that word set downe before ) it is no improper , but a most proper signification of the word it selfe . secondly , for that the very coherence and purpose of that present text doth euen proportionably require that selfe same translation . and thirdly , because ( in sundry other places m of scripture besides ) the same word gnasa ( vpon the like vrgent occasion , by many most excellent and learned n linguists ) is ordinarily and vsually translated , to aduance , to extoll , and to magnifie with a soueraigne dignitie , dominion , preheminence , or princely power . as in deuteronomie thus , is not the lord god thy father , that hath redeemed thee , that hath magnified thee , that hath proportioned thee ? and a little after , thus : he forsooke god that magnified him , and regarded not the strong god of his saluation . also in samuel , thus : it is the lord that magnified moses and aaron , and brought your fathers out of the land of egypt . also in ▪ isaiah thus : euery one shall be called by my name ( saith the lord ) for i created him , i formed him , i magnified him . and againe in another place thus : i the same , euen i will beare you vntill the hoare haires , i haue magnified you ; i will also beare you , i will carrie you , and i will deliuer you . where also he vseth the like elegant gradation , ( though in different termes ) to that which he spake of before . now then , sith such excellent linguists ( notwithstanding the forenamed opposition in some of our latine , and english bibles ) haue thus ( vpon vrgent occasion from those the former propounded o scriptures ) of very purpose translated the word gnasa ( not made , but magnified rather ) according to the naturall signification thereof : why may not i capnistus ( vpon a like vrgent occasion from the text it selfe ) translate the word gnasa , put downe p in genesis ( not made , but magnified man in the image of god ) notwithstanding any thy pretended opposition in the forenamed bibles ? capn. surely sir , i sée no reason at all why the like lawfull libertie herein , may not ( vpon equall occasion ) be vsed by you , which was formerly vsed of others , yea and so much the rather , by how much the sence which your selfe haue giuen concerning this portion of scripture , is thereby made so apparently euident to each mans apprehension , as that i ( for mine owne part ) am presently constrained to q crie out and say thus , oh great is the truth , & must néeds preuaile . hydr. if any besides they selfe do yet seeme scrupulous concerning this sence of the place , i do here purposely referre him ( for further satisfaction herein ) to that the authenticall interpretation thereof which our sauiour himselfe , and the holy spirit of god ( vpon iust occasion ) haue authentically put downe : saying thus vnto peter ( and all other whatsoeuer being onely but persons of priuate regard ) put vp thy sword into his place , r for all that take the sword , shall perish with the sword , wherein our sauiour christ doth s make no restraint of the magistrate his lawfull authoritie in the vse of the sword : but only inhibites an ●surped authoritie , or a lawlesse abuse thereof . and therefore , these words in mathew t hoilabóntes , that is , all that take the sword , would rather be translated ( saith beza ) thus u omnes vsurpantes , that is , euery one vsurping the sword shall perish with the sword . yea and so the hebrew word x nasa ( saith he ) whereunto answereth the greeke word , tò lambánein , is eftsoones obserued in y the sacred scriptures . and in very deede , those men , they may iustly be said to take , that is , to vsurpe the sword , to whom the same is not purposely giuen by the lord himselfe , or who do abuse the said sword beyond the appointed limits and bounds of their proper calling . as did peter there , and as all others before the law written should vndoubtedly haue done : had not the almightie law-giuer ( in that z ninth of genesis ) authentically enabled their persons to take iust reuenge vpon any the outragious spiller of innocent bloud . thus then i hope the magistrates authoritie ( concerning such a sanctified vse of the sword ) was sufficiently established among the old patriarkes , euen by that selfesame legall decree which the almightie concluded there with noah , and the rest immediatly after the floud . wherein also i haue laboured the matter so much the more , by how much i would not willingly ( without very apparent reason ) be said to dissent from so worthie & reuerend a man , concerning the true and naturall sence of that portion of scripture : as also to let thy selfe and the rest perceiue , that his maiesties power ( so authentically suppressing those our rebellious tobacconists ) was no waies made guiltie of shedding their bloud . capn. the truth thereof is so apparently euident , as ( i thinke ) all men but such as are purposely blind , will fréely acknowledge the same . but yet sir , they and their vnderhand fauourites do excéedingly wonder , that so many poore soules should be put to the sword , being al english men borne , and bred in our countrey . hydrophorus . how many ( thinkest thou ) were put to the sword ? capn. i do not certainely know the number my selfe , but y e report goeth currantly in many mens mouthes , that there were fouretéene score slaine and hurt at the least . hydr. what maruell is it , though such a false report ran currantly among that disordered companie , sith their words seemed a softer then butter , when ( not withstanding ) there was war in their hearts : & seeing their speech appeared more smooth ●hen oyle , when as yet they imagined nothing but mischiefe , being not vnlike to b a very sharpe razour which cutteth so deceitefully , as hardly a man may perceiue the same . but oh impudent mouthes , which are no whit ashamed ( vnder a falsely pretended couerture of foureteene score persons ) to shilter foureteene score lies and foure at the least : for there were not slaine aboue sixteene persons at most . notwithstanding , behold here the bad disposition of those our monstrous minotaures ? for as they had desperately c laid their bloud●e hands before vpon such as were soundly at peace with euery of them , and broken the holy couenant of their dutifull subiection to his maiesties power : so surely ( to hide the horrour of that their horrible enterprice ) they are not now ashamed to make knowne to the world , that they d do rather loue euill , then that which is good , and do take a far greater delight to broach abroade lies , then to vtter the truth of the matter . capn. but yet sir ( notwithstanding all this ) they do boldly affirme , that a most barbarous crueltie was shelved vpon sillie poore women and children ; one woman being sauagely killed with two young babes in her wombe , another runne bloudily through with a speare , the one end thereof sticking fast in the ground , and the other end being pitifully shattered on péeces in her harmelesse sides : also vpon old men , women and children , being but weeding their corne in the fields : and lastly , vpon poore passengers likewise , that did but trauell by the way . hydr. it seemeth rather ( by the purport of thy speech ) that a most barbarous villanie is vsed against his maiesties souldiers , by these most barbarous and sauage reports . howbeit , it now plainly appeares , that these barbarous cannibals can do nothing else but e vse their bad tongues to deceipt ▪ that they f haue sharpened their said tongues like a serpent ; that g the poyson of aspes is vnder their lips ; and that they h delight in nothing at all , but to shoote out their arrowes ( i meane ) most bitter and venimous words . for i assure thee this on my credit , that there was killed neither woman nor child ; neither yet any one creature weeding their corne , was so much as once challenged at all . it may be ( i confesse , which yet i beleeue can neuer be proued ) that some one passenger ( carelesly crowding himselfe in the midst of the throng as they fled ) receiued some little hurt at vnawares , but wittingly and willingly not touched at all : and therefore those his maiesties souldiers are most barbarously belied by these their beastly reports . howbeit , the best remedie they haue against i those deadly stroakes of the tongue , is ( with good david ) to crie out to the lord and say , k deliuer vs oh lord from the euill men , preserue vs fro ! such pestilent persons , and protect our harmelesse soules from all those lying lips which l imagine but euill things in their rebellious hearts , and stirre vp a deadly strife all the day long ; which do m mischieuously furmize all manner of words that may do hurt , oh false deceitfull tongues . but thou oh lord wilt n shoote an arrow sodenly at euery of them , yea their deadly stroaks they shal be at once . they shall cause their own tongs to fall pat on their pates , in so much as whosoeuer seeth them shall flee from them , and say thus vnto euery of them : o what good haue those your deceiptfull tongues procured vnto you ? or what do those your venimous mouthes auaile you at all ? hath not the almightie iehouah destroyed you for euer ? hath he not plucked you out from your tabernacles , and made you a present terrour to those that passe by the way : when they daily behold what monuments of mischiefe you are iustly become to all disobedient and rebellious raskals ? euen so p let all thine enemies perish oh lord , that shall any waies raise up themselves against thine annointed , but let all those that loue thee and thy sauing health , be euen as the sunne , when he ariseth in his strength . so be it lord iesus . thus then thou seest now capnistus , that ( notwithstanding any their barbarous babblings abroad ) his maiesties power is euery way freed from blame : and those q cursed cains themselues are euery way guiltie of spilling their owne and their confederates bloud , either then in the skirmish , or at any time since , in the orderly execution of iustice vpon them . capn. good sir , i do not as yet perceiue , how they themselues should be made guiltie of any mans bloud but their owne , vnlesse haply they did most outragiously lay their violent hands vpon any their associates slaine . hydr. thay they themselues became guiltie of their owne , and their confed●rates bloud , it is more then apparently euident . because howsoeuer it be necessary that offences should come , yet r woe be to that man whatsoever , by whom the offence first cometh on foote . yea and the ciuill law telleth vs confidently , y t s whosoeuer administreth an occasion of hurt , that man is accompted y e doer of the hurt it selfe . moreouer , if their laying of violent hands vpon any of those their associats ( though otherwise , neuer so worthie of death ) had vndoubtedly made them guiltie of that their bloud : what a dangerous condition then , are those wretches in ( thinkest thou ) before the maiestie of the immortall god , who so desperately combined themselues in one , and with such bloudie and murdering resolutions made haste to murder his maiesties authenticall power ? yea and ( which more is by much ) what a fearefull case are those blind cannibals in before god in their conscience , who so caus●lesly , so cruelly , so cursedly , and with most rebellious minds to the king his excellent maiestie , did so villanously execute such a villanous , merciles , and monstrous massacre vpon s that excellent captaine , who was the deputed conducter of his maiesties power for the present ? whose experimented valour for seruice of weightie importance , and whose admirable worth for the timely atchieuing of any notable exploit , is famous throughout the whole world ; yea and whose wofull want for future imployments of trust , is ten thousand times more then would be the want of an hundred thousand of such sillie fresh-water souldiers as rebelliously bare armour then against his said maiesties authenticall power . well , sith i● is now as it is , let them praise god with all their hearts , for his maiesties exceeding great clemencie in so pardoning , and sparing their liues for the present ; and let them ( in gods holy name ) endeauour now to spend the remainder of their wofull daies , in an earnest and heartie desire to be freed forthwith from t that one bloud-guiltinesse aboue all the rest , before the presence of god ; lest good abel his innocent bloud u do continually crie out for vengeance against them : and themselues ( being iustly cast forth from the face of the earth ) begin with horrour of conscience x to run hither and thither like runagate-vagabonds , being hourely afraid to be cruelly killed of euery one that shall but happen to meete them . lo capnistus , this is the worst i wish to them all , and this is the best i can do for them . in the meane time , thou maist now very plainly perceiue by that which is spoken , what a pestilent crew of pernicious persons all those our disordered tobacconists were ( for the present ) to the publike good of our state ; as also , what further mischiefes might forthwith haue followed vpon those their mischiuous attempts , had not our merciful god ( by the prouident care of those his maiesties most prudent magistrates ) very mercifully met with the mischiefes in time : namely , many mutinous broiles among our owne selues ; ciuill dissentions in euery coast , the spending of our selues against our owne selues , much spilling of english bloud , a present spoile of all the good blessings of god , the opening of a fearefull gap to forreine inuasions , most cruell massacres on euery side , with an extreme hazard of king , of queene , of kingly of-spring , of our happie estate , yea & of this our flourishing kingdome also , without the more mercie of our mercifull god. capn. it is vndoubtedly true as you say . and therefore the lord of his infinite mercies forgiue all men their sins in deseruing , and those men their sins in attempting such horrible beginnings of mischiefe . hydr. the lord god say amen to the same , for the merits of iesus christ. now then , ( to knit vp the second part of this our present discourse in a summarie speech ) sith those the disordered courses of our gracelesse tobacconists are euery way so exceedingly hurtfull to their owne proper persons , first by poysoning their bodies and soules , and then next , by procuring a prodigall dispending of their ancient patrimonies and other preserments ; sith they are so vnnaturally iniurious to their owne wiues & children , by causing their needlesse pouertie , and wofull complaints ; sith they are so barbarously cruell towards their poore tenants , for the chargeable supply of their vnnecessary wants ; sith they are so outragiously resolute vpon the present spoile of other mens substance ; sith they are so fearefully opposite to the well setled peace of our countrey ; sith they are so starely repugnant to the good established lawes of our land ; sith they are so dangerously occurring to the publike peace of our soueraigne lord the king ; sith they are so proudly rebellious to his maiesties soueraigne power ; sith they are such ineuitable prouocations to the vntimely spilling of their owne and other mens bloud ; briefly , sith they are the horrible beginnings of many mutinous broiles , of ciuill dissentions , of spending our selues , of spilling much bloud , of spoyling the present good blessings of god , of opening a fearefull gap to forreine inuations , of cruell massacres , of an extreme hazard to our gracious king , our queene , the royall progenie , to our happy estate , and most flourishing kingdome : let their owne proper bodies , their patrimonies , their wiues , their children , their poore oppressed tenants , their honest good neighbours , the quiet of our countrey , the lawes of our land , the publike peace of our soueraigne lord the king , his maiesties soueraigne power , their owne and other mens blouds , the forreine powers about vs , our king , our queene , the whole progenie , our present good , the flourishing state of our kingdome , yea and capnistus also himselfe , in the name of those our disordered tobacconists ; let all these ( i say ) both ioyntly , and seuerally conclude with me , and for me , whether those their filthie tobacco fumes are , not onely pernicious to their owne proper bodies , but ouer profluuious also for those our ●isordered tobacconists purses , and too too pestiferous to the present good of our publike state. capn. surely sir , i ( for mine owne part ) do not onely conclude it an infallible truth from my very heart roote , but will ( herewithall ) very readily afford you a generall applaud from the rest , and my selfe : praysing the almightie with heart and mouth , that it was his gracious prouidence to bring me so right in your companie , before that i entred vpon my purposed voyage : protesting withall from an vnfained heart , to haue from henceforth those filthe tobacco fumes in no lesse detestation then the diuell of hell . hydr. not so capnistus . for howsoeuer i am heartily glad to heare thee brought now into such a deadly deflation with those their former tobacco fumes , yet let not my present speech , bring any such preiudice to that thy purposed voyage . thou art a proper young man , of exceeding great hope in our countrey , even now in thy best flourishing state ; and young-men ( thou knowest ) by trauelling forreine countries , may haply attaine to a notable experience ; besides that , this thy purposed adventure , may become very gainful vnto thee . capn. i am a young man ( sir ) i confesse ; and therefore do stand in more néed of a sound and setled experience . howbeit , i have now gathered ( i thanke my good god ) such an experimented and sanctified wisedome from this your present discourse , as doth very plainly demonstrate vnto me , the palpable foolerie of all my former west india voyages . although this i acknowledge withall , that ( if my purposed iourney had this way bene prosperous ) i could ( by the onely trafficke of tobacco it selfe ) haue clearely gained thrée hundred pounds by my voyage at least ; so vainly are our vaine english-men affected after a vaine , and vanishing filthie fume . but sir , ( gods holy name be blessed ) i begin now to abhorre the gaine that is enterprised with such imminent perils , and accomplished also with such endless paines . for what will it y profit a man to winne the whole world , and lose his owne soule ? and ( sir ) you told me but euen now , that z whosoever but administreth an occasion of mischiefe , he is the principall master of that mischiefe himselfe . hydr. that is certainly so . but god grant capnistus , that this so forward a protestation proue not a fire-flash , resembling those sodaine flames of thy filthy tobacco fumes , which ( being sodainly kindled with the flame of a candle ) are as sodainly quenched with good ale fumes . yea i beseech the almightie with all my heart , that this thy sodaine illumination proue not ( in the end ) and odde interiection , i meane , some sodaine passion of a passionate mind prolated vnder an vnperfect voice , and thereupon as sodainly vanish away like a flash or a fume . capn. nay sir , my protestation procéeds from a firme and setled iudgement : and ( that you may the rather credit my spéech ) i will tell you what seale shall be set to the same for a further confirmation thereof . i have ( at this present ) two hundred pounds worth of this beastly tobacco at home in my house ; all which ( notwithstanding the great value thereof ) shall either presently packe to the fire as a burnt oblation for this my aduised vow , or else be sent swimming downe the thames at the least , directly towards west india from whence it first came , in an vtter detestation of the most detestable fooleries of those our disordered tobacconists . hydr. not so capnistus . for howsoever the filthie fume of tobacco taken inward be most pernicious to the bodies of men , yet may there a very good vse be made of the hearbe it selfe for sundry diseases befalling the bodies of men , as i told thee before . capn. good sir , i am altogether hopelesse for euer beholding any good vse of that which ( being first abusiuely brought to our countrey by bad and wilde dispositions for the onely abuse thereof ) hath euer since bene beastly abused by like dispositions , and never yet conuerted to any good vse at all . and therefore ( for mine owne part ) i will neuer regard whatsoever supposed good vse may hereafter bee made of tobacco it selfe , all the while i perceiue the present abuse of filthie tobacco fumes in such earnest request among our disordered tobacconists : more especially among those our insatiable deuourers of all the good blessings of god ; and therefore i will ( for euer hereafter ) beware of giuing the least occasion to any such fearefull abuse . hydr. gods holy name be blessed for these his good beginnings of grace , and the lord multiplie his sweete mercies vpon thee an hundred fold . but yet thus much i would haue thee remember withall , that as it is the vndoubted true nature of all those to whom the lord restoreth a the ioy of his sauing health , and more fully establisheth with the spirit of freedome , to shew forth his mercifull waies to the wicked : so is it a speciall dutie imposed vpon euery christian conuert ( being soundly conuerted himselfe ) euen then also most seriously to labour b the sound conuersion of all others besides . and therefore ( good capnistus ) i pray thee heartily , do thou now make knowne thy christian conuersion , by that thy christian care in conuerting thy brethren . shew thy selfe c wise ( for euer hereafter ) in winning of soules : and so shalt thou certainly know , that d he which hath conuerted a sinner from going astray from the waies of the lord , shall saue a soul from death , and couer a multitude of sinnes . hydr. good sir , my good will that way ( by the grace of god ) shall neuer be wanting when , or wheresoeuer i méete with any of them : how furiously soeuer their filthie tobacco fumes do make them to fret , to frowne , or to to fume at the same . hydr. indeed capnistus , whensoeuer thou dost soundly vndergo such a christian course , thou must looke forthwith for the e strokes of the tongue . for thou shalt no sooner begin f to proclaime desolation against those their shameful disorders , but the sweete word of the lord will be made a reproach to thy person , and thy selfe shall be had in derision for it . then shalt thou be forced g to heare the raylings of many , and be assaulted with feare on euery side : yea then be thou sure h that euen those thy former familiars will narrowly watch for thy halting , and daily endeauour to execute all their outragious villanies vpon thee . but i be thou nothing dismaid with any their terrours , feare not their fierie threatnings , neither bee thou troubled at all with , the rufull remembrance thereof ; nay rather , be thou euery houre ready k to offer thy backe to those smiters , and thy cheekes to those nippers , and neuer hide thy face from their shame and spitting . but endure thou with meeknesse l the outragious raylings of those raging rabshakeians , and vndergo with patience , the m causeles curses of any those shamelesse shimeis , because the lord himselfe hath bidden them curse : it may be , the almightie will much more mercifully behold thy affliction , and do thee much good for their cursing that day . capn. good sir , ( being thus resolutely bent as i am n to fight the lords battailes , neuer make you any doubt ( i beséech you ) but that i haue long since o set downe , & seriously cast with my selfe , whether i be able with bare ten thousand , to méete him y ● cometh against me with twenty thousand , or not . do as you may be certaine of this , that ( if i had either felt a fainting heart , or found too féeble a force , i would rather p send an ambassadour , and desire conditions of peace , then desperately aduenture my selfe vpon any so bloudy a bickering . and therefore , i pray you ceasse wéeping q and breaking my heart : because ( by the helpe of my god ) i will rather endure ten thousand tortures and torments , then suffer his glorious name to be so déepely dishonoured by any their disordered dealings , or permit his gracious blessings to be so prodigally and so profluuiously r dispended vpon the inordinate lusts of those our insatiable and lasciuious suckers in of filthie tobacco fumes , if any my priuate admonitions , or open reproofes may hinder the same . hydr. if thy resolution be thus , why then , s the will of the lord be done ; but in any wise obserue ( i pray thee ) a christian course in those thy rebukes . capn. my worshipfull fathers , and fellowes for forreine aduentures : we that u go downe to the sea in ships , & occupie our businesse in huge great waters , we haue eftsoones séene the great works of the lord , and his wonders done in the déepe . how he commandeth the stormie winds to arise , and lifteth vp those the mighty waues of the sea , which make our tottring ships mount vp to the heauens , and downe againe to the déepe . so as our soules they melt for trouble , to sée our selues tossed to and fro , to stagger like drunken men , and to be hourely brought to our wits end for feare . we remember ( i hope ) that when wee cried heartily out to the lord in the midst of those our dangerous troubles , he brought vs forth from our present distresse , by turning those great tempests into a quiet calme , and by causing the waues of the sea to be still . lo , then began wee to be heartily glad , because wee were safely brought to the hauen where we longed to be . these things ( my deare brethren ) we all know to be true in our owne proper experience . oh let vs therefore most highly exalt the lord in the congregation of his people , and praise his great name in the assemblie of the elders . let not our goodnesse herein , be x as a morning cloud , or like to the morning deaw that goeth away . let vs not within a while y forget god our sauiour : who hath dealt so wonderfully with euery of vs , aboue many the sonnes of mortall men . but let vs eftsoones be perswaded , that those terrible stormes of wind they did onely pronosticate the ineuitable stormes of god his excéeding great anger against our excessiue sins : yea and let vs acknowledge withall , that there can be no greater wickednesse concerning our ordinary callings , then wittingly to trafficke home that from forreine parts , which doth both willingly and wickedly procure a generall wastfull consuming of all the good blessings of god. more especially , whē those selfe same blessings are prodigally dispended vpon that which not onely doth our countrey people no one good at all , but also which hurteth their health , consumeth their wealth , and hazardeth eftsoones their happie estates . perhaps your good worships do wonder much what this hurtfull trafficke might be ? i will here tell you the same without further delay . it is that our filthie tobacco fumes which we so dangerously aduenture to get ; which our owne countrie-men so gréedily deuoure , and which hath so egregiously endangered our publike state. i know there is an excéeding great gaine to be gotten thereby : yea i feare me ( alas ) that too too many of our miserable merchants ( by the very sale thereof ) haue gotten the diuell and all . but accursed be that gaine whatsoeuer z which is so dangerously obtained with the excéeding great griefe , and hazard of body and soule in hell . the pernicious , the profluuious , and pestiferous effects of these our filthie tobacco fumes , do vniuersally appeare throughout this whole countrey of ours , and a woe bee to them that are found the primary causers thereof . let not vs ( my worshipfull fathers , and fellowes in forreine aduentures ) for a priuate gaine to our proper purses , procure the cause of a publike bane to our owne countrey people . let not our inordinate care of superfluous wines , be made an ordindary b razour to our countrie-mens throates . let not our preposterous profession , be any occasion at all to our countries perdition . let vs no longer cozen our poore countrey neighbours , by bringing them home a filthie pestiferous fumes , for their rich and substantiall fruits . let vs not still shew our selues to be those insatiable hungrie merchants , who ( hearing once what wonderful gaine may be got from the intoxicated minds of mooneheaded minotaures ) do most shamefully c take ouer with them an abundance of gold and siluer , to sell the sonnes of israel for slaues , d and to make open sale of the soules of men for old shooes : lest the almightie reuenger of innocent bloud e do breake our whole nauie in péeces , and disable them finally for all forreine aduentures . let vs not hereafter any more vndergo such dangerous voyages for vaine and vanishing smoke , but endeuour to trafficke home rather f the cedar trées , and firre trées , the algummin wood , the gold of ophir , and precious stones : so shall we be worthely estéemed those honest and frugall aduenturers who séeke rather the publike good of our countrey , then the priuate gaine of our purses . but if ( notwithstanding any thing hitherto said ) we neither care what bad trafficke we buy , nor passe not what excessiue prices our poore countreymen pay for our paysonsome pelse , all the while wee our selues may liue by their losse , then surely we shall most filthily shame our selues , and plucke a iustly deserued reproch vpon our worthie profession . for mine owne part ( my reuerend brethren ) i had rather vndergo ( i assure you ) ten hundred thousand tortures of death , then but once more to vndertake the enriching of mine owne selfe by the sale of that , which not onely doth no manner of good , and which is many waies so pernicious to the bodies of men , so profluuious to poore mens purses , and so pestiferous to the publike good of my natiue countrey . for surely ( knowing so much as now by the swéete mercies of my god i do sincerely know , and féeling what comfort by the worke of his spirit i presently féele ) if i should still continue that my former most couetous , nay rather most cutthroate-like course , all the whole world might iustly conclude , that ( if time would serue to vent them forth by open sale ) i would desperately g aduenture ( with the babilonish merchants ) to trafficke also from rome , euen agnus deies , crucifixes , popish pardons , with other like paultrey pelfe , by the fearefull tale of any poore countrymens soules . yea and ( which more is by much ) that i would ( with the most vicious venetian panders ) very desirously packe ouer whole ships-full of sorrie venetian courteghianes , and most shamefully lease them forth in fée-farme for a filthie lucre . alas ( my deare brethren ) alas , what a proportionable equitie is that ( thinke you ) which chaffereth but chaffe vnto men for their precious wheate ; which giueth them goose-quils for their glittring gold ; and which onely affordeth them a foule thinking fume , for their seuenfold refined siluer ? is not this to accomplish that ancient hyperbolicall prouerbe , which so accustomably accompleth each vile contemptible trafficke , no better in effect , then h the very shadow of smoke ? that is , but a vanishing shew , without any substance at all . is not this , to make men beléeue that we prouided them very daintie fine cates , howsoeuer most dearely bought ; when yet ( as is vsually spoken ) we set onely before them , i an holy sacrifice ( forsooth ) without any swéete smoke ? that is , a poore beggerly banquet , without either béefe or browesse at all . would we our own selues ( my reuerend masters ) be willingly feasted so at other mens tables . could we ( at any hand ) endure to pay so excessiuely deare for our suppers before hand , and ( when all cometh to all ) be then so conie catchingly fobbed forth with such a vaine shew of fantasticall fooleries : can we be contented ( i pray you ) that any one liuing person ( vpon any such our former most chargeable payments ) should promise vs the gainefull purchase of golden mountaines , and then ( for our substantiall siluer ) procure onely vnto vs but k the deceiptfull sale of a most filthie vanishing fume ? that is , should make vs many great & glorious promises , which notwithstanding are finally destitute of their wished effects . might we not ( my worshipfull brethren ) for these our insatiable l and dog-like inordinate desires of gréedie gaine , be iustly termed ( not the worshipfull merchant venturers ) but rather those worrie-shéep mucke-scrape vespasian vipers , who ( for filling their extraordinary gaping after gréedie gaine ) do make an ordinarie sale ( being spoken with reuerence ) of their most filthie stinking stale ? yea and ( which more vile is ) when at any time their godly minded matrons , or their sanctified sonnes ( with great anguish of heart , and griefe of mind ) do but once séeme to distaste or dislike of such kind of sale , euen then ( most contemptuously ) to proffer the most poysonsome stinke of that stinking gaine to their sanctified noses , bidding them boldly to smell thereof , and then tell him withall , whether that same siluer ( so gathered together ) doth not yéeld as redolent a sauour as any of the swéetest gold couched vp long since intheir cabbinets made of spruce . by this meanes making good vpon their owne paultrie pates the pestiferous vespasian prouerbe ; which telleth them plainly , that m the sauour of insatiable gaine ( from what filthie matter soeuer the same ariseth ) doth afford as fragrant a smell to those their insatiable and hunger-sterued nostrils , as any the finest ciuet or muske . thereby also canonizing that heathenish poet for a preacher of truth ; who n telleth them plainly thus : from whence it comes we neuer care : so it may fall vnto our share . perhaps your good worhips would willingly know the maine reason it selfe , why those filthie mucke merchants should become such hungersterued heluoes , concerning o the holy hunger of gold , such gréedie gormandizers of filthie gaine , yea and such insatiable philargyrians , in gathering treasures togither : the reason hereof ( saith zenodor ) is onely this , namely , because p the néedie beggars satchell can neuer be satisfied . now then , if we also our selues ( my worshipfull masters ) should ( in these our sea-faring courses ) declare our selues to be such : were we not very well worthie ( euen for this onely respect ) to be no lesse odiously estéemed of , and therein also as deseruedly ( in all points ) to be dealt withall , as was that notable conie chatcher thurinus , in the daies of alexander seuerus ? who ( being sharpely accused , and presently produced before the said alexander , for that he ( remaining otherwise in no fauour at all with his maiestie ) did notwithstanding , continually beare the sillie poore subiects in hand that he was all in all , and in excellent accompt with his highnesse . by this base and paltrie practise ( vnder an onely pretence of speaking for them to his maiestie ) he did very péeuishly pilfer much mony from out of the poore mens purses . howbeit ( so soone as that his said knauerie brake forth to the open view of the world , and the same accordingly made knowne to the king ) he was forthwith adiudged to be surely made fast to a stake , and ( hauing great store of gréene wood then kindled about him ) to be so smothered to death by the violent smoke of that fire : the executioner also then crying out to the by-standers and saying thus ; he q is worthily adiudged to perish with smoke , who hath so deceiptfully sold forth his smoke vnto others . and herein moreouer that conie catching companion did personally accomplish the old ancient prouerbe which speaketh thus : r by flying from smoke , i fell forthwith into the flame it selfe . these the precedent matters being now more naturally , and more exactly considered , with their seuerall circumstances concurring also therewith , let vs in gods name ( my worshipfull fathers and fellowes ) at no time hereafter after giue any further offence this way : but very conscionably and carefully ( from henceforth ) carrie our selues towards all sorts of people , s whether they be iewes , gentiles , or the churches of christ. let vs héedfully t abstaine from all appearance of euill . so shall the lord god u abundantly blesse vs : so shall the kings maiestie x most powerfully protect vs ; so shall our deare countriemen y pray heartily for vs ; so shall not the land at any time hereafter z vomit vs forth for filthie amorites ; yea so shall we be sure to haue a peace in our conscience with god and men . lo ( sir ) this i assure you ( if the lord god say amen to my purpose intended ) shall be the whole and the onely course that i will take with these kind of men . hydr. surely capnistus , i do freely approue of this thy purposed course : yea and i doubt not at all , but that so many of them also as haue but one halfe dramme of gods holy feare in their secret hearts , as haue but one scruple of true honestie in their open foreheads , yea as haue but one onely graine of common humanitie in their ordinarie courses , will euery of them very conscionably , & most carefully accompt of the same . as for those insatiable companions , of whom thou didst speake euen now , there is no hope at all to preuaile with any of them . for b can the blacke more change his skin ? or is it possible the leopard should after his spots ? then also may those men learne to do good , who haue bene accustomed so long to do euill . otherwise , howsoeuer c they may be wise enough to do euill , yet to do well they haue no wisdome within them at all . but now shew me what course thou wilt take with the rest . capn. the course i intend to take with them , shall be this . having first made throughly knowne to euery of thē , this your present discourse , i will then wish them withall , for very shame to remember themselues in time , to giue ouer all those their former carousing courses with spéede ; to forbeare now any longer to make such beastly swine of themselues , by swillings in so superfluously the manifold blessings of god ; to abandon all their former vnnaturall dealings towards their owne wiues & children , towards their true hearted tenants , towards their honest poore neighbours , and naturall countrie . to take héede moreouer , lest ( in pursuing such a superfluous supply to their insatiable gulling throats ) they do not procure d a cleannesse of teeth throughout the whole kingdome ; lest ( in going about such an vnorderly augmentation of tillage ) they e do not cause the whole earth to deceiue the dressers therof ; lest ( by this their inordinate swallowing downe of their filthy tobacco fumes ) they do f make their swéetest drinkes to be mingled with myrrhe , and to haue a most bitter fare-well to all the drinkes thereof ; lest ( by procuring such a néedlesse hauocke of wine , ale , and béere ) they themselues g be constrained to drinke their owne water for monie ; lest ( instead of h the harpe , the violl , the timbrell , the pipe , and the wine at their extraordinarie wanton feasts ) they be driuen i to eate their owne bread with a trembling feare , and to drinke their water with trouble and carefulnesse ; lest ( for their former most filthie abuse of the manifold blessings of god ) the lord himselfe k do shoote forth the arrowes of famine among them , and breake the staffe of their bread in péeces ; lest ( for this their abundance of victuals now ) they l be compelled to take wheate , barley , beanes , lentils , millet , fitches , with whatsoeuer else they can get in one vessel together , to make them their bread thereof , according to the number of daies wherein they must be faine to sléepe on their sides ; yea and to bake their said bread in the dung of men , to eate it by weight , and to drinke their water by measure . briefly , lest they be enforced to heare a most horrible crie before , and behinde them , saying thus : m awake you drunkards , wéepe and houle you quaffers of wine , because of the new wine , for it shall finally be plucked away from your throats . whereas ( on the other side ) if they once soundly forsake their former most filthie waies , and be heartily conuerted to god , he will then so excéedingly n blesse their basket and store , as they shall not néede thus disorderly to run vpon any such desperate and dangerous attempts for the augmentation of tillage . because , whensoeuer they do conscionably sow that selfe same portion of tillage which they haue ( at this present ) in their owne proper vse , the lord god of hoasts will euen then giue such a bountiful blessing vnto it , as they shall be sure o to find in one yeare an hundred fold more by due estimation . for the lord he will p giue them the early , and the latter raine , and q render them the yeares that the grashopper had eaten before . yea their r very barnes shall be filled with wheate , and their winepresses abound with wine and with oile . and herein no maruell at all , because the lord ( in the day of this their holy conuersion ) will heare s yea the lord god of hosts will heare the heauens ; and the heauens they will heare the earth ; and the earth , it will heare the corne , wine and oile ; and the corne , wine , and oile will heare the people ; and the people shall t sée the vallies stand so thicke with corne , that they shall laugh and sing , and say one to another , behold how u the earth doth yéeld her increase ; and god , euen our owne god hath giuen vs his blessing . lo ( sir ) this is all the whole course i will take with that sort of men . hydr. this course ( i confesse ) is very conuenient , were they men capable of it . but alas ( capnistus ) the wisedome of the word is a matter ouer loftie for such fantasticall fooles as do so insatiably affect their owne inordinate lusts : they may ( by no possible meanes ) attaine to the height thereof . not because the words of wisedome are idlely bestowed among any the sonnes of mortall men , ( for x the feare of the lord is the very beginning of wisdome ) but for that all such vnregenerate fooles do most disdainfully despite true wisdome it selfe , and all holy instruction . neither yet hath the authenticall sound of such sacred knowledge bene hitherto held backe from any of them . for behold y wisdome her selfe hath cried without , she hath vttered her voyce in the open streets , she hath called to them all in the publike assemblies , yea euen in the very preasse of the people themselues , as also in the middest of the citie hath shee solemnely vttered her words , saying thus : oh you foolish , how long will you affect your owne foolishnesse , and you scornfull take such pleasure in scorning ? oh turne you at my correction , for loe , i will now euen powre out my mind vnto you at large , and make you vnderstand my words to the full . what ( i pray thee ) might wisdome do z more to the sonnes of men , then shee hath hitherto done vnto euery of them ? but what ? behold a how obstinately they do despise all her counsels , and most scornfully set her corrections at nought . lo then , here is the onely cause of their foolishnesse . capn. and why should not all these be as capable of heauenly wisedome , as those other we spake of a little afore ? hydr. because they will b not obey nor incline their eare vnto wisdome , but run headlong after the counsels and stubburnnesse of their owne wicked hearts , c walking moreouer according to the course of this sinfull world , and after the prince that ruleth in the aire , that wicked spirit ( i meane ) which euen now worketh effectually in all those children of disobedience : who d hauing their owne cogitations euen vtterly darkened , and being meere strangers from the gracious life of god ( by reason of that in-bred ignorance which is naturally ingraffed in euery of them ) and being become without feeling , haue given themselues ouer to worke all manner of vncleannesse , euen with an insatiable kind of greedinesse . and therefore , as they haue no regard at all e to know god , so surely , the lord ( iniustice ) deliuers them vp vnto reprobate minds , to do such things as are not conuenient : sending them withall f very strong delusions to make them beleeue all manner of lies , because they received not the truth : that thereupon , they all might iustly be damned which beleeue not the truth , but take an exceeding great pleasure in those their vnrighteous courses . which their iust recompence also euen then shall iustly fall vpon euery of them . g when the lord iesus shall shew himselfe from heauen with his mightie angels in flaming fire , rendring due vengeance to so many of them as know not god , and which obey not the gospell : who shall be then punished with euerlasting perdition from the presence of the lord , and from the glory of his maiesticall power . when notwithstanding he shall be eternally glorified in all his saints , and be made maruellous in euery of them that beleeue : because our testimonie towards them , was so soundly beleeued in the day of their hoped saluation . capn. well sir , whatsoeuer be the successe , i will earnestly endeauour to speake plainly unto euery of them , and ( it may be ) that many of them will willingly heare me . hydr. it may be they will not : and more likey it is so , by a thousand fold . capn. oh , i beséech you sir , neuer say so , but hope the best : h for charitie ( you know ) must not be suspitious . hydr. i know it very well capnistus , and this i dare tell thee withall , that charitie ( in like manner ) it must not be foolish in grounding so firme a perswasion of hope i vpon so hopelesse a ground as standeth onely on may bees . hydr. why sir , the word was purposely giuen , you know , for k the hoped , and happie conuersion of sinfull soules . hydr. very true ( as thou sayest , ) although yet for the onely conuersion of those poore sinfull soules , whose effectuall calling to grace was purposely and eternally l decreed of god , by the ordinarie meanes of that selfe same word . for they being m before all beginnings the elected of god in iesus christ , were sure ( in their appointed time ) to haue their effectuall calling to the true knowledge of god , by the powerfull n preaching of his holy gospell . and therefore , euen as all they which are eternally elected , are sure ( in time ) to be effectually called : so surely all such as haue finally no calling at all , or but onely a temporarie calling to grace , they cannot certainly conclude to themselues , any one certaine or grounded hope of their eternall election in christ. seeing therefore the true sauing faith is primarily o begot in the hearts of the heaters by the word of god preached , and must secondarily p grow vp and increase by that selfe same meanes it was first begottē , how is it possible ( thinkest thou ) that those men should euer be effectually called by the ordinarie preaching of gods holy word q who cannot possibly be brought to the ordinary hearing therof ? sith men must necessarily r giue their willing consent to y e word , before they can be drawne to the obediēce therof . or when at any time ( for fashions sake ) they come to the ordinarie preaching of that selfe same word , if they then heare it onely s as a minstrels song , with their mouthes make mockes at those preachers which bring it , their prophane hearts still pursuing their former inordinate affections : what other thing else will befall them ( thinkest thou ) but that which the prophet proclaimeth saying , t behold you despisers , and wonder , & vanish away , for i worke a worke in your daies , a worke , which you will not beleeue , though a man should declare it vnto you ? capn. whether they heare , or not heare , fleare and floute , jeare or jibe , make moes with their mouthes or not , if god giue me power , i will neuer forbeare them . hydr. oh say not so capnistus , for christ telleth thee u it is not alwaies good to tumble the childrens bread vnto whelpes : forbidding thee moreouer x to cast those thy precious pearles before beastly swine , and to hurle thy holy things vnto filthie dogs ; because the swine they will treade those pearles in the mire , and y the dogs , they will turne againe and teare thee in peeces . and howsoeuer those scorners may shew themselues holy a time , yet be thou assured of this , that the dogs ( first or last ) will z returne to their vomire afresh , and the swine which seemed before to be washed cleane , to their wallowing againe in the mire . and therefore , if ( at any time ) they shew themselues such , or if they will a needs become filthie , let them be filthie still : assuring themselues that all the while they be such they shall neuer haue b entrance through the gates into the celestiall citie , but be shut out among dogs , enchanters , whoremongers , murderers , idolaters , and such as take a delight in their lying . although yet i doubt not at all , but that the ordinarie preaching of the glorious gospell , shall c accomplish that thing whereunto it was purposely sent of god : namely , it shall either be a blessing or a d burden ; a word of e conuersion , or a word of confusion ; a f sauour of life vnto life , or a sauour of death vnto death : yea and in either of both , the same shall be a sweete sauour to god. capn. why then ( god willing ) i will not ceasse crying vnto them , that ( whether they heare or not ) they may yet know g there hath bene a prophet among them . hydr. surely capnistus , as thy resolution herein in exceeding honest , thy purpose godly , and thy intended course correspondent to both : so i doubt not at all but that ( if thy practicall proceeding be sutable in euery respect ) exceeding much good may be wrought by the same . more especially , if thou ( for thine owne part ) doest christianly consider , that such as are but lately wained from the milke , and newly drawne from the brest , must haue h precept vpon precept , precept vpon precept ; line vnto line , line vnto line ; there a little , and there a little : yea and must also be spoken vnto with a stuttring tongue , and a stammering language . and then next , if they also ( for their parts ) laying apart g all filthinesse , and superfluitie of maliciousnesse , do reuerently , chearefully , and in the spirit of meekenesse receiue the word at thy mouth : acknowledging withall , that those thy h friendly strokes are beneficiall for them , and that thy pretious balmes will not breake their heads . for the timely accomplishment whereof , both thy selfe , and euery of them shall be sure ( from time to time ) to haue the hourely assistance i of my heartiest praiers to almightie god k in the name and mediation of iesus christ. in the meane time , the houre appointed for mine ordinarie studies , beginneth now to approch , and very loth i am to let slip the same , vnlesse vpon very important and vrgent occasions . capn. and in very déed ( sir ) the time also , and the tide it selfe for my former purposed voyage , doth draw very neare : so as i my selfe ( for the present ) must euen necessarily make hast to the l hauen , either to vnlade , or forthwith to dispose of some other designement concerning that ve●sell of mine , which alreadie is full fraught for some forreine aduenture ; and therefore must euen now craue leaue for my present departure . hydr. with all my heart : beseeching the eternall god m to giue thee fauour with forreine nations , and to make thy iourney exceeding prosperous to thee . capn. i n thanke my god in iesus christ , for this your godly care for the good so my soule : and i humbly beséech the father of mercies to assist you from time to time , with his holy spirit of wisedome , for the publike good of our church and countrey . and euen so i most heartily take my leaue for the present . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . psal. . . if in this my present discourse , i do haply faile of any such delectable speech or eloquence as might giue good contentment to the ciceronian and delicate eares , i pray you pardon mine imperfections that way . for how should i possibly deliuer any daintie discourse of so noysome , so stinking and so offensiue a subiect , as is the poysonsome sauour of filthie tobacco fumes ? in the meane time , season your tastes , i beseech you , with this succeeding sonet . tobacco tortvred . what doth the foule contagious fume and smoke of this tobacco ( filthie stinking weede ) but senses all , and spirits liuely choake , and through y e members strange infection breede ? the moysture naturall it doth consume , wherein the treasure of the life is laid : which being lost , and wasted by this fume , thou then ( of something ) art iust nothing made . thou then ( of something ) art iust nothing made , thy wasted body straight is turn'd to dust : and ( dire contagion through thy limmes conuai'd ) thy life to wracke and ruine , run needs must . if thou desire to know , and cause demand why such strange monstrous maladies are rife ? the cause is plaine , and reason is at hand ; men like and loue this smokie kind of life . men like and loue this smokie kind of life , whereby doth vanish into aire most thinne , the vigour of the mind , and bodies chiefe strength ; force and power also of life and limme . this is the wel-spring of diseases all , the tree which direfull death doth yeeld for fruite : whereby their loathsome limbes do quickly fall , and run to ruine , clad in wofull suite . this is the mortall foe which doth assaile the members vigour , and the bodies power : a tyrant which most cruelly doth hale the vitall breath ( hearts handmaid ) from her bower . this is a traitour , and doth treason warke ; braine cleare and bright , with smokie mists polluting : and with his colour blacke , obscure and darke , throughout the body euery part imbruing . and ( that it might more easily effect the dire perdition of the heart and head , the body with contagious rotte infect , and through the members deadly poyson spread : ) a conduite pipe deuised is by art , whereby the smokie aire might haue a way . through the whole body , and through euery part , the dire destroying venime to conuay . and when the direfull venime is conua'id through all the body , and through euery part , then fainting life withall , doth quickly fade , strength quite consum'd , and vigour of the heart . let him therefore eschue pernicious draught of filthie , loathsome , vile infectious fume , that doth desire strength fresh , or hath a thought to keepe his bodie sound and limbes in tune . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . if neither m● former prose may perswade , nor my present méeter make glad your mal-contented minds , i pray you then make your selues some sport about the reading of my subsequent riddle , vntill my next arriuall . reade me a riddle , what is that , that is times greatest daunter , cause of idlenesse , tobacco . that is old ale-house haunter , friend to drunkennesse , tobacco . that is vile bewitching weede , healths huge consumer , tobacco . that is wits most wofull speede , breaths foule perfumer , tobacco . that is intrails foule blacknesse , bodies braue dier , tobacco . that is dame natures slacknesse , quenching her fier , tobacco . that is wiues , childs dysaster , tenants contrition , tobacco . that is wealths wofull waster , countries perdition , tobacco . that is offence to manie , bringing good to none , tobacco . that is not lou'd of any , vntill it be gone . tobacco . ioca , seriáque . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . certaine faults escaped in the printing , which are to be corrected as followeth . pag. . l. . reade either . p. . l. . reade , make good . p. . l. . put out one of the words healths . p. . l. . reade sharpsighted . p. . l. . reade manuary . p. . l. . reade lip . p. . l. . reade , shoomaker . p. . lin . . reade drudges . p. l. . reade respected . p. l. . reade fie , fie p. . l. . reade i assure thee . p. ● l. . reade life . p. . l. . reade shipfuls . p. . l. . reade maturely . p. . l. . reade swilling . p. . reade and with . typographi encomium . fieldus opus pressit ; mendâ vacat iste libellus : non nisi correctas imprimit ille notas . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e a cor. . . b wisd. . . c eccles. . . d in a treatise of household gouernment couertly conuayed from me , and set ●orth in the name o● r. c. e math. . . f ier. . . notes for div a -e a bonum quo communius , e● meliu● . b res. rationis expers est ipsa improbitas . c psal. . . d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . notes for div a -e g rom. . . h iam. . . i gen. . . wisd. . . cor. . . k gen. . . tim. . . l gen. . . m gen. . . eph. . . n gen. . . . . o gen. . . . p king. . . . . . . . . q eccle. . . r ier. . . . reue. . . . and . . . s . cor. . . t . cor. . . . u esa. . . x . cor. . iere. . . . y psal. . . z . thes. . a reuel ▪ . . . . . . . . . . b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . haec hel●na pro qua digladiabantur . vide iliad . . c plat. in gorg d arist. in meter . lib. . ●ap . . e arist. in meter . lib. . cap. . f hebr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , id est , fumanit , infumauit , fumu● emisit . graec. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . id est , fumus , ex furuo colore sic dictus . g gene. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . et ecce fumantem furnum . exod. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . et ascendebat fumus eius . i iosh. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . et ascenderet fumus ciuitatis . k psal. . . and . . and . . and . . l ouid. meta. m virg. aeneid . . n cic. in pisonem . o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cognationem habet cum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . i. aurae , vapor . p gen. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p gen. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . q iob. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ad vaporem cius . r iohan. velcurio . in cōment . lib. . cap. . s ouid. metamor lib. . t colum. lib. . cap. . u virg. aeneid . lib. . x 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ex . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cognationem habet cum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . b plin. lib. . cap. . c cicer. . tuscul. d arist. mete . lib. . cap. . e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . f empedocles . g quintilian . h aulus gellius . i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . fuligo . k exod. . . . numb . . . ●sal . . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . odor . m cant. . . and . . ier. . . n ga●lica . o italica . p germanica . q hispanica . r virg. . aeneid . s mar. lib. . t arist. mete . lib. . cap. . u galen . in libro simplic . the first argument . x arìst . me●● . lib. . cap. . y arist. in meteor . lib. . cap. . the second argument . z ioh velcurio in vniuersam arist. physic. lib. . cap. . a ioh. velcurio in vniuersam arist. physic. lib. . cap. . b hippocra . in libro aphoris . lib. . aphoris . . galen . in libro detemperam . c arist. mete . lib. . cap. . c ioh. velcurio in vniuersam arist. physic. lib. . cap. . d phil. . . the third argument . e arist mete . lib. . cap. . f kin. . . ● . the fourth argument . g vnicuique in sua arte perito , credendum est . h gesnerus , ad ioh. functium epist. vltima . i pro. . . k esdr. . . a recapitulation of the whole . notes for div a -e l pet. . . m eccles. n hag. . . o pro. . . eccles. . . p 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . q nocet emp●adolore , voluptas . r gen. . . iam. . . s deut. . . t psal. . . and . . cor. . . u iam. . . x psal. . . y psal. . . z rom. . . a wisd. . ● . b psal. . . c psal. . . d mat. . . e pro. . . f iob. . . g ecclus. . . h psal. . . i deut. . . . . k psal. . . . l deut. . . . . malac. . . m pro. . . hag. . . . n pro. . . king . . . o hag. . . p deut. . . mich. . . hag. . . . q ioel. . . r iob. . . psal. . . isa. . . s psal. . . t deut. . . u deut. . . x deut. . . y gen. . . z diogenes . a sam. . king. . . the same or the like complaint may also be taken vp against adul●erous husbands . b mal. . . . c gen. . . d mal. . . e gen. . . f psal. . . g psal. . . h exod. . . i tim. . . k luke . . . l tim. . . m mich. . . n mich. . . o mich. . . . p iob. . . . . q iob. . . r pro. . . s pro. . . t pro. . . u isay. . . x isay. . . y am. . . z am. . . a am. . . b am. . . c hab. . . d am. . . e isa. . . f isa. . . g isa. . . h luk. . ● i in nomine domini incipit omne malum . k ierem. . . l exod. . . . m crobyll ●ugum . n psal. . . o pro. . . . . and . . p iudg. . . ecclus. . . q isa. . . r psal. . . s deut. . . t psal. . . u math. . . luke . . act. . . x rom. . . y deut. . . z rom. . . a king. . , . b ioh. . . c gen. . . d ann. . henry . . ann. henry . i. ann . dom. . an. . henry . . an. . henry . . ann. . elizabeth , . ann. dom. . ann. . elizabeth , . . ann. elizabeth , . ann. iaco. . . e isa. . . f math. . . g rom. . . reuel . . . h see pultons abridgment of penall statutes : against riots , routs , & vnlawfull assemblies . i see the statute , primo mar. . and the statute primo elizabethae , . k see the statute primo mar. . and the statute primo elizabethae . l see the statute , primo mar. . and the statute primo elizabethae , . m see pulton in the title of riots &c. sect . . n the forme of the proclamation . see pulton . o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . psal. . . p ionah . . . q pro. . . and . . isa. . . . r wisd. . . rom. . . . tit. . . pet. . . f ier. . . t videre licet , gustare non licet . u pro. . . x cor. . . y . cor. . . z king. . . a p●il . . . b isa. . . c isa. . . mich. . . . . . d kin. . . e isa. . . f gen. . . . . and . . and . . and . . and . . sam. . . psal. . . . g gen. .. . ps. ▪ . . h policrat . de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . i cor. . . k act. . . . l isa. . . m math. . . . n isa. . . o act. . p act. . . q gen. . . r mat. . . hos. . . t hos. . . . u gen. . . x gen. . . y deut. . . psal. . . ecclus. . . &c. z math. . . a psal. . . . . b math. . . c ioh. . . d phil. . . . tim. . . . e iam. . . f king. . . g see pultons abridgment in the statute of corne ●●d graine see the statute of . & . phil. & mar. also the statute of . elizab. . . h see pultons abridgment ibid. . . item ibidem , in the title of corne and graine . . . i see pulton , in the statute against forestallers , &c. see the statute of . edw. . . see . eliz. . item : . eliz. . k see pultons abridgment in the title of farmers . . item , ibid. in the title of corne , . l see the canons against resorting to alehouses . m see pulton in the title of labourers , sect . . . . also in the title of poore people . sect . n see pulton in the title of vagabonds , . . &c. o ibedem . p ibidem . q see pulton , in the title , alehouses . sect . . r ibidem sect . . s act. . . t the hebrewes haue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as in gen. . . ios. . . . ezech. . . dan. . . u cognationē habet cum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & cum . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 x sam. . . y the grecians haue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 z the french haue rebeller , se reuanger . a the italians haue rebellare , resorgere . b the latines haue repugnare . c hebrew , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grec . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gal. guerroyeur , homme de guerre . ital. combattitore , guerrieur . lat. bellator . d hebr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grec . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gal. caeluy qui rebelle . ital. rubello . hisp. e●que rebela . lat. rebellator . hebr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grec . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gal. caeluy qui rebelle . ital. rubello . hisp. e●que rebela . lat. rebellator . e iudg. . . . f cicero . bellare cum dij , id est , naturae repugnare ? nā vbi maioritas , ibi mandan●● authoritas , vbi minoritas , ibi obediendi necessitas . g psal. . . h rom . . . . . . i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . rom. . . k act. . . l rom. . . m sam. . . . n sam. . . o gen. . . p gen. . . q gen. . . r gen. . . matth. . . reuel . . . s gen. . . and . . eph. . . t gen. . . u psal. . . . x gen. . . &c. . . cor. . . y gen. . . z cor. . ▪ a cor. . ● . b gen. . . . c gen. . . d gen. . . e gen. . . f gen. . . . g gen. . . h gen. . . i ioh. caluine in gen. . . k rom. . . l sam. . . m gen. . . n gen. . . o gen. . p iohan. cal●inus , in gen. . . q gen. . . r tremelius in gen. . . petrus martyrus in gen. . . s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t gen. . . cor. . . u gen. . . eph. . col. . . x gen . . and . psal. . . . . y gen. . . and . . wisd. . . and . cor. . . z cor. . see caluin . ●hera . a pet. . . b gen. . . cor. . . c gen. . . and . . ephes. . . col. . . d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 e gen. . . f gen. . . and . . g gen. . . and . . h psal. . . i psal. . . k rom. . . l 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 m iere. . . n psal. . . and . . isa. . . o isa. . . p cor. . . q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r gen. . and . . isa. . . s gen. . . t gen. . . ezech. . . u gen. . . x psal. . . y exod. . . leuit. . . z deut. . . sam. . . a gen. . . b gen. . . c gen. . . rom. . . d ioh. . . . e rom . . f isa. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 g see tremelius in isa . . h pro. . . i eph. . . k rom. . . l sam. . . m deut. . . . sam. . . n see r. d. kimbi , in . sam. . . see tremelius in deut. . . . and . sam. . . isa. . . isa. . . o deut. . . . sam. . . isa. . . and . . p gen. . . q esdr. . . r math. . . reuel . . . s see caluine in mat. . . t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 accipientes . u see theod. beza in mat. . . x 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . y exod. . . deut. . . psal. . . z gen. . . a psal. . . b psal. . . c psal. . . d psal. . . e psal. . . rom. . . f psal. . . g rom. . . h psal. . . i ier. . . k psal. . . . l psal. . . m psal. . . n psal. . . o psal. . . p iudg. . . q gen. . . r math. . . s qui occasionem damni dat : damnum dedisse videtur . s sir henrie fowkes knight . t psal. . . u gen. . . heb. . . x gen. . . pro. . . isa. . . ier. . . . y marc. . . luke . . . z qui occasionem damni dat , damnum dedisse videtur . a psal. . . . b luc. . . ioh. . . . . tim. . . c pro. . . d iam. . . e ier. . . f ier. . g ier. . . h psal. . . ier. . . i pet. . . k isa. . . l . king. . m sam. . . . n sam. . . cor. . . o luc. . . p luc. . . q act. . . r iam. . . s act. . . u psal. . . . . . . . . . . x hosh. . . y psal. . z mat. . . marc. . . luc. . . a mat. . . b psal. . . isa. . . c macab . . . d amos. . reuel . . . e kin. . chron . f chro. . . and . . g reuel . . . h sopho●les in antigone . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fumi vmbra . i lucianus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sacrum sine fumo . k martialis , vend●e fumos . l psal. . . . isa. . . m vespasianus , lucribonus est odor ex re qualibet . n ennius , vnde habeat curat nemo , sed oportet habere . o auri sacra fames . p zenodorus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . mendicantium sacculi , semper inanes . q martialis dignus vt fumo pereat , qui fumos vendidit r lucianus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 f●mum fugiens , in flāmam incidi . s cor. . . t thess. . ● u psal. . . . &c. x rom. . . y tim. . . . z gen. . . a rom. . heb. . . b ier. . . c iere. . . d amos. . . e isa. . . f isa. . . g lam. . . h isa. . . i ezech. . k ezech. . . l ezech. . . . . . m ioel. . . n deut. . ● o gen. . . p ioel. . . q ioel. . . r ioel. . . s hosh. . . . t psal. . . u psal. . . x pro. . . y pro. . . . ier. . . z isa. . . mich. . . a pr● . . . b ierem. . . c eph. . . d eph. . . e rom. . . f thess. . . . . g thess. . . . . . h cor. . . i cor. . . k act. . . l rom. . . eph. . . . m eph. . . tim. . . o pet. . . p pet. . . . q psal. . . r isa. . . s ezech. . . ● . . t habak . . . act. . . u mat. . . x math. . . y ier. . . . math. . . z pro. . . pet. . . a reuel . . . b reuel . . . . c isa. . . d isa. . . e rom. . . f cor. . . . g ezech. . . and . . h isa. . . . . g iam. . . h psal. . . i eph. . . . k ioh. . . . l psal. . . m est. . . iudith . . . n rom. . . the triall of tabacco wherein, his worth is most worthily expressed: as, in the name, nature, and qualitie of the sayd hearb; his speciall vse in all physicke, with the true and right vse of taking it, aswell for the seasons, and times, as also the complexions, dispositions, and constitutions, of such bodies, & persons, as are fittest: and to whom it is most profitable to take it. by e.g. gent. and practicioner in physicke. gardiner, edmund. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the triall of tabacco wherein, his worth is most worthily expressed: as, in the name, nature, and qualitie of the sayd hearb; his speciall vse in all physicke, with the true and right vse of taking it, aswell for the seasons, and times, as also the complexions, dispositions, and constitutions, of such bodies, & persons, as are fittest: and to whom it is most profitable to take it. by e.g. gent. and practicioner in physicke. gardiner, edmund. 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bottum sampled and proofread - olivia bottum text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the triall of tabacco . wherein , his worth is most worthily expressed : as , in the name , nature , and qualitie of the sayd hearb ; his speciall vse in all physicke , with the true and right vse of taking it , aswell for the seasons , and times , as also the complexions , dispositions , and constitutions , of such bodies , & persons , as are fittest : and to whom it is most profitable to take it . by e. g. gent. and practicioner in physicke . imprinted at london , by h. l. for mathew lownes , and are to be solde at his shop in paules church-yard , at the signe of the bishops-head , to the right worshipfull sir edmond carey knight . you may peraduenture wonder ( most worthy sir ) or if not your selfe , yet many others ( i am sure ) will , why i , being an old man , and in my declining age long since , would be so inconsiderate as to set pen to paper , and write a discourse of tabacco . but i pray you giue me leaue to speak for my selfe and to answer both the one and the other . isocrates ( the famous orator ) wrote the sweetest and most eloquent oration of his , called panathenaica , after hee was fourescore yeares of age : and the same is reported of the diuine plato , who continually studied , and wrote of diuers points in philosophy when he likewise had passed the eighty yeere of his age , and so continued to his dying day , as iohn pierius in oloris hieroglyphico saith . the famous lawyer baldus began to study the ciuil law at three of the clocke in the afternoon ( at what time king deiotarus began to build a ciuity ) i mean , when he was an old man : and yet hauing an excellent , prompt , and praegnant wit , and a natural inclination to that kind of study , he became the most excellent man of his time . and although you will grant old men to bee subiect to many imperfections and weaknesses , yet on the other side you must confesse , that yong men are much tainted with lightnesse , inconstancy of mind , and ouermuch folly . indeed old men are not so strong , quick , sprightfull , and deliuer as the names of all those authors and learned men , whose authorities are cited in this present worke. aristoteles . alciatus . andreas ●…heuetus . aegidius eurartus . auicenna . augerius ferrerius . alexander trallianus . apianus . aetius . andreas matthiolus semensis . amatus lusitanus . albertus magnus . banisterus . carolus clusius . cardinalis cusanus . cornelius celsus . carolus stephanus . cornelius tacitus . catullus . dion . diodorus siculus . galenus . guido pancirollus . garceas ab horto . galfridus chaucerus . dioscorides . g●…ilielmus camdenus . fracastorius . hesiodus . homerus . hippocrates . hieronimus cardanus . hercules strozza . herodotus . guilielmus clusius . vl●…ichus de hutten . laurentius ●…oubertus . horatius . iohannes langius . iohannes leo afer . iohannes gerardus anglus . iohannes li●…baultius . iohannes heurnius . iohannes baptista porta . iohannes hollerius . iohannes bruerinus . iuuenalis . lucretius . iosephus quercetanus . ludouicus vertomanus . petrus bellonius . titus liuius . terentius . ronssaeus . paul●…s aegineta . iulius palm●…rius . theodorus zuingerus . st●…abo . publius ouidius . martialis . parac●…lsus . suetonius tranquillus . mercurius britannicus . richardus hackluit . nicolaus monardus . petrus pena . matthias de lobell . seneca . vergilius . pli●…ius . theophrastus . philon. philaretes . xenophon . tibullus . in commendation of the author . as farre as boreas clappes his brasen wings , so farre thy fame graue gardin●…r sh●…ll flie . pleasure and profit both thy rare worke brings . who rightly reads , will say as much as i ; that thou of all doest yet deserue the praise , and to be crowned with a crowne of 〈◊〉 . one , with disgracefull and despightfull words , this soueraigne simple basely discommends : a second , loftie glorious tearmes affords , and grace too great vnto this simple lends . both are extreames . the golden meane is best : which here thou keep'st : thy worke excels the rest . reioyce , o britaine , that thou hast brought ▪ forth a gardiner of such admired skill . thou showest the vertue , the effect and worth , of this rare simple , the good vse and ill . then vse it well , for gardiners good sake : and from his garden a choise flower take . io : serle . edward michaell , in commendation of his learned friend master edmund gardiner . the author well deserues the tipe of fame , to be conioyned to his honest name , for setting forth ( vnto his countreys view ) tabaccoes praise now in his brightest hue . in lieu whereof , the guerdon he doth craue , is but a kinde respect of him to haue . for , all his paines , taken for your delight , is for to shew tabaccoes vse aright . read then his worke , with iudgements brightest eie : and thank him kindly : thus with me replie ; gardiner adieu : thy work deserues such praise , as few men giue , in these our latter daies . the triall of tabacco . many men haue , many times , sette foorth to the publike viewe of the world , diuers books entreating specially of one subiect , and those either in praise or dispraise of the matter they wrote of but yet amongst all writers or exscriptors there haue beene in my iudgement no treatises so often divulged , so greatly discoursed of , and presented to the eies of the world ( especially of late time ) as those , that discourse of indian tabacco , one liking , another discommending and dispraising , according to the seuerall whirles of their affections , either in part or in whole , this famous plant : so that a man may not inaptly say of it , as virgill the poet doth concerning the diuersitie of opinions for the admission of the graecian deuised horse into the walles of iroy . scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus . the wauering multitude , as each man findes , consists of many and contrary mindes . and in respect of the writers , patrons , and defendants of this rare plant on both sides , i may not vnfitly vse this saying of horace : caedimur , & totidem plagis consumimus hostem . we by our forces are beaten , if not slaine , we with as many stroakes waste them againe . there is such hard hold and tough reasoning on both sides . now although i be medicorum minimus , yet you must remember it was said of old : scribimus indocti , doctique poëmata passim , seeing no other to vndergoe this taske , i haue boldly aduentured to vnbuckle my selfe ( for you know who is so bold as blinde bayard ) i haue i say not being thereto commanded or compelled , as the answer to the booke called worke for the chimney sweeper was , but of my owne forwardnesse , and the desire i had to satisfie the world heerein in some sort : protesting , ( as in the inferiournes of the stile may well appeare ) that neither vanitie of glorie , nor selfe presumption , ( being of many the most vnworthy to haue enterprised this taske ) nor other priuate respect , then duty to my good friends ( that haue requested this at my hands ) and zeale to my louing country men , hath made me to publish this booke . for i saw the discourses heerein in my poore vnderstanding to be faultie , defectiue and halting , considering that one side too much extolled the vertue of this plant , and another side as much on the contrarie abased contened & reiected it . so to giue some satisfaction to both sides , i haue made choice of the middle , being as i take it , the more secure way , though it be a very hard matter to keep right in the mid-path , and to decline neither to the right nor to the left hand . iust a pari premitur veluticum pondere libra , prona nec haec plus parte sedet , ne●… surgit ab illa . in english thus : as when an euen scale with equall weight is peized , nor falles it downe this way , or is it that way raised . wherefore to performe that precisely which i haue promised solemnly , & seeing this discourse must be sent abroad & cōmitted to the hāds , the eies , the noses , the ears , the mindes & the iudgements of a great nūber of all sorts , i will first beginne with one that is furthest off it , monardus a spaniard of siuill , who hath written verie largely of it in his treatise of the west indian simples : but because he is already translated into english , i wil ( lest i should seem actum agere ) referre that which he hath very large , to his owne volume . for that which hee hath gathered is likewise found in other authors , wherof heereafter you shall heare more , when we come to discourse of the vertues of tabacco . charles stephen , and iohn liebault , & andrew theuet all three frenchmen , haue writ of this plant , and so hath aegidius eurartus . carolus clusius likewise in his comment vpon garcaeas , destirpibus et aromaticis indicis , and iohannes baptista porta in his eight booke , and eleuenth chapter of his natural magick doe highly commend this plant , as a thing most excellent and diuine . but amongst them all , and from them all for his admirable knowledge in plants , our owne countrie-man master iohn gerard citizen and chirurgion of london hath caried away the palme , as best deseruing it , to whome i may well apply that saying of lucretius : qui genus humanum ingen●…o superauit & omnes , praes●…rinxit stellas , exortus vti aetheriussol . who from all mankinde , bare for wit the prize , and dimm'd the s●…arres , as when skies sunne doth rise . another likewise of our countriemen , calling himself philaretes , hath lately writ a booke against tabacco , entituled worke for chimney-sweepers : which booke , another hath friendly and modestly answered . in the beginning of philaretes booke on●… ●… . h. hath made these discommendatorie verses against tabacco . pitie it is such smoaking vanitie , is englands most esteemed curtesie . oft haue i heard it as an old said saw , the strong digesting hungry camels maw brookes stinging nettles , and the vilest weedes , that stinking dunghils in ranke plentie feedes : but 〈◊〉 a to●… , to mocke an ape indeede , that english men should loue a stranger weede . to whome e. g. maketh answer . fie , fume at fumigation , and fret at thy owne nation , it wants not approbation , that drugs should worke purgation , oft times more worth in vilest weede , then in manured garden seede . it is no toy , but truth indeed that one soile should another need . philaretes seemeth to inferre in his second reason and some other places of his book , that by the frequent vse of tabacco , wee ought iustly to suspect and feare the same to bee a mightie drier , decaier and witherer of our radical and vnctuous moisture : and in respect thereof breedeth consumptions : but yet it seemeth ( by his leaue ) not so much to breede hec●…ike feuers and consumptions , as appoplectike and cephalical passions , because many abusers thereof haue died sodenly : and wee see that the braine doth suffer from it by protopa●…hie , rather then by deuteropa●…hy ▪ he organ whereby it is receiued being so neere a neighbour 〈◊〉 the braine . i wonder it is not discussed how it p●…ffeth vp & plumpeth some , when he concludeth that it wasteth and dissipateth the vnctuous moisture , & substantiall nourishment , by dissipation of naturall heat , and decay of spirits in our bodies . the same author likewise ( though a man of excellent learning , exact iudgement and reading ) seemeth to vrge too farre , when in his seauenth reason against tabacco , he sticketh not to affirme , that this hearb seemed to bee first found out and inuented by the diuell , and first vsed and practised by the d●…uels priests , and therefore not to bee vsed of vs christians . but i will both answer him and the spaniard monardus ( from whome hee hath fetch●… his ground ) at one word thus ; that it is certaine that the diuell did not finde it , but nature gaue it , and nature doth nothing in vaine , according to that protrite axiome in philosophy , natura nihil fecit frustrà . if the diuell did finde it , yet we may esteeme it as well as hidden treasures descried by spirits at the request of wicked mē . but in my opinion we ought to iudge of the infinite power of nature with more reuerence , and with more acknowledgement of our owne ignorance and weakenes . for , that it was a plant created by god , when first euen by the word of his mouth all things were framed , i iudge it not amisse for any man to say and thinke : and there is no scholler so meanely learned , but will by reason conuince them both , and read a lecture of contradiction against them vpon the progresse of natures workes ; hauing his vertues and faculties infused into it from aboue , whereby many finde great ease and comfort as well as by other other plants & simples . for vnlesse god himself had bene the author of it , why should it be endued with such noble and excellent properties : for ni deus affuerit , viresque infuderit herbis , quid , rogo dictamnus , quid panacea iuvent ? if god helpe not , and into herbes infuse a workingpower , in vaine we medicines vse . aristotle ( the monarch of our moderne learning ) seemeth not to speake awry , when he saith : multa sciri posse , quae nondum scita sunt . many things may be heereafter knowne , which as yet lie hidden in the deepe dungeon of obscuritie , not manifested ; as the quadrature of the circle , and the manie vertues both of this and other herbes , not yet knowne to the world : which hidden and secret vertues though at this present they are not reuealed to natures interpretors , yet hereafter they may : so that we may rightly conclude : maximam partem corum quae nescimus , minimam partem eorum quae scimus aut scire possumus , to which purpose cardinall cusanus hath writ a booke de docta ignorantia : wherfore i suppose none will bee so mad to imagine that such a noble plant could come by chance , or bee inuented by the diuell , whose excellent vertues the profoundest can scarse perfectly vnderstand . by this wee may see the wonderfull workes of god , how that he can make things strange , great , and incomprehensible and wonderfull to mans indgement . therefore it is a thing impertinent , to seeke out the causes and reasons of some things , as many men doe , and daily goe about to doe , for there are many secrets in nature , the knowledge whereof is reserued and kept to the onely creator : also of many other that might bee heere alleadged : but for that it is not my argument , i omit it to come to the rest . philaretes my good friend saith , that tabacco is hurtfull because it is hot and drie in the third degree , which monardus ( saith hee ) and others haue affirmed to come neere to the third degree of excesse in either qualitie . but it seemeth not so hot because it blistereth not , nor yet exceedingly heateth , and that deletery malignity which he adscribeth to it may be quintessentiall , although not elementarie . and with him i will not deny , but that some malignitie ( out of question ) is in tabacco , yea , i wil adde further , that there is in it some poison also , as there is in some other strong and vehement purgers , but yet it may bee with cordiall and cephalical aromatikes alaied as wel as scammony , elaterium , euphorbium , coloquintida , turbith and some others . besides , diuers medicines doe either retaine , loose , or change their force and power , according to the diuers constitutions of those natures to whome they are giuen . for it is a hard matter to finde any remedy that may doe absolute good , without some slight touch of harme , vnlesse by art it be refined . thus you see i haue beene a little bold to trump in my friend philaretes way , where i thought hee tripped , esteeming him yet for no lesse then a louer of vertue and honestie , as his name importeth , and a man of good iudgement and learning . but i will come into my path againe , and acquaint you first with the diuersities of names & titles giuen to this herbe , and so will i passe to his vertues and properties . this herbe with the franks or frenchmen hath beene most commonly knowne by the name of nicotiana , because one nicot a french embassadour to the king of portugall , sent this hearb first into france , and so gaue it his name . others againe , that by tradition haue noted the meanes frō whence they receiued this herb , haue called it herba reginae , and queene mother herbe , for that when monsieur nicot had first knowledge thereof , hee sent and commended it to katherine de medices , the queene mother of france , ( who died before she had reeled vp her spindle ) and shee first caused it to bee planted in that kingdome . others there bee that do tearm it hyoscyamus peruuianus , henbane of peru , herba sancta , or sacra , and sana sancta indorum : but vpon what ground i know not , vnlesse it be for the singular vertues and faculties that are found in this plant ▪ as by the same reason lignum indicum or guiacum is called sanctum , because it is so helpfull , and restoreth to cure a great many sicknesses and griefes ; as the learned in physicke doe very well finde . wee know indeed by practise , that an infinite number of diseases are cured by tabacco , euen à capite ad imos vsque pedes , from the crowne of the head to the verie feete : so that in regard of his noble vertues , it was thought necessarie that it should bee entituled with some glorious name , as we also see done to others . for philon the physitian called his alexipharmacal medicines , deorum manus : and at this day physitians haue graced & nobilitated some of their compositions with splendidous titles ; calling one manus christi , another benedicta laxatiua , catholicon a third , and some others by the strange and superstitious names of puluis sanctus , gratia dei , apostolicon , vnguentū paulinum and the like , as vlrichus de hutten , a knight of germany hath writ in his book de morbo gallico , & the . chap. it is also entituled petū : & lobelius , & peter pena do make it a kinde of symphitum : and other while a kinde of hyoscyamus luteus : but yet they stick somewhat at that . so hauing discoursed of his seuerall names , we will make a step to his description , his secret and rare qualities ; and not forgetting by the way , to tell besides of the hurt some receiue thereby , with the true and right vse also . and first you shall heare what carolus clusius saith . nicotian ( saith he ) so tearmed of the french , of the spaniards tabacco , of the brasilians petum , hath beene long vsed of the indians , especially of the inhabitants of hispania noua , for the curation of woundes . it was brought but a few yeares since into spaine , rather for the decking vp of their gardens , as being a strange plant and seld seen , more then for the hidden vertues of the hearb : but now it is much more famous by reason of his rare qualities then for his elegancie and beauty that it carrieth in a garden . the common people of india vsually tearme it picielt : for the name of tabacco first came from the spaniards , because there was such plentie of it grew in a certain iland called tabacco , according to the name wherof they haue christned it . andrew theuet saith , that the americans haue a secret herbe which they name in their language petum , the which most commonly they beare about them , for that they esteeme it marueilous profitable for many things : this herbe is like to our buglosse . they gather this herbe very charily , and drie it within their little cabanes or houses . their manner to vse it is this : they wrap a quantitie of this herbe being drie , in a leafe of a palme-tree which is very great , & so they make rolles of the length of a candle , and then they fire the one end , and receiue the smoak thereof by their nose , and by their mouth : they say it is verie wholesome to cleanse and consume the superfluous humors of the braine . moreouer , being taken after this sort , it keepeth the parties from hunger and thirst for a time , therefore they vse it ordinarily . also when they haue any secret talke or counsell among themselues , they draw this smoake , and then they speake . the which they doe customably one after another in the warre , whereas it is very needful . the women vse it by no meanes . if that they take too much of this perfume , it will make them light in the head , as the smell or taste of strong wine . the christiās that do inhabite there , are becom verie desirous of this perfume , although that the first vse thereof is not without danger , before that one be accustomed thereto : for this smoke causeth sweats and weakenes , yea , foaming at the mouth , suddaine falling downe , and conuulsions , as i haue seene in some . and this is no such strange thing as it seemeth , for there are many other herbs and fruits that offend the braine , though that the taste of them bee pleasant and good to eate . plinie sheweth , that in lyncest is there is a fountaine that maketh the people drunke , that take thereof : likewise another of paphlagonia , which as ouid saith in the booke of his metamorphosis will cause a man to bee no lesse drunke then if he had copiously quaffed a great deale of wine . his words be these : quem quicunque parùm moderato gutture traxit , haud aliter titubat , quàm si mera vina bibisset . this i know will not be receiued of all men for truth , and yet philosophers doe witnesse that there is in esclauonie by apollonia , a fountaine comming out of a rock , wheras is seene to proceed a flame of fire , whereby al the waters adiacent are as boyling . they haue in diuers places of hisp. noua many hot springs of water , as aboue all other i haue seen in the prouince of mec●…uacan . in a plain field without any mountaine , there is a spring which hath much water , and it is so hot , that if a whole quarter of beefe , be cast into it , within one halfe houre , it will bee as well sodden , as it will bee ouer a fire in halfe a day . i haue seen half a sheep cast in , & immediatly it hath been soddē , & i haue eaten part of it : & this hath the learned hackcluit set down in his booke discoursing of the voiages of the english nation , by the relation of henrie hawkes a marchant , who liued three yeares in noua hispania . i will proceede a little further in relating strange things in nature . in bactria in the citie of boghar , there is a litle riuer running through the midst of it , but the water is vnholesome , for it breedeth sometimes in men that drinke thereof , and specially in them that are there borne , a worme of an elle long , which lieth commonly in the legge betwixt the flesh and the skinne , and is pluckt out aboue the ankle with great art and cunning . diodorus siculus reporteth , that in egypt there was a poole , the colour of whose water was vermilion , which being drunke would reueale secrets . strabo speaketh of a fountaine in the citie leuc●… , of a most horrible smell . besides , this is verie strange , that there is a fountaine besides haslea , which neuer riseth but early in the morning , at high noone , and at the shutting of the euening . and if therein any euill thing bee cast that may corrupt the same , theodorus zuingerus mentioneth , that for certaine daies after it will not rise at all . there is a fountaine in salmac in the countrey of caria , which as strabo writeth , maketh men effeminate and lither . that of aphrodosium in pyrrhea , causeth barrennesse , as plinie noteth : and such like a man man may easily finde , if any will take paines to read ouer the booke , entituled britannia , written by that most learned and famous gentleman master wil. camden ( the best antiquary of our age ) he shal there i say , haue plenty wherat to admire , & peraduēture to giue satisfaction to that which here i haue set down for truth . some , i doubt not , but will imagine this not to bee true , but altogether false , the which i haue spoken touching the natures and strange qualities of these waters , and of this herbe tabacco , as though nature could not giue such power to things ; yes truely and farre greater , as shee hath also giuen to beasts according to the diuersities of countries and regions . wherefore then should it leaue this countrey of america , ( wherein god included the greatest gulfe of mankind ) void of such a benefite , being naturally proper to it , and being temperate without comparison more then others ? as in generalitie , africke yeeldeth the best mules ; europe the best lions , ( as herodotus and plinie make report ) onely to be found between the riuers nestus and achelous : the one coasting abdera a citie of thracia , the other being a floud of epyrus , separateth acarnania from aetolia . so in particular , we find england yeeldeth the greatest store of good sheepe , wooll , tinne , and lead : muscouia the best bees , yeelding honie and waxe in plentie , and the best furres . wherefore a learned physician is to obserue , what store of vegetables , either of woods , trees for fruite , or plants , the countrie yeeldeth : for euerie country hath his commodities and singularitie of them , fitted by the prouidence of the eternall god. as we read of in asia and virginia , singular cedars and pine trees : so we haue experience , that for firre and deale trees , denmarke , bohemia , pomerania , russia , norway , and the new-found land , are notorious . for vines , france : for apples , peares , plums , and such ordinarie fruit the realme of england . for oranges , lymons , pomgranates , and such like , spaine and other hot countries : for oyle and oliues , candia , &c. as for the second , concerning things hid in the veines and wombe of the earth ( for what shall we neede to enlarge this discourse with the huge woods to bee found in germanie , bohemia , muscouia , and ireland , or with the notorious vegetables of other nations ) namely , the mines of mettals , and fossiles , wherof there are such sundry species , as it may seeme impertinent of vs to be further touched , considering so soone as they are discouered , they be committed to writing . some besides will not grant this to be true , but altogether false , that andreas theuetus writeth , that tabacco keepeth the indians from hunger , and thirst , for a certain time , although that our epicureall tabbacconists will sufficiently refute the contrarie : for they will say , and for a need sweare to it , that they can liue a whole weeke together , neither eating nor drinking any other sustenance . and if they wil not be cōtented with this our witnessing and affirmation , let them read herodotus , which in his second booke , maketh mention of a people in africa , liuing onely with hearbes . apian rehearseth , that the parthians being banished , and driuen out of their countrey by marcus anthonius , liued with a certaine herbe that tooke away their memorie : neuerthelesse they had opinion that it did nourish them , though that in a short time after they died . master stephen burrough did see some lappians eat rocke weedes as hungerly , as a cowe doth grasse when she is hungry . i saw them also ( saith hee ) eate fowles egges raw , and the young birds also that were in the egges . the indians will liue seuen or eight moneths in the warre with meale made of certaine hard and drie rootes , in the which some would iudge that there were no nourishment or sustenance at all . and they will tell strangers , who arriue in their coasts , that they haue heard say of their fathers , that before they had the knowledge of the best rootes , they liued but with hearbs , and wilde weeds , & roots like brute beasts . there was they say , in their country a great charaiba , that is to say , a prophet , the which came to one of their young maidens , and gaue her certaine great roots , named hetich , shewing her , that she should cut them in peeces , and then plant them in the earth : the which she did , and since they haue alwaies continued from father to sonne : the which roots haue so well prospered , that now they haue so great aboundance that they eat little other food , and it is as common with them , as bread is with vs. the old poets and ancient people of the world did conceit , that the gods themselues did feede vpon nothing but nectar and ambrosia ; yea , and that some of them had worse cōmons , & meaner meats , as they write of romulus ( who being a god as they say ) liued vpon turneps . but , i thinke , that they rather alluded vnto the pouertie and simplicitie of feeding that was vsed in former ages , wherewith romulus was so well acquainted . the poet martialis seemeth couertly to insinuate , that they eat the same meats in heauen , wherwith in earth they were inured to feede vpon , in these verses : haec tibi brumali gaudentia frigore rapa quae damus , in coelo romulus esse solet . therefore ought not the storie of this gentleman tabacco , bee thought so strange , for men to liue withall , as though the like had neuer been heard or read of in histories , and times forepassed . the people of the east and west india haue diuers kindes of fruits proper only to those regions , as nature bringeth them forth , and yet they liue long , and well disposed , being strong and of robustious constitutions : yea , they will liue ( i meane the people of america ) a whole weeke together with one groat , which neither the spanyard , nor any nation in the world can doe , as petrus martyr saith . and for their long liues , we may read in the learned hackluit , discoursing of the voiages of the english nation in farre distant parts of the world , who introduceth the example of the king of balloboam , being one hundred and threescore yeeres of age , when captaine candish arriued at the iland of iaua minor , and yet he was liuing after that many yeares , at that time when the hollanders trauailed thither to the towne of bantam , which is the furthest part in the world from this realme of england , being measured geometrically . there be many who thinke it strange ▪ that some nations liue onely with fish : and yet he that is but meanly trauailed in histories knoweth , that the poorest sort among the west indies , liue more with sea-fish , and other like meats than with flesh . the same is true in this our isle of ●…ritaine , especially among the cornish men and scots : yea , our elders in times past liued onely with fish , as many sects in religion both in these dayes , and in former ages did . the lawes of triptolemus ( as xenophon writeth ) did defend and forbid the athenians the vse of flesh . therefore it is no strange thing to liue with fish onely . first , in our europe , and before that the ground was tilled , men liued more hardly without flesh or fish , hauing not the meane to vse them , and yet notwithstanding they were stronger , and liued the longer , being nothing so effeminate , as now in our age . americus vespusius , one of the best pilots that euer was , coasted almost from ireland vnto the cape of saint augustine , by the comandement of the king of portingale , the yeare . and since another captain the yeare . sayled vnto the region named of giants . in this region between the riuer of plate , and the streight of magellane , the inhabitants are verie mightie , named in their language patagones , giants , because of their hie stature , and forme of bodies . they which first discouered this countrey tooke one of them finely , being twelue foot long , who was so vneasie to hold , that . men had inough to doe about him : and for to keep him , it behooued them to binde his feet and hands in their shippe , notwithstanding they could not keepe him long aliue , but for sorrow and thought ( as they say ) he died for hunger . thus you see i haue plainely shewed that people dwelling in some regions , though faring hardly , and poorely nourished , yet notwithstanding are men both of good complexions , of personable and heroical , nay giant-like statures , and long liued . and this may seeme to bee a little beside , though not altogether out of the way . trinidada tabacco hath a thicke , tough and fibrous roote , from which immediately rise vp long broad leaues , and smooth , of a greenish colour , among which riseth vp a stalke , diuiding it selfe at the ground into diuers branches , whereon are set confusedly the like leaues , but lesser : at the top of the stalkes , stand vp long necked hollow flowres of a pale purple , tending to a blushe colour ; after which succeed the coddes or seed vessels , including many small seeds , like vnto the seede of marierome . the whole plant perisheth at the first approach of winter : in hot countreys it is sowen all times of the yeare , but when it first sprouteth vp , it must be defended and preserued from cold , and planted neere vnto a wall for the beautifying thereof ; for , in such hot regions as spaine , naples , and africke , it continueth green a whole yeare together , as buglossum semper virens , telephi●…m minus semper virens , rosemarie and the bay-tree with vs in england doe . it was first brought into europe out of the prouinces of america , which of some ( though i know no reason for it ) is called the west indies , in wich is the prouince or countrey of peru : but being now planted in the gardens of europe , it prospereth very well , and cometh from seed in one yere to beare both floures & seed . the which i take to be the better for the cōstitution of our bodies , then that which is brought from india , and that growing in the indies , better for the people of the same countrey ; notwithstanding it is not so thought nor receiued of our tabackians : for according to the english prouerbe , farre fetcht , and deere bought , is good for ladies . tabacco must be sowen in the most fruitfull grounds that may be found , and carelesly cast abroad in the sowing , without raking it into the ground , or any such paine or industrie taken as is requisite in the sowing of other seedes , as i my selfe haue found by proofe , who haue experimented euery way to cause it quickly to grow : for i haue committed some to the earth in the end of march , some in aprill , and some in the beginning of may , because i durst not hazard all my seede at one time , least some vnkindly blast should happen in the sowing , which might be a great enemie thereunto . it is hot and drie , & that in the second degree , as monardus thinketh , and it is withall of power to discusse or resolue , and to cleanse away filthy humours , hauing also a a certaine small adstriction , and a stupefying , or benumming qualitie , and purgeth by the stoole . and monardus thinketh that it hath a certaine power to resist poyson . and to prooue it to be of hot qualitie and temperature , the byting qualitie of the leaues doth shew , which is easily pereiued by taste . also the greene leaues layed vpon vlcers , draw out filth and corrupt matter , which a cold simple would neuer doe . the leaues likewise being chawed , draw forth fleagm & water , as doth also the fume takē when the leaues are dried : which things declare that this is not a little hot . for what things soeuer being chewed , or held in the mouth , bring forth fleagm & water , the same be al accounted hot , as the root of pellitory of spain , saxifrage , master-wort , betony , and hyssop , with other things of like power . moreouer , the benumming qualitie hereof is not hard to be perceiued : for vpon the taking of the fume at the mouth , there followeth an infirmitie like vnto drunkennes , & many times sleep , as after the taking of opium , which also sheweth in the taste a byting qualitie & therefore is not without heat ; which when it is chewed and inwardly taken , it doth forth with shew , causing a certaine heat in the chest , and yet without troubling of wits , as petrus bellonius in his third book of singularities doth declare : where also he sheweth , that the turkes doe oftentimes vse opium , and take one dram and a halfe thereof at one time , without any other hurt following , sauing that they are thereupon taken , as it were , with a certaine light drunkennesse , vertiginie , or giddinesse in their braines . and hollerius in his practise telleth vs , that hee knew a spaniard take halfe an ounce of opium , and yet neither death , nor deaths hat me followed . so also this tabacco being in taste byting , and in temperature hot , hath notwithstanding a benumming qualitie . hereupon it seemeth to follow , that not only this henbane of peru , but also the iuyce of poppie , otherwise called opium , consisteth of diuers parts , some byting and hot , and others extreame cold , that is to say , stupefying and benumming : if so bee that this benumming qualitie proceede of extreame colde ( as galen , and all the old physitians hold opinion : ) but if the benumming qualitie , or facultie , doth not depend of an extreame cold temper , and that in the fourth degree , but proceedeth of the essence of the substance ; then may tabacco be both cold , and also benumming ; of temperature , hot and benumming , not by reason of his temperature , but through the propertie of his substance , otherwise then a purging medicine , which hath his force , not from the temperature , but from the essence of the whole substance . before i proceede any further to shew against what sicknesses this herbe tabacco most preuaileth , i will first briefly declare , what sicknesse is , and how many sorts or kinds therof there be , that i may be the better vnderstod in the discourse following . sicknesse ( then ) is an euill affect contrarie to nature , hindring of it selfe some action of the bodie . of sicknesse there be three generall kinds , whereof the first consisteth in the parts similar . the second in the parts instrumentall . and the third in both parts together . the first kind is called of the latines , intemperies , that is to say , euill temperature : which is either simple or compound . it is simple , when one qualitie only doth abound or exceed too much , as to be too hot , or too cold . it is cōpound , whē many qualities do exceed , as when the body is too hot and too drie , or too cold and too moist . the secōd kind is called mala constitutio , that is to say , an euill state or composition : which is to be considered , either by the shape , number , quantitie , or site of the member , or part euill affected or diseased . the third kind is called , vnitatis solutio , that is to say , the loosing or diuision of the vnitie : which as it may chance diuersly , so it hath diuers names accordingly . for if such solutiō or diuision be in a bone , then it is called a fracture . if in any fleshie part , then it is called a wound or vlcer ; in the veines a rupture ; in the nerues or sinewes , a conuulsion or crampe ; and in the skinne , an excoriation . againe of diseases , some be called long , and some sharpe and short , tearmed of the latines morbiacuti , which be perilous , and doe quickly kill the bodie . the long do carie a greater time with it . and yet moreouer there is sicknesse by it selfe , and sicknesse by consent . sicknesse by it selfe , is that , which being in some member , hindreth the action thereof by it selfe . sicknesse by consent , is deriued out of one member into another through the neighbour-hood and communitie that is betwixt them : as the paine of the head , which commeth from the stomack , because they commnnicate and impart their dammages from one to another by certaine sinewes , passing and being common to either of them . thus the learned physitians which write of mans bodie doe diuide sicknesse . now if any man will curiously diue and search into the nature of these , tabacco being giuen in his due time yeeldeth no small releefe and comfort ; for according to the old saying : temporibus medicina valet : data tempore prosunt : et data non apto tempore vina nocent . physicke at times doth helpe : giue wine in season , it also helpes : too much brings out of reason . and seneca saith : in morb●…s n●…hil est magis per●…culosum quàm ●…mmatura medicina : in disea●…es there is nothing worse or more dangerous then vntimely giuing of medidicines , and out of due season . and againe , this saying of liu●…e agreeth thereto . et scio medicos , plus interdum quiete , quàm mouendo atque agendo proficere . for according to the times and seasons of the yere , the qualities of medicines are to be considered . for some are more familiar to some bodies at some seasons of the yeare , then at othersome againe and fitter applyed to amend and correct the distemper of parts , and to expell euill iuyces . for who knoweth not that the spring is accounted the holesomest : which galen calleth temperate , but paulus aegineta ( his ape ) aetius and the peripatetikes affirme to encline rather to hot and moist ( for there is nothing in nature absolutely temperate ) and this season is most agreeable to the best habite . it is for the most part good for sickly constitutions , or at leastwise , it hurteth not : for as hippocrates in his third booke , aphorisme the twentieth , saith , it causeth madnesse and blacke iaundise , leprosie , coughes , ringwormes , morphues , or staynings of the skin , and many vlcerous pustules , and breakings out with paines of the ioynts : not so much through the fault of the aire , but through the strength of nature , being then fortified and made more liuely by the temperate heat of the spring to expel superfluities , and to separate naughtie humors , & to thrust thē forth to the more ignoble parts . the same heat helpeth likewise nature , being readily disposed & willing to make a secret and insensible transpiration thorow the bodie , by which it ought to bee expurged and auoided . so that the nature of this season ought to be regarded , as well in the often taking of this medicine tabacco , as in others also : so that i iudge it not the safest to vse tabacco at this time , vnlesse by the aduise of the learned : for to take it without difference and immeasurably as some abusers doe , must needes doe hurt , and i am sure a great deale in some of these fore-recited griefes . summer is hot and drie , subiect to bilious or cholerick diseases . the beginning of the summer admitteth the diseases of the spring : but the midst breedeth vsually , continuall and burning feuers , bleareyednesse , tertian agues , vomiting of yellow choler , cholericke fluxes of the belly , paines of the eares , and vlcerations of the mouth : putrefactions of the lower parts ; especially when the summer besides his heat , is enclined to ouermuch moisture , and that no windes blow , and the weather bee darke , fowle , close & rainie , or that pincerna pluviarū , i mean the south winde , which bringeth much raine , doth much blow . and redde and angrie wheales by meanes of much and often sweating , being either cholericke , sharpe , or byting , doe abound . for they sting and gnaw the skinne , making it ytchie , angring , and exasperating it after the fashion of some sore . so that in this season , and for these remembred griefes , no man , i trust , will grant tabacco to bee verie holesome . but if any spitting tabacconist bee so much bewitched , as that hee still must long after it , and cannot refraine , he shall heare the epigram of the noble poet hercules strozza , which hee wrote against a great gourmandizer or belly god. let the tabacconist be his owne interpretor , or make what morall he please , and thus it is . saepèbibis , quò saepèvomas , & saepèvoracem distendas miseri corporis ingluviem . quin si fortè tenax stomacho cibus haeserit , hunc vel dextra , vel in fauces indita penna ciet : tanquam sis genitus perdenda ad vina , nec vlli te natura alij finxerit officio . o dignum laqu●…o facinus ; quodcunque voratur , turpiter ingeritur , turpiùs egeritur . thou quaffest oft , to vomit much : by which thy riotous guise , thy bursten belly strouteth out , in strange and monstrous wise . and if by chance thy meat within thy stomacke sticketh still , thou streight doest seeke to force it vp , with finger or with quill : as though ( belike ) nature thee made onely to drinke downe wine , beast as thou art , and to no other thing did thee assigne . hang such a slaue : what ere goes in t is filthy out of doubt , and cramd into his greedie gorge , must needs goe filthy out . autumn is drie and somwhat cold , very vnequall , that is somtimes hot and somtimes cold . it is euill for those ( as the spring is ) that haue any consumptions or putrefaction of the lungs , ( for cùm folia decidunt & germinant , moriuntur tabidi : ) it causeth for the most part verie deadly griefs and diseases , yea and many of those that were rife in summer , likewise quartane agues , and wandring swellings , and hardnesses of the spleene , dropsies , stranguries , fluxes of the belly , paines of the hip or hanch , squinsies , shortnesse of breathing , iliaca passions , epilepsies , frenzies , and melancholicall passions . so that in this season which we call the fall of the leafe , we must not too often vse tabacco , vnles with great warinesse & aduise of the learned : and for this season , a man may say of tabacco in some sense , as hesiodus speaketh of his fathers dwelling place or the village called ascra , that it was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hyeme mala , aestate molesta , nunquam bona . euill in winter , bad in summer , but neuer good . the winter quarter is cold and moist and flegmaticke , verie subiect to destillations , plurisies ▪ inflammations of the lungs , lethargies , stuffings in the head , murres and pose , coughes , paines of the breast , sides and loynes , vertiginies ▪ swimming or giddinesse of the braine , and apoplexies . so that in most of these , it must of necessitie bee concluded , that tabacco is a noble medicine , and fit to be vsed . for you see that in complexions and mens natures , some are well and indifferently affected , and others againe either well or ill in winter . and so much for this . now as good regard and consideration is to be obserued , and kept in tabacco taking , concerning the seasons of the yeare , so likewise the same precise order is to bee obserued for complexions . all they therefore that either of the nature of their own bodily state , are of a drie complexion , or by any defect in their parents at their birth & procreation ; or finally , by any accidentall mishap or custome of liuing , as by want of foode , thought , watchings , heauinesse of minde , or immoderate labour haue commonly bodies slender and thinne : and their skinne ( where drinesse is great ) scuruy , rugged , vnseemely and lanke , swart and yelow , that are faced like death , and leane as a rake : and to conclude , that are in all respects resembling the physiognomie and shape of enuie , described by ouidius , must in any wise banish tobacco farre from them , as a thing most pernicious . pallor in ore sedet , macies in corpore toto , nusquam recta acies : liuent rubigine dentes : risus abest , nisi quem visi mouere dolores : nec fruitur somno vigilantibus excita curis , sed videt ingratos , intabescitque videndo successus hominum , carpitque ac carpitur vnà . in english thus . a face like ashes pale and wanne , a bodie scraggie leane , a leering looke , and teeth all furr'd with drosse and filth vncleane : her stomacke greenish is with gall , her tongue with venome fraught : and neuer laughes , but when mishap or harme hath others caught . no winke of sleepe comes in her eyes : and rest she none can take ; for fretting carke and cankred care her watchfull still doth make . full sore against her will it is that any man should thriue , or prosper in his businesse : for that doth her depriue of all her rest and quietnesse : there●…t the hellish else doth stampe and stare , doth fret and fume and pines away her selfe , and to her selfe a torment is : for , seeking to annoy the wealth and state of other folkes , her selfe she doth destroy . so then as the case standeth , seeing that tabacco is so hurtfull to drie complexions , it must of necessity be verie good and holsome for those men that are of moist constitutions : for he that is of this temperature , hath a bodie soft , not rugged and rough , white skinned ; his veines and ioynts not standing out , nor greatly appearing ; his haire plaine and flat , and for the most part thick withal . their taste and smelling , and other obiects of their senses be blunt and grosse . and if withall they be cold , they are for the most part , in minde and wit doltish and dull , slouthfull and lumpish : finally , neither by nature , neither by vse , forecastfull , sharpe witted , nor craftie : by reason their naturall heat is languishing and feeble , and drowned with moist and cold humors : and therefore also their memorie is verie faileable , obliuious , & nothing at all ( in a manner ) retentiue . their speach , as likewise their pulses , and manner of gate , slowe and dull . and because commonly they be assailed with many and sundrie diseases , for that they be giuen to sit still , louing their ease and idlenesse , whereby many crude and raw humors are heaped vp in their bodies , i●…must needs bee graunted that tabacco being hotand drie in qualitie , must of necessitie do them much good : and euen no lesse than labour and exercise doth in wasting waterish and cold superfluities . for sluggishnesse and slouth 〈◊〉 witnesseth cornelius celsus ) dulleth the bodie , but labour and exercise maketh it firme and lustie : the one bringeth old age before the time , and the other making youth to last long . and therefore strong motions and exercises , and likewise taking tabacco are more requisite for these persons : for otherwise cold and moist humours would too much increase , and heat quaile and be enfeebled . but i purpose now briefly by the way , to shew the nature and conditions of a hot and drie complexion , and of cholericke persons , and finally by what markes and tokens they are to bee perceiued , discerned , found out , and knowen , to see whether tabacco be fitting these kinde of people or no. and first to speake of the outward signes . a bodie of this constitution is hot , slender , leane , musculous , of decent bignesse , and meane stature : of colour they be brownish , aburne , or somewhat ruddie , specially when their angrie mood is vp , or their bodies set in a heat with exercise : and some bee pale and yellowish . their skinne rough : their heart-strings and veines bigge and apparant , and not lying hidden vnder the flesh : their tongue rowling at pleasure , readie and flowing in vtterance : their haire blacke , and in some curled and naturally frizled , whereas the heat and drinesse is very great and vehement : their noses ( for the mostpart ) are crooked like a haukes bill , they haue tongue at will , and are as iuuenalis the poet fitly saith in his . satyr . ingenium velox , a●…dacia perdita , serm●… promptus & isae●… torrentior , obiter illos esse putes quemuis hominem ; tum dicier aptè grammaticus rhetor , geometres , pictor , aliptes , augur , schenobates , medicus magis omnia nouit . in english thus : of dapper wit , and desperate bolde , fine phras'd with gallant grace : more eloquent than isaeus , for euerie time and case . ech person can they aptly play , at ech art can they aime , at grammar , rhetricke , geometri●… , painting , and for the game , at sooth-saying , and cunningly ▪ vpon a rope to dance ; at physicke , magicke , ripe are they and free of euery haunce . and therefore sithence those persons are of hot complexion , and that in their bodies yellow choler is praedominant , which is compared very aptly to fire , it must needs fal out , that tabacco being a hot plant , is very hurtful to them , & in no wise to be vsed ; for this is not the way to subdue and alter , but rather make one more cholericke and hot . for if a man should still cherish and nourish it with his like in temperature , hee should doe nothing else but flammam ●…leo extinguere , as the prouerbe is , quench the flame with oyle , and adde fire to flaxe by exasperating the distemperance , and increase the tyrannie of this hot humor , by making it the more vehement . so that in dry & hot bodies we must haue no refuge or succor to tabacco , considering tha●… in constitutions that be quite contrarie , we finde that it doth much good . for we see that if men haue their stomackes surcharged with aboundance of loathsome , clammie , and tough fleagme , tabacco doth scoure and cleanse it away more than any other , and ( if tabacconists say no more than may bee warranted for truth ) than all other helpes , and meanes whatsoeuer . tabacco consequently doth much good vnto all such , whose heads are filled with moistish vapours : for those fumes or reekes , striking vpwards as in a stillatorie , grow into a thicke , and sniuelly fleagme , whereby through coldnesse of the braine , the parties become subiect and open to sundry diseases , as the poze , murre , hoarsnesse , cough , & many others ; of which sort is the rheume or destillation of humours from the head , where with in romney marsh , and diuers places of essex , kent , and the isle of ely , both rich and poore , high and lowe in winter season are much troubled , and finde by experience to be true , and yet many of them be very healthy , and as sound as a bell . praecipuè sanus , nisi quum pituita molesta est . in english thus : in perfect health and throughly sound , but when that fleagme doth much abound . in so much that i am sometimes driuen into an admiration , to consider how such abundance of filthy humors should rest in the head , which nature one while at the mouth , another while at the nose and throat , expelleth and purgeth . because the colde complexion is cleane opposite and contrarie to the hot constitution : and for that this is the worst of all others , and furthest from that state which is best : i will addresse my next speech to speake somewhat of it ; to the end , i would haue men resolued whether tabacco be holsome for them or no. and because colde is cleane contrarie to heat , it must of necessitie be concluded , that tabacco is very holesome for colde complexions seruing as a helpe in the office of concoction and digestion , considering that in this state of bodie there lacketh heat sufficient , and the other powers and faculties natural , are not able for the weaknes of the instruments and organes , to attract and digest that nourishment that is moist , nor to make it like and consubstantiall with the bodie and members . i haue known many of this complexion , that through grosse and clammie glewish flegme , haue gotten the lethargie , or drowsie euill , the apoplexie , the crampe , palsey , and wrie mouthes . there is none of these persons , but hee aboundeth , and is repleat with much fleagme , and flegmatick excrements , which maketh them lumpish and sleepie , forgetfull , slow of bodie and minde , and pale coloured , except sometimes at the comming of their especiall friends they bee heated with wine or good tabacco , and therby haue dumps driuen out of their minds : for by this meanes their colour is made fresher , and all drowsinesse banished and chased out of their minds . as the time of the yeare , and different complexions ; so likewise the custom and frequent vse of tabacco is to be regarded . some haue reported , that it little auaileth , and that it profiteth a hot complexion nothing at all : but experience ( the mistresse of wisdome ) hath not shewed it to be iniurious to either . for if a man haue been often inured to the taking of it , it can doe no such great harme , as it doth in a man that taketh it seldome ; for , consueta mala minùs sunt infensa : accustomed euils are the lesse hurtfull or offensiue : and custome is another nature ; and we ought , as hyppocrates saith , to haue no lesse regard vnto it , than to our owne proper and engraffed temperament . gaudent natura consuetis semper . and againe , consuetudo plurimum potest , repentináque ab ea digressio non parùm obl●…dit corpora . com. . in prognost . cap. . consuetum quod est , bonum est , vel saltem minùs nocet ijs , quae naturâ quidem innoxiâ sunt , sed nunquàm in consuetudinē peruenerunt . for , as the same galen in another place saith of meats , we may likewise say of medicines : ciborum vim & naturam ab experientia quisque sua magis quàm à ratione dijudicet , com. . de v. r. in c. . and againe , ventriculus amplexatur ea & longè faciliùs concoquit , quaecunque cum vol●…ptate assumit , auersatur autem ea quae displicent : vnde nauseae , flatus & fluctuationes subsequuntur . com. in aph. . lib. . for wee finde by experience , that if a man in time of health haue acustomed himselfe to the continuall drinking of cold water , and hath felt no offence nether in his liuer , bladder , stomach , nor any other part , it is manifest that he findeth ease and reliefe by that which another not acquainted withall possibly cannot : yea , physicians which proceede by reason and experience doe confesse , that there is a great force and vertue in custome , liuely shewing the nature of euery particular body , which , as i said euen now , hippocrates himselfe expresly auerreth , writing that a moist diet is best fitting for those persons that haue any feuer ; adding yet further , especially ( saith he ) to children , & such as haue been long vsed and acquainted themselues by custom to such a diet : and consequently we must yeeld somewhat to custome ; for he saith , that bad meats and drinkes being accustomably taken , are farre safer than others , if a man should sodainely alter old custom , and take others farre holesomer . f●… if one di●… ▪ which ha●…h not v●…ed himselfe to it , hee is by & by made weaker , heauy , dul , lumpish , lazie , & sickish : and if besides this he take his supper , hee shall soone feele windinesse , sowre belchings , and loosenesse of the belly ; for the stomacke being repleat and ouercharged with such an vnusuall burthen , which before was wont to bee drie and emptie , now swelleth , distendeth , and with paine stretcheth it selfe out . so yet againe there be some laboring men , which hauing stomacks like estriches will disgest yron , and fall to their victuals thrice in a day without any bones at all : for , ieiunus stomachus rarò v●…lgaria temnit . hungry dogges will eat thirtie puddings , ●…s the irish man said . there be others found , which will make a good large dinner , but take no suppers at all , ( and contrariwise ) so that if contrarieto custome they do●…suppe , they shall finde themselues to be troubled with heauinesse in the belly , so that they cannot sleep without much tumbling and tossing . so then my conclusion is , that if one haue but accustomed himselfe to take tabacco , hee must not sodainely leaue it , but by degrees . so that it is no maruell , if any not acquainted with taking the fume of this hearbe , if it cause a vertiginie or giddinesse in the braine , epilepticall accessions , inclinations to fainting and sounding , head-ach , dimnesse of sight , and other different effects , as i haue often seene . we may say the like of wine , ale , beere , and the like , to which diuers men are not inured but by long custome . how great the force & power of this cruell tyrant custome is , that creepeth in by little & little , insinuating and cōueighing himself slily into our natures , so that at length he will be so malepart , as to vendicate the whole rule and gouernment of our bodies , prescribing and limiting new lawes , euen such as it selfe pleaseth , and abrogating olde ancient orders , constitutions , and fashions , theophrastus in his . booke de histor. plantar . cap. . plainly sheweth by the example of one thrasias , who durst venture to eat whole handfuls of helleborus albus : and of eudemus chius , who sitting one day in the open mercate , tooke two and twentie potions of the same helleborus , and after that went to supper , and dispatcht his other ordinarie affaires & busines , without any vomiting or perturbation of stomacke or bodie . hee had by degrees accustomed his bodie to it , by first taking a little at once , & afterwards he encreased the quantitie by little and little , vntill at length he durst take so much thereof as was incredible , and neuer felt hurt . sithence therefore that neither reason nor philosophie can bridle or ouer-rule the power and force of custome , it is no maruell though mans bodie be ouer-mastred therwith : which in my conceit ought to be a good lesson to many physicians , to regard and marke well the proper constitution and state of euerie mans bodie , & to what he hath bin most inclined or accustomed , being withall very diligent and carefull to administer nothing rashly , and at aduenture ( as many blinde medicine-giuers and receitmen doe ) neither yet any desperate or vnknowne thing vnto any ; for such , are no better than murtherers before god , if their patients prooue not well vnder them . neither let couetousnesse ouer-rule them , as those physicians and surgeons that dally with mens bodies to get much money : but let euery one account it his dutie to doe good to all . and in so doing , they shall finde god their phisician , not onely of their bodies , but of their soules : whereas otherwise the saying of our nation may be applied fitly vnto them , physicians cure your selues . the leaues of tabacco at this day bee onely in vse ( although for want of them , some doe make vse of the seeds ) and because they would haue them in a readinesse , they thrust them thorow with a needle and thread , and so haue them to drie in the shadow : and afterwards at their pleasure , vse them either whole , or being brought into powder . because of his heat and drinesse , it must needs make hot , resolue , mundifie , & a little adstringe , as one may easily iudge by his vertues that hereafter follow . the drie leaues of tabacco are good to be vsed , taken in a pipe set on fire , and suckt into the stomacke , and thrust forth againe at the nostrels against the paines of the head , rheumes , aches in any part of the body , whencesoeuer the originall doth proceede , whether from france , italie , spaine , naples , india ( being all pockie hot countreys ) or from our familiar and best knowne diseases . those leaues doe palliate and ease for a time , but neuer performe any cure absolutely : for although they emptie the bodies of humours , yet the cause of the griefe cannot be so taken away . but some haue learned this principle , that repletion requireth euacuation , that is , fulnesse craueth emptinesse , and by euacuation assure themselues of health : but this doth not take away so much with it this day , but the next bringeth with it more ; as for example , a well doth neuer yeeld such store of water ▪ as when it is most drawne and emptied . my selfe speake by proofe , who haue cured of that infectious disease a great many , diuers of which had couered or kept vnder the sicknesse by the helpe of tabacco as they thought ; yet in the end ▪ haue been constrained , to haue vnto such a hard knot a crabbed wedge , or else had vtterly perished . fleagme in mans bodie , as it is diuers ; so diuersly it must be altered : for being by nature cold and moist , it easily is conuerted into thicknesse , or hard & tough sliminess , and in regard of his tenacious qualitie , it is verie difficult to be remooued : for it doth not very easily giue place , either to the vertue expulsiue , or yeeld to an attractiue medicine . and to cause it to be pliable and yeelding , there be fiue things required ; namely , heat , siccitie , attenuation , abstersion , and cutting or diuiding , which wee call incision : all which properties tabacco is furnished withall , and adiudged fit to be vsed in all tough and viscous humours wherewith the bodie is ouer-charged . mercurius fritannicus in his third booke de terra australi an●…hac semper incognita , in the description of a certaine countrey , tearmed morouia ( where none but fooles dwell ) i suppose that it lyeth nere portugall , for that countrey is reported to abound with fooles , as england is said to sauour of vanitie ; he wondered ( i say ) at one thing and mused aboue the rest , and that not without iust cause , that many of the inhabitants there do li●…e neither vpon bread nor meat , as other nations for the most part doe , but only on the smoke of a certaine vnholesome hearbe , which they taking at their mouthes , forthwith againe thrust forth at their nostrels , seeming as it were , so many smoakie chimneys . many men stand in doubt , neither can it be fully resolued whether the cockscombly morouians learned this fashion frō the poor naked indians , or the indians from them . there be some hold opinion , that certain indians dwelling neere vnto torrida zona , were the first inuentors and finders out of this smokie medicine , that inwardly also they might turne blacke : for you must imagine , that their morian-black hue pleased them wondrous well , and they iudged it no reason that the inward parts should any whit differ or varie from the outward . how soeuer it be , this is certaine , that when their noses are filled , their purses many times are emptied , and the patrimonies of many noble young gentlemen , haue been quite exhausted , and haue vanished cleane away with this smoaky vapour , and hath most shamefully and beastly flyen out at the masters nose . but yet this may seeme verie strange , yea as strange as the rich mans kitchen in cheap-side , which had no fire in it for sixteene yeeres together , that whilest these lustie yonkers and tabacconists eleuate their noses on high , snuffing vp the fume verie gallantly , that their kitchens in the meane space haue beene key-colde . they that choppe away their patrimonies for the vanishing smoake of tabacco , are scarse so wise as glaucus , who was so madde headed , as that hee would needs change and giue away his armour of gold , which was prised to be worth one hundred oxen , with the yron armour of diomedes , that was scarse worth nine oxen. the famous poet homer maketh mention of this bartering in the sixth of his iliades , in these words ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . id est , aurea areis , centenaria nouenarijs : or as alciatus hath translated it , lib. . pr●…termiss . proqúenouem ●…ntum ▪ proferro tradidit aurum . he gaue away one hundred for nine , and gold for yron . some vse to drink tabacco ( as it is tearmed ) for wantonnes , or rather custom , & cannot forbeare it , no , not in the midst of their dinner or supper : which kind of taking is vnholsome , & very dangerous , if not slouenly ; although to take it seldom , and that physically may do some good , and is to be tolerated . othersome there bee that spend whole daies , moneths , times and yeares ( for the most part ) in tabacco-taking , not sparing to take it euen in their bed , seeking by all meanes possible to hinder and peruert the course of nature , and naturall order : which thing is both a great misspending of precious time , and a great empairer of bodily health , accelerating by these disorders their owne deaths , before either nature vrge , maladie enforce , or age require it . wherefore wee ought euer to remember that golden a phorisme of reuerend hippocrates ; non satietas , non fames , non aliud quidquam bonum est , quod modum excedit . and againe , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hoc est : adeoque in vniuersum ▪ nimium , naturae bellum indixit . a man may haue too much of his mothers blessing . it was death for any magistrate , or any one placed in high authority and office amongst the people of locris , to drinke any wine ; vnlesse for healths sake , the physitian had prescribed to the contrarie : so i could wish the like lawe to our huff-snuffe tabacconists , that misspend the flowre of their youth in this smoaking vanitie . thus you see that tabacco is a fantasticall attracter , and glutton-feeder of the appetite , rather taken of many for wantonnesse , when they haue nothing else to doe than of any absolute or necessarie vse , which is much to bee discommended : but i commend the syrupe aboue this fume or smoakie medicine . surely , if wee did obserue time , and the golden meane ( so much spoken of ) tabacco it selfe is no more to be disliked or reiected , thā boleti esculenti , because the emperor claudius casar died with eating of them ; whereof both plinie in his two and twentie booke , chap. . cornelius tacitus in his twelfth booke , suetonius tranquillus in claudio . cap . and dio in his . booke make large mention . the storie is this : there was in times past , as there is now adaies , a kinde of fungus esculentus , a kinde of mushrom , which was thought to be a dish fit for princes in regard of their delicate taste and holesomnesse , yet at length it grewe infamous , because agrippina the empresse poysoned claudius caesar her husband with them , either hee surfeiting through his greedie eating , as king iohn did with eating of lampries , as some of our histories report , ( for both these princes took a singular delight in either of these meats ) but somesay , the king died with peares ; some , with plums ; but most hold that he was poysoned by the hands of a pole-shorne monk of swinsted abbey in lincolneshire : the like is supposed , that the wicked woman added a little poyson to these mushroms , because she would be rid of her husband the emperour , to the intent to settle the goúernment , and to set the crowne vpon her owne sonnes head nero , who indeed succeeded claudius in the romane empire . hence proceeded those quips and taunts of iuuenalis the famous poet , who liued in those daies , against these kindes of mushroms , called of the , ancients , boleti : in his first satyre . vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis , boletus domino : sed qualem claudius edit ante illum vxoris , post quem nil amplius edit . and in the sixt satyre : — minus ergo nocens erit agrippinae boletus : siquidem vnius pr●…cordia pressit ille senis ▪ trem●…lumqúe caput descendere iussit in coelum . — hence also proceeded that bitter taunt of wicked nero his successour , tearming boletus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , hoc est deorum ci●…um , the meat of the gods ; because claudius caesar died with eating of them , and the superstitious gentilisme imagined that their caesars or emperours after their deathes were translated into the number of the gods. from hence likewise it was , that martialis vttered this imprecation : boletum , qualem claudius edit , edas . and this common versicle is not yet quite forgotten : boleti lethi caussa fuêre mei . but it is a thing not so much to bee wondred at , that poysons haue been foisted amongst mushroms , and mixed also with other meats ; for wee read in histories , that they haue been giuen in sacrifices . for victor the third bishop of rome was killed with poyson that was conueighed into the chalice , whereof hee dranke when masse was celebrated , not without the scoffes and mockerie of his enemies , who said , it was a verie diuine draught that sent victor in such post haste without much adoe to the ioyes euerlasting . in this point therfore , i would frame vnto our tabacconists this hortatorie admonition , that they keepe a moderation in receiuing the fume thereof , and that likewise they take it not , in case it be infected with som poysonous qualitie , as it many times is , lest this epitaph be inscribed on their graues : here lieth he had liued longer , if he had not choakt himselfe with a tabacco whi●… . tabacco of all men is concluded to be a verie holsome medicine , for rheumes , paines of the head , &c. and yet in the vse of tabacco , and such hot medicines there must be a great discretion that all be done in due season , and rationally : for if so bee , that one vse hot medicines verie much , and a long time in passions of the braine , hee shall doe more hurt than good , inducing a neshnesse , softnesse , or flagginesse of the muscles and fleshie parts ; their fibres being relaxed , the proper nutriment of the muscles being dissipated and exhausted , and another excrementitious and waterish humour comming in place , that is nothing apt to nourish , so that many times weaknesse of the sinewes doe proceede from these causes : for the strength of the sinewes consisteth in a mediocritie of siccitie . furthermore it bringeth an astonishment , benumming or senselesnesse of the braine , causing as it were a resolution both of sense , motion , and of all the actions of the braine , besides fluxes of bloud at the nose , the veines being loosened , faintings or swounings by a dissipation and wasting of the spirits , and resoluing of the membranes . the priests and enchanters of the hot countreys , doe take the fume thereof till they be drunken , that after they haue lien for dead three or foure houres , they may tell the people what wonders , visions , or illusions they haue seene , and so giue them a propheticall direction , or foretelling of the successe of their businesse : but the diuell is a liar , and the father of that facultie , his end is horrour , his meane abuse , and his intent mischiefe . the weight of foure ounces of the iuyce of tobacco being drunke , purgeth both vpwards and downewards , and procureth after a long and sound sleep , as i haue learned of a friend by obseruation , affirming that a strong countrey-man of a middle age , hauing a dropsie , tooke of it , and being wakened out of his sleepe , called for meat and drinke , and after that became perfectly whole . here , since we haue begun to speake of purging , i think it not besides the way , and our businesse in hand , if i tell you that which most concerneth purgatiue medicines . first therefore it must bee certainely knowne , whether those bodies that are to be purged bee first rightly prepared , or not . there must therefore regard be had , if you will haue them rightly purged , you must first giue them some gentle preparatiue . and for this purpose it is required , that the bodie abound not with crude & indigested humours ; that the liuer , spleene , lungs , and other noble inward parts haue no inflammation , and the like ; as when the veine is exceeding hot burning and red , and the patient haue a strong feuer : for in these and the like cases , purging medicines must not rashly be giuē . so that there are three things necessarily to be obserued in euery right purgation of the bodie : the freenesse and libertie of the passages , preparation of the matter offending , & the power and strength of nature . nicolaus monardus saith , that the leaues of tabacco , being made hot , are a present remedie for the paine of the head , for an inueterate head-ache , and for the paine of the head called the megrim , that hath beene of long continuance , if so be the paine proceede of any cold , windie or waterish humours : and they must be often applied and layed to , vntill the griefe be cleane gone . before the application of this kinde of remedie , some vse to anoint the head with oile made of the flowers of oranges : & not hauing that , i think , oleum costinū , irinum , oleū euphorbij , oleum anethi , and chamamelinum , or some chymicall oile of thyme , or f●…nnell ●…eede , or calamint were not amisse . it ought to be taken physically ( not foolishly ) in a pipe , for the same purpose once in a day at the most , and that in the morning fasting , against paines of the h●…ad , stomack , and griefes in the breast and lungs : against cata●…rhes and rheumes , and such as are troubled with coldes , mur●…es , the pose , and hoarsnesse . the same hea●… be and fume , is proo●…ed to be singular good against the tooth-ache : for it doth not onely cease the paines of the teeth , which proceed of any cold cause , the tooth being first cleansed and scoured with some linnen cloth , dipped in the iuyce of this herb , and a pill made of the leafe being put into the tooth , but also hindreth and restraineth corruption and rottennesse of the same from any further increase . and this standeth with good reason : for if the paine either of the head or teeth proceed of colde , and this hearbe being of a hot and drying qualitie , must needs make against it , prouoking , stirring , and moouing thereby the expulsiue facultie , or melting the humour contained and bred in the braine ; or else drawing to it especially from the former ventricles of the braine into that part , which by reason of the vse , is called infundibulum ( which is nothing but a deepe cauitie in the forepart of the third ventricle of the braine , which at length goeth aboue the seat of sphenoides : ) we may not vnfitly tearme it , the braine tonnell , for from thence the humours fall into the mouth , and by that meanes are purged , and voided away . i my self know a man yet liuing in northhāptonshire , being verie much and a long time vexed with paine and coldnesse , especially in the hinder part of his head , who hauing tried the skill and medicines of many physicians , and nothing at all preuailing , he was at length counselled to take tabacco in fume ; which hee yeelding vnto , after a while all the paine vanished away . and this standeth with good reason : for the tabacco looseneth the fleagme , and those pituitous humours that are bred in the head and breast , drying and coroborating the braine verie notably . and if this man had taken tabaco , with vngula caballina , iris , thus ▪ or sulphur in fumigation , nothing could haue been deuised more excellent . for confirmation of this , iohn heurnius in the first booke of his method , ad praxin , telleth a storie of himselfe , how plentifuly it draweth slimie and pituitous humours from the mouth and nostrels , by taking the fume in a narrow pipe : for ( saith he ) it searcheth euerie corner of the braine , and is caried into the eares : and i dare boldly auouch , that this hearbe is specially and peculiarly appropried to the braine , being by a most easie passage caried thither , washing , purging , and clearing the braine from all corruption and filthinesse : for about a yere since being much pained with the tooth-ache , i boyled this hearb in water , adding to it some chamomile floures , and holding a spoonful of this warm decoction in my mouth , i did presently spit it forth , and so doing certaine times together , about two houres after , the paine somewhat abated . the next day following , when ( as my maner was ) i went to a garden i had in the suburbs , and there bending downe my head to pull vp some grasse or weedes , there dropped , and flowed downe in great quantitie from my nose a great deale of moisture , as yellow as saffron , or a kites foot , hauing the verie sent of tabacco , and forthwith all the paine of my teeth ceased . in all my life , i cannot call to remembrance , that either bloud , or any other superfluous humour , besides flegmaticke and waterish superfluities , euer came out at my nostrels ; but neuer in all my life did i see any thing more yealow , then this moist humour was that issued from me at that time . so this being granted , i can see no reason , but that one may safely vse this as a suffîtus , or a holsome hot perfume , as well as we doe myrrhe , masticke , pitch , styrax , frankensence , turpentine , castoreum , ladanum , the gum of iuniper , cloues , and the like being cast vpon the coles , and vsed for the griefes abouesaid . but peraduenture some will obiect and say , that tabacco is of an ingrate & vnpleasant sent , so that many therby are brought to fainting or swouning , euen by the smell thereof . to whom i answere , that it is true : and yet notwithstanding , i thinke a calfe with one eie may easily see , that some of these forerecited medicines haue a farre more noysome , i may say loathsome smell , than this gentleman tabacco hath . the iudgement concerning sweet sents in diuers men , is diuers ; nothing almost being common one with another : so that quot capita , tot sensus , looke how many sundrie different visages and faces , so many discrepant iudgments , concerning the excellencie of this or that odour . for with one , the sent of cinamon is more fragrant than that of muske . with another , cloues seeme to surpasse them both . to another , a rose is held more odoriferous than any of them all . so that concerning the diuersitie of sweet smels and sauours , you shall euer haue diuersitie of iudgements : so that when all the cards are cast vp , this must be the full decision , and finall determination , that those things must be chosen , which be most familiar to euery mans nature , whether meats or medicines , and those to be refused that be contrarie . galen the prince of physitians , in his method of curing , doth affirme , that there be certaine medicaments , which by the proprietie of their nature & vertues , do more properly respect one part thā another : as for example , agrimony , hepatica nobilis , absinthiū , and all kinds of endiue or succorie , direct their ver●…ues more specially to the liuer , then to any other part or particle of the bodie . glans vnguentaria ▪ germander , capers , scolopendriū , & ceterach called milt waste for his effects , tamariske , cortex salicis , dancus , scordiū , calamint , asarabacca , & som others respect the spleen peculiarly . saxifrage , betonie , calcifraga anglorum , otherwise called perchepier , polygonū selinoides , the roots of smallach , of da●…cus , fennell , berries of iuniper , and the seeds of melones , the reines , and vreters . the fit and proper medicines for the breast and lungs , are , the roots of fennell , of horehound , hastula regia , scabious , reisins of the sunne , figges , hyssop , thyme , oke of ierusalem , licorice , barley , and fussilage , called of some blinde physicians farfara . mints , cynamon , wormewood and galangall , are excellent for the stomacke . for the heart , saffron , bugloss , borage , balme , roses , basill , saunders , pearle , the bezoar stone , and gold it selfe : for as old chaucer the english poet saith of one of his pilgrims a physician , that trauailed among the rest to saint thomas of canturburie , and that verie truly ; for gold in physicke is a cordiall : wherefore he loued golde in speciall . penirial , mugwort , sauin ; calamint , peony , mir●…h , saffrō , borax , are medicines fit for some womens griefes . celandine & eie-bright respect the eies . the fea onyō , chamepithis , psillium , and hermodactils , direct their vertue chiefly to the ioynts . staechas , laurus , rosemarie , the male pionie , misseltoe of the oke , galangall , castoreum , betonie , margerome , sage , and our tabacco , doe especially respect the braine . wee must also know that there bee some medicines which of their owne proper nature are offensiue to some particular parts , either by some manifest qualitie that is in them , or by some hidden propertie . for the often vse of thus , mel anacardinum , and the hearbe called balme ( wherewith bees are so much delighted ) doe offend the braine , perturbing the rationall facultie . vineger is hurtfull to the lungs and vterus . fat things offend and subuert the stomacke , causing a loathing or detestation of meats and drinkes . sweet meats and fruits cause tumors and swellings in the liuer and spleene . colewort , parsley , and hempe-seede hurt the eyes . teuksburie mustard , and all sharpe things will haue a man verie soone by the nose : the virginians , and other people of america , cannot endure it , for if the eat any mustard with fish or flesh , they will make many a sowre face at it . quick siluer , as it is thought , is a great enemie to the braine of man , but more properly to the eares . the often eating of leeks , will corrupt the teeth , & lytharge hurteth the tong . the fume of harts or goates horne being burnt , causeth a conuulsion to any that is troubled with the falling sicknesse : and the same is reported for a truth , if any epilepticall person be wrapped in a goate or deeres skinne , and some say that the fume of sulphur worketh the same effect . neither is it to be pretermitted , that there be some medicines , which being externally applied , doe bring both speedie , and certaine helpe and health , which being taken into the bodie , doe much hurt , and endanger the life . for example sake , the vse of verdigrease , aes vstum , squama aeris , cadm●…a , pompholyx , litharge , ceruse , & the like all these are vsed with good successe to outward vlcers & sores : which notwithstanding must not be taken inwardly , for any vlcer within the bodie , but in stead of them , hyposistis , the flowers and ryndes of pomgranates , balaustians , galles , terra lemnia , sumach , the iuyce of roses , acacia , and the like , which are of great vertue for the curation of inward vlcers , neuer offending the stomacke , liuer , or any other of the inward parts . it would be too long to set down all things that might here in this place be inserted : and although my eiesight be not so good as linxius , who from the promontorie of lillibey in sicilia , did discerne and see the ships in the port of carthage ; yet i am sure , by that which i haue introduced , one may plainly see , that a true physitian ought to haue the facultie and naturall knowledge of euery thing concerning diseases , or wounds in the bodie or minde of man. for the remedying of all which , there are two things requirable ; namely , the simple knowledge of euerie liuing and inanimate thing , whether of minerals , vegetables , sensible animals or of man , and the experience how each of these in seuerall countreys , and bodies haue their certaine operations . and seeing without doubt , god hath planted in the worlde meanes ( either of simples or of compounds ) to remedie any sicknesse , or cure any wound , although the knowledge or meanes doe not alwaies sort to ones desire , yet is not the true meanes to be neglected . and though god haue fitted euerie climate and countrey with good meanes , to relieue the ordinarie diseases , and grieuances of men : yet we see for want of knowledge in physitians , either how to vse the simples of their owne countries , or how to compound them aright , according to the dose of euery bodie naturall , they are enforced to search into other countries for ayde . for , though we haue , as other countries , manie singular thinges to remedie the decay or disquiets of nature ; yet seeing the simples of other countries , for some particular bodies and griefes , are more naturall then many compoundes of our owne , and the skill is lesse to applie them , why should not necessitie make physitians trauell for knowledge , as the olde wife for neede . we see the artificiall bezoar-stone to be lesse profitable for some bodies , then the naturall . the fayned sanguinis draconis , then the right which is brought from africa : and our owne tabacco in england or europe , then that which naturallie groweth in america ; for the difference of climates and soyles alter much the natures of euery thing . and so of such like adulterate resemblances , which necessitie and mens gaines haue laboured and arted . but lest i should seeme to wander too farre in the wildernesse of nature , i will now returne to tabacco againe . the suffumigation of tabacco being taken , is a good medicine for the starknesse or stiffnesse of the neck , called tetanus , and for any paines or aches in the bodie , proceeding of the cause that tetanus doth . the iuyce or distilled water , is very good against catarrhes , the dizzinesse of the head , and rheumes that fall downe to the eyes , for stuffing in the head or nose by meanes of colde , against the paine called the meagrim , if either you apply it vnder the temples , or take one or two greene leaues , or a drie leafe moistened in wine , and dried cunningly vpon the embers , and laid thereto . sternutatories , especially those which are made of tabacco , being drawne vp into the nostrels , cause sneesing , consuming and spending away grosse and slimie humors from the ventricles of the braine . these kind of remedies must needs doe good where the brain is repleat with many vapours , for those that haue a lethargy or vertiginy , in all long geiefes , paines and aches of the head , in continuall senselesses , orbenumming of the braine , and for a hicket that proceedeth of repletion . rec. piperis , zinziberis , ana ℈ i. pyrethri , foliorum siccorum tabaci , ℈ ij . trita naribus inspirentur ante cibum . another sternutamentorie . rec. foliorum siccorum tabaci , ℈ ijss . zingiberis , pyrethri , ana ℈ iss . radicum hellebori albi , grana . puluerisata commisceantur , & fiat sternutamentorium . ex fistula naribus parùm infletur . those sternutatories which are very forcible , vehement & strong , as e●…phorbiū , helleborus albus , & the like to these , must not be blown vp into the head , but rather put into a boxe , the same being a little shaken , & so holding it to the nose , to draw vp a little at once . but tabacco is not so violent , and therefore may in my iudgement bee safely put in practise . besides , sternutaments are not so fitting , where the braine or head , the breast and lungs , doe abound with verie crude or raw humours and superfluities ; by reason that they doe mooue , trouble , and shake those parts too much , and too vehemently , which ought rather to be moderately comforted , warmed , and suffred to bee let alone quietly , that those crude iuyces might the sooner come to better digestion , and then afterwards to be spent and carried away . for otherwise the braine and chest with this preposterous proceeding will be the more stufsed and ouer-charged . but when the humours there setled , are come to some concoction , then sneesing medicines are taken with good successe , and doe preuaile very much . it is therefore euer the safer course , rather to vse simples then cōpounded medicines , because of their exceeding force and violence . to end in a word , sneesing , as cornelius celsus ( our latine hippocrates saith ) in diseases of the lungs is verie dangerous . thus then you plainely see , that all medicines , and especially tobacco , being rightly and rationally vsed , is a noble medicine ; & contrariwise not in his due time with other circumstances considered , it doth no more than a noblemans shooe doth in healing the gout in the foot , or a precious ring a crampe in the finger , nor a diademe the paine in the head , or as lucretius the poet saith ; nec calidae citiùs decedunt corpore febres , textilibus si in picturis ostróque rubenti ●…acteris , quàm si plebeia in veste cubandum est . feuers no sooner from thy bodie flie , if thou on arras or red scarlet lie tossing , then if thou rest on couerlets home drest . tabacco cleareth the eie-sight , and taketh away the webbes and spots thereof , being anointed with the iuyce bloud-warme . the oyle or iuyce dropped into the eares , and the fume likewise receiued into the eares , is good against deafnesse : a cloth dipped in the same , and laide vpon the face , taketh away the lentils , rednesse and spots thereof . an errhine or nasale for stuffing in the nose , and for defect of smelling . rec. piperis . pyrethri , tabaci ana ʒi . olei naturalis balsami q. sufficit ad incorporandū . cum melle q. s. fiat nasale . another errhine . rec. succi tabaci , ℥ i. olei amygdalarum amararum ʒi . masticis subtiliter pulverisatae ℈ i. misce . trahatur naso dum ore reddatur . this that followeth is good for an old pain in the head , and sharpeneth the eye-sight . rec. succi tabaci vel sanae sanctae indorum , cicl●… , betonicae , ana ℥ i. bulliant cum vini albi ℥ ij . oxym . scillitic . ℥ ss . fiat errhinum . another . rec. sinapi . gr . . pul : fol. sicc . tabaci . piperis albi , ana ℈ ss . ladani , cer●… , ana ʒiss , misce . fiat nasale , pyramidis vel tent . forma . when wee are to vse strong errhines or nasales , the mouth must be full of water . if after the taking of these kindes of medicines , the nostrels do smart or suffer much paine , then may it bee taken away or diminished , either with womans milke , oyle of violets , or vnguentum rosatum . they that haue sore eyes , must not deale with them , nor yet they that either haue , or are subiect to vlcerations in the nose , or such persons who suffer much head-ache caused by the french pockes : for if they bee too busie with them , their noses perhaps may in the meane space be in danger of falling downe flat . neither must these errhines , or nasales be compounded of any venomous matter : for so there may growe vlcers , and fi lt hie sores in that part . lastly , when you take them , there must care be had that the nose bee not filled too full ; least that respiration , and drawing in of the breath , bee thereby letted or hindred : nor yet to bee vsed ( especially in deafnesse or dulnesse of hearing ) but when the bodie aforehand sufficiently is prepared and purged , as alexander trallianus the learned physician saith . the leaues of this hearb being decocted in water , are good against the paines of the breast , an olde cough , asthma ( the nature of which disease is to stoppe the passage of the winde and make vs breath vneasily ) and the griefes which arise of colde and waterish humors . in like manner an ●…clegma , linctus , or lohoch , made of the decoction of the hearbe is excellent good against the same griefes . sometimes the fume cureth those that be asthmatike , but then it is necessarie that the bodie first be cleansed , if occasion so require . a sirupe made of the decoction of this hearbe with sufficient sugar , and so taken in very small quantitie , dischargeth the breast from rotten and phlegmaticke matter . but heere in these cases we must prouide carefully aforehand , and well see to it , and beware that we vse not these suffumigations and smoaking perfumes of tabacco , where there is any spitting of bloud ; for the small veines thorough the acrimonie of suffimentes are opened : neither yet are they to be vsed in drie diseases of the breast : and when they are to be most vsed , the whole body ought first to be purged . now for my owne conceite , i haue proued that tabacco being taken with styrax , calamita , and the powder of tussilago or coltes foote , helpeth these fore-remembred griefes . and to this , besides mine owne experience , you shall haue the testimonie and attestation of mathias de lobel and of peter penor , two learned men , in their herball entituled , stirpium aduersaria noua , expressly affirming that there is not a more effectuall or speedie remedie against the consumption of the lungs , and such as be asthmaticall , and such griefes also as proceede from plentie of tough and viscous humours . and and thus would i prescribe it : rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum . styracis . sandaracha . terebinthinae . mastiches . ana partes aequ●…les . this medicine being rightly vsed , will deserue due commendation , in regard it helpeth those which are short winded , or haue any slimie and flegmaticke humours growne to matter or suppuration . it also doth much good to pleuriticall persons , and likewise for the cough . for a verie moist breast , the leaues of tabacco applied , are prooued to bee singular , without any other thing added to them . for those medicinall meanes that doe adstringe , or be of a verie drying qualitie , are not rashly to be layed vpon the breast . i knew my selfe a verie learned gentleman dwelling at buckworth in huntingtonshire who had long languished of an orthopnoea ; so that by reason of too many slimy and waterish humours which distilled downe from the braine into the chest , his lungs were so choaked , that hee could not breath , but by holding his necke vpright , insomuch that many times , especially in the night season , he was in danger to be suffocated : by meanes of which , and his extreame cough , together with an extenuation of the whole bodie , he was adiudged tabidus of most physicians that visited him , yea and to be almost past all hope of recouerie , and one of the physicians being first asked his opinion , concerning the sicke patient , cast out these words : virtus lassa cadit , soluuntur frigore membra , vitáque tartare as fugit indignata per vmbras . faint fals his courage , and his limbs doe faile for want of heat . his life disdaining , packes to hell , where pluto hath his seat . and because i being his familiar friend , and one that was best acquainted with his whole course , and order of physicke & diet , which was both rationally prescribed , and diligently taken and obserued , yet nothing taking effect that was administred , when al men thought he would haue died , he was at length counselled to take tabacco in fume : which he daily did , and onely by this way by little and little , he recouered his former health and strength of bodie , his friend before spoken being a doctor of physick , and he who had cast forth the two former verses , seeing the sodaine mutation , and wondring at the good successe , he thus againe pleasantly and conceitedly answered . mors aderat , cymbámque charon remósque parabat : asseruit medicina senem iam aetate trementem , restituitque no●…as effoeto in corpore vires . in english thus : now death appeares , and charon ready stands to giue him passage with his boat and oares : but physicke frees the old man from his hands , and him afresh to life and strength restoares . they that haue seene the proofe hereof haue credibly reported that when the moores and indians haue fainted either for want of food or rest , this hath been a present remedie vnto them , to supply the one , and help the other . the vse of masticatories or apophlegmatisms , are much commended , and fitly practised against the affects and passions of the head , teeth , and wind-pipe : and specially they correct inueterate hurts and maladies , and such as be of long continuance , such as be dulnesse or dimnesse of the eye-sight , deafnesse , pustules of the face & head , & when the nostrels haue any vlceration in them , to auert and take away their fluxe of humours . and to effect this , these that follow are much commended , videlicet , hyssope , the rootes of iris , acorus , gentian , ginger , and galingall , but chiefly tabacco : i will set downe some sorm of these masticatories , that you may take your choyse where you please . rec. zingiberis , caryophillorum a●…a ℥ j. sanae sanctae indorum , piperis ana ʒss . staphisagriae ʒij . mastiches , ℥ j. fi●…nt pastilli addita cera , vel ʒij . cortic . cappar . adddu●…tur . another apophlegmatisme . rec. s●…ae sanctae indorum , mastiches , ana ℥ j. ex cera in pastill●…s avellanae magnitudinis formentur . an apophlegmatisme is also made of moist things , whē as the decoction of sharpe things is held in the mouth , as thus : rec. sanae sanctae indorum , thymi , origani , ana p. j. vuarum passarum , staphisagrie , ana ʒij . cubebarum , ʒiij . sinapi , ʒj . coquantur ex aqua . gargarismes also are much vsed for all passions of the mouth , and the almonds , for inflammations , and to deterge and cleanse slimy and flegmaticke humours , and for vlcers : and for these causes , tabacco must of necessitie bee commended , and put in the first ranke . a gargarisme to cleanse tough and viscous fleagme . rec. fol. tabaci , m. j. flo. st●…chados . flo. rorismarini , ana p. j. glycyr●… hiz●… rasa , ℥ j. passularum , ficuum , ana paria decem . coquantur in aqua hordei integri . in colat . liss . dissolue mellis r●…s . col . ●…iiij . misce. another gargarisme for putride , rotten , and filthie vlcers of the mouth . rec. foliorum tabaci , ligustri , rosarum rubrarum , rubi bati , rubi saxatilis , fragariae sterilis , ana q. v. coquantur omnia in vase sictili nouo ex aqua , & fiat gargarisma . another gargarisme for the almonds of the throat that are inflamed . rec. foliorum rubi idai , foliorum tabaci , trifolij acetosi , ana q. s. coquantur in aq . q. s. ad tertias . iuri colato adde syr . aceto . simplicis , ℥ ss . syrupi myrtillorum , ℥ jss . misce. these gargarismes are of notable force and vertue to intercept , and stay the fluxion of humours into any part , to hinder inflammations , to cease paine , to cleanse , deterge , and bring to curation all vlcers , and soares in the mouth or iawes . a gentle gargarisme for these intentions . rec. sana sanct●… indorum , serpilli , ana m. ss . caricarum ping●…ium , ℥ ij . aqua q. sufficit . fiat coctio . rec. huius decocti , l. ss . oxymelitis simplicis , ℥ ij . misce. if you will haue it a little stronger , then mixe some spices with it , mustard-seede , and the like : or in stead of water , take the iuyce of sage , calamint , hyssope , or costmarie , with oxymel scilliticum . but here lest i should seem to be too prodigal inthe praises of tabacco , i must ( by the way ) aduise you to be very warie & circumspect in the vsing of it in masticatories , and such medicines as be saliuā ducentia : and first that if you mix any other ingredient with it , you must be verie carefull that they bee all of a pleasing odour and smell , that they may be held in the mouth the longer time without any loathing detestation , or irksomnesse . and secondarily , wee must be verie precise in altogether abstaining from tabacco , in case there bee any vlcers of the mouth or throat , likewise in inflammations of the lungs , and in hot sharpe rheumes and catarrhes , that destill or drop downe right into the lungs : so that tabacco must not bee prescribed to any that is subiect , aptly disposed , or in danger to fall into any these fore-rehearsed griefes and passions , neither yet is it righ●…ly vsed in vlcers of the lungs , least the humor through an euill custome might fall down thither ; but in this case , errhines for diuersion sake are fitter , which are a forme of medicines , ordained to purge the braine at the nose . and this i take to bee the chiefest , and most safe course to be obserued in the administration of this famous tabacco , for these griefes aboue repeated . if after the vsing of these masticatories , or any apophlegma●…ismes , any thing cleaue●…h to the roofe of the mouth or palate , it is to bee washed or rinsed with some warme water , or rather in some decoction of licorice and barley . there is also another thing especially to bee obserued , concerning masticatories and errhines , that they all ought to be of a hot and sharpe qualitie and nature , and besides that , of a pleasant taste and sent , because therby the spirits animall , may the better bee refreshed and comforted , and likewise that the expulsiue facultie may the more readily and liuely be stirred vp , and prouoked with such things as be of a sharpe and piercing operation and vertue , to fetch away that tough slime , or other thicke humours and grosse superfluities contained in the head . neither ought they to haue any malignitie , or euill qualitie in thē , such as be coloquintida , scammonie , & turpethū : for the membrane of the mouth is all one , & of the very selfe-same substance with the ●…unicle of the stomack ; the mouth therfore and the oesophagus being hurt , and offended , they doe easily communicate their dammages to the stomack . and hence it proceedeth , that such persons wil complain oftentimes that their meats which they haue receiued , do seem vnto them to bee both bitter , and of a stinking and vnsauourie taste . galen saith that we must altogether refraine from these errhines and masticatories , vnlesse necessitie vrge thereto . and doe you not thinke there is an extreame necessitie , when through an intollerable and vehement paine of the head , there is danger feared of an apoplexie , epilepsie , blindnesse , or the like ? will not a greater danger and hurt redound to the whole body by means of any of these , thē there will by offending the mouth with any distastful sent or ingrate odor ? wherfore i conclude , that euen of necessity , wee must sometimes bring them into vse . we must abstain from such things as be very ingrate & vnpleasant , as staphisacre , iuyce of tithimals , of the wilde cucumber , & tabacco , being to many the worst of thē al. so then when al the reckoning is cast vp , as galen in the seuenth of his method affirmeth , the properties , qualities , & natures of euery particular mans cōstitution & temperature , ought throughly to be considered & sifted . you shal find some men , that if they go about to dispatch any busines in the night , to which they haue not bin accustomed , they cannot by any means fal to any rest or sleep . some again there be , that if they tast of any thing that carieth but the bare name of a medicine , forthwith they will so abhor & loath it , as they cannot chuse , but must needes disgorge themselues , reiecting al that is in the stomack : which thing ( saith he in the first book of alimē●…s ) is partly to be referred to custom & partly to be attributed to the proper & peculiar nature of euery mans tēperament . and he introduceth an exāple of arias the peripatetike , who being by nature of a thin & slēder body , & hauing the mouth of his stomack very cold , so that vpō euery litle occasion of cooling it , he would straight waies be taken with an hicket , & by means thereof , durst neuer be so hardy as to drinke or taste cold water , at length being taken with a feuer , & constrained of som physicians cōtrary to his custom to drink cold water , hee presently died . and yet with others again , we see it falleth not out so ▪ for vnles you boldly giue them to drink some colde liquor fit for them you shall very speedily bring their life into great danger : for hic satus ad pacem ; hic castrensibus vtilis armis . naturae sequitur semina quisque suae . for as i haue touched a little before , there are some men found , who can by no meanes brooke , or away with sugar , honie , oyle , or vineger , and the like , wherewith notwithstanding a great many doe feed full sauourly , and are thereby well nourished and refreshed . the selfe-same thing is to bee obserued in taking this or that medicament . i know some of such diuers and different natures , that they are more offended with cassia fistularis , than with rubarb or agarick . others again there be that can more easily away with diagredium , being corrected , then with rhubarbe ; at whose smell , yea , and many times , at the very naming of it , they are so disquieted and moued , as they are readie to cast vp all in their stomacks . in some persons a glister worketh very strangely , causing such a garboile , rumbling and rowling , that it many times ( ascending vpwards ) commeth out the wrong way , i meane at the mouth : and yet you shall haue the same persons nothing squeamish at the taking of any purge , though neuer so bitter or loathsome in taste . othersome cannot endure a suppositorie , which will easily admit a glister . we shall see some in other matters , and enterprises , to contend euen with the most valiant , that dare venture life and limbe , that cannot yet endure the letting of bloud ; and euen before the instrument touch them , their hearts will turne into liuers , and so fall downe in a swoune : whereas weaklings , milke-sops , and spider-catchers , corner-creepers , and cowards in other matters , and meacockly women wil suffer and endure a verie large quantity of bloud to bee taken from them , without any shrinking , the least paine , trouble or disquiet that may be . by all which it is plaine and manifest , that the nature of euerie sick patient is to be wel considered , and the proper curation to be fitted to him ; and againe , because the proprietie of each mans nature and complexion is ineffable , and cannot aptly in words bee vttered , nor in any exact science bee comprehended or described , i pronounce and adiudge him to be the best physician of euery griefe , and sicknesse , which hath already acquired , and attained vnto such a certain way or method , by which he can both readily know and discern the temperaments , and natures of men one from another , and by a good and rationall coniecture , prescribe fit and conuenient remedies . for , to thinke that there is but one common and beaten hie way to cure all persons alike , as blocke-headed and dunsticall empiricks , and quacksaluers imagine , is meere madnesse . for why ? a common and generall man is not cured , but each one particularly : one hauing one distinct temperature , and another man being endued with another particular nature , and different constitution . so then to draw to an end of this discourse , because i haue been caried beyond my compasse futher than i thought , our chiefe studie and care must be , to know certainely of what temper euery mans bodie is . for medicines do●… either retaine , lose , or alter their vertue and qualities according to the diuers natures of each seuerall constitution , to whom they are giuen . and this , besides our owne practise , may be further confirmed by hippocrates ; l. . de morb. ac. where he flatly telleth vs , that melicratum in some persons is diuretike , with others diaphoretike , and with some againe it causeth purging . and so may wee say of our tabacco , that with some it is accounted and esteemed to be of an excellent sent ; but others againe cannot endure it . and thus i will stop my course a while in my full careere . the leaues of trinidada tabacco , being warmed vnder the embers , neuer shaking off the ashes , and applyed and laide often warme to the stomacke , doe much helpe the great shiuering , or exceeding shuddering coldnesse thereof , and windinesse in the same . some for the coldnesse and winde in the stomacke , vse to take the greene leaues , and bruise them in their hands ( prouided that first they bee a little anointed , or dipped in oyle ) and then make application to the stomacke . the leaues of tabacco being bruised , and put to steep in vineger and applyed as an vnguent vpon the stomacke , are found by experience to bee very good against the obstructions of the stomacke and spleen : on which parts againe the leaues warmed , or a linnen cloth dipped in the warme iuyce thereof , must bee laide on : but in defect of the leaues , the powder of tabacco being made , and wrought vp with some common vnguent that is aperient or opening the obstructions of these parts is much commended , if so be that the obstructed and swelled parts be therewith a good while anointed . then women of america , commend this hearbe in all crudities , rawnesse , and ill digestion of the stomacke , especially in children , and such also as be of riper yeares : and they vse first to anoint the lower parts of the belly with cōmon oile , & then the leaues being rosted vnder the embers , to be applied to the same forepart of the stomack , and also to the back directly against the same . these leaues thus rosted and applyed , doe much soften , and gently purge the belly , prouided alwaies that you doe renew , and refresh them , so often as neede is . an vnguent for a colde stomacke . rec. oleorum , macis , menthae , absinthij , ana ʒij . gaelangae , garyophyllorum , ana ℈ j. corticum citri , calami aromatici , ana ℈ j. sanaesanctae indorum , ʒss . cerae nouae quod sufficit . fiat vnguentum . you may to this vnguent adde a little muske if you please . but if windinesse and colde haue much preuailed and proclaimed open warre to the stomacke : then for surenes sake , after the application of the former vnguent , it will not be amisse to lay on it this or the like scutum . rec. sanae sanctae indorum , absinthij , maioranae siccae , ana ʒjss . caryophyllorum , ligni aloes , ana ʒj . seminum foeniculi , baccarum lauri , ana ℈ ijss . with a little cotton ●…titched , quilted , or interbasted between two fine linnen clothes or silkes , with laces or strings tied or sowed to it , ( as will be fittest ) let it bee applyed to the region of the stomacke : or this sacculus to be thus prepared for the coldnesse , and windinesse in the stomacke and spleene . rec. foliorum sanae sancta indorum , florum chamomillae , ana m. j. foliorum pulegij regalis , centaurij minoris , absinthij , ana ℈ iiij . seminum rutae , sem. erucae , nasturtij hortensis , barbareae , ana ʒjss . beat them all into grosse powder , and of these make a sacculus , as before applying it to the place affected . another sacculus which is good to resolue and mollifie , fit to be vsed in a drie and schyrrous spleene . rec. salis communis , seminis cumini parùm torrefacti , anam . ss . florum meliloti , m. j. fol. san●… sanctae indorum , m. j. ss . radicum ebuli , ℥ j. seminis thysselij , ʒ . v. misce. siccētur in tegul●… , & tenui include linteo , fiat sacculus ad formā splenis , qui , vsus tempore , acerrimo aceto , in quo candent is molaris lapidis frustum extinctum sit , rigetur . of these make two bagges , to be applied to the spleene , one after another . in making of any sacculus to bee applyed to the stomacke , the powders must not exceede one ounce and a halfe ; for oftentimes ʒvj . are sufficient . this plant then , as you heare , by the testimonie of m iohn gerard , carolus clusius , and other learned men , cureth winde , coldnesse , and stopping of the stomacke and spleene ; in regard that as all men by sound experience finde , it consumeth moist and waterish humours in all parts of the body , taking away , and cleansing the superfluous sliminesse , and such other like tough and congealed matter , which caused loathing of meat , and other oppilations : so that this hearbe rightly vsed , must needes disperse winde , in regard of his hot qualitie , stirring vp an appetite , and desire to meat , by reason of that milde and gentle adstriction , and cleansing vertue it hath . so that he which is well acquainted with the noble qualities , and hath made true grounded experience , concerning the right vse of this plant , needs not be so sollicitous to run , and gad in all haste to the good towne , when his belly aketh or is griped , for a pinte of maluesie , a penie pot of sheric-sacke , hippocras , aquavitae , rosa-solis , or doctor stephens water , to heat their mawes , when they are a little troubled with gripings in the bellie by meanes of winde : or yet to haue readie in their closets and studies , nutmegs , or ginger condite , diatrion pipereon , sugarcakes and jumbles , manus christi , aromaticum rosatum , and the like , much lesse to buy plaisters , or vnguents . and yet we must , as i haue praemonished , not bee too knack-hardy in the vse of it : but withall this prouiso must be caried in minde , that in the imbecillitie & weaknes of the stomacke , we doe euer commixe withall such things as doe strengthen the liuer , either because from thence the naturall splrits be diffused , scattered , or let run into the whole bodie , or at leastwise because it is the shop of bloud . and when by meanes of a verie hot liuer , a colde fluxe of humours annoyeth , wee must by all meanes possible refrigerate the liuer as the cause , and then the stomacke will so much the more easily returne into his owne temper and nature . so that in this case , tabacco is not so excellent as many suppose . lastly , in the application of hot remedies to the stomacke , moderate adstringents must be commixed . tabacco is giuen with good successe to such as are accustomed to swoune , and are troubled with the colicke and windinesse , against the dropsie , the wormes in children , the piles , & the sciatica or gowt in the hanch , or hip . some will thinke it strange , that it will cure panting and beating at the heart , and syncope stomachica , as i haue found by practise , that it hath remedied these griefes : and yet others i haue knowne , that found so little ease thereby , that euen by comming into the place , where the fume is receiued , they will bee ready to faint , and fall into a swoune , or vtter failing of strength . well then , for resolution hereof , we must moreouer consider , and adde to my former discourse , that by the particular nature of each singular indiuiduall vnder the species of man , is manifestly to bee discerned the incertainty of the accidents ; yea , and in some sort of the humane senses also : for who would not wonder , that demophon one of the squires that was caruer to alexander the great , how that contrarie to the nature of all other men , hee would grow hot and warm in the shadow , and would shake & quiuer for cold in the sun ? and andron the argiue would trauel thorow out the most dry , & barren sandy places of the desart●… of lybia and afrike , without enduring of any thirstinesse . others there haue beene , who onely by seeing , yea , and by smelling of coloworts , onions or garlicke , haue sallen into a swoune , and some againe by the onely fume and smell of tabacco . and matthiolus that learned physician in his commentaries vpon dioscorides , doth assure vs , that he himselfe knew a man in whom this was natural . and albeit it be most certaine , that the hemlock be a most strong poison , and that the noble socrates was poysoned there with in the citie of athens ; yet doth galen assure vs ( in the third booke de simpl. med . fac . ) that there was an old woman in that same towne which did feed , & liue vpon the same hearbe . and i my selfe know many country-people that wil not stick to giue the posset-drink thereof without any curious respect of quantitie to any their friends that are vexed with hot or burning feuers . what flower is more pleasant and odoriferous , than the rose ? and yet auratus lusitanus telleth vs , how he knew a man , who by the onely sight of a rose , would fall into a swoune : and of this nature also , as i am credibly informed by men of no small reputation and grauitie , was the late lady henneage : yea , her skinne ( as some say ) would blister , if any part of her body had been lightly touched with a rose , either damaske , red , or white . some there be that doe not loue flesh , others cannot away with fish , and another whom ●… was well acquainted with , dwelling at ashdon in essex , could neuer abide the taste either of fish or flesh . some doe abhorre cheese ; and there bee some men , to whome fruit is so hatefull , that if they doe but see any to eat thereof , they will bee enforced to fall a vomiting . some againe haue an excellent quicke and shape fight in the night , and in the darke , as had tiberius caesar , and ieronimus cardanus , and they can see but very little and badly in the day . others bee that will swallow glasse , mettall , wooll , bricks , and other such like things , and ( which is almost incredible ) by the heat of their stomacke , will bee able to digest them . there be three things generally which do make meats , and nourishments , which of their owne nature are hurtfull , to be more pleasant , and lesse offensiue : that is to say , vse and custome , the pleasure and delight that one is possessed with , and a strong and firme stomacke : for good and holesome meats , if the stomacke cannot away with them doe subuert , and cause a loathing , and abhorring in it : and againe , if the stomacke bee verie weake , it easily refuseth and reiecteth meats of quicke and easie digestion . in like maner concerning odours and smels , with all men , nor yet with the most , the sauour of tabacco cannot be vnpleasant , nor produce such strange and fearefull effects . a cerote against wormes . rec. myrrhae , aloes , ana ʒj . pul. fol. sanae sanctae indorum , sem. abrotani , ana ℈ ss . cerae , resina , an q. s. fiat ceratum . a liniment against the wormes in children . rec. succi foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , ʒiij . pulueris scordij , aloes , ana ℈ ij . olei communis , ℥ j. c●…rae parum . misce & fiat linimentum . now follow such other medicines as are made of tabacco , & first concerning the sciatic●… . for it is found by experience of the learned , that it mitigateth the pain of the gout , if the leaues be rosted in the hot embers , and applyed to the agrieued part . for paines likewise of the ioynts the tender leaues of tabbacco , or nicotiana , being bruised and applied to the place , vntill it beginne to looke red , are singular . in like sort a cataplasme performeth the same effect , and is more effectuall then the former , being thus made . rec. radicum althae●… , rad. liliorum , iridis , ana ℥ j. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m j. florum chamaemeli , melil●…ti , summitatum anethi , ana p : j. seminum lini , foenugraeci , ana ℥ ss . cymini , baccarum lauri , ana ʒiij . croci , ʒss . axungiae anserin●… . medullae vituli , b●…yri , olei liliorum quantū sufficit . fiat cataplasma . this cataplasme is emollient , and softneth tumours , it digesteth and asswageth paine , and resolueth and discusseth winde . these cataplasmes are seldome administred but where the body is first purged . a fomentation that addeth strength to the weakned parts . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. j. foliorum rosmarini , st●…chados , chamaepiteos , hyssopi , nasturtij , ana m. ss . coquantur ex vino austero , & cum spongijs fiat fotus . for paine in the ioynts or hippe-bone , an excellent cataplasme . rec. lact is , l. j. micas duas panis albi . coquantur , et adde pulueris tabaci , m. ss . croci , ℈ j. vitellos duos ouorum , olei rosarum , olei chamaemeli , ana ʒvj . fiat cataplasma : et bis die appplicetur calidè . a suffumigation to be taken when the ioynts are much loosened , or relaxed with too much moisture . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. ij . foliorum lauri , fol. saluiae , ana m. j. ss . hyssopi , betonicae . verbasci , ana m. j. coquantur ex vino : lapides igniti hoc conspergantur . manè & vesperi admittat hunc vaporem loco calido . after hee hath receiued the fume or vapour of these hearbes a good while , so soone as the patient is ready to come forth , let him straight waies goe to his warme bed , and take one dram of excellent treacle in hot posset-ale : so being couered very warme with clothes , let him sweat one houre , two or three after it , as his strength will endure . experience by some persons a fewe yeares since hath brought to light , that tabacco resisteth and breaketh the force of poysons , and especially that most dangerous venome , wherewith the cannibals doe anoint their darts , and arrowes : for before the vertue of this was knowne , they were wont to cast the powder of sublimatum on their wounds . now the spaniards knew well , that it would ouer-master and infringe the power of poyson , and that by these meanes : it fortuned that certaine cannibals sayled in their canowes to s. iohn de porto rico , of purpose to kill those indians and spaniards they found there , with their inuenomed sh●…fts . so arriuing at the place appointed , they forthwith slew the indians , and some spaniards , wounding many other : and wanting sublimate to cure their wounds , a certain indian taught them to wring and presse out the iuyce of this tabacco , and to apply it to their wounds , and after they had done this , to take the leaues being br●…ised , & so to lay vpō the wounded place : which being done , straight waies the paines abated , and all those symptomes , accidents , passions or effects which doe vsually accompany such inuenomed wounds , the poyson and venome thereof ( i say ) was by this ouercome and vtterly vanquished , and the wounds perfectly cured . so from that time forwards , men began to put in practise the leaues of this plant against strong & deadly poysons . and the catholicke king himselfe ( i speak as a romist ) hauing a desire to trie the vertues of this hearbe , caused a dog to be wounded in the throat , & with the poison that hunters vse , the place to be rubbed and anointed , and within a while after , good store of the iuyce of tabacco to be dropped into the sore , & the leaues also being beatē or bruised to be layed ouer , and bound close to the wounded place , and by this meanes the poore dogge escaped the danger , not without the amazement , and wondrous admiration of all that saw or knew it . in like maner , it being applied to venomous and pestilent carbuncles , botches , or sores , it bringeth a hard crust vpon the place , and so absolutely cureth them . and against the bitings or stingings of poysonous beasts , or any venomous liuing creature they are a present remedie . they affirme and holde for certaine moreouer , that a man in france ( hauing a sore vlcer or apostume , caused by the euill of naples or spaine , ( chuse which you will , all is but one , for the best of them is but hydra malorum , as auger ferner saith ) that wee in plaine good english call , the great pockes , or , the french something , by the applicatiof the leaues of this plant , was immediatly cured thereof . this is morbus contagiosus , though not pestilentialis : & i must confes , that i am somwhat backward in belieuing of this , and therfore i will leaue euery man to his owne liberty of beleeuing or refusing this . but for the former example , i dare boldly say : for besides a kings testimonie , you shall haue the attestation of sundry good merchants of this citie of london to confirme as much . and i can see no reason why , but that the decoction of our owne countrey tabacco should as well , and to as good successe be vsed in the plague , & other poisonous sicknesses , as tormentill , burnet , the wilde angelica , and that of the garden , dictamnus , marigolds , butter burre , carduus benedictus , s. iohns wort , morsus diaboli , scabiose , gentian eye bright , water germander , vinca peruinca , iuniper , and bay-beries , with a hundred the like . and a medicine in the plague thus prepared , i should iudge to be verie effectuall . rec. pulueris radicis angelicae hortensis vel syluestris , ʒj . theriacae optimae , ʒj ℈ ss . aquae stillatitiae , sanae sanctae indorum , ℥ iiij . aceti optimi , ℥ ss . misce. this is to be taken warme at one time , and presently to go to bed and to mooue sweat : let the sweat be continued gently and easily foure or fiue houres , or more if strength will endure , and keep warme after for two daies . if a sore doe appeare , then make a pultes with wheaten bread , two handfuls , sweet butter ℥ ij . of the leaues of tabacco , and the hearbe called diuels bit , of either halfe a handfull , with sufficient water make a pultes . after it is made , put to the pultes vj. onions roasted vnder the embers , and mingle them . lay of this hot to the place , and shift it twise or thrise in a day . an vnguent for a pestilent carbuncle . rec. foliorum sanae sanctae ●…ndorum , m. j. contundantur addendo vitel . oui vnius cum salis , ʒss . vnguent . basilisco . ʒij . mis●…e . fiat instar vnguent . & applicetur super carbunculos . aqua theriacalis ad pestem . rec. liquoris stillatitij sanae sanctae indorum , l. viij . antidoti mithridatics damocratis , ℥ vj. carduibenedicti , scordij , galegae , ana ▪ m. ij . macerentur simul per noctem , poste●… destillentur , s. a. cap. ℥ iiij . pro vice . but heere a great doubt and controuersie may arise , whether as sometimes we see one poyson to be the expeller of another poyson ; so in like sort , whether one stinking sauour , and graueolent or ill odour , and vapour of some pestilent breath or ayre , may bee the proper amulet or preseruati●…e against any such poyson , to bee hanged about the necke : for at this time let it bee granted ( to please some ) that tabacco is of no good smell or sent and that it is a little poysonous . for wee see some daily in the time of any generall or grieuous infection of the plague , for auoidance thereof , and for preseruation sake , will smell vnto the stinking sauour of some loathsome priuie , or filthy camerine and sinke ; and this they make reckoning is one of the best counter-poysons , that may bee deuised against any pestiferous infection : for their nature being inured to these , they will afterwards not seeme to passe for any pestilent malignitie of the ayre , and dare boldly aduenture without any preiudice , or impeachment to their health , into any place or companie whatsoeuer . and to perswade vs the more easily to this , they obiect to vs for example sake , those women that spend their daies continually in hospitals for pilgrims , & for poore trauellers , who are accustomed to euery ab●…ominable sauour of the sicke ; whereof we shall neuer see or very seldome , any of them either to be taken , or die with any pestiferous infection , though neuer so dangerous . in like manner , there be some that in time of the greatest heat and rage of the pestilence , doe kill dogges , cats , and other like creatures , suffering them to be cast , and lie rotting and stinking in corners of streets , crosse pathes , and where many waies meete , thinking that by these meanes , the rotten , stinking and euill vapour that from them is carryed vpwards , filleth the ambient ayre , and so either drinketh vp , consumeth , or else quite altereth the pestilent infection thereof . after which sort we read , that in times past a certain physician freed s●…ythia , now called tartaria , from the mischiefe of a most dangerous pestilence . i am not ignorant , how that sometimes one poyson is the preseruatiue against another poyson , and the flesh of vipers ( which entreth into the famous composition of mithridatum ) to resist and quell , not onely his owne , but euen the venenositie of other serpents . there is not a presenter remedie for one that is dangerously strooke of a venomous scorpion , than the oyle of scorpions it selfe . there be many liuing creatures that haue certain hid properties against diuers euils : and so we see that experience hath giuen the knowledge of many medicines , of the which none can giue any certaine reason . wherefore i would that some would experiment those of our owne countrey , and compound some theriaca or alexipharmacall medicine of our own plants , which the euerlasting god hath giuen to our owne vse : the which to my iudgement would proue more excellent , farre better , and more sure than vipers ( though neuer so wel corrected ) of whose flesh partly , is made and composed the famous electuary , called theriaca magna ; knowing that it is not sure to vse vipers , because of their deadly poison that they beare , whatsoeuer others say . but to returne from whence i haue a little digressed , i will not deny , but that such persons as haue been acquainted and accustomed to a bad and vnholsome stinking aire , or any pestilent malignity , but that they will smell vnto , & easily endure any thing that may be imagined worse then any stinke it selfe or carion-like smel , without either danger , trouble , or any displeasure at all , and doe recke so little of the plague when it rageth most , as i haue seen some , & known moe , euen fasting and without fencing their heart or spirits with any antidote , to haue buried moe than two hundred , whom the plague had bereft of life . and yet this i say , that tabacco is not so perillous as som would make the world beleeue , but that amongst the proper curations and alexiteries against any pestilent infection , this obtaineth not the last place . galen in his third book de alimentorum facultatibus , plainely sheweth , that in his daies there were egyptians that fed as sauourly on serpents , as othersom did of eeles . the new-found world nourisheth great store of serpents and lyzards of a maruellous greatnesse , the which are easily taken of those countrey people without danger : yea the neigers eat these lyzards , so doe the indians of america , both these and also the lesser ones which are of the bignesse of a mans legge . and who hath not read ( though from long iourneys large lies are afforded ) what peter martyr of angleria in his decades hath written ? and l●…urētius ioubertus , de cutis capitis affectibus , wil resolue vs , that the americans , and their neighbours doe the same . about three degrees and a halfe from the equinoctiall , there is found a riuer that cometh from the mountaines of the country named camia , and another more lesse named rh●…gium , the which beare and bring forth verie good fish , also crocodiles very dangerous : as the riuers of nilus and senega , and they eate them as wee doe venison , as iohn leo in his description of africa saith : and andrew theuet in his description of the new found world , agreeeth with him saying , that the americans food for the most part , is roasted after their maner , as rats of diuers kindes , and great ones , a certaine kinde of toades greater than ours , crocodiles , and others that they rost al whole , with the skinne and the bowels , and this they vse without any difficultie : yea these crocodiles , and great lyzards bee as great as a pigge of a moneth old , the which is a fine meate ( as they say that haue eaten thereof . ) these lizards of america are so priuie , that they will come neere vnto you , & take their repaste , if that you wil take it without all feare or difficultie . their flesh is like a chickens flesh , and they kil them with shooting at them with their arrowes . and if tabacco were halfe so bad as any of these , i trow the dispraisers thereof might then with full mouthes , and full cheekes except against it . it cannot be denied , but that tabacco hath some malignitie , yea , some naughtie and venemous qualitie in it , in respect that it produceth such a strange swimming , vertiginie or giddinesse like drunkennesse in the braine , with foaming at the mouth and swouning , yea , lying as it were dead , or in a traunce for a certaine time , when any almost hath first taken it , and yet at length after their bodies haue been acquainted and inured to it , there hath no such passion or effect followed , though it hath been taken by them in a verie large quantitie . whereupon doubtlesse , wee must conclude , that euen of strong poysons , some men may very well be nourished , and conueniently fedde , especially if they bee assumed moderately , and by degrees a little at once : as lewes vertoman writeth of the king of calecut , whose father so inured him to take poyson , that hee was fed and nourished therwith , and with nothing else all his life time : so that when he intended to put any of his noblemen to death , he would but cheaw , and bite in his mouth a certaine fruit there growing , called chofolos ; which being done , hee would spit them in the face of him with whom hee was offended : who presently after being poysoned with this stinking breath , would goe home and die . this king ( as the forenamed author saith ) had foure thousand wiues , but he neuer lay with any of them but one night : for the next day day shee was found dead , onely with the poisonous breath of the king. so that hereby , by these examples we may learne , that poysons and strong medicines may by degrees bee ouercome by the vertue and strength of nature , & be cōuerted into a profitable norishment of the whole bodie , as al physicians alleage ; sithence there is nothing that nourisheth , but that which is first concocted , & digested , by the power & benefit of nature . custome is of great force in our meats : and that many haue been fed onely with poysons , iohn bruyerni , de re cibaria , lib. . cap. . plainely sheweth . so in times past the people called psylli , and the marsi would without danger , both handle , and eat serpents . hollerius reporteth of a spaniard that would eate halfe an ounce of opium at one time : we in england must not exceed twelue graines , and in poland two graines onely will kill a strong man so that he shal neuer arise , till the trumpe of the archangell awake him . iohannes heurnius saith , that hee hath seene diuers slaues at naples in italy , which would deuoure a verie great deale of meconium : and others againe would as fast eate poppie without any sensible hurt thereby . and as i haue partly touched before , wee read of one tharsias an apothecary , and many shepheards in greece , who would take into their stomacks whole handfuls of helleborus albus , or neesewort , without any danger at all , digesting thē very well . eudemus of the iland of chios , would do the same , without any purging downwards , as theophrastus assureth vs : & yet with others we know , that it procureth vomiting mightily , & that with extream danger , & hazard of life , if it be not well corrected , & giuen to strong complexions , and robustious constitutions , and not to nice and delicate persons . wee reade in histories of a maide of excellent beautie , that was onely fed and brought vp with the deadly poyson of napellus , who was presented to alexander the great by the king of india , to the intent he should bee ensnared in the inextricable labyrinth of her beautious physnomie : whome when aristotle his master had throughly viewed and beheld , hee forewarned the king of the danger , and the bait that was laid to insnare him . neither was he therein deceiued in his iudgement , for though the king refused her companie , manie other sprightfull laddes and lustie-bloudes being allured and bewitched with her companie , they all died by that abominable poysonous and destroying vapour or hurtfull breath which came from her body , as iohannes langius in his medicinall epistles hath also remembred . this maide did well enough with this hearbe napellus : and yet the force and facultie thereof is so deadly both to man , and also to all kindes of beastes , that if any doe eate thereof , their lippes and tounges swell forth-with , their eyes hang out , their thighes are stiffe and their wittes are taken from them , as auicen●…a writeth in his fourth book . yea the force of this poyson is such , that if the pointes of speares , dartes , or arrowes bee touched or annointed with the same , they bring deadly hurt to those that are wounded therewith . so that if strong poysons through custome may bee turned into the profitable nourishment of our bodies ; howe much more , such simples , that bee but as it were a little hurtfull as tabacco is . the like may bee said of meates and medicines : some men will eate and continue with feeding on cassia , as familiarly as if all their life time they had neuer taken delight in any other thing : and yet with others againe it is accounted verie loathsome , and bringeth gripings , wringing , and much torment to the whole bodie . in some persons manna turneth wholly in choler : and it gently looseneth the belly in others . some will very easily digest beefe , or any meats of harder digestion , whose stomacks againe doe abhorre the flesh of hens , rabbets , and the like : & if they chance to eat of them , they turne into sower belchings , and are quickly corrupted in their stomacks , lying there stinking , as in a filthy puddle . therefore what soeuer is familiar to any particular mans nature , and wherewithall he is most delighted , neuer bee afraide to giue the sicke , although in others it may not be tollerated . but to returne againe into my path from whence i haue a little digressed . although all men , and all countreys are not alike subiect to , and hurt by the pestilence ( for china which is the greatest part of the habitable world , in which there are ( as some histories report ) seuenty millions of people , being scarse so many in all europe , wherein ( as i suppose ) god hath included the greatest gulfe of mankinde , is not subiect to this dangerous disease , nor yet many parts of africa , as iohn leo a moore borne in the kingdome of granada saith ) yet we know and feele , that all those countreys that lie open to the sea , or bee situated right against the south , or lie much open to that point , are more dangerously infected than others that haue not the same site of place for their dwelling . and likewise those that dwell in hot and moist places , poysoned with filthy or mistie exhalations , are more vexed and plagued , than more open and champain countreys , or those that be more mediterrane . and againe , amongst men they are more cruelly handled , which being of a hot and moist temperature , and such as be full of grosse and corrupt humours , hauing such bodies as be ready to run ouer with plenty thereof , are more subiect to putrefied agues , than colde and drie complexions , and such as haue but small store of humors , and the same very fine and pure . for ouermuch loosenesse and largenesse of body , euen as too much adstriction maketh a way for the pestilence . but it will be necessary , and to our purpose in hand , and worthy the labour and paines taking , more deepely to enter into , and to make a larger rehearsal into this discourse , and leasurely by peece-meales , as it were to cut and minse the same . although therefore the pestilent poison without exception , no lesse violently setteth vpon , as well the richer as the poorer sort , and assoone dispatcheth those of st●…rdy and able bodies , as meacocks , milk-sops , and weaklings , and such as be great , strong , quarrie , bigge , well set , handsome timbred , and such as well call well proportioned and of a iust temperature and making ( neither too slender nor too grosse ) as well as those that are sickly , queasie , and abounding with cacochy micall humours , and vpon men as women , old and young , hot complexions as cold , moist as dry ( for to all alike it proclaimeth open war : ) yet neuerthelesse it often commeth to passe , that vpon some it sooner layeth holde , and killeth more speedily , than it doth vpon others . for first in respect of ages , wee finde by common experience , that infants are more endangered thereby , and take it sooner than children , and these sooner than young men , and younger more than those of riper yeares , and women are more often subiect to this griefe than men , and chiefely those that bee with childe , and such as are not monethly expurged . of complexions likewise , that temperament which is hot and moist , or cold and moist , is oftener and easilyer ouerthrowne , than either the hot and drie , or the cold and drie complexions . and for the same reason , the sanguine , and the phlegmatique constitution are most in danger , and are more subiect vnto this griefe , than either cholericke , or melancholike persons , and doe sooner die withall . the cause of this varietie is the superabundant , corrupt , or filthy humours subiect to putrefaction , or corrupt and filthy bloud , which is easily infected with the contagion of the ayre receiuing pestilence . and this is the cause , that those who are much subiect to sicknesse ( although that some will falsly maintaine , that either the french pockes , or the quartane ague , is a supersedeas to the plague ) and cacochymicall bodies , doe sooner feele the hurt thereof , and are put into further hazard than such as bee exquisitly sound , and in perfect health : and those that vse nourishments which breede euill iuyces and humours in the bodie , than the contrarie , or such as bee of easie concoction ; and such as surfet , pamper , or cocker themselues too much , more than those that behaue themselues temperately , and vse a moderation in their expences and manner of liuing , as some say they doe at florence in italy . to shut vp all in a word , those that keepe good rule liuing continently , are freer from this plaguy infection , then such as liue after their owne pleasure , wilfully , and luxuriously : and they that keepe home , lesse than such as gad abroad , being accounted good fellowes , louing to frequent much company , do lesse feele this poisonous disease . now although by this that i haue said , one may easily gather , why tabacco should be good in some constitutions , ( i meane in hot and moist , and colde and moist ) and why not in othersome so holesome : yet for all that , this must be taken warily , namely , that wee vse not tabacco ( for purgation sake especially ) nor yet any purging medicine in the beginning of the plague , or yet if they be taken with any fluxe or loosenesse of the belly ; for of these thus affected , there is scarse the hundreth person that escapeth with life . i know well what fracastorius , palmarius , and many others haue written , and enforced themselues somtimes too farre concerning these points , & as they imagin they haue attained the truth . as for me , it is not my purpose at this time to censure others in this iudging world , but only i thought good to speak thus much by the way , seeing it is not quite besides my intended scope , as touching our tabacco . the iuyce of tabacco boyled in sugar to the forme of a syrupe , and inwardly taken , driueth forth worms of the belly , if withall a leafe bee layed to the nauell . it cureth also the piles , and the dropsie . an vnguent for a dropsie . rec. succorum sanaesanctae indorum , ℥ viij . cortic. med . sambuci , chamomillae , tithymali , ana ℥ ij . succi violarum , radicum cucumeris agrestis , mercurialis macis , laureolae , colchici anglici , fellis tauri , aloes hepaticae , ana ℥ iij. diagredij , vnc . jss . cum olei oliuar . lib. iij. & cerae albae . lib. j. fiat vnguentums . art●…m . an emplaster for the same . rec. stercoris vaccini , sterco . caprini , ana ℥ viij . macerentur per horas vj. in ●…ceto vini albi & siccantor . tum rec. aluminis rochae , salis nig . torrefac . sulphuris flaui , ana ℥ ij . succitabaci , ℥ vj. foliorum soldanellae , vnc . jss . seminum anisi , foeniculi , carui , ana vnc . j. farin●…lupinorum , orobi , ana vnc . j. terebinthinae , vnc . ij . picis naualis , vnc . xij . axungiae porcinae , vnc . iiij . fiat emplastrums . artem . syrupus optimus ad hydropicos . rec. foliorum sanaesanctae indorum . 〈◊〉 . vj. hyssopisicci , pulegij reg●…lis , ceterach ( se●… asplenij ) ana . m. j. ss . calamenti minoris , p. ij . seminum anisi , seminum vrticae , sem. anethi , ana ʒiij . ga●…angae , hellebori albi , ana ʒiiijss . asari , agarici , ana ʒij . rad. angelicae hortensis , rad. iridis , costi , amomi , polipodij quercini , ana ℥ j. let all these be beaten to powder , and infused in six pintes of the sharpest wine vineger for three daies space in the open sunne , in a glasse vessell . afterwards boyle them in a double vessell with a gentle fire to the consumption of the halfe , then straine them , and adde to them of mel rosarum l. j. sacchari l. ss . boyle them againe to the consumption of the vineger , and aromatize it with saffron , ginger , and mace , ana ℈ ij . fiat syrupus secundum artem . a conuenient purge in a dropsie . rec. seminum sanaesanctae indorum , ʒj . rhabarb . ʒss . diagridij , gr . ij . syrupi ros . sol . cum agarico ℥ j. cum aqua destillati tabaci , quantum sufficit . fiat potio . detur post digestionem conuenientem . an excellent sacculus to discusse winde , to remooue the colicke , and is very effectuall in a tympanie . rec. foliorum san . sanct . indorum , p. iiij . florum chamaemelorum , summitatum anethi , ana p. j. cymini , cari , ana ℥ ss . baccarum lauri , ʒiij . make two bagges of all these being quilted or interbasted , so that they may couer the most part of the belly . tabacco is a present remedy for the fits of the mother , it mitigateth the paine of the gout , if the leaues bee roasted in hot embers , and applyed to the agreeued part , and likewise a cataplasme made onely of the leaues of tabacco being boyled in milke with a little comin-seede with the yolkes of two egges and saffron , ℈ j. an vnguent to take away all paines of the gout . rec. succifoliorum san . sanct . indorum , ℥ viij . axung . porcimasculi , axung . caponis , ana vnc . ij . misce. put all these into a glasse , stopping and luting it close with paste , and set it in the ouen for eight or nine houres , make an vnguent . this also helpeth such as bee troubled with crampes and conuulsions . a cataplasme also or pultes made of the roots of marsh mallowes , tabaoco leaues , some line-seede , and crums of bread is much commended in the gout : and if a little oile of wormes be added to it , nothing can bee deuised better . some doe also greatly praise a medicine thus prepared , for the gout . rec. olei cannabini l. ss . vini albi , l. j. foliorum sanae sanctae indorum , m. ij . bulliant ad consumptionem mediae partis . the leaues of tabac . in the low coūtreys are vsed against scabs , & filthnesse of the skin , & for the cure of wounds : but some hold opinion , that they are to be vsed onely but for the cure of wounds , and to hot and strong bodies : for they say , that the vse of tabacco is not safe in weake and old folke : and for this cause ( as it seemeth ) the women in america , as theuetus saith , abstaine from the hearbe petum or tabacco , and can in no wise endure it . against rednesse of the face . rec. lithagyri argentei , ʒj . cerusae albissimae , ʒiij . caphurae , ℈ ij . aquae stillatitiaesan . sanct . indorum , ℥ ix . aceti albi , ℥ ij . let them settle fixe houres together at least , then filter them , and euery day twise or thrise wette the face withall . another against cancerous vlcers , and rednesse of the face . rec. plantaginis , circaeae lutetianae , sanae sanctae indorum , albumin . ouorum no. xij , aluminis , l. ss . mixe them together , and let them bee destilled : but it is best , first to infuse them together for twelue houres space . there is an oyle to bee taken out of the leaues of tabacco , that healeth merrie galles , kibed heeles , and such like . tabacco doth likewise scoure and cleanse olde and rotten vlcers , and bringeth them to perfect digestion , as nicolaus monardis saith . the oyle or iuyce dropped into the eares is good against deafnesse : a cloth dipped in the same , and layed vpon the face , taketh away the lentils , rednesse , and spots thereof , as thus : rec. olei sanae sanctae indorum , ℥ j. sulphuris in pollinem redacti , ℈ ij . misce sine foc●… . ad guttam rosaceam , or a sawce fleagme face . rec. cerusam q. v. & ponatur cum aqua stillatitia tabaci ad solem , vel cum succo eiusdem herba : qua sicca adijciatur alia , dum fiat albissima & fiant pilulae . soluatur vna cx aqua tabaci , et illinatur facies . for an olde or inueterate sawce-fleagme face . rec. caphurae , ʒij . boracis , ʒij . pulueris subtilissimi foliorum san . sanct . indorum , vnc . ss . misce cum succo limonum et melle despumato . sovse it as an ointment daily . it is vsed against poyson , and taketh away the malignitie thereof , if the iuyce bee giuen to drinke , with some theriaca or mithridatum , or the wounds of venemous beasts be washed therewith . tabacco preuaileth against all apostumes , tumors , inueterate vlcers , botches , and such like , being made into an vnguent or salue , as followeth . take of the greene leaues of tabacco l. iij. ss . stampe them very small in a stone mortar . olei oliuarum l. ij . set them to boyle in a brasse panne , or such like vpon a gentle fire , continually stirring it , vntill the hearbes seeme blacke , and will not bubble , nor boyle any more : then shal you haue an excellent greene oyle : which being strained from the dreggie refuse or f●…ces , put the cleare and strained oyle to the fire againe , adding thereto of waxe , l. ss . rosin , ℥ iiij . turpentine , ℥ ij . melt them together , and keepe it in pots for your vse to cure inveterate vlcers , apostumes , burnings , greene wounds and all cuts , and hurts in the head . tabacco is also good in burnings and scaldings with fire , water , oyle , lightning , or such like , being boyled with hogges grease in forme of an vnguent , which i haue often prooued and found most true , adding a little of the iuyce of pomum spinosum , or thorne apple leaues , spreading the same vpon a cloth , and so applying it . ronsseus , in his ninth chapter , hath stoutly striued to shew al the indications verie exactly , for the curation of al vlcers in the legges , and other parts that happen to those persons , which are troubled with the scuruy , or rather scorbute . and although that these vlcers are happily remedied with sudoriferous medicines , especially with wine extracted from the flowers of antimonie , and with sanguis antimonij , with turbith minerall , and other spagiricall liquors ( for by these , that redundant humour which feedeth , and causeth the vlcer , is not onely dried vp , but also perfectly conglutinated and souldered ) yet the businesse would more happily proceede , and the cure be sooner perfected , if there were in my iudgement certaine vulnerarie hearbes added to them , such as bee sana sancta indorum , pyrola , alchimilla , consolida sarrasenica , cochlearia , sanicula , nummularia , and others of the same vertue . and thus would i make a balsamum , for the curation of filthie vlcers comming by meanes of the scorbute . rec. foliorum nicotianae sine peti brasilianorum , consolidae regalis , betonicae pauli , ophiogl●…ssi , anam . iiij . nummulariae , persicariae maculosae , chelidoniae maioris , ana m. j. florum fug . d●…monum , m. j. ss . centaurij minoris , flo : chamaemeli , ana m. j. radicum consolid . maioris & rad. althaeae recentium , ana ℥ viij . lumbricorum terrestrium vino maluatico lotorum , vnc . x. incisa et cont●…sa circulentur , pellicano hermeticè ferruminato inclusa , in libris duabus olei vetustissimi , et l. j. terebinthinae abietin . per tempus trimestre . after these three moneths space , destill them in a retort with a milde and gentle fire . in the destilling adde vnto it , tegularum , ℥ xx . rec. huius destillati , l. j. ss . vernicis , vnc . vj. axung . human . vnc . viij . mumm . communis contrit . vn . vj. mastiches , myrrh . aloes , thuris , styracis liquidi , ana vnc . vj. destillentur adhuc semel , cum laterum in puluerum redactorum l. j. postea adde oleorum petrolei , olei è terebinthina , olei è granis iuniperi , ana ʒiij . puluer . aeruginis , vnc . j. fiat balsamus artificialis viridis . and of the same vertue is this that followeth . rec. terebinth . vnc . ij . thuris vnc . ij . aloes , mastiches , caryophyllorum , galang . cinnamomi , croci , nucis mosch . c●…bebarum , ana vnc . j. aquae . stillattit . san . sanct . indorum , et aquae hordei , ana l. j. destillentur . an excellent iniection to deterge and cleanse vlcers , especially those that happen in the scorbute . rec. san. sanct . indorum , m. ij . ligni sancti subtilissimè puluerisati , et corticis eiusdem , ana vnc . ij . aristoloch . long . centaurij minoris , absinthij , equiseti , eupatorij , saniculae . foliorum myrti , pimpinellae , et consolidaemed . vulnerariorum , ana , m. j. corticum thuris , myrrhae , sarcocollae , ana ℥ v. vinirubri odoriferi , l. iij. mellis despumati , ℥ iiij . boyle all these together , and when it is strained , make an iniection into the vlcer , adding to it of the best aqua vitae ℥ j. for euery time that you vse the iniection . or else , if to the former decoction , you adde of aqua vitae l. ij . & destill them all together in a glasse limbecke in ●…alneo mariae , you shall haue an excellent water , to deterge , cleanse and conglutinate filthy , hollow , stinking , or sordidous vlcers . this ointment also following , will performe the same effect . rec. succi san sanct . indorum , lib. . mellis electi , ℥ iiij . farinae hordei , vnc . ij . myrrhae elect . ʒij . terebinth . vnc . j. ss . boile all these together , and make an vnguent to dippe , or arme your tents withall , that shall be put into the cauities of any vlcers . paracelsus the fuliginous alchimist , in his first booke , chirurgiae mag. tract . . cap. . plainly describeth the same vertues to bee in that oyle which hee there calleth , oleum antimonij rubicundum . in like sort oleum aeris , oleum saturni but chiefly sal saturni album brought into powder , destilled in a retort with a very cleare fire , vntill all the spirits be vanished , and the water after that separated from the oyle per balneum : for within a few dayes it perfectly cureth those vlcers , which of som are esteemed for incurable , especially those that follow any scorbuticall sicknesse . master iohn gerard the most learned ●…erbarist of this age , in his great historie of plants , describeth an excellent balsame , surpassing in my conceit all the fore-recited : which here in this place i purpose to set downe , in regard of the many and notable vertues that are in it . i doe make ( saith he ) of tabacco an excellent balsame to cure deepe wounds , and punctures , made by some narrow , sharpe , and sharpe pointed weapon : which balsame doth bring vp the flesh from the bottome very speedily , and also heale simple cuts in the flesh according to the first intention , that is to say , to glew or soulder the lippes of the wound together , not procuring matter or corruption vnto it , as is commonly seen in the healing of wounds . the receit is this : rec. oleirosarum , olei hypericonis , ana l ▪ j. foliorum tabaci in mortario contusorum , l. ij . boyle them together to the consumption of the iuyce , then straine it , and put it to the fire againe , adding thereto of venice turpentine ℥ ij . olibani , masticis , ana ℥ ss . in most fine & subtile powder , the which you may at al times make into an vng●…or salue by putting thereto wax and rosin to make it a stiffe body , which worketh exceeding wel in malign & virulēt vlcers , as in wounds & punctures . i send this iewell to you women of all sorts , especially to such as cure and helpe the poore and impotent of your countrey without reward . but vnto the beggerly rabble of witches , charmers , imposters , and such like cozeners that regard more to get monie , than to helpe for charitie , i wish these few medicines farre from their vnderstanding , and from those deceiuers , whom i wish to be ignorant herein . but courteous gentlewomen , i may not for the malice that i doe beare vnto such , hide any thing from you , of such importance : and therefore take one more that followeth , wherewith i haue done verie many and good cures , although of small cost , but regard it not the lesse for that . and thus it is : rec. foliorum tabaci , l. ij . axungiae porcinae , l. j. stampe the hearbe small in a stone mortar , putting thereto a small cup-full of redde or claret wine , stirre them well together , couer the mortar from filth , and so let it rest vntill morning , then put it to the fire againe , and let it boyle gently , continually stirring it vnto the consumption of the wine , then straine it , and set it to the fire againe , put thereto of the iuyce of the hearbe l. j. terebinthinae venetae , ℥ iiij . boyle them together to the consumption of the iuyce , then adde thereto of the roots of aristolochia rotunda , or birth-wort in most fine powder , ℥ ij . sufficient waxe to giue it a bodie , the which keep for thy wounded poore neighbour . this also helpeth & healeth the old and filthy vlcers of the legges and other parts . tabacco is vsed of many men in outward medicines , either the hearbe boyled with oyle , waxe , rosin , and turpententine , as before i haue set downe ; or the extraction thereof , with salt , oyle , balsame , the destilled water , and such like , against tumors , apostumes , olde vlcers of hard curation , botches , scabbes , stinging with netles , carbuncles , poysoned arrowes , and wounds made with gunne , or any other weapon . thus haue you heard what the learned & skilfull chirurgion , and herbarist master iohn gerard , a man of vnreprooueable authoritie , saith of tabacco , and yet i think he will not say , that it fitteth all persons alike : for i suppose , that it is nought for alchymists , brewers , bakers , smithes , cookes , furnace-men , more than for fisher-men , and such waterish people . all things haue their season . imponit finem sapiens & rebus honestis . a wise man may vse moderation , euen in things of commendation . and i may say my pater noster out of season : diuersos diuersaiuuant , non omnibus annis — omnia conueniunt . diuers delights to diuers men : nor to all , doe all things at all yeares conuenient fall . the leaues of tabac . being applied vpon green wounds , staieth the flux of bloud , & soldereth & glutinateth them : and if the wounds be verie great , they must first bee washed with white wine , and so the lippes of the wound bee ioyned together , the iuyce of the leaues must be sprinkled or cast on , and the drie leaues being bruised belayed all ouer vpon the wounded place . and the next day following , and from day to day , this order must bee strictly obserued , vntill it be perfectly brought to cure , obseruing withall a true regiment in our diet ▪ and order of liuing . doubtlesse , this is a rare miracle of nature , and a wonderful vertue , that is in this cotemptible little plant , or rather esteemed to be so vilde , base , and contemptible . ●…or if any one be newly and dangerously wounded , and that the miserable partie feeleth a bleeding vnto death , what is a more noble medicine , or more readie at hand , then tabacco , to binde hard vpon the wound , to stay the inordinate effusion of bloud ? questionlesse , if wee were as diligent and greedie to search out the true properties and vertues of our owne domesticall remedies , which we buy of others so dearely , wee would not enforce our selues with such eager pursute after those of forraine countreys , as though things farre fetcht off , were better than our owne neere at hand ; or as though nothing were good and holesome , vnlesse it came from egypt , arabia , china , or india . surely , vnlesse there were some wilde worme in our braines , or that we we were bewitched , and possessed with some furie , we would not so farre be in loue with forraine wares , or be so much besotted , as to seeke for greedy new physicke , and physicall meanes , considering that one poor plant , tabacco , wil ( being rightly vsed ) do more good for the stanching of bloud , the curation of wounds and vlcers , the hindring of sanies , slime or slough to grow in any sore , to abate and quench swellings and paines , to conglutinate , and consolidate wounds , more than a cart-load of bole fetched out of armenia , sarcocolla , sandaracha , or that earth which is so much nobilitated by the impresse of a seale , and therefore called terra sigillata , the clay of samos , the durt of germanie , or the loame of lemnos . for tabacco hath a moderat adstriction , it soldereth , ioyneth and closeth vp wounds , nor suffering any rotten or filthy matter to remaine long in them . and in regard of these excellent vertues and qualities , it quickly cureth bleeding at the nose , the haemorrhoides and other bloudie fluxes , whether of the opening of the mouthes of the veines , their apertions , breakings ▪ or any other bloody euacuation that too much aboundeth , being either giuen by it selfe , alone in some wine either inwardly , or outwardly , or commixed with the bloud-stone , crocus martis , and other the like remedies fit for the same intentions . laurentius ioubertus describeth an vnguent , which is of singular force , made of tabacco , for the curation of wounds , scabbes , and the disease called scrophules , or the kings euill : yea , for that same knottie scourge of rich men , and the scorne of physicians , i meane the gowt , which as som learned men hold opinion , can by no means be remedied , yet feeleth mitigation and diminution of paine , and curation also onely by this admirable medicine , whose description in this place , i will rightly set downe , and thus it is . rec. foliorum san . sanct . indorum , l. ij . axungiae porcinae recentis diligenter lota , l. j. the hearbe being stamped or brused , let it be infused a whole night in red wine , in the morning boyle it with a gentle fire with the axunge to the consumption of the wine . then straine it very hardly : and that being done , adde to it of the iuyce of sana sancta indorum , l. ss ▪ resinae abiegnae . vnc . iiij . boyle them againe to the consumption of the iuyce , and toward the end of the boyling , adde to it of the roots of aristolochia rotunda in powder , vn . ij . new wax so much as is sufficient . so make it vp into the forme of an vnguent . if you would haue this vnguent in the forme of a cerote , then encrease the weight of the waxe , and you haue your desire . truth the daughter of time hath brought to light , that tabacco strangely cureth olde vlcers or sores , and mortifications or gangrenes , if the iuyce of the leaues bee dropped vpon the places , and the leaues first bruised , and applyed thereon , without any other curious application or anxious mixture ; the bodie being first purged , and the redundant peccant humours , being first duly euacuated , by the aduise of some learned physician , and a veine opened , if so be it be thought needfull , with keeping of a strict and orderly kinde of diet : for nullum est tam potens medicamentum , quod pr●…stare eam quam pollicetur opem potest , si ratione victus aut perturbetur aut non adiuuetur . there is no medicine so effectuall or of such sufficient vertue onely by it selfe , to cure any disease , and to expell sicknesse , and restore to health , if by the order of diet , & regiment of life , it bee either hindred , or not somewhat helped . furthermore , it is found by long practise , that it is very auaileable and effectuall , not onely for the cure of ●…lcers in men , but also in brute beasts : for throughout all india strange and many sores doe plague their oxen , and other cattell , which by reason of the exceeding and super-abundant moisture of the countrey , doe putrefie and swarme with wormes : on which poore beasts they were wont heretofore to insperge sublimatum , being destitute of better remedies : and because the price of this was at a verie hie rate in those places , it oftentimes so fell out , that the medicine cost more , than the silly beast which was to bee cured was adiudged to be worth . wherefore hauing experimented the faculties and properties of tabacco in men , they transferred the vse thereof to the curation of rotten , stinking , and such corrupt soares of beastes as were full of crawling wormes , and they quickly found that the iuyce of the hearb being dropped into the place , did not onely kill worms , but also clense and mundifie the vlcers , and afterwards bring them to perfect cicatrization : and for the same cause the americans euer carrie about them some of the powder of it . i know a certain man that had an vlcer in his nose , out of which there issued forth a virulent or filthy matter or sanies , not without great suspicion of some contagion , or infectious sicknesse , who by mine aduise dropped in ●…om of the iuyce of the leaues of tabacco , and when hee had done so twise together , a great many wormes first came forth , and after that fewer , and lastly after a fewe dayes the sore was absolutely cured , and no wormes neuer after that issued forth : yet the parts that were consumed , and eaten away could neuer againe by any art bee throughly restored . this plant being hot and drie in the second degree , as some would haue it , doth by meanes thereof vndoubtedly purge and cleanse : and so it may heale either vlcera putrida ac corrosiua in naribus , and noli me tangere , so named because it resembleth ( as some imagine ) a curst shrew that must not be touched when she is angrie , for then she will be , alcataimmitior hyd●…â : therefore i suppose it is not good to wake an angrie dog ; and when a mischiefe is well quieted and brought asleep , it is good to goe your waies , and say neuer a word . the new-found alchymists of our time take vpon them to make quidlibet ex quolibet , weauing and vnweauing daily the lucklesse webbe of penelope : without either reason for their misterie , or great reward for their labour : and yet iohannes liebaultius writeth that there are which destill water of the greene leaues of tabacco in alymbecke of glasse , which water is no lesse singular in all effects , and passions , then the verie iuyce , helping all wounds , soares , and bruses , euen restoring to men which by some aduenture , or by some poysonous malignitie and vapour , haue lost their nailes , new ones by washing that part with the water destilled , and after wrapping them vp in fine linnen clothes dipt in the water . so that it is no maruaile if the people of the new-found world , which we commonly call the west indies , doe make such hie reckoning of this hearb : for there are found diuers populous nations in farre differing clymates , that liued for the most part vpon filthy and loathsome poysonous spiders , as also of grashoppers , pissemires , lyzards , and night-bats ; and an ougly toade was solde for sixe crownes in a time that al such meats were scarse amongst them , which they boyle , roste , bake and dresse with diuers kinds of sawces . albertus magnus mentioneth a maid , who accustomed her stomacke to liue onely vpon spiders . i should iudge that tabacco were good for these kinde of people . but yet this seemeth more strange , that some of these people haue been found among these nations , to whome our vsuall flesh , and other meats were mortall and venemous . great is the force of custome : hunts-men will watch all night in the snow , and endure to be scortched on the hils : fencers brused with sand-bagges or cudgels , and doe not so much as groane . aristotle speaketh of one andron the argine , that he would trauel all ouer the scorching sands of lybia without drinking , which is impossible for any other to doe . in like maner may we say of our tabacco : for as vse is the most effectuall master of all things ; so we see that tabacco breedeth such passions in some , as though they had receiued some strong poyson , & yet others that are poisoned , do find it to be a good preseruatiue against poison in som it causeth fainting & swouning ; with another , vtter deiection of the strength : with others againe it worketh a contrarie effect . i may say , it is like wine . for many other ouer shoot thēselues with fuming wines , & yet the liquor may be all one , and yet not worke the same effect in all : for some sigh , others smile , some are dum and silent ; others attentiue , and full of words : some embrace , others fight : some sleep , others sing , according to the diuers humors of their bodies , and instincts of nature . so the fuming vapor of tabacco will cause some to be drunke , & to haue a reeling giddinesse in their heads : others again on the contrary , say , that it expelleth drunkennesse , & all swimmings in the brain . in some , tabacco causeth vomiting ; in others again that i haue known , it performeth the contrary effect by strengthening the stomacke , staying vomiting , & causing a good appetite . some , if they take tabacco much , are transported with rage and choler , so that you shall see & heare , inflammation & fiery rednes of the face , vnwonted othes , chafing , vnquietnesse , and rash precipitation . oratument ira , nigrescunt sangaine venae , lumina gorgon●…o saeuiùs igne micant . in english thus : the face through anger swels , the veines grow blacke with blood , the eyes more fiercely shine than gorgons fierie mood . yea , in some great tabacconists , you shall see them staringly wilde , their face troubled , their voyce frightfull and distempered . they foame at the mouth , they startle and quake , rage and ruffle , and wordes escape them , that they afterwards repent . but in others againe it causeth a pleasant humour , and cleane contrarie vsages , humours , and passions . tabacconists and tabacco-companie keepers haue in my opinion , but slightly harpt vpon this string , no more than they haue vpon others of the like or greater consequence : so that by their varietie of conceits , and instabilitie of their humours , and opinions , they do ( as it were ) lead vs closely by the hand to this resolution of their irresolution . some there are also , who ( to speak like a chymist ) doe destill oyle of tabacco , per descensum , which oyle these authors ( agreeing with the paracelsians ) preferre before all other applications , eithers of leaues , iuyce or powder , because the quintessences ( quintessence is no other thing but a qualitie , wherof we cannot with our reason find out the cause ) and extractions drawne out of the simples , are the subtile spirit , and haue the purest vertue , and facultie of the substance from the which they are drawne . this oyle is much commended against the tooth-ache , the coughs , and the rawnesse or coldnesse of the stomack , and the disease called the mare . many of the africans are tormented with the tooth-ache , which as some thinke ) they are the more subiect vnto , because immediatly after hot pottage , they drinke colde water : as iohn leo in his first booke saith . in africa likewise , those which are of a sanguine complexion , are greatly troubled with the cough , because that in the spring time , they sit too much vpon the ground . and vpon fridaies i had no small sport , and recreation ( saith the same iohannes leo ) to goe and see them . for vpon this day the people flocke to church in great numbers to heare their mahumetan sermons . now , if any one in the sermon fals a coughing , or a neezing , all the whole multitude will doe the same for companie , and so they make such a noise , that they neuer leaue , till the sermon be quite done : so that a man shall reape but little knowedge at any of their sermons . i should thinke it good that these kinde of people would take either the fume , powder or destilled oyle of tabacco for their vntimely and vnreasonable coughing , and neezing : and since they are so much subiect to the tooth-ache ( as i saide before ) there is no man but will deeme it farre better for them than for vs who are vexed with none of these maladies , and yet take it excessiuely . the powder of tabacco is an excellent dentifrice , or cleanser of fowle and rustie teeth , making them to looke verie white , by scowring away all that sordes , clammie , & stinking matter that sticketh vnto them . there be nations who indeuour to make their teeth as blacke as jeate , and scorne to haue them white , and in other places they die them redde , and these sorts of people neede not any tabacco for this intent . for stinking and rotten gums in the disease called the scorbie , and in sore mouthes , there is nothing better than nicotiana , being taken in a gargarisme , which is published by iulius palmarius , and it is also set forth not many yeares since by maister ●…anister in a booke , which he calleth his antidotarie chirurgicall . rec. hordei integri , p. ij . sanae sanct a indorum , morsus gallinae , eupatorij , plantaginis , rosarum rabrarum , ana m. j. boyle all these together in aquae lib. iiij . till the one part be consumed , then adde thereto mellis rosacei , serapij rosarum siccarum , ana ℥ iij. aluminis vsti , calchanti ●…sti , ana ℥ ss . boyle all these with a walme or two , and so let it coole , and then keepe it to your vse . because i haue made mention of a strange disease , called in english the mare , of the grecians ephialtes , and of the latines incubus , which ( as i said ) the extracted oyle of tabacco cureth : i will declare briefely what is meant thereby . ephialtes then , or the mare , so called of physicians , is a disease of the stomack , concerning which read paulus aegineta . lib. . cap. ●… . many , which are taken with this disease , imagine that a man of monstrous stature sitteth on them , which with his hand violently stoppeth their mouth , that they can by no meanes crie out , and they striue with their arms and hands to driue him away , but all in vaine . some ledde with vaine fantasie , thinke him who oppresseth them , to creepe vp by little and little on the bed , as it were to deceiue them , and anone to runne downe againe . they seeme also to themselues to heare him . this disease of the night-mare , is also called by another name , puigalion , or puigamon . it commeth by meanes of certaine grosse and thicke vapours , which doe partly intercept , and hinder the free passage of the spirits animall : by which meane , difficultie of speaking and breathing , doe proceede , with a perturbation of the sense and motion of the whole bodie . now this dreadfull griefe ( which some being much deceiued , thinking that it must onely proceede of witchcraft ) is chiefely remedied with the extracted oile of tabacco , a fewe drops taken in sacke or maluesie , after the stomacke bee first accordingly , by the rules of art , expurged from those superfluous humours , which are the true cause of the disease . the oyle of tabacco for a colde and moist stomacke , is farre better than oyle of pepper , oyle of anniseeds , the extracted oyles of fennell , commin , masticke , cloaues , or calamint : and if an electuarie were made for this disease called the mare , i suppose this to be excellent . an electuarie for an ouer-cold and moist stomacke . rec. puluer is aromat . ros . maioris ex descriptione gabrielis , ʒij . puluer is electuar . diacalaminthes , ʒj . diatrion piperij , ℈ ij . conseruae anthos & rosarum damascenarum , ana ℥ ss . sacchari optimi , vnc . j. ss . serapij de mentha quod sufficit , vt fiat elect . liquidum . adde olei tabaci chymici guttas aliquot . dosis vnc . ss . per horam vnam aut alteram ante pastum . i haue discoursed sufficiently ( as i iudge ) of the vertues of tabacco for inward diseases of mans bodie : now will i proceede to his effects in curing those that happen outwardly : and first there is prescribed vnto vs this vnguent . rec. of the choysest , and most substantiall leaues of tabacco , lib. j. beat them in a mortar of marble , and after that take of axungia porcina , lib. ss . let it be refined and clarified , and without falt : so this being melted , adde to it the tabacco , and set it ouer a soft fire to seeth deliberately , and leasurely , vntill such time as you finde the waterish humiditie of the tabacco to be vapoured away , and that the mingled substances retaine the force of a perfect vnguent . reserue this for a singular and medicinable good vnguent for sores , vlcers , carbuncles , tetters , and likewise to dissolue tumours . there is also another in vse , which is this that followeth . rec. terebinthinae , resinae , cerae nouae , ana vnc . iij. melt them together , and then adde to them of tabacco prepared as before , lib. j. mixe them together , and after with a slow fire set them to incorporat , seething together fiue or sixe houres , vntill the waterish humour of the tabacco be cleane euapourated . after this is done , straine it through a coorse linnen cloth , that may be very strong . after all this , take of venice turpentine l. ss . infusing it into these things before said , without any more boyling of it , but yet stirring it cōtinually til it be cold , afterwards preserue and keepe these as precious vnguents . this surpasseth the former in all colde griefes , to amend and ease the swelling paines and aches of the gowt , sciatica , and the like , helping and comforting weake and resolued sinewes , and cicatrizeth . master william clowes , a skilfull chirurgeon of london in his booke of obseruations for curing gun-shot , describeth an excellent vnguent of nicotiana verie like vnto the former , which he learned , as hee affirmeth , of a verie learned man both in physicke and chirurgerie , which he said had wrought wonders aboue beliefe , but i ( saith master clowes ) found not that excellencie in it , which he promised , and i looked for : neuerthelesse , i acknowledge it a medicine not to be disallowed : and this is the order of making of it , as the physician appointed . rec. foliorum nicotianae , l. j. let the leaues be well stamped , and after strained out as strongly as possible may bee , then adde thereto ceraenouae , resinae , olei communis , an●… ℥ iij. let all these boyle together vnto the consumption of the iuyce , then adde thereunto terebinthinae venetae , ℥ iij. boyle alla little together , and reserue it to your vse . but this vnguent since it was first knowne , is greatly bettered , chiefely by iosephus quercetanus , and others also . moreouer with the foresaid descriptions , there is also another in vse , and more necessarie for wounds made with gunshot : and i haue approoued it in many other cures : and thus it is truely prescribed , and published . rec. succi de peto , lib. vj. adipis ouini , lib. ij . olei communis , lib. xij . terebinthinae venetae , ℥ xij . resinae pini , lib. j. masticis , ℥ ij . colophoniae , lib. ij . cerae , lib. j. vini albi , l. j. misce & fiat vnguentum secundum ●…rtem . let not the succus of petum be put in , before all the rest be well relented together , and then strained into a cleane panne : and being molten , put in the iuyces to the rest , and boyle it till the iuyces bee all consumed . then straine it againe , and reserue it to your vse . this vnguent doth notably incarne and mundifie . you shall here , in the closing vp of this my discourse , haue prescribed two singular oyntments of my owne inuention , wherewith i haue performed many great cures , and thereby haue wonne both crownes and credit . rec. herbarum , sanae sanct a indorum , m. iij. quinqueneruiae , saniculae , ●…na m. ss . consolidae mediae vulnerariorum , bagulae , s●…lidaginis saracenicae , ana m. j. beat and temper them all with barrowes grease , l. j. and of the best oyle oliue , l. ss . and adde to them vini albi . l. jss . to be boyled the space of one houre . afterwards straine them , and adde to them of waxe , l. ss . resinae , terebinthinae , ana ℥ iiij . misce & fiat ceratum . this doth notably heale . this other that followeth is both sanatiue and mundificatiue , and this is the true description of it . rec. terebinthinae , ℥ ss . vnguenti aurei , vnguenti tabaci priùs descripti , ●…na ℥ ss . myrrhae , mastiches ▪ sarcocollae , ana ʒij . succi tab●…ci , ℥ jss . cerae , resinae , ana ʒiij . mellis , ʒij . olci hyperici q. sufficit . cum vitell . ouorum no. ij . fiat vnguentum . thus much as touching tabacco , though not so much as others perhaps might , and i could haue done ; but yet so much as i thought worthy to be noted and written , for to satisfie and content the gentle good will of the louing and curteous readers , i●… that it please them to take as great pleasure , and patience to read it , as i haue taken paines after my long endurance in prison of the kings bench , to set it forth . which thought neuer to haue done , had it not been for the earnest sollicitations and importunities of my best and deerest friends . i am sure that some will finde this my discourse too long , others too short and trifling , and peraduenture vpbraide and cast in my dish the saying of the famous poet terentius in his comedie entit●…led heautont . act. . sce. . nae iste magno conatu magnas nugas dixerit . this fellow sure with much adoo , hath told great tales and trifles too . but if there be any such fault-finders , quarrell-pickers , corner-creepers , or spider ▪ catchers , i will leaue both them and their figuratiue flowts , wherewith they are accustomed to hit men ouer the shinnes , and end this my discourse with the poet martialis , lib. . epigram . . against all such detractours . nasutus sis vsque licèt , sis denique nasus , quantum noluerit ferre rogatus atlas : et possis ipsum tu deridere latinum , non potes in nugas dicere plura meas , i●…se ego quàm dixi : quid dentem dente juuabit rodere ? carne opus est , si satur esse velis . ne perdas operam , quise mirantur , in illos virus habe , nos haec nouimus esse nihil . in english thus : suppose you were long nos'd , suppose such nose you weare , as atlas , if you should entreat him , would not beare : that you in flowting olde latinus can be fine , yet can you say no more against these toyes of mine , than i haue said : what boot is 't , tooth with tooth to whet ? you must haue flesh , if you to glut your selfe be set . loose not your paines , gainst them who on themselues are doating : keepe you your sting ? we know these things of ours are nothing . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e virgilius aeneid . ●… horat. li. epist. . . tibul. li heroi●… . ver . . lucret. l. cleanly . description of tabacco , or sana sancta indorum . the place . the time . the temperature . ouid lib. ▪ metam . horat. li. . epist. . iuuenal satyr . . cat. eleg . . vnguentum sa●…ans nostrum . vnguc●…tum nostrum sanans & mundi●…icans . an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco and for continuing unto his majesty, an aid, or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes : and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale, and other liquors, till the twenty fifth day of december, one thousand, seaven hundred and two. ireland. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing i estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco and for continuing unto his majesty, an aid, or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes : and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale, and other liquors, till the twenty fifth day of december, one thousand, seaven hundred and two. ireland. p. printed by andrew crook ..., dublin : mdcxcvii [ ] reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- taxation -- ireland. beer -- taxation -- ireland. ireland -- history -- - ireland -- politics and government -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - paul schaffner sampled and proofread - paul schaffner text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco , and for continuing unto his majesty , an aid , or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes . and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale , and other liquors , till the twenty fifth day of december , one thousand , seaven hundred and two. dvblin : printed by andrew crook , printer to the king 's most excellent majesty , on cork-hill , near copper-alley . mdcxcvii . an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco ; and for continuing unto his majesty an aid , or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes . and also , for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale , and other liquors , till the twenty fifth day of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two. anno regni nono guilielmi tertii . chap. xxix . we your majesty's obedient and faithful subjects , the commons of ireland , in parliament assembled , being by duty obliged , and always ready to the utmost of our abilities , to supply and furnish your majesty with such summs of money , as may defray the necessary charge of the government of this kingdom , and to provide for such publick works , as may tend to the quiet and good of the same ; do with all gratitude and humility , express our thankfulness to your majesty , for having upon the address of commons in parliament assembled , given orders to grant respites from time to time , to the collecting of quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , due to your majesty , out of the houses and lands , which through the calamites of the late rebellion , have beén waste from the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , and thereby have beén disabled to pay the same ; and also for giving orders and directions for the due regulation and government of the army in this kingdom , by which means the soldiers have beén less grievous and burthensome to the same then formerly , in their respective garrisons and quarters . but forasmuch as it is found to be absolutely necessary ; as well for the good discipline and order of your majesty's army , as for the wellfare of your majesty's liege people of this realm ; that the said army should be disposed of , and lodged , and quartered in barracks , whereby they will not only be kept together , under the eye and care of their several officers , but your majesty 's other subjects of this kingdom , will thereby be eased of quartering in their houses , to which they have formerly , for the necessity of affairs submitted : therefore , as a further supply to your majesty , and also towards the building and erecting barracks , in such convenient and necessary parts of this kingdom , for the use of the army , as to your majesty shall seém most proper for the same ; and that the said respited arrears of quit-rent , crown-rent , and composition-rent , due out of waste houses and lands , from the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , may be effectually answered unto your majesty's exchequer , and to answer the other uses hereafter in this act provided for , in addition to the supplies already granted to your majesty this session of parliament ; we humbly beseéch your majesty , that it may be enacted . and be it enacted by the king 's most excellent majesty , by , and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal , and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that an additional duty of one penny per pound , be raised and levyed upon all tobacco that shall be found to be , or to have beén in this kingdom , in the hands of any merchant or other person whatsover , the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , whensoever the same was imported : also upon all tobacco that shall be imported into this kingdom after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , until the five and twentieth of december , which shall be in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred ninety nine . and whereas it is found necessary to answer the ends aforesaid , that the additional custom granted to his majesty , on several goods and merchandizes , by several acts made in this session of parliament , shall be continued till the five and twentieth of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all tobacco , muslin , callicoes , and all sorts of liunen , scotch-cloth , and wines , except wines of the growth of spain , and of the dominions thereunto belonging , that shall be imported into this kingdom at any time , from and after the four and twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred ninety nine , unto the five and twentieth day of december , which shall be in the year one seaven hundred and two , and no longer , shall answer and pay unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , over and above all rates and duties due or payable for , or out of the same , by uertue of any former , or other law in force in this kingdom ( except only the several statutes formerly made in this present session of parliament , which laid several additional duties on the said goods , until the said five and twentieth day of december , which will be in the year one thousand six hundred ninety nine ) the several rates and duties hereafter mentioned . ( that is to say ) for every pound weight of tobacco to be imported within the time aforesaid , two pence half-penny , sterling , for every ell of muslin , callicoe , and of all and every other sorts of linnen , imported within the time aforesaid ( scotch-cloth excepted ) six pence sterling , and for every yard of scotch-cloth imported within the aforesaid time , six pence sterling ; for every tunn of wine ( except wines of the growth of spain , and the dominions thereunto belonging ) imported within the time aforesaid , threé pounds sterling , and so proportionably for a greater , or lesser quantity : which several duties shall , and may be raised , collected and levyed , and paid unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , during the time aforesaid , at the same times , and in the same manner and place , and by such rules , and ways , and means , and under such penalties and forfeitures , as are mentioned and expressed in one act of parliament , made in a session of parliament , which began the eighth day of may in the thirteénth year of the reign of the late king charles the second , intituled , an act for settling the excise , or new impost , upon the said late king charles the second , his heirs and successors , the same to be paid upon merchandizes imported and exported into , or out of the kingdom of ireland , according to the book of rates to the said act annexed . provided always , and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the merchant , or other importer , of any tobacco , so charged , as aforesaid , which the said additional duty of one penny per pound weight , until the twenty fifth of december , one thousand six hundred and ninety nine , and with the additional duty of two pence half-penny , per pound , from that time till the fifth of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two , shall have like time for payment of such additional duty and duties , as they had , or ought to have by vertue of the above-named act of excise , or new impost ; any thing herein contained to the contrary , notwithstanding . and be it further enacted , that from and after the twenty fourth day of december , which will be in the year one thousand six hundred ninety eight , there shall be throughout this his majesty's kingdom of ireland , raised , levyed . collected and paid unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , unto the twenty fifth day of december , which shall be in the year of our lord god , one thousand seaven hundred and two , for beér , ale , and other liquors hereafter expressed , by way of excise , over and above all other duties , charges , and impositions thereout , then payable , the excise , or duty hereafter following : ( that is to say ) for every thirty two gallons of beér , or ale , above six shillings the barrel price , brewed within his kingdom , by the common brewer , or in his uessels , or by any other person or persons who doth , or shall sell beér or ale publickly , or privately to be paid by the common brewer , or by such other person or persons respectively , one shilling and six pence , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity , over and above the duties payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and for every thirty two gallons of beér , or ale of six shillings the barrel , price , or under , brewed by the common brewer , or other person or persons who doth or shall sell beér , or ale publickly , or privately , to be paid by the common brewer , or by such other person or persons respectively , for a greater or lesser quantity , threé pence , over and above what would be payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that from and after the twenty fourth day of december , in the year of our lord god one thousand six hundred and ninety eight there shall be throughout this his majesty's kingdom of ireland , raised , levyed , collected , and paid unto his majesty , during the aforesaid space and term of four years , ending on the twenty fourth day of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two , an additional duty , or excise of threé pence upon every gallon of aquavitae , strong-waters , and balcan , or other potable spirits , made or distilled in this realm for sale . whether of foreign , or domestick spirits , or materialls ; the same to be paid by the first maker or distiler thereof , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity , over and above all other the duties , that would have beén payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the several rates and duties of excise , hereby granted on the several liquors aforesaid , shall be raised , levyed , collected , recovered and paid unto his majesty in the same manner and form , and by such ways and means , and under such penalty and penalties , and forfeitures , as are mentioned and expressed , and directed for the collecting , gathering , and recovering of the several duties of excise , in , and by the said act of excise , or new impost , made in the fourteénth year of the late king charles the second , intituled , an act for settleing of the excise , or new impost , upon his majesty , his heirs and successors , according to the book of rates therein incerted , or by any other law now in force , with the like liberty of appeal to , and for the parties grieved , as in , and by the said former act is respectively provided . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no inkeéper , uictualler , or other re-tailer of beér or ale , at any time hereafter , during the continuance of the aforesaid additional duties on beér and ale , by this act imposed , shall be sued , impleaded , or molested by indictments , informations , action , or otherwise , for selling and uttering of beér and ale , at any other , and higher prices , then the prices heretofore limitted and appointed ; but that all officers and other persons , concerned in assizeing of beér and ale throughout this kingdom , shall take care to assize the same , with regard to the additional charge or duty aforesaid . and be it further enacted and ordained by the authority aforesaid , that all , and every merchant , importer , shop-keéper , re-tailer , or other person or persons , inhabiting or tradeing within the city of dublin , and all other towns corporate , ports , and all other places of this kingdom , do within the several times herein-after mentioned ( that is to say ) in the city and suburbs of dublin , within four days after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven ; and in all other places , within ten days after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , make and deliver under his , or their hands , to the commissioners of excise for the time being , their sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officers of excise , of the district , in which he or they live or inhabit ; a true and perfect account , of all tobacco remaining in the possession of every such merchant , shop-keeper , re-tailer , or other person whatsoever ; or in the possession of any other , to his or their use , at the respective times aforesaid ; and shall likewise make oath before the said commissioners , sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officer as aforesaid , who , or any of them , hereby are authorized to administer the same , that the account by him or them given , is a true , iust , and perfect account , of all the tobacco in his possession or in the possession of any other in trust for him or them ; and the said commissioners of excise , or their said sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officer , respectively , are hereby charged and required , to send one , or more officer or officers , to enter into the cellar , uault , store-celler , store-house , ware-house , or other place , or places whatsoever , to any merchant , or other person in this kingdom belonging , to search , seé , and try , whether the quantity of tobacco do not exceéd such account given under hand , as aforesaid ; and if the same shall be found to agreé , that then the duty of one penny , per pound , shall be immediately paid down at the usual allowance of imported excise , or bonds with sufficient security , be immediately passed to his majesty , for payment of the same in threé months time ; and in case any merchant , or other person lyable to give an account , as aforesaid , shall neglect , omit , or refuse to make and deliver in such an account at the time aforesaid , or else making and delivering in such account , shall not upon demand thereof , by such officer or officers as shall be thereunto appointed , suffer him or them to enter into his or their house or houses , ware-house , store-cellar , store-house , ualts , or any place or places , to him or them belonging , or admitting them , as aforesaid ; shall hide , conceal , or not shew all , and every , his and their uaults , store-house , ware-houses , and other places ; or shall make a short return of any tobacco to him or them belonging ; or conceal it from uiew of the officer or officers , appointed to search for , and uiew the same , shall for every such offence , forfeit five pounds sterling , over and above such quantity or quantities of tobacco , as shall be found to exceéd such his account , returned under his or their hand or hands , the one moyety to his , majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to the informer ; the said penalties and , forfeitures , to be prosecuted , recovered , and condemned in the same manner , and according to the methods prescribed in the said act , for settleing the new excise , or impost , upon the said late king charles the second . and be it further enacted , that whatsoever summ or summs of money , the said aid , or additional duty shall yeild unto his majesty , over and above the summ of fifty thousand pounds , sterling ; immediatly , and in the first place payable unto his majesty , be , and shall be paid and applied to the several uses following , and to no other use whatsoever ( that is to say ) the summ of twenty five thousand pounds , which shall be first raised , levyed and received out of the aid aforesaid , over and above the said summ of fifty thousand pounds , shall be imployed in , and applyed to the building of barracks , for soldiers , in the most useful , convenient and necessary parts and places in this kingdom , according to the directions of the chief governor , or governors , for the time being ; which barracks , shall be forthwith begun , and carried on from time to time , as fast as any part of the said summ of twenty five thousand pounds allotted for the building thereof , shall come in and be received , out of the said additional duties , or aid , granted to his majesty by this present act. and we humbly beseéch your majesty , that your majesty will be graciously pleased , to accept of the further summ of twenty one thousand , and twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings , and six pence half-penny , to be raised and levyed out of the said additional customs , or duties , by this present act , granted unto your majesty , in full discharge of the arrears of quit-rent , crown-rent , and composition-rent , due to your majesty out of the houses and lands that were returned to be waste , from the five and twentieth day of march , one thousand six hundred and ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five ; the collection whereof , was respited upon the humble application of your majesty's subjects , the commons of ireland in parliament assembled . and be it further enacted , that the several lands , tenements , and hereditaments , returned to have beén waste , from the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , and respited as aforesaid , shall be , and always hereafter shall be taken , deémed , and adjudged to be freé and discharged of , and from all quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , and of , and from all arrears thereof contracted , incurred , or become due , between the said twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , inclusive ; and that no person or persons whatsoever , hereafter shall be distrained , or otherwise sued , uexed , processed or impleaded for , or on account for the same , or any part whatsoever thereof ; and that no officer or other person whatsoever do distrain , or issue any process for the same , or any part thereof , under the pain and penalty of paying to the person grieved thereby , double costs , and double damages , for such unjust sute , molestation , or uexation . and to the end the arrears of quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , hereby intended to be discharged , may be ascertained . be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the commissioners of his majesty's revenues , from the books and other papers which have beén transmitted to them , from the collectors and other officers of his majesty's revenues , before the one and twentieth day of august , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , wherein any such rents are mentioned to be respited , as being charged upon any houses or lands that are wasted , shall make a particular account in writing , of all such arrears so respited for the time aforesaid , in case they do not exceed twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny ; and if they do exceéd twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny , then an apportionment shall be made of the said rents , so that the said account shall not exceéd in the whole , twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny ; and that the said commissioners shall deliver the said account into the office of the auditor-general , before the twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred ninety eight , to which all persons concern'd , shall have freé access without feé or charge . and it is hereby provided and enacted , that nothing in this act contained , shall extend to discharge any arrears of quit-rents , crown-rents , or composition-rents , charged on any houses or lands for being wasted , unless such particular arrear be contained in the said account of arrears to be discharged as aforesaid . and in case the said commissioners shall refuse , or neglect to make , and deliver into the auditor's office , the said account within the time aforesaid , they , and every of them , shall forfeit treble damages to every person who shall be grieved by such neglect , or refusal , to be recovered by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information , in any of his majesty's courts of record at dublin , in which no essoyn , protection , wager of law , or more then one imparlance shall be allowed , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . and if any person or persons shall be hereafter impleaded , or molested , contrary to the scope or intent of this act , that such person , or persons , shall not be obliged to discharge himself by plea , or record , from such charge , but shall be admitted to discharge himself by motion , in his majesty's court of exchequer , without any charge , feé , or reward , and by shewing unto the said court this present act , and making it appear by affidavit , and certificate of the auditor-general , that the quit-rent , crown-rent or composition-rent , for which he is distrained , sued , or impleaded , become due , betweén the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , and the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , inclusive , out of houses , or lands returned waste , as aforesaid , before mentioned , and are mentioned , and comprehended in such account , transmitted to the auditor-general , to be charged upon waste lands , and for that reason respited as aforesaid ; which certificate , the auditor-general shall be obliged to give on demand , to the person requiring the same , without feé or reward . and be it further enacted , that from and after the time that the said summs of fifty thousand pounds , and twenty five thousand pounds , and twenty one thousand pounds , and twenty seaven pounds , threé shilling and six pence half-penny shall have beén levyed and paid unto his majesty out of the present aid , or additional custom , granted unto his majesty by this present act , that what other or further summs , shall , and may be levyed and collected , by vertue thereof , shall and may be paid , and applyed to the use following : that is to say . whereas sir audley mervin , knight , prime serjeant to his majesty king charles the second , was in his life-time speaker of the house of commons , in the parliament which began in this kingdom , in the year , one thousand six hundred and sixty one , and continued so till the disolution of the said parliament , in the year one thousand six hundred and sixty six ; during which time , the said sir audley mervin not only spent great part of his fortune supporting the state and dignity of that honourable imployment , but wholly declined his practice at the bar , which was very considerable . and whereas the said house of commons , humbly addressed themselves to the government , in behalf of the said sir audley mervin , for the summ of six thousand pounds , sterling , to be bestowed on him , for his great services done to his majesty , and the english interest of this kingdom , in that station , of which summ , however , he never received any part , so as the said sir audley mervin , was forced to charge his real estate with great summs of money , for portions and otherwise , and the same hath beén and still is greatly incumbred with debts : that the summs that shall be levyed , as aforesaid , after the payment of the said summs of fifty thousand pounds , twenty five thousand pounds , and twenty one thousand , twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings , six pence half-penny , be applyed and paid as followeth , viz. threé thousand pounds thereof to audley mervin , esquire , eldest son of henry mervin , esquire , son and heir of the said sir audley mervin , and the other threé thousand pounds to be equally divided betweén hugh mervin , and george mervin , esquires , younger sons of the said sir audley mervin . and also , that after the payment of the said summ of six thousand pounds , that the further summ of six hundred pounds sterling , shall , and may be levyed , collected and paid , over out of the said aid , or additional custom , or duties , unto richard warburton of garryhinch , in the queens-county , esquire , being a summ due to the said richard warburton , for services by the said richard warburton performed , during the said parliament , which began in this kingdom in the year of our lord god , one thousand six hundred sixty and one . finis . by the king, a proclamation to restraine the planting of tobacco in england and vvales england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : , : ) by the king, a proclamation to restraine the planting of tobacco in england and vvales england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) by robert barker, and iohn bill ..., imprinted at london : m.dc.xix [ ] caption title. "giuen at our palace of westminster the thirtieth day of december, in the seuenteenth yeere of our reign ..."--p. [ ]. imprint from colophon. reproduction of original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery ( : ) and queen's college (university of oxford). library ( : ). created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- law and legislation -- great britain. proclamations -- great britain. great britain -- history -- james i, - . great britain -- politics and government -- - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms ❧ by the king. ❧ a proclamation to restraine the planting of tobacco in england and wales . it is not vnknowen what dislike wee haue euer had of the vse of tobacco , as tending to a generall and new corruption , both of mens bodies and manners : neuertheles it is of the two , more tolerable , that the same should bee imported amongst many other vanities and superfluities which come from beyond the seas , then permitted to be planted here within this realme , thereby to abuse and misimploy the soyle of this fruitfull kingdome : for which purpose by our direction , letters of late haue bene addressed from our councell of state , prohibiting the plantation thereof within a certaine distance of our city of london : but entring into further consideration of the manifold inconueniences of suffering this nourishment of vice ( and nothing else ) as a noysome and running weede , to multiply and ouerspread within this our kingdome , wee are resolued vpon many and weightie reasons of state , to make the sayd prohibition generall . for first , wee are informed , that whereas the vse of forreine tobacco was chiefly vented , and receiued in cities and great townes , where riot and excesse vseth to take place , it is now by the inland plantation become promiscuous , and begun to be taken in euery meane uillage , euen amongst the basest people . secondly , we are giuen to vnderstand from diuers persons of skill and experience , that the english tobacco , howsoeuer some doe presume or imagine by industrie and experience to rectifie it , and make it good ( wherein it is easie for opinion to doe mischiefe ) yet it is certeinly in it selfe more crude , poysonous and dangerous for the bodies and healths of our subiects then that that comes from hotter climates ; so that the medicinall vse of tobacco ( which is that that is only good in it , and to be approued ) is in this kind also corrupted and infected . thirdly , whereas our colonies and plantations in virginia and the sommer ilands , ( being proper and naturall climates for that plant , and the true temper thereof ) receiue much comfort by the importation therof into this kingdome , ( which is to be respected at least in the interim , vntill our said colonies may grow to yeeld better and more solide commodities ) now the said trading from thence is and will be by the plantation within this realme , choaked and ouerthrowen . fourthly , wee doe find also , that the reason that mooued us to interdict the planting thereof neere the citie of london , ( which was in regard of the conuersions of garden grounds , and rich soyled grounds from diuers roots and herbes , fit for victuall and sustenance , vnto this harmefull vanity ) extendeth likewise vnto all cities , townes and uillages , and rather more , by how much the pouertie is greater there , then here aboue . and lastly , for that it doeth manifestly tend to the diminution of our customes , which is a thing , that although in case of good manufactures , and necessary commodities wee doe little esteeme , yet where it shall be taken from us , and no good but rather hurt thereby redound to our people , wee haue reason to preserue . wee therefore intending in time to prouide a remedie for this spreading euill , which hath in a very few yeares dispersed it selfe into most parts of our kingdomes , doe heereby straightly charge and command all and euery person and persons of what degree or condition soeuer , that they or any of them , by themselues , their seruants , workemen or labourers , doe not from and after the second day of february next , presume to sow , set , or plant , or cause to be sowen , set or planted within this our realme of england , or dominion of wales , any sort or kinde of tobacco whatsoeuer ; and that they or any of them , shall not , or doe not hereafter maintaine , or continue any old stockes , or plants of tobacco , formerly sowen or planted , but shall foorthwith vtterly destroy and roote vp the same , conuerting and imploying the ground and soyle thereof to some other lawfull vses and purposes , as to them shall seeme best , vpon paine of contempt of our royall commaundement , to be proceeded with according to our lawes , and prerogatiue royall with all seueritie . and therefore , for the more due execution of the premisses , wee doe further will , require and command all mayors , sheriffes , iustices of peace , bayliffes , constables , and other officers and ministers , to whom it shall or may appertaine , that they and euery of them , shall from time to time diligently and carefully intend the due and exact obseruation of this our royall pleasure , and that they permit not , nor suffer any thing to be done , contrary to the true intent and meaning of this our proclamation , but withstand the same to their vttermost power , as they tender our seruice : and further that they take order that such offendors , labourers , or workemen , as shal persist in the sowing or planting of tobacco , in this our realme or dominion of wales , or in the maintaining or continuing any old stocks , or former plantations thereof hereafter , may be called before them , & be bound in recognizances of good summes of our vse , to appeare in our court of starrechamber , there to be prosecuted by our attourney generall , as contemners of our expresse commandement , proclamation , & prerogatiue royall , wherein ( especially in a cause of this nature ) wee will expect , and require of all our subiects , their due conformitie and obedience . giuen at our palace of westminster the thirtieth day of december , in the seuenteenth yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france and ireland . god saue the king. ❧ imprinted at london by robert barker , and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . anno dom. m.dc.xix . by the king a proclamation for setling the plantation of virginia. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation for setling the plantation of virginia. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, printed at london : m.dc.xxv [ ] caption title. imprint from colophon. arms with "c r" at top; imprint begins "printed". "giuen at our court at white-hall, the thirteenth day of may, in the first yeere of our reigne of great britaine, france and ireland." reproduction of original in: henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- early works to . monopolies -- great britain -- early works to . virginia -- history -- colonial period, ca. - . great britain -- history -- charles i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion diev et mon droit . ❧ by the king. ❧ a proclamation for setling the plantation of virginia . whereas the colonie of virginia , planted by the hands of our most deare father of blessed memory , for the propagation of christian religion the increase of trade , and the enlarging of his royall empire , hath not hitherto prospered so happily , as was hoped and desired , a great occasion whereof his late maiesty conceiued to be , for that the gouernment of that colony was committed to the company of virginia , encorporated of a multitude of persons of seuerall dispositions , amongst whom the affaires of greatest moment were , and must be ruled by the greater number of uotes and uoyces ; and therefore his late maiestie , out of his great wisedome , and depth of iudgement , did desire to resume that popular gouernment , and accordingly the letters patents of that incorporation , were by his highnesse direction in a legall course questioned , and thereupon iudicially repealed , and adiudged to bee voyde ; wherein his maiesties ayme was onely , to reduce that gouernment into such a right course , as might best agree with that forme which was held in the rest of his royall monarchy , and was not intended by him , to take away , or impeach the particular interest of any priuate plantor , or aduenturer , nor to alter the same , otherwise then should be of necessity for the good of the publique : and wheras we continue the like care of those colonies and plantations , as our late deare father did , and vpon deliberate aduice and consideration , are of the same iudgement that our said father was of , for the gouernment of that colony of virginia ; now lest the apprehension of former personall differences , which haue heretofore happened ( the reuiuing and continuing whereof wee vtterly disallow , and strictly forbid ) might distract the mindes of the plantors and aduenturers , or the opinion , that we would neglect those plantations , might discourage men to goe or send thither , & so hinder the perfecting of that worke , wherin we hold the honor of our deare father deceased , and our owne honour to be deeply engaged ; we haue thought fit to declare , and by our royal proclamation to publish our owne iudgement , and resolution in these things , which by gods assistance wee purpose constantly to pursue . and therefore wee doe by these presents publish and declare to all our louing subiects , and to the whole world , that wee hold those territories of virginia and the sommer-ilands , as also that of new england , where our colonies are already planted , & within the limits & bounds wherof , our late deare father , by his letters patents , vnder his great seale of england , remaining of record , hath giuen leaue and liberty to his subiects to plant and inhabite , to be a part of our royall empire , descended , vpon us and vndoubtedly belonging and appertaining vnto us ; and that we hold our selfe , aswell bound by our regal office , to protect , maintaine , and support the same , and are so resolued to doe , as any other part of our dominions : and that our full resolution is , to the end that there may be one vniforme course of gouernment , in , and through all our whole monarchie , that the gouernment of the colonie of virginia shall immediatly depend vpon our selfe , and not be committed to any company or corporation , to whom it may be proper to trust matters of trade and commerce , but cannot bee fit or safe to communicate the ordering of state-affaires , be they of neuer so meane consequence : and that therefore wee haue determined , that our commissioners for those affaires , shall proceed according to the tenor of our commission directed vnto them , vntill wee shall declare our further pleasure therein . neuerthelesse we doe herby declare , that wee are resolued , with as much conuenient expedition , as our affaires of greater importance will giue leaue , to establish a councell , consisting of a few persons of vnderstanding and qualitie , to whom we will giue trust for the immediate care of the affaires of that colony , and who shall be answerable to us for their proceedings , and in matters of greater moment , shall be subordinate and attendant vnto our priuie councell heere ; and that we will also establish another councell to be resident in virginia , who shall be subordinate to our councell here for that colonie ; and that at our owne charge we will maintaine those publique officers and ministers , and that strength of men , munition , and fortification , as shall be fit and necessary for the defence of that plantation , and will by any course that shall be desired of us , settle and assure the particular rights and interests of euery planter and aduenturer , in any of those territories , which shall desire the same , to giue them full satisfaction for their quiet and assured enioying thereof . and lastly , whereas it is agreed on all sides , that the tobacco of those plantations of virginia and the sommer islands ( which is the onely present meanes for their subsisting ) cannot be managed for the good of the plantations , vnlesse it be brought into one hand , whereby the forreigne tobacco may be carefully kept out , and the tobacco of those plantations may yeeld a certaine and ready price to the owners thereof ; wee doe hereby declare , that to auoid all differences and contrariety of opinions , which will hardly be reconciled amongst the planters and aduenturers themselues , we are resolued to take the same into our owne hands , and by our seruants or agents for us , to giue such prices to the planters and aduenturers for the same , as may giue them reasonable satisfaction and encouragement ; but of the maner thereof , wee will determine hereafter at better leisure : and when we shall haue concluded the same , we shall expect , that all our louing subiects will readily conforme themselues thereunto . and in the meane time , because the importation and vse of forreigne tobacco , which is not of the growth of those plantations , or one of them , will visibly & assuredly vndermine and destroy those plantations , by taking away the meanes of their subsistence , we doe hereby strictly charge and command , that our late proclamation , bearing date the ninth day of april last , intituled , ( a proclamation touching tobacco ) shall in all points and parts thereof , be duely and strictly obserued , vpon paine of our high displeasure , and such further penalties and punishments , as by the sayd proclamation are to be inflicted vpon the offenders . and we doe hereby aduise all our louing subiects , and all others whom it may concerne , not to aduenture the breach of our royall commandement in any of the premisses , we being fully resolued , vpon no importunitie or intercession whatsoeuer , to release or remit the deserued punishment of such , as shall dare to offend against the same , seeing we holde not our selfe onely , but our people interessed therein . giuen at our court at white-hall , the thirteenth day of may , in the first yeere of our reigne of great britaine , france , and ireland . god saue the king. ¶ printed at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . m.dc.xxv . panacea, or, the universal medicine being a discovery of the wonderfull vertues of tobacco taken in a pipe : with its operation and use both in physick and chyrurgery / by dr everard, &c. everard, giles. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing e ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing e estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) panacea, or, the universal medicine being a discovery of the wonderfull vertues of tobacco taken in a pipe : with its operation and use both in physick and chyrurgery / by dr everard, &c. everard, giles. [ ], , p. : port. printed for simon miller ..., london : . advertisement on p. [ ]-[ ] at end. reproduction of original in columbia university library. eng tobacco -- physiological effect -- early works to . smoking -- early works to . a r (wing e ). civilwar no panacea; or the universal medicine, being a discovery of the wonderfull vertues of tobacco taken in a pipe, with its operation and use both everard, giles d the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the d category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion panacea ; or the universal medicine , being a discovery of the wonderfull vertues of tobacco taken in a pipe , with its operation and use both in physick and chyrurgery . by dr everard , &c. london , printed for simon miller at the star in st pauls church-yard , near the west-end , . to the right worshipfull sr iames drax , alderman maniford , m. wainright , m. ieffreys , m. allen , m. stacy , m. ienkins , m. pet , m. newman , m. phillips , m. boggs , capt. fox , capt. price , capt. read , capt. pensax , capt. butler , capt. odiam . and to all the worthy merchants and planters of tobacco , for and in the west-indies , and america . right worshipfull , it is well known , and confirmed by certain experience , that by the great care , cost and charges of the merchants ; and by the great industry and labour of the planters of tobacco in the west-indies , multitudes of people that are under the present government , are plentifully maintained , and very many of them get great estates for themselves and families , and the customs of it are no small profit to the commonwealth . i think there is no one kind of forreign commodities that yeelds greater advantage to the publick ; and there is scarce any to be compared with it . wherefore i dedicate this short history of tobacco unto you , that are the merchants and factors in it , wherein you may at your leisure observe some thing that may conduce to your further content , if you please but to take notice of the great virtues it hath both in physick and chyrurgery . but if we reflect upon our fore-fathers , and that within the time of less than one hundred years , before the use of tobacco came to be known amongst us , ( for captain richard grenfield , and sr francis drake were the first planters of it here , and not sr walter raleigh , which is the common errour ) we cannot but wonder how they did to subsist without it ; for were the planting and traffick of tobacco now hindred , millions of the nation , in all probability must perish for want of food , their whole livelihood almost depending upon it . so many druggists , grocers , tobacco-shops , taverns , inns , ale-houses , victuallers , carriers , cutters and dryers of tobacco , pipe-makers , and the like , that deal in it , will prove no less . the necessity of tobacco , and maintaining the plantations of it , is almost as great , if we do but consider who they are that buy it only for their own drinking , and cannot abstain from it . sea-men will be supplied with it for their long voyages : souldiers cannot want it when they keep guards all night , or are upon other hard duties in cold and tempestuous weather : farmers , plough-men , porters , and almost all labouring men plead for it , saying , they find great refreshment by it , and very many would as soon part with their necessary food , as they would be totally deprived of the use of tobacco . the nobility and gentry , who find no fault with it , but that it is too common amongst the vulgar , do ordinarily make it the complement of all their entertainment , and oft-times all their entertainment besides is but a complement . scholars use it much , and many grave and great men take tobacco to make them more serviceable in their callings . tobacco is grown to be not only the physick , but even the meat and drink of many men , women and children . in a word , it hath prevail'd so far , that there is no living without it ; that notwithstanding the vast plantations of it in the west-indies , all our corn-fields would soon be turned to gardens of tobacco , were not men restrain'd from it by the civil magistrate . it is like elias cloud , which was no bigger at first than a mans hand , that hath suddenly covered the face of the earth : the low-countreys , germany , poland , arabia , persia turky , almost all countreys drive a trade of it ; and there is no commodity that hath advanced so many from small fortunes to gain great estates in the world . don ulafc● of amsterdam , who , as i am told , never knew his own name nor parentage , by selling tobacco , hangs out the sign of don de velasco , under whom he was once a poor souldier , and is called now by his generals name . but though they that traffick in it seldom miscarry , yet others by the intemperate taking of it , have somtimes brought themselves and great estates to ruine by it , in whom this martial plant hath occasioned more diseases of the mind , than it can cure diseases of the body , though it be of very great use in physick . i confess that tobacco is a plant of gods making , and it hath many admirable faculties in it , and the fault is not in the leaf , though it be sophisticated by some , and inordinately abused by others ; yet there is some reason to suspect , that there hath been much of the cunning of the devil , and of mans perverse understanding imployed in the large propagation of it , because that christians , iews , turks and infidels , almost all mankind , who are naturally so averse from all that is good , and prone to nothing but mischief , are so much delighted with it . but in my opinion , the providence god intended by discovering this herb to christians amongst the indians , that by their daily commerce , the gospel of iesus christ should be made known to those heathen people , who sit in darkness and the shadow of death . the devil was much afraid of it , as i was enformed by one born in england of spanish parentage . for when the christians came first among the indians , and began to convert them to the christian faith , ( as there appeared some symptoms of zeal at the beginning , though it grew soon cold at the sight of gain ) the devil threatned to revenge himself on the christians , by teaching them to take tobacco , which having once tasted they should never be able to refrain from it . we see indeed that christians are so much affected with it , that they cannot forbear it ; but the devil seems to be more afraid than hurt , to think that christians now adayes are so zealous of gods glory , as to make it their aim to withdraw those barbarous people from his service ; forasmuch as i can understand they have made this the least part of their imployment , not regarding the purpose of god , nor his dispensations for the saving of mens souls , who deseended from adam as well as themselves , and may have a part in the righteousness of christ as well as they ; who had they but a glimpse of that light christians have , would doubtlesse bring forth better fruits than christians do , who by their jarring and differences one with another , and by minding so much their own profit and advantage , have given great cause to those ignorant people to blaspheme the name of god , and to abhor the sacrifices of the lord . insomuch that when they were told that the spaniards went to heaven , they said , they would go to hell , that they might not be where those wicked sp●niards were . so that it is likely that god seeing christians now unworthy of his service , hath reserved the conversion of that people , untill such time as christians shall be more charitable and more composed in love and unity amongst themselves . i must not tire your patience by writing a volume upon this subject , left the portal prove too great for the house . i shall onely speak something more concerning tobacco . and first , it is no great friend to physicians , though it be a physical plant ; for the very smoke of it is held to be a great antidote against all venome and pestilential diseases . it is also singular in clysters against the wind-cholick , and therefore king iames merrily said , that was the way to take it : but the duke of savoy who was so cured by it was of another mind . the irish they are altogether for snuff tobacco to purge their brains . the indians swallow down the smoke against weariness , till they fall into an extasie . the upper scout of amsterdam , as some report , chews it against all diseases , and likes it better than partridge or pheasant . but the ordinary way to suck it from a pipe , and puff it out again , is held the best way to cure rheums and disti●lations from the head . it works such contrary effects , that philosophers contend almost about it , as much as chymists do concerning mercury : they cannot certainly conclude , whether it be hot and dry , or cold and moist , for it quencheth thirst , and yet is the fittest shoing-horn to draw down drink , and to make men dry ; it abates hunger , yet is excellent to provoke a mans appetite to meat : it is a fit companion for mirth or melancholy ; it will make one sleep , who wants rest ; yet will it keep a scholar waking in his study , and a souldier upon his guard . it puts physicians to a non-plus , for it agrees with all ages , sexes and tempers . d. venner in his via recta ad vitam longam , allows any man , be he cholerick , phlegmatique , sanguine or melancholique , six pipes a day . wherefore some object , that it is a vain thing . i answer with solomon , so are all things else , vanity of vanities , all is vanity . yet i should counsel no man to take it , who doth not stand in need of it ; and those that do , to use it with that moderation as is required in the use of all other things . when thou hast found honey eat not too muah of it ; ubi mel , ibi fel , where honey is , there is gall ; and in every thing in this world there is something to be avoided . nature her self speaks the same to us with a loud voice in this tobacco plant as much as in any thing in the world . for those two groundleaves that grow upon it , which the spaniards call bascheros must be cut off , and thrown away , they smell and taste so unpleasantly , that should they be mingled with the rest , they would spoil all . as therefore the planters are very carefull to cast these leaves away , so should christians be in the use of all temporal things , to cast away all earthly thoughts and desires that are too near the ground , all that is vicious and offensive to god or man , that all their thoughts , words and deeds may be sweet sented in the nostrils of god , that they may be at length transplanted from their uncertain plantations here on earth to an everlasting plantation in heaven , which is the prayer of him for your worships , and for all the worthy merchants and planters of this nation , who is your worships in all christian duty i. r. the preface . it is an axiome of aristotle in the first chapter , analyt . post . all kind of learning , and all discipline proceeds from some precedent knowledge . i suppose that this axiome belongs to all teaching whatsoever , that is undertaken concerning any matter according to the rules of reason , if it be methodicall and handsome : and if the philosopher doth not affirm the same , i am certain he doth not contradict it . wherefore because i am minded to discourse of tobacco by rule perfectly , i am bound to take great care , that i do it in a fit method , as i ought to do ; and this i shall performe if i do it orderly , as is observed almost by all authours in almost every matter propounded . first , therefore i shall briefly treat of the etymologie , or reason of the name of this universall remedy . secondly , i shall lay down the differences of it . thirdly , i shall shew the temp●rament . fourthly , i shall teach the time when it must be sowed , and when gathered . fiftly , i shall enquire in what place it prospers best . sixtly , i shall in brief set down the way to prepare the leaves , which few men know . seventhly and lastly , i shall search into the singular forces of it , and the known proved effects , and shall speak of all v●guents made with tobacco , plaisters , balsams , liniments , cerats , anodyus , &c. i shall discover how to make these to help the apothecaries , and studious men , that every one may be able to provide them himself , and when need is he may bring them out as from a store-house of his own . panacea , or the universall medicine ; being a discourse and discription of tobacco , with its preparation and use . the reason of the names . since that galen . . de meth. c. . &c. . & . lib. ad thrasybul , faith ; that to undertake to know a thing , without the knowing of the explication of the name , is but to labour in vain : it is my part to discourse first of the names of this great panac●● , and of their first originals , and who they were that first taught us the use of it , which i shall exactly examine . tobacco took the name from the name of that country which is a province in new spain , in the weindies , or the new world , about forty foure miles above mexico , the metropolis of hispaniola . in this lay the province tobacco which was under subjection to the government of iucatan , ( the spaniards afterward called it the province of the blessed victorious virgin , because in the year , . ferdinand cortesius , founder of new spain , won a great victory in that place ) here was this noble plant first found , that cures almost all diseases , and from thence afterwards it borrowed the name . those of pern call it petum , so do almost all the people that live toward the antartick-pole , or picielt , as monardis holds , or perebecenuc , as oviedus will have it ( yet this is not the proper name for tobacco , but is ascribed to some other indian plant by authours , and it differs from tobacco , as it appears to me . vulgarly it is called nicotiana , or nicosiana , from d. iohannes nicotius of nismes , who was counseller to francis the second king of france , and master of requests afterwards , and of petitions in the court , who first discovered this herb to france , ( as that most famous knight and sea admirall . sr francis drake , about the year . made it known in england ) for whose sake it ought to be gratefully received in memory of him by all men , unto whomsoever the same of this healing plant shall be brought . this d. nicotius , when in the year . he was sent by his king to be embassadour in portugal . it happened on a day that he went to view a prison , or rather a work house for such as are punished at lisbon , where at that time the kings court was . there a certain noble dutch - man who was the chiefest keeper of the kings archives , presented him with this plant , as being a stranger and newly brought thither from the island florida ; the embassadour gladly received the plant , and being rare and come from beyond the seas , and which he had never seen before he takes , great care to have it planted in his garden , for he understood before by hear say , of the great vertues it had to cure wounds and ulcers , it having been often used with happy success . wherefore the fame of this herb spread over all portugall , and the spaniards , and portugals speak much in praise of it , and it began to be called the embassadours herb. not long after he returning for france , preserved some of the seed of it to catharina de medicis , queen of france ; shee understanding that this plant was excellent for curing malignant ulcers and putrified sores , and admiring at it , as being a new universall remedy , gave it her name ; and after that , all france over , it was called the queens herb , and catharinaria , and medicea . the virginians call it vppowoc , others call it the great priors herb , because he sometimes sayling from france to portugall , and being entertained at lisborn , by d. nicotius , had many of these plants bestowed upon him , which he transplanted and made th : ● to grow in their gardens . most inhabitants of hispaniola , call it cozolba . the lombards call it tornabon● , because it was still brought into italy , by meanes of the nephew of alphansus , tornabonius , bishop of burg. who was also bishop there himself , but at that time embassadour with the french king . by schwenckfeldius , and others that spake highly of the vertues of it , it is called the sacred plant ; camerarius calls it the vulnerary indian plant ; others call it piperina : but upon what reason i know not . they of lions call it the antarctick bugloss , by renealmus , {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} . dodonaus a most famous writer upon plants , gives it the name of henbane of peru , but falsly , as i shall shew in its place . cordus gave this name not to tobacco , but to strammonia . the reverend cardinall of s. cruce , when he was sent from rome the popes-nuntio into portugall , brought it first from thence to rome , and therefore there they called it the herb of s. cruce . some call it sa●a sancta , not without a catalogue of the great praises of it , fetcht from evident experience . the dutch's and english call it taback . the germans name it heylig wundkrat , indianisch wundtkraut , indianissche beinwelle . theuet the french cosmographer , ( who was in that expedition , which anno. . nicolaus durandus villagagnonus made to brasil ) in his book call'd antarctick france , names it angoulmoisine , and boasts that he was the finder , and the first man that brought this seed into france . i know not whether he spake the truth ; it seems to me to be an old wives story . fabius columna mentions arabian tobacco different from ours ; which we do not know . read what the most learned columna hath written in his {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} of plants that are not well known . p. . there are many uncertainties in the writings of the arabians , for that nation hath but a few things of its own , and commonly the arabian authors have not well set things together , because they understood not rightly the writings of the greeks . also the most famous herbarist , d. guilandinus , in his conjecturall synonimas of plants , calls this plant onosmyos of aegineta . the differences . we have observed three sorts of tobacco , the greater with broad leaves , the greater with narrow leaves ; and the smaller tobacco . the first kinde . the broader leafe large tobacco , hath a thicker stalk , and sends forth shoots from the roots , that are wooddy , and are fortified by many small fibras , they are white , bu● inwardly yellow and bitter , the stalk is as thick as a staffe , and sometimes grows three cubits high ; it is green and hath a thin down over it , it is unctuous especially when it is grown up , and is full of a white pith , and hath many leaves ; this is fenced about from a broad basis of the windings of the stalk , with leaves resembling great comfrey , but they are bigger , and about the middle more large , and as it were branched or gibbous , and by degrees they grow to be very sharp pointed , they shine with a watry green , having no pleasant smell ; they are full of juyce , and are smeered over almost with a clammy humour , so that it will stop small creatures which sit upon them ; they tast sharp with some clamminess ; amongst the frequent branches of the leaves , the flowers come forth single out of the indented leafy cups , standing severall upon a firme stalk , and from a narrow basis , towards the upper part they are by degrees dilated as it were into a bordered pentagon , resembling a trumper , being white and pale red , ( which is called carnation colour ) they blush ; in the middle whereof are five threds that compass about the stalk , that is of a pale green , and sticking forth , when these decay , there follow the hollow long cups , that something end in a point at the top , that are full of very small duskish or reddish black , but at first with green round seeds . the herbalists vulgarly call this the male tobacco . some think this is {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , dioscorides speaks of ; but i know not how those words can concern tobacco . if conjecture may serve , that {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} seems to be great comfrey from the likeness of it , as the famous and learned d. bauhinus observes in his synonim●'s , wherewith he adorns matthiolus . the second kind . great tobacco with narrow leaves hath woody stalks , cut in many jags , and hairy , with infinite fibras ; the stalks are about a foot and half , plaited , green , full of branches , to which by a small stalk are fastned leaves like to nightshade , which is called bella donna , yet somewhat larger and greener , downy , thick , full of juice ; the flowers ou the tops of the stalks and branches are purple colour , and represent a round narrow cup toward the basis , and are of a pale green . the husks succeed the flowers , and are rather long than round , and at the top they have a long furrow , in the middle whereof there comes forth a thick little point , but very short and red . from the extream part of each furrow there is drawn a trench to the basis , which is apparent in a yellow circle . the seed contained in it is small and yellow . aegidius everardus saith , that this kind often springs from the seed of male tobacco . for ( saith he ) if any of the grain of male tobacco fall to the ground , when it swels with seed , namely , to the ground , where tobacco grew before ; this narrow leav'd tobacco will doubtless grow up there the next year , and this is called female tobacco . also if you sow the seed of male or large leaved tobacco in ground not hot enough , or which is barren , it will produce the female , for the male , in such abundance , that you will hardly get it out again , but it will yearly spring of it self . renealmus cals this sort {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , because the leaves are born up by a small stalk , which the greeks call {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} . pennius cals it , nicotiana minor . lobelius , tobacum minus ; herba sana sancta minor . the french call it , nicotiane petite . the dutch , kleyne taback . the germans , schmalblaterch , indianisch wundtkran● . the third kind . the third fort , called the lesser tobacco , is but a foot and half high , and farre lower than the former . the root is white , going deep downwards , the length of a span , as thick as ones finger , and is much set about with leaves on the sides . the stalk is round , fat , with fine down upon it , of a pale green , upon which the leaves are green , somewhat round , fat , full of juyce , somewhat hairy , not unlike to mad nightshade , but they are greater and more white . the flowers are of a yellow pale colour , standing in dented leafie cups , farre smaller than those of great tobacco , they are hollow , and are unfolded into five blunt once divided edges , and when these fall , there remains roundish heads , that are full of pale wan seeds , like to the small ones of the former tobacco , but they are bigger and round . bauhinus cals this kind yellow henbane . matthiolus cals it , the third sort of henbane . at lions they call it , black henbane . dodoneus will have it yellow henbane ; so will lonicerus . gesner and camerarius , tabernomtanus , cals it henbane of peru. gesner cals it priapaeja of the garden , and caesalpinus a kind of tornabona . the neotericks call it smaller tobacco like henbane ; and at lyons the lesser tobacco . the germans name it wundbilsam , gelb wundtkraut . lobelius cals it a doubtfull kind of yellow henbane , with leaves of nightshade . but i with the most learned herbalist dalechampius , do not think this herb can be referred to henbane , for their faculties are quite contrary , for the seed of this tasts sharp ; as also the leaves , if you chew them they are a long time of a hot tast in your mouth , and it cannot be extinguished , but in long time ; and this is a great argument of heat . wherefore the famous donanaeus did not well to call it henbane of peru , nor any of the rest , for it cannot be referred to any kind of it , for the leaves are notably acrimonious , which argues a hot and no cold temperament , like to henbane . noble clusius cals this the fourth kind of tobacco . the temperament . vvhat concerns the faculties of the male tobacco ( for in this discourse i chiefly treat of that ) there is great dissention amongst learned men . monardes holds it to be hot and dry in the second degree , and moderate in the rest ; and dalechampius holds the same . caesalpinus faith , it is hot in the first , and dry in the third degree . edward done an english writer , holds it to be hot and dry almost in the third degree . others deny it to be hot , but say it is extream cold , because the smoke troubles the mind , and brings a man almost into an extasis ; and therefore they referre it to some kind of henbane , as i gave notice of before . bauhinus he sayes as much , moved thereto by its stupefying quality , and likeness of the forme that it hath with henbane . mercatus saith , it is extream hot . iacobus gohorius dares not give his opinion , but puts it off to some other time . lobelius thinks it is hot intensly in the second degree ; and he answers dodonaeus , that it bites in taste , and is hot in the mouth ; yet dodonaeus afterwards changed his opinion . i with renealmus say , that the green leaves are hot and dry in the second degree ( which temperament the sunne gives to them , as it doth to the root and stalk by its heat , and the moon gives them their color ) but when they are dried , they are hot and dry in the end of the third degree . tobacco is acrimonious , and causeth thirst , troubles the mind , makes the head heavy , which could not be , unless some hot vapour flew up , and fill'd the brain . they do but sport , that say it is cold , for it hath all symptoms of heat . the time . it is sowed in the island hispaniola , as also in other hot clymates about autumn , where almost all the year long it brings leaves , flowers and buds . it will grow with us , if continual care be to help it . it is not sowed with us before the warm spring , that is , about the ides or nones of april , as the weather is hot ; for it is chill , and at the first fall of the leaf or cold weather it fades , wherefore it must be well fenced from cold . noble clusius thinks it should be sowed in august or september , because the small seed lieth very long under ground before it spring forth , and being sowed in march , or in the spring , in august it will bring flowers , and now and then seed . but we find by experience , that the seed of tobacco sowed in april , in our countrey , springs forth more happily and sooner , and the stalks are more fruitfull and longer , and the leaves are farre greater and fatt●● , than when the seed is sowed in september . the plant is gathered , when the sunne is in the , . and . degree of leo . being once planted , when the seed comes to be ripe , it will sow it self plentifully of its own accord in many gardens and fields , whether it is carried by force of winds . it is sowed in the increase of the moon , and cut when the moon decreaseth . the seed is dedicated to aquarius and mars , being very hot , which quality it hath from mars . in winter it can hardly be kept but in pots or woodden chests , or little baskets made with osiers , and that in panteries , and places under ground , or hot houses , or stowes , and so it may be preserved without hurt for three or four years . caesalpinus would also have the stalks planted , yet basilius beflerus eistettensis saith , he tried that in his garden , but it proved in vain . the place . it loves a fat and pleasant soyl , the bed to be plain , smooth , black , well dressed ; it loves not sandy nor clay ground , nor doth it delight in gravel ; wherefore it is no small charge , if every other year it be dunged with oxe dung ; some fift ashes very fine and mingle them , but that comes forth very slowly , and makes it long before it come to perfection . it wonderfully desires water , and therefore it must be watered , especially in such dayes as are very fair when there fals no rain . let the lands upon which you sow it be long , and about three foot broad , that by the furrows between he may pass on both sides , that must pull or cut off the superfluous leaves , ( for otherwise these will suck to themselves the force and nutriment of the greater leaves ) dig the earth with your finger , or a little stick , and make a hole in it , and put into it ten or twelve grains , and put a piece of oxe dung both at the botom and top of them . do not put fewer seeds into one hole , for they are so small , that they would be choaked and lost . it hates cold exceedingly ( as i told you ; ) and therefore you must raise a wall with clay or stone upon the north side of it , that it may lie open to the s●uth sunne , that so in winter it may receive some warmth , for then it must be ●enced and covered with mats and straw . the preparation of the leaves . it may at first be sowed in an open field , and when it is grown forth to the height of the leaves or tender branches of col●worts , it may be transplanted , and be set apart in the f●resaid long bed● , three foot broad , and they must be planted in that order , that every plant may stand three or four foot off from another , least when the plants grow big , the greater leaves should touch and hurt one the other , and this would prove to be very great damage . b●t when they are growne so great that the flowers begin to peep forth , presently before the flowers open themselves , you shall cut away all the young shoots and tops , with all the small twigs on the sides , and the lesser leaves that use to grow between the rest . for tobacco must not bring flowers or seeds , if you intend to preserve the force of it entire . moreover at the lower end of the stalk of it there are commonly two leaves found ( the spaniards call them bascher●s ) which take away the pleasant taste of tobacco , if they be mingled with the others . you shall therefore be sure to cut off these with the rest that are superfluous , and do not use them in any use with the rest ( for they tast ill , and do not smell well ) and leave but ten or twelve g●eat leaves upon the stalk commonly , when the foresaid smalleaves with the shoots on the top , and the two lowest , and such as are to be rejected , are cut off but have an esp●cial care that the tobacco you desire to sell into these germane countreys , england , or france , you suffer it not to runne to flower , for all the forces of it will be lost when it flowers . moreover you shall mingle and bruise together the foresaid smaller leaves cut off with the small sprouts and buds of the flowers , ( utterly rejecting those two greater leaves at the bottom called boscheros , as being good for nothing , and unprofitable ) and having pressed forth the juice , you shall boyl it in the best sweet strong spanish malago wine ( others adde to it dants ale , and you shall skim it well , and when it is well purified , you shall put in good store of salt , that the juyce may be as salt as sea water , then cast in a good quantity of anni-seed , and ginger beaten into very small pouder , and let it boyl one hour longer , then let it stand , that the dregs may settle to the bottom , and pour off all that is clear . you must keep this juyce thus boyled ( the spanis● call it caldo ) in a vessel close stopt , that the forces may be kept within , untill such time as the greater leaves , which you lef● upon the stalk ( for in these resides all the strength of the plant ) are grown full ripe , which when they are come to , you shall presently cut them off next to the stalk ; and you shall se● the foresaid juyce or caldo upon the fire , and boyl it almost ( yet it must not boyl , for should it boyl , the strength of it would flie away to nothing ) and you must dip all the said leaves in that juyce severally . but if it be too troublesome to dip all the leaves in one by one , you must spread a woollen cloth on the ground upon a floor , or in a barn , or place where the wind hath no power , though it be in the open air ; and upon this y on shall lay a row of leaves , as close as to touch one the other , and upon this rank of leaves you shall lay another rank of leaves in the same order , yet not wet in the foresaid juyce ; and taking into your hands a great watering vessel , which you must dip into the said juyce or caldo , you shall water by sprinkling all the foresaid leaves , and those being watered , you shall lay upon them a third and fourth rank , and so forward a fifth rank , and upon that a sixth of new leaves , sprinkling all the rows with the foresaid ewer , or with a brush , still observing the same order , untill such time as the leaves thus disposed in order , rise to be a foot and half high . then you must cover the leaves , yet hot with the liquor , newly sprinkled upon them , with other woollen clothes , that all the rows of the leaves may hold their former ●eat and lie to ferment . but if that heat or fermentation cannot be procured by those woollen clothes covering the leaves , you may lay horse dung upon those clothes , to raise the heat , to cherish the leaves , and make them stand in a constant fermentation . but that they may not grow over hot , you must often look upon the leaves , untill they change colour and if by the heat they begin to look any whit red , and to appear so ( which may be seen , if the leaves be held against the light ) it is time to uncover the leaves , and to take the coverings away ; for being too much heated , they would grow black , which is a sign of burning , and of corruption , and there must be principal care taken that that befall not , for this is the chiefest thing to be ob●erved . tobacco being thus warmed and fermented , the foresaid leaves must be hanged up with small packthreds , thrusting the needle through the greater nerve of the leaves , that is on the backside , and so they must be hanged up in a windy place , but not very high , where the sunne shines ; for by the sunnes heat all their forces would vanish . when the wind hath dried them enough , they must be bound in bundles , binding them with cords as hard as you can , so that each bundle must be as great about in the circumference of it , as a great spanish daller ; but above all , take care that th●y be most closely bound together . the leaves of tobacco thus prepared , must be diligently and closely pack'd in vessels , thrusting them in as much as you can . and by this preparing and preserving of tobacco , it will have excellent force and vertue . note ( in spanish or malago wine ) this way of preparation is of later time , and invented by the spaniards for the use of themselves and strangers . for it is probable that the indians , that are the inhabitants ( untill such time as wine was brought unto them from other parts beyond the seas ) used wine of dates , or of coccos , or some other liquour , ( not to say piss , which is reported of them to their disgrace ) to prepare this juyce or caldo : also the use of aniseeds is from the spaniard . to stand constantly to ferment ) we say broyen , this signifies a moderate heat , next to strong heat , yet ●ot come so farre as to burne , but onely to foster and ferment . such a heat depilatories bring to the parts , and birds to their egges , when they sit to hatch their young . the aegyptians produce such a heat in their ovens , when they by art hatch abundance of hen egges , as bellonius observes . some despise the use of t●bacco that grows with us , yet experience teacheth us that our green leaves will cure wounds , vlcers , and other diseases , sooner and more certainly , than the dried leaves brought from the indies ; it is cr●dible that those dried leaves coming so farre , have lost great part of their strength oft-times . others there are that maintain that our tobacco leaves dried and prepared after the indian manner , are more effectuall here , than the indian tobbacco , because that our leaves be they what they will , agree better with our temper , and we can have the choice of the fresh leaves better than of those that are brought to us from other parts , whereof the greatest part is to be suspected , as being most frequently sophisticated , ( agrippa lib. de vaintate scient. c. ) saith , adulterated , or such as are to be rejected , or are suffocated in the ship in the passage , or sobbed in the water , or corrupted , with age , or not gathered in fit time and place , whereby there may be danger . the same author saith well , it is folly to fetch out of india what we have plenty at home , not being contented with our own land or sea , prefering forrain commodities before those of our own country , things costly before those that are cheap , and things hard to come by , before such as are easie , desiring to fetch them from the worlds end , &c. at this day in zeland there is a merchant that soweth yearly about five acres of ground with tobacco seed with great cost , and the plants that grow he dresseth after the indian manner , he drieth and prepareth the leaves as the indians do , and he sels them ●very where , which hitherto hath brought him ●● small profit . and now almost ten years , the use of this tobacco hath so prevailed here , that men do not much care for virginy tobacco , or what comes from other countries . the vertues : the spaniards have learned that tobacco is an enemy to the most deadly poyson that the cannibals were wont to dip their arrows and darts in . it happened that some cannibals sailed in their boats to st iohns port , to shoot all the indians and spaniards they could find and kill them with their arrows , when they were arrived they wounded some indians and spaniards , and some they killed . these wanting sublimate ( which they were wont to strew upon their wounds in such cases ) they were taught by an indian to annoynt their wounds with the juyce of tobacco pressed forth , and to lay a bruised lease upon them : the pains presently ceased , and all those symptoms which use to attend such wounds , the poyson was quickly conquered , and the wounds were cured . it chiefly opposeth hellebore ; the king of spain would needs try this , and commanded a huntsman to wound a dog in the throat , to strew hellebore into it , and after that to put in plenty of the juyce of tobacco , and lay on the bruised leaves ; this was done presently , and the experiment was made , the wound being bound up , in a very short time the dog was recovered , which made them all to wonder at it . i shall here adde what aedigius everhardus , reports concerning his panacaea ; it fell out that at antwerp one gave a gentle womans cat that was somewhat fierce poyson to drink ; the cat run madding up and down , trying but in vain to vomit up the venome . the gentle woman thought of a way how to wrap up a leafe to tobacco bruised in butter , and to thrust that down the cats throat , this was done , and the cat soon cast up the poyson and escaped . it is worth observing what the most learned monardes writes , that the indians do stop hunger and thirst by the use of tobacco in this fashion . they burn some shels of shell fish of the rivers , and then break them like lime , they take as much tobacco leaves as of this lime , and they chew them untill they come into one lump , & of this they make trochesks greater than peas , and they dry them in the shade , and keep them for their use , when they journey in desart places where they cannot easily come by meat or drink , they put one of these pellets betwixt their lips and lower teeth , and they suck it , and they swallow down the moisture that comes from it instead of meat and drink , when that is spent they take another . this way they will live without meat or drink for three or four daies , and be never weary or lose any strength ; for by continuall chewing of these pellets they draw flegmatique humours from their brains , which their stomach digests into nutriment for want of better food . pliny , l. . c. . reports that at the furthest part of the indies eastward , toward the fountaine of ganges , there are men called astomi , that want mouths , and live only by the aire , and sweet smels they draw in by their nostrils ; they have neither meat nor drink , but they live only by the sweet and fragrant sents of roots , flowers , and wilde apples : which could not be unless they were truly nourished : for life and nourishment are almost all one . iohannes alexandrinus opening that place of hippocrates sexto epidemiorum , saith , that democritus the abderite a philosopher ( when the feasts of ceres was nigh , being requ●sted that he would not pollute his house ) lived onely with the vapour and sent of honey for four daies . this is the opinion of some men , from whom he relates it , but others say it was done by the smell of new bread hot from the oven , oribasius , . aphor. com. . mentions the same thing , saying , the philosopher relates that one man lived forty daies by the sent of honey . but h●re is a most notable mistake to put for . but by the figures it might be quickly overslipt . also we read in the book that hath that title , who ever was the authour , that aristotle lived for sometime only by the smell of an apple . some there are that dip hot bread in good wine and apply it to the nostrils of sick people ; and if we apply it likewise to the temples and sides , it will very much restore strength . also conciliator aponensis reports that he used to restore his life , when he was dying , with safron and cas●oreum bruised and mingled together with wine , and that he gave that composition to old people , and it did them as much good by smelling to it , as by drinking it . but these are no wonders , for as by meat and drink , whatsoever of the solid substance is wasted , is repaired again , so by ayre and smoke is regain'd what is spent of aeriall , and moist substance . if therefore ayre and smoake only , ( which is nothing else than a thin substance and aeriall quality ) do nourish , ( as galen teacheth elegantly , l. . de sanitat . tuend. c. . ) much more will an odoriferous quality perform this , when it is mixed with a quality that is friendly to nature . also mathi●lus after theophrastus reports that the scythians will be content with licoris only for ten or twenty daies , and desire no other meat or drink . object . . truly for the negative part very ma●y arguments may be brought , as that of aristotle , . de anima , c. . where he saith , that touching is the sense of nutriment , as if he had said , that al●ment , as it is t●sted , is the object of touching , for tasting is a kinde of touching , wherefore smoke being not to be touched cannot nourish . object . . again , nothing can give nourishment to a body , unless it first concocted in the stomach , liver , and spleen ( as galen saith , . de temper . c. . ) object . the same is the matter of nutrition and generation of the same , ( galen . de sem c. . ) wherefore man being not born of smoke , cannot be fed by smoke . many more arguments may be urged . answ. we answer that smoke may be understood two waies . first , formally , and then it is an insensible quality different from the first qualities , yet resulting from the actions of them . secondly , materially , that is for the substance it is inherent in , and that is tobacco here . now this is hot and dry , to be considered of for its heat and thin substance : i say then that an aromaticall sweet smell doth refresh the forces , and strengtheneth the brain , heart and stomach , for it is a most welcome quality to these parts , and therefore it preserves their temperament and substance ; and the vitall and animall sprits are renewed and made most fit for natures operations , by a smoke joyned with a sweet sent , and sucked in with that aromaticall vapour . apposition and fasting together , must go before nutrition , and this fume seems to be to thin and simpler than that we can imagine it can glew and fasten anywhere : therefore it cannot be said to be the matter of nourishment . secondly , water cannot nourish at all , ( . de usu part . and . acut . com. . ) therefore smoke that is more thin and unmixed cannot nourish , and galen saith me●h . . that the liver receives no profit by the ayre that is drawn in , and of things we eat and drink , the liver hath less profit than the stomach ; yet it receiveth some benefit as it is manifest ; and that reason is confirmed by galen's doctrine , . de usu . part . c. . and often elsewhere , when he faith , that the common , and greatest , and first way of nourishment is by the mouth , and from thence the food is carried to the stomach , as to the common store-house for all the parts , and set in the middle of the living creature , where being once concocted it penetrateth to the liver to be turned into blood , whereby all the parts are fed ; but this smoke is not suckt in by the liver to be concocted into blood theref●re it cannot nourish . but hippocrates may be produced for the other part , lib. de aliment , where he saith , that an aery smoke drawn in by the throat may nourish , his words are , the beginning of nourishment are , the ayre , nostrils , mouth , throat , lungs , and breathing , &c. to un●y this knot , observe , first , that a man bei●g in continuall motion , and consisting of a double matter , namely earthy , and watry , which forms the solid and fleshy parts , and of an aery and fiery , which forms the spirits , another principle of life ; hence it is that he wants a double matter to repaire the decayed and dissipated substance of them both ; namely , meat and drink to restore earthy and watry part consumed , but fire and water to make up the spirituall part , as galen doth plainly teach , . de s●nit , c. . the second note is , that though hippocrates doth say , ( lib. de aliment , now cited ) that the spirits are no●rished , yet they are not truly nourished , since they are not the true and living parts of the body , nor have they any naturall faculty to nourish them , whereby they may change aeriall matter like themselves , into their own substance , but they are perpetually bred fresh , by the most powerfull force of the heart and strong heat , tempering the thin vapours of blood with the ayre that is drawn to it . but hippocrates saith they are fed , because the life is perceived to be very much recreated and refreshed , when the proper instrument is refreshed , and again , when the spir●ts are decayed , the life deprived of its proper instrument decaies also . wherefore the spirit is bred , not of its own faculty , but from that which is inserted into all the principall parts ; and they are bred the same way almost as the chylus is made in the stomach , and blood in the liver ; yet not so as if the spirits as well as they , were the matter of nutriment , for they are so thin and subtill , that they can stick and joyn to no part . these things being first laid down it will be easie to answer the contrary arguments . to the first i answer , that the ayre 's not joyning needs not trouble us , nor the unfitness of it to nourish . for we do not think that the ayre doth nourish the solid and fleshy parts really ; but being so mingled as i said , and concocted by the strong heat of the heart , i maintan it doth goe into the substance of the spirits . to the second the answer is easie . for though the water alone be unfit for nourishment , yet mingled with other things that nourish , we find it gains a nourishing condition . i answer to the confirmation , that it is true that meats and drinks can indeed be converted into nourishment , no where but in the stomach and liver , but i deny that the ayre wants those transmutations . but to return whence i digressed ; thomas hariot in his description of virginy , reports that tobacco is so much esteemed amongst the barbarous people , that they are perswaded 〈◊〉 gods take delight 〈…〉 also , wherefore they kindle sacred fires , and instead of sacrafice they cast this in in powder , and when they sail , they will cast the powder of it into the ayre , and water . they observe the same custome ) saith the same authour ) making strange mimicall apish gestures ( sometimes stamping the earth with their feet , sometimes leaping , sometimes rejoycing , clapping their hands , and lifting them up on high , sometimes looking towards heaven , and speaking incongruous words ) if at any time they escape any great danger . i cannot let that pass , that you shall hardly meet any one of these barbarians who hath not hanging about his neck a small bundle of tobacco , with pipes made of palme tree leaves , and who also taking with his companions , doth not draw the smoke of it as through a tunnel , by his mouth and nostrils , untill he be almost in an exstasie . there are some of them who to take away weariness , and to be refreshed in their labours , make use of this smoke , ●nd we found saith monardes , that by their example , our servants and the moors that came into the west-indies from other parts , would do the same , for being weary by much le●ping and dancing , they draw it in by their mouth and nostrils . and the same thing be●als them as doth the indians , for they lye as if they were dead for three or foure houres ; after this they are lusty and are better able to endure labour than they were before . and they take such delight in it , that they will now and than go out of mens sight to take it in pleasure , though they be not tired . sometimes they grow so mad by it , that they will kill their masters , who are carefull to burn their tobacco , that they may take from them the occasion of this idle pleasure . what need more words , i saw saith monardes , our servants and the moors , who were not suffered to be drunk with wine , to make themselves drunk with this smoke , wherein they take no small delight , and they boast that it takes all wearinesse from them , and that they suffer no hurt nor damage by taking of it . referre to this what alexander ab alexandr● , l. . c. . hath left to posterity , that the scythians when they desire to be drunk , and abstain from wine , that they may not break the custome , they cast bundles of herbs into the fire , and suck in the smoke , and so become as drunk as if they had dranke wine . so it is a tradition concerning the thracians that at their banquets they go about their fires , casting the seeds of herbs into the fire , and the fume of that will make them like those that are drunk , and they besotted as if they drank wine , even like those that tasted the juyce of nepenthes , who supposed sorrow to be removed by it . also the babilonians would make themselves so drunk by burning fruits of trees , and drinking in the smoke , that they would sing and dance . after the same example the indian priests which they call bulgiti , being in consultation concerning the event of any business , were wont to drink the smoke of tobacco , to make themselves mad , and to enquire of the divel concerning any business ; for the indians were not accustomed to make warre , or to undertake any business of consequence , but they would first enquire of the devill what should be the successe of it , who answered them by the mouths of those lying prophets made drunk with the smoke of tobacco : the priest being consulted with , did burn the dry leaves of tobacco , and he drew the smoke into his mouth by a cane or tunnel , as now a daies our country men do too much ( the more the pitty ) being made so drunk with the smoke , untill he fell fast asleep , being deprived of all his senses , and being rapt into a certain extasie ; he fell down upon the ground , where he lay , most part of the day or night not able to move ; when his drunkenness was over , he told them , he had conferred with the devil , and as he thought , so he delivered his mind ; whether they should wage warre , or not , or undertake a journey , and so he gave answers for all things they asked him of ; yet so doubtfull , that let the event be what it would , he could easily perswade the ignorant multitude , that he fore-told it ; and thus he miserably deluded these barbarous people . also the indian physicians made drunk with this smoke , and having lost their senses , would relate a thousand things concerning the counsel of the gods , and then they three or four times rubbed the sick patients body with their hands . in the mean time they held a bone in their mouth , which the simple women afterwards kept as a relique . being demanded concerning a disease , they answered all things to be well ; if it fell out otherwise , they had their excuse ready , the disease was mortal : and it was a capital crime for them to neglect their ordinary customes . thus the enemy of mankind was wont to deceive the gentiles . in some places the same men were both their physicians , and their priests . but since the effects of tobacco are found to be so excellent , i shall discourse of them more particularly . in distillations , where a cold matter is the cause , make a fumigation of the dry leaves of tobacco . the syrup of it is excellent , for this will wonderfully stay defluxions of rheum . the leaves chewed or bruised in the palate , do the same . these melt the flegme that is in the head , and dry up the cels where the rheum lieth , by drawing forth the moisture from the foremost ventricles of the brain , by that part which is commonly called the tunnel . i know not whether there can be a more happy or more certain remedy found out for this purpose . also to strengthen the memory the smoke is excellent taken by the nostrils , for it is properly belonging to the brain , and it is easily conveyed into the cels of it , and it cleanseth that from all filth ( for the brain is the metropolis of flegme , as hippocrates teacheth us in his book concerning the kernels ) it must be taken three hours before meat , for so it doth more conveniently discuss and cleanse the peccant humours . i do not write this for their sake , who by their daily miscarriage abuse themselves , and spend good time in tobacco-shops , and make of their brain ( which is the most noble seat of the mind , and the store-house of all knowledge and learning ) a chimney , and a common shore , and disgrace a medicament that is otherwise very good , and make themselves nothing but blowers of coles and ashes . a famous practitioner at leyden d. henricus flor●ntius , sometimes related unto me , that dr. pauvius , a most experienced and excellent anatomist of his time , had once a subject for his anatomical practice , whose smelling was quite lost , and there was not any thing left to be seen of the processus mammillares : and this he conjectured , by good arguments , to have happened by reason of the parties immoderate drinking of tobacco . about thirty years since ( or before ) that smoaking tobacco through the nose hath been suspected and spoken against , as if the continual and over-using of it did fill the brain with all vapours , and last of all did corrupt it . let us hear what the most learned dr. iustus rapheiengius , who deserved exceeding much amongst scholars , writ sometimes unto me . his words were these , i remember ( saith he ) that dr. pauvi●s , in his first anatomical practices , dissected a strong young man , and otherwise very sound , whose brain was totally filled with black vapours like to soot . d. pauvius inquiring into the cause of that accident , and referring it to mania , or some other disease of the head ; they answered that were acquainted with that young man , that the man was never sick , nor had he the falling sicknesse , but was so given to drink tobacco continually , that the pipe was seldom out of his mouth , and he was alwayes drawing in that fuliginous vapour ; whereupon d. pauvius did co●jecture upon good grounds , that heap of soot and smoke was contracted in the cavities of his brain by that means . i could alledge many more examples of this kind , but for brevity sake i passe them over . let these and the like dangerous effects teach thee , that lovest this smoke to avoid them , if thou lovest the truth , and take heed least that sweet memory , which is the ●other of the muses , and gods delight , do turn her eyes from thee , and thou be deprived of that divine closet and lights , which are an incomparable treasure , as being unworthy to possess them . but young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke , for the custome and too much use of it , brings their brains out of order , and makes them to be over-hot , so that they lose their good temper , and are beyond the bounds of their health , and that sacred anchor is lost irrecoverably . for the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture , to strengthen them , and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection . especially for those that are cholerick , whose brains cannot endure excess of heat , for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat . see galen his comment , in lib. de vict. salub . also this smoke doth veheme●tly move the stomack to nauseat , and to vomit , ( as daily experience teacheth u● ) namely by cleaving to the inward parts , and so offending the pec●liar juices contain'd in the stomack , and the mesentary , it destroyes their ordinary operations . for in thrusting forth the matter from the stomack it cannot be , but also something must be cast out , wherein the force of nature resides ; and also , becau●e when nature is doing her office , she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body , as to the circumference , but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces and spirits to the center . wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions , for she can endure nothing less than two contrary motions at the same time . wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomacks of very many men , especially if they use to take it presently after supper or dinner . and in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men , according to hippocrates his rule . . aphoris . . it is troublesom to purge those that are in good health . for frequent use of purging medicaments will soon make a man old ; for the forces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts , by an hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce . also cels●● in the beginning of his book affirms , that aliments only are fit for sound bodies , and physick for those that are sick ▪ but grant , that it purge not ( which yet is most certain , as i shall shew elswhere ) yet it alters the body , which can never be done in young and strong bodies without great hurt . moreover it drinks up the moisture , and augments the heat of a perfect constitution , as the fire and sunne do sensibly heat such things as are exposed to them . let us hearken to the e●ample of plato , . de legibus , in the beginning ( saith he ) i confirm it by a law , that children untill th●y come to be eighteen yeer old , shall be wholly ignorant of the use of wine , and we must admonish them , that we ought not to adde fire to fire , into the body and the soul , untill they become men , and begin to undergoe labour ; for we must take heed that young men be not furious in their habit of body , then let them learne to be moderate in drinking wine , untill they come to be thirty yeares old . if then plato forbad young men to drink wine , because by its heat it fils their brains with vapours , and with many hot fumes , and over-heats their bodies , and not only hurts the body , but doth exceedingly hurt the soul by the use of it , as galen saith , . sanitat . tuend. wine must not be given to young men , because it makes them prone to anger and to lust , and makes the rational part of the soul dull and out of temper ; and doth not the smoke of tobacco do this farre more ? wine is hot and moist , tobacco is hotter than wine , and that excess is the cause of its strong smell , and corroding taste : moreover in place of moisture of the wine , the heat of it is joyned with driness . he that hath only tasted of natural philosophy , may easily perceive from hence , that it is a thing full of danger for colerick constitutions , and disposeth them to burning feavers , hecticks , and frensies , and brings them into unseasonable melancholy : for the unnatural heat , conquering the natural heat of the body , destroyes and wastes that , as i said , and by the same means ingenders a melancholy distemper , by the continual use of it . hence it is , that the dry and hot choler is afterwards inflamed ; but this is done by degrees , and insensibly in the younger age and also by reason of the frequent drinking in of beer , ( for our tobacconists use to do so ) and this hinders that the alteration cannot be so suddainly made . galen de sanitat●tuend . saith , that the best manners , proceed from the best temperament . and he writ a whole book for that end , that he might prove the affections of the mind , to follow the temperament of the body . which thing , though it be principally to be understood of that original temperament which we received from our parents : yet as that is changed either naturally by age , or accidentally by sucking to much smoak of tobacco , or some other external meanes , so a great change of the affections and inclinations of the mind useth to go along with it ; and as heat and acrimony grow and dwell in the blood , so rashness and fury do in the soul . the blood being now made thick and congealed , the mind grows stupid and sad ; and in some men this is too apparent , though others do prudently dissemble and cover it . wherefore i cannot see how that overmuch drawing of smoak of tobaceo to the brain and nostrils can be done , but it must overthrow the perfect state of mens bodies and minds , the proportions of the cold elements being subdued , and promoted unto heat ; being spoile●d of their former condition , and that not only in these smoaky companions , but in their posterity also ; since the nature and constitutions of the parents are naturally passed over unto the children : and withall , the affections of the mind that depend upon them . for saith the learned fernelius , with what disease soever the father is troubled when he begets the child , the same disease passeth to the child . and galen writes thus : the father gives the form , nature and essence to the ghild . when therefore the humours of the body have contracted this sharp heat and driness , by the too much smoaking of tobacco , the father gets a son like himself ; but such an one as wants natural moysture , which should prolong his life , and should dispose him to ingenuous , pleasant and sociable manners . let avicenna speak , fen. . p.c. it is in the power of art to hinder that corruption shall not breed in us , and that natural moisture shall continue longer , that it be ●ot soon dissolved by drying and burning causes , and that every body may be made to hold out so long as it possibly may do by its natural temperament . and he shews afterwards in few words , by what helps art can perform this ; namely , by a three fold caution laid down by art . one in a due administration of meats and drinks , in the quantity , quality , substance ; manner , order , and measure and time of them : not neglecting in the mean while , the occasion of the place , which is another caution to take heed of corruption . the third is in forbidding and forbearing those things , which since they can naturally hurt life , they do in a short time dissolve the radical moisture , and so they cut off life in a moment . such are watchings , cares , griefs ; also the use of things that vehemently heat and dry , whence of necessity at length ( for want of convenient food ) the natural heat is extinguished , and the native moisture : and so we die by wasting and consuming away . galen de tabe , saith , that tabes is a consumption of a living body , by reason of driness . by these things mentioned , it is easie to collect , that the smoak of tobacco shortneth mens daies . for being that our native heat is like to a flame , which continually feeds upon natural moisture , as a lamp lighted , drinks up the oyl by its heat ; it follows necessarily , that for want of food , life must needs fly away quickly , when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed : for with that moisture , the imbred heat fails also , and death succeeds . you understand therefore ( that are tobacconists ) that the sooty fumes of tobacco , wherein you are wallowing ( as it were ) in the deepest mire , are of great force to shorten your daies . galen speaking of opeing medicaments , asserts , that by the frequent use of them , the solid parts of the body are dried , and that the blood grows gross and clotted , which being burned in the reines , breed the stone . the same thing may be truly maintained concerning tobacco , which many use too frequently , and more then any do use those kind of opening medicaments ; for this is more hot and dry then they are , and therefore is more forcible to hurt sound and well tempered bodies . take warning therefore you that love tobacco , that you do not exceed in using too much of it , and enslave your selves to this fuliginous smoak , by hunting after it , and making a god of it . the goods of the body , are beauty , strength , and sound health . the most grave author plutarch , commending the last as the best of all , affirmed most gravely and learnedly , that health is the most divine , and the most excellent property of the body , and a most precious thing . there is nothing in this world better ; nothhing more to be desired , and nothing can be found to be more pleasant . without thi● ( as hippocrates saith ) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things . this is it , which in this life fils all perfection : without this no man could ever be said to be happy : this farre exceeds the greatest honours , treasures , and riches . whence that of horace is a sentence ●emarkable . not house nor land , nor heaps of gold or brass , can force the sick lords ague t' overpass : nor move cares from his mind ; he must have health , who thinks to use well what he gets in wealth . cicero , who was both the father and prince of the latin tongue , seems to me , in l. . officiorum , to set down before all others most excellently , the generall reason of preserving health . health ( saith he ) is preserved by knowing a mans own body , and observing those things that do a man good or harm ; and by moderate diet of all sorts ; and in cloathing to defend the body ; and in refrain●ng pleasures , &c. what could be said more divinely , or more fully , or more eloquently by any man , i cannot perceive ; for the universal method of maintaining health , is contained in it very elegantly . it is a most worthy sentence , and fit to be ingraved in the mind of those who are studious of their health . let us use such things whereby nature is helped and refreshed : let us beware of such things that we find do us hurt , and that by natures direction . which ( as cato said ) is the most excellent leader for our life , declaring by many signs , what things she desires , what she abhorres : and to resist nature , is nothing else , then to do like the gyants , and to fight against god . this continence should be observed in all our food , cloathing , and abstaining from pleasures . continence makes the body cheerfull , healthfull , and firm : and abstaining from pleasures doth the same . for as plato writes , pleasure is the bait of mischief . since then , they that fume tobacco , take so much delight and pleasure in it ( if that can be called a pleasure ) it is a wonder how much they rejoyce , not thinking in the mean time that nature is debilitated , and they are unmindfull of that verse of ovid . strange poysons under honeys sweetness lie . socrates was wont to perswade men to avoid those meats and drinks that would allure men to an appetite , beyond what would serve to quench their thirst , and stay their hunger ; because these things , by their delight , did more entangle us , and bring great mischiefs upon us . for it is a true saying , — pleasure that 's bought with pain , doth us no good . and is it not a filthy thing , and utterly to be detested , that man who is a most prudent creature , should be ensnared by the wanton enticements of this smoak of tobacco , so that neglecting the precepts of the art of health coveting this sordid fume , he should , wholly devote his health to it ? to be deprived of his stomach ? to consume by wasting his radical moisture ? to be tormented with feavers , and to be vexed with many other infirmities ? are not these brave rewards for taking his pleasure ? i think with galen , that it were better ( if any man have brains in his head ) to die a thousand times , then to lead such a life . and if it be so ( as i profess it is so ) to what end is it for a man to devote himself to these damnable smoaks , and to force nature to destroy and murther her self ? are these things the properties of men , are they not rather of beasts ? pliny writes the the truth : all creatures that live , know what is good for them , only man doth not . and senec● is in the right : this is one of the causes of our misfortunes , that we live by examples , and are not guided by reason , but follow custom ; and if but few do a thing , we will not imitate them . when mamany begin to do a thing ( as if that were more honest ) we willingly follow them , and the error of the multitude is held to be right by us . and elsewhere ; they cannot abstain from pleasures , that are grown to be a custom ; and in this they are the more miserable , that they proceed so farre , as to make things superfluous to be necessary . wherefore they serve their pleasures , and do not enjoy them ; and they love their miseries , which is the greatest misery of all . then is unhappiness come to the height , when filthiness , not only delights , but pleas●th us ; and there remains no place for remedy , when vices are grown to be our manners . but all our admonitions are in vain . this plague infects , and more thereto incline , one measeld hog , will taint an heard of swine . so that all die infected , thus we see , one rotten grape , le ts not the next go free . to draw to a conclusion ; i deny not , but that for cold and moist bodies where the brain is large , and where the parts are feeble , by reason of ●oo much moisture , and where there is aboundance of fleg● joyned with it , or where that juyce offends the brain with a shaking cold : ( the signs whereof are paleness , and no veins to be seen ; where the hair stands straight , firm , and are yellow ; where they cannot endure cold , and where the temper of the whole body is cold and stiffe ; where drowsiness and sleepiness are , and the mouth , nostrils , and eyes , are full of moisture . ) this fumigation may be good to empty that sink of naughty and corrupt matter , and to shut it out . yet i cannot think it safe at all , to take this smoak even in this respect , but with cautions and consideration ; and the chiefe is , that it be taken for necessity , and not for lust and intemperance : let there be sparing and modertaion used . but first purge the head with sneezing , with the powder of tobacco ( as i shall say in another place . ) i think the most convenient way is , to make the pipes you suck it through , very long , such as the indians use , whereby they draw the smoak from a great distance : and i remember , that many were wont to use the like , for the smoak will come cooler , and be taken with more pleasure ; nor will it reek forth with so foul and sharp fume . also , since that the brain is enter-woven with very narrow small veins , it will not willingly entertain those gross vapours that penetrate with difficulty , but only such that are thin and hot . the persians , and the turks also , cut lingum aloes small , and mingle it with tobacco , for diseases of the head , and so through a long pipe , made of lattone ( which they put into cold water , that the smoak may come the cooler to the brain ) they draw forth the smoak . some adde some drops of oyl of anniseed , i have seen others mingle cloves with it , and some again adde other things that evacuate the cold and moist humours of the head and of the breast . what instruments the barbarous people use , or rather pipes or trunks ( whereof i shall set down divers figures at the end of this discourse concerning tobacco ) of which monardus speaks lib. . simpl . medic. and i cannot use any mans words better then his own , which the most learned clusius hath interpreted to us , and by which the courteous reader may best understand it ▪ there are brought ( saith he ) from new spain , some trunks made of the inward part of canes or reeds , and smeered with some kind of gum , which i think is mingled with the juyce of tobacco , for it trieth the head : if i am not mistaken , they annoint the cane with that ; and as it is glutinous , it sticks fast , and is of a black colour . but when it grows hard , it will hold no longer . the trunk is lighted at that that end where it is smeered with the gum , or pitch ; and the other end is put into the mouth , and the smoak is received● and this draws all flegme and corrupt humours out of the breast . this they are wont to use when they are oppressed with short breath , and are ready to be choaked . clusius addes to the same chapter , that in the year wing andecow ( which is now called virginy ) being discovered to the english ( to their captain richard grenfield , and is a province of the new world , and is thirty six degrees from the aequator toward the north pole ) they found that the inhabitans did frequenly use some pipes made of clay , to draw forth the fume of tobacco leaves set on fire ; which grew amongst them in great quantity , or rather to drink it down , to preserve their health . the english returning from thence , brought the like pipes with them , to drink the smoak of tobacco ; and since that time , the use of drinking tobacco hath so much prevailed all england over , especially amongst the courtiers , that they● have caused many such like pipes to be made to drink tobacco with . these are clusius words concerning the english . let me adde that great part of the low-countries , germany , france , italy , turkie , arabia , persia , and many of the inhabitants of the whole earth ▪ ( if not the greatest part ) are taken with the scent of this smoak , that they do preferre this stinking and filthy smell , before the most pleasant perfumes that are in the world . but chiefly this ●umigation is of great esteem with with us in the low countries , and the merchandize of tobacco prepared , is not the least among other trafique , and the merchants make a huge gain by it , if they have but any good fortune . it is a very speedy way , and a vast profit to the merchants of holland and zealand , who bring tobacco prepared and dried from the indies , and send it forth to other countries , be they never so wide off from them , for they gain by it extraordinarily . how many thousands of men may be found in that most flourishing and mighty city for trafique amsterdam ( to say nothing of rotterdam , and other cities in this province ) who at first being but of a small meanes , for the most part , by selling tobacco , have sustained themselves in their poverty , and also abundantly provided for their families for food and rayment , and other necessaries , and have gained something more for themselves ; and there are some that have heaped up great wealth by it . yet i do not defend them , who under a specious and faire pretence to gain food and some small matter , by keeping tobacco shops , ( as also others that keep wine taverns , tap-houses and the like ) do in the mean time increase their estates by keeping whores and bawds which they live by . but that the curious reader may see how mightily this merchandise of tobacco encreaseth amongst the dutch . i say undoubtedly that this may be foreseen and foretold by it , and it must be confessed , maugre all opposition , that the most illustrious and most mighty states of holland , by a small and very tolerable tribute to be paid , imposed by them upon tobocco , ( which i understand was lately done by them ) may collect above thirty thousand franks yearly at their pleasure , by the only custome upon tobacco for the publick treasure , from the merchants that are carefull to bring it from the indies unto us . but to return again from whence we digressed . i said that this sume can draw forth wat●y and cold humours from the head ; yet hippocrates his doctrine seems to be against this , . apharism . . sweet aromaticall smells will provoke the terms , and the same would be often good for other matters , did they not cause the head to ake . where he teacheth , galen subscribing in his commentary , that the whole body being duly fume , will send forth by the matrix in all cold and moyst dispositions , were it not that we are affraid of that heaviness of the head , which proceeds from these fumes . since then for a flegmatique matter lying in the head , those things are not requisite , which load and fill the head , but rather those things that send ease and lighten it , fumigations that are made of things , that fill the head , as galen himself teacheth , cannot be good to be used in such a disposition of the brain , nor yet in any other . but there are many most grave authours for the other part , who exercise their practise with great praise , and teach and highly commend fumigations in such , or the like accidents , and to these men not only daily experience , but also most strong reason subscribes . for to cut and consume a cold and moyst humours collected in the brain , no fitter remedies than those can be found , which have power to strengthen , attenuate , and dry the brain , and it is certain that the sume of tobacco hath such a faculty . for it heats , cuts , attenuates , opens and resolves : therefore this smoke drawn in by the mouth and nose to dry and heat the cold and moyst excrements of the brain , may be proper and usefull . to answer the former argument that is against it , observe that it is very necessary to consider , for the use of this remedy , what the temper of the brain is as i said , and what the humour is that abounds in it , for if it be hot it will be much filled and burdned with the smoke of tobacco , and the cause of this event lyeth in the heat of the part , ( for heat naturally attracts heat ) and also in the largness of the passages of a hot head , whereby it easily admits the vapours that ascend : but if the braine be over cold and moyst , and then heap up such excrements , it will not be filled with this fume , but will rather be refreshed and dried , unless perhaps by reason of so great naturall weakness , or weakness contracted by a disease , it can admit no vapours without pain and heaviness . these things premised , i answer to the contrary argument , that hippocrates in the quoted aphorism , must be understood concerning those , who have a brain that is very hot and moist and weake withall , and that easily is offended with pain and heaviness . for a cold and moist brain filled with cold and moist excrements , a hot and drying fume ( such as is the smoke of tobacco , ) is most convenient , especially drawn in by a pipe the way i mentioned before . yet i think they ought to abstain from it , whose heads are not only weak , but are also of a delicate nature , and are easily disturbep and pain'd not only with fumes but with the most temperate smels . here follows another question , namely whether the fume of tobacco swallowed into the stomach ( which custome i find to be in continuall use with many men , but chiefly amongst our sea men ) can draw and purge superfluous humours out of the head and brain ? reasons are very forcible for the affirmative part . the first is taken out of the . aphorisme , . of hippocrates who say thus ; whosoever they be that in a diarrhaea void frothy excrements by stool , those excrements flow from the head , and from thence it is inferred that humours may be drawn from the head to the stomach by the faculties of purging medicaments , being derived by the tunnel . the second is taken from actuarius , m●sues , and other approved authours● , who commend agarick to purge flegmatique humours contain'd in the head and the brest , which they would never have done , if the head and brest could not be vacuated by the belly . the argument for the negative part is , because according to aristo . sect. probl. quest . . when medicaments come to the belly , and are resolved , they are presently carried to the veins by the same way that the meat is , and when they cannot be concocted , but remain conquerours , they slip back again , and carry with them those things that stay by them , and that is called purging . and from the stomach to the brain or brest , there are no passages found whereby a purging medicament can passe to allure the humours to it : therefore the humour that is contain'd in the brain or thorax , cannot be drawn forth by the fume of tobacco , as by a purgative medicament , which opinion also of aristotle the most learned fernelius , . meth. c . seems to defend . note therefore for the resolving of this difficulty , that the more corpulent substance of this fume doth not pass from the stomach to purge the brain , but stayeth in it , or sticks in the intestins , and from thence it draws forth those humours that are agreeing to it , which may be proved many waies . first , because medicaments applyed outwardly , as to the navel , & therefore called navel-medicaments , to the palme of the hand , or to the soles of the feet , and sometimes applyed to the nostrils will purge the body , and yet they cannot proceed so far as to purge the humours . secondly , because we often observe that medicaments and pils are voided almost whole , after purgation , which could not be if they passed all the body over , to draw unto them such humours as are familiar to them . thirdly , serapiows argument proves the same , for saith he , if a medicament should pass to a humour , that is farre off from it , it would joyn lovingly with it , and would never draw forth that it delights in the society of ; as the loadstone joyned to the iron , doth not draw the iron to some other place , but detains and holds it there . wherefore we must confesse that some thin fumie substance doth rise from the stomach , by the veins and other secret passages , not only to the brain , but also is diffused , we cannot say how , to all parts of the body . hence it is clear , that aristotle said not right , that purgatives pass all the body over , and so draw the peccant humour , as taken captive into the stomach . those things being thus observed we answer to the difficulty , that purgatives do not pass through the body to attract humours that agree with them , but they stay in the stomach , and by their force and vertue they draw them unto them from all parts of the body by waies , that though they are unknown to us , yet they are not unknown to nature . here riseth another question , namely , whether to much drinking of tobacco in a pipe , can dry the brain , and yet leave the other parts of the body in a good temper ? for the negatiue part , the argument is this ; because the great or small quantity of the humour of the whole body , follows the temperament contracted from the first generation . since therefore the temperament belongs to the whole living creature , and not to one part alone , the humour cannot be dried up in the brain nor in any other part of the body , but it must also be dried up in the whole body . now that the temperament must be ascribed to the whole body , and not to one part only , is proved from the . and . books of hippocrates epidem . from the grayness of the eyes , sharpness of the voyce , and black haire , you may conclude that the temperament of the whole body is either hot or cold ; as if one part could not be hot or cold , but the whole body must be so also . but galen is for the contrary part , . de temper . c. ult. where he proves by many arguments , that it is not necessary tha● all the parts of the body should follow the temper of the whole . for though in a temperate body and very well constituted an equall temper may be found over all the body , but in others that are different from this exquisite temper and just dispensation , it cannot be universally true ; for a man may have a large brest and full of haire , and therefore like a lion have a most hot heart , and be exceeding bold ; yet it follows not that all●his body over must be so hot . so we find daily ( to pass by other examples ) that many men have hot livers , and yet cold brains , and the contrary in others , that it is no wonder that if one man who hath the rest of his veins of his body swelling forth , have the veins of his head and brain after a sort dried up . for galen addes that this may be done , and that the excess of intemperance in one part , may be the cause of the contrary excess in the rest , and make them weak , or the strength of one part may be answered by the strength or weakeness of another . to answer the contrary argument ; when hippocrates collects from the colour of the eye or sharpness of the voice , what is the temperament of the whole body , this may be taken , as if he did search for the same things in the equall temperament of the whole body , whereof he finds some tokens in the parts ; or he may be understood thus , when other signs in the whole body concurre to signifie the same . for example , if there be signs of heat in the whole body , and a great voyce and large brest be joyned with them , it is evident by these signs that the whole body is hot : which must also be understoode concerning the complexion of the brain , and other parts , ●hat must be compared with the temperament of the rest . i say that such who for many years and by much taking of it are used to this smoke in their mouth and nostrills , to those it doth less harm , for custome is nature acquired , as galen saith , . de motu musc. and de tempament , or it is an acquired habit , by many actions concerning one thing used for a long time ; and this habit by custome is made agreeable to nature . whence divine hippocrates , . aphorism . . speaks thus . those things that we are accustomed to , though they be worse ; yet they do us less harm , than those that we are not used to , and therefore we must use what we are wonted to . this is a most true axiome and cannot be contradicted ; for all things that are accustomed , as they are so , are less hurtfull than things we are not wonted to : for by custome things that are worse are made familiar to nature , and therefore are not dangerous . for what nature is acquainted with , is wont to be harmless . custome is of such consequence , that from that in preserving of health or curing of diseases we may have great indication , and not much less than we can from nature , as both hippocrates and galen intimate in many places . for since nature alwaies delights in what it is used to , ( as galen saith , . method . ) it is certain that every one ought to keep his custome : for from custome as well as from nature and age , great conclusions may be made . since then hippocrates and galen affirme that we must hold to what we are wonted to ; what a great danger would it be to leave off this custome which is confirmed by so many years , as this is to smoke tobacco , in a pipe at the mouth and nostrils , and to change this to a contrary way , especially if it be done suddenly or immediately , as i am perswaded all men can easily perceive ? whence celsus also speaks , l. . c. . he is in danger who both once , and he that twice eats in a day contrary to his usuall custome ? again , sudden ease from violent labour , and sudden labour from great ease cannot be safe . when therefore any man thinks to leave off this drinking of tobacco for a time , he must not rashly nor suddenly change this custome , for it is almost as strong as nature . therefore they who use to smoke it , easily bear it , and they that are not used to it cannot so well away with it . custome makes not only healthfull things to be usefull for us , but also it makes those things healthfull , which were they not accustomed to us , would be the most dangerous . for it is of such force that it overcomes the malignity of any thing taken , and which is more to be wondred at , the very violence and virulency of poysons is conquered by it , and it spoils them of their malignity ; so i read of a maid that was fed with wolfs-bane , and in time by degrees shee used it for her nourishment , galen , . simpl . c. . speaks of an old woman of athens , who beginning from a small quantity of hemlock , proceeding by degrees learned to feed on it in great quantity and found no harm by it . we read also of a certain maiden at collen , who when she was but three years old would catch the spiders creeping upon the walls and eat them , and being delighted with that kind of diet grew exceedingly ; mithridates king of pontus taking poyson daily , made it so familiar to him , that when he would have poysoned himselfe , that he might not fall into pompeys hands , he drank deadly poyson without any harme . oft mithridates eating poyson got , that the most cruell poysons hurt him not . sleydan , lib. . writes , that pope clement the . being old , died of a great pain of his stomach , having changed his diet by the advice of curtiu● his physician . what should i say much of a thing confirmed of daily examples . we see that they who use to purg often have need of stronger physick than what they used to take before : for those that are usual wil hardly move them . so if one often take clysters , the belly will hardly be moved , no● yet yield to other remedies , as it befell the duke of albanie , who could not go to stool without a clyster , for nature had forgot her self , and depended wholly upon physick . he that will read more concerning custome , let him read what theophrastus l . c. . concerning the history of plants , hath written of thraciae and eudemius chius . finis . dr everard . dr everard his discourse of the wonderfull effects & operation of tobacco . i am chiefly induced to write the history of tobacco , a most excellent plant , and for physicall use , of admirable vertue , because many have written singularly well of plants ; yet besides nicolaus monardus a spanish physician ( who writ a peculiar history of plants and spices brought forth of the new found world ) very few have sufficiently set forth the worth of this noble plant. but since , i doubt not but that many earnestly desire to know the effects of it , that such may no longer be kept from their enjoyments , as they know it by name , they shall farther know the vertues thereof . i willingly undertake this work , that i may as briefly and faithfully as i can , publish to the world , what i have partly got by reading , and by the relation of other men , and what i have had experience of my self , adding what others have scattered in their writings here and there , and what i have since by long study herein , approved to be effectuall . tobacco in the form and faculties of it is much like to comfrey , that i may not without reason think it to be of that kind , rather then a yellow henbane , as some have supposed . it is observed to be of three sorts , the male , the female , and a third sort , more imperfect then them both . the male hath large leaves , that are thick , long , fat , of a watry green co●our , sharp at the top , a little hairy , and clammy , but with no cuts in them ; so ●licking to the stalk , that they seem in a manner to embrace it : they smell strong , taste sharp and hot , and are larger at the top , then at the bottom ; it produceth a most upright stalk , which sometimes riseth to four or five foot high , and sometimes to some yards , as the ground is hotter , that it is planted in , and is fatter and well dressed . the branches that from the knots at a distance spring forth , part the stalk a foot , or half a foot distance assunder . in the top of the branches a flower comes forth , that is white and red which they call a carnation colour , ' like a small bell , and it comes out of a pod as out of a cup , which at length swelling round like to an apple , when the flower witheres , is filled with very small seeds , very like to the yellow henbane , which being ripe or black , but first they are green . at the root there is great plenty of syowrs , which doth after a sort renew it self , whereas the roots are but small threds , some greater and shorter then others , as the plant is in height . they yeeld as the leaves do , a fat and rosine juyce , that is yellow , and smells like rosin , not unpleasant , and the taste is sharp and biting . the most flourishing plants have thicker and wooddy roots , which exceedingly abound with shoots of a yellow colour , bitter in taste , which are supposed to be equall to rheubarbe in vertue , though this be not sufficiently found out . the female hath a smaller and lower stalk , the leaves are shorter , smaller and not so gummy . the flower is not so open and gaping , nor so ruddy a colour : the branches are not so tall nor stretcht forth as the male tobacco branches are ; wherefore they are out exceedingly that think this to be a kind of satyrium . for this which we call female tobvcco , is not like to satyrium either in form , fashion , root , colour or any other way . for it hath many small roots , a hairy stalk , many branches , many leaves , and those long and large ; and it is hot and dry , like to the male tobacco : but satyrium hath fewer and thicker roots , the stalk is not knotty , it hath no branches , it hath fewer leaves , the flower appears on the top of the stalk , without any pod or seeds , and is hot and moist to the third degree , and is most fit to provoke lust . the third sort of tobacco is in all things smaller , the leaf is rounder , somewhat blackish , fat , somewhat hairy , though it be full of juyce : the flower is less , and round on the outside , and of a pale colour , and it is not above twenty years since it was known in europe . dodoneus called it yellow henbane , but mathielus before him called it black henbane . it is sowed about the calends , ides , or nones of aprill , or near that time : sometimes sooner or later , as the weather is hot ; though the indians in peru , and the inhabitants of new spain , sow it in autumn . in hot countries it bears leaves , flowers , and buds at one and the self same time , for nine or ten moneths together . but in the low countries it flowers from august untill winter , and forthwith brings forth seed ; after that , when the frost first comes , it fadeth and quite decayes , and it can hardly be kept all the winter , unless it be in pots or baskets , and that in stoves , or store houses , or other places that are kept hot . this requires a fat and well manured ground , and in their cold countries , the ground must be exceedingly well dung'd , and the dung ( especially horse-dung ) must be so mingled with it , and incorporated , that it may seem to degenerate altogether into the earth . moreover it requires a shadowed and moist ground , and it must be large , and affording room enough : for where the place is narrow , it will not prosper nor yeeld any branches . it delights in a south sun , and where there is a wall or sluce behind it , that it may be thereby defended from the injuries of the north winds that follow , and that the sun beams lighting upon the wall , may reflect upon it . it must be free from all tempests , because it is exceeding tender , and very great ; yet when it hath taken deep root , it hath almost escaped the danger of winds . it wounderfully delights in water , and therefore being oft●times watered , especially where the climate is very hot , it thrives the better . it can endure no cold , and therefore in winter it must be preserved in hollow places , and where chimneys or stoves are provided for this purpose . or else it must be compassed about with a double mat , and a painthouse upon the wall over it , and a coverlid raised up , and it must be covered with a covering of straw , in a shelter that lieth right against the sun at noon day shining clear , that the plant may be refreshed by the heat . before you sow it , you must make a hole in the earth with your finger , and casting into that hole ●ten or twelve grains , you shall diligently cover them with the same earth . but do not cast in three or four grains into a hole , for they would be choaked being so small . if the climate be very hot , you must water them for fifteen daies after you have sowed them ; also they may be sowed as lettice seed , and o●her seed of that kind : namely by cu●iously mingling the earth and heaping of it together . some there are who mingle the most pure and fine ashes with the earth , but a very little , for it grows very gently and slowly . when it comes up , it must be accurately defended against all injuries of cold and frost , and in the night chiefly it must be covered when it grows up : and thus it will for ever keep its native vigour and splendor uncorrupted . when the plant is grown a foot high , because all the grains severally bring forth their stalks , and the fibras of the roots stick together , and are in a manner glewed , you must cut the earth round about with your knife , and cu● the turf round , and then take up the earth , and cast it into a bucket full of water , that the earth may the sooner be separated , and the small stalks may swim on the top . these you must take severally whole , and wrapping them up in their own earth , you must transplant into a ground that is well dunged , some three or four foot off from the wall , but somewhat deep , that the stalk may grow the stronger . but if the earth neer the wall or fence be unfruitfull , you must help this barrenness by trans-planting the stalks and by diligent watering of them . nicotiana took its name from iohannes nicotius , by whose direction it first was made known to the french : as also many plants and stalks bear the names of men both amongst the greeks and latins , who by their care and study brought them into their own countries , and planted them there , where they were unknown before . this nicotius counsellour to the french king , being in the years and . embassadour for his king , in portingall , and was minded on a day to go to see the castle at lisborn ; a certain noble man of the low countries shewed unto him this forrain plant , and gave it him freely ; saying , he brought it from florida . nicotius accepted it and took great care to have it set and maintained in his garden , and to be propagated , untill being grown up , it shewd forth wonderfull miracles of the faculties it had . thus it began to be esteemed much at lisborn , and to be called the embassadours herb. but because it was sent from nicotius to francis the second king of france , and to the queen mother , and to some of the principall countries , some called it the queens plant of medicea , and honoured it with that name ; for shee gave it to divers to be planted and to be made increase all france over . some called it also the plant of the great prior , because he sometimes passing from france into portugal , and being entertained by the embassadour , and feasted , received of him many of these plants , by way of gift , and setting them in his garden , he took great care to make them grow there above all the rest . the spaniards call it petum and tobacco , from the name of the island wherein it was first found , where it grows in abundance , and thence it got the name . the indians that inhabit there call it picielt ; the most illustrious cardinall of santa cruce , being the popes nuncio , for the church of rome into portingall , brought it first from thence to rome , and therefore there it was called the herb of santa cruce . many call it the holy or sacred plant , by reason of the divine and strange vertues and forces of it . many again call it petum the male , to distinguish it from the female , and that is the most proper and native name of it , that the inhabitants of florida use to give it , from whom it came to us . yet it is fit and reasonable , that we should call it nicotiana , in regard of the honourable memory of the foresaid embassadour nicotius , who first endowed france with so excellent and divine a plant. the second kind of tobacco , as i said , is to be called the female tobacco , for experience the mistris of all things teacheth us that it comes next to male tobacco , in form , root , and seed ; and more then that , because it often grows from the seed , of the male tobacco . for if it chance that any of the seed of the male tobacco , when it is full of seed , fall to the ground , namely , the same ground where tobacco grew before , doubtless the next year female tobacco will grow in that very place . and if you sow the male tobacco seed upon ground , that is not hot enough , but if barren and sandy ; in place of the male , it will bring forth the female , and in such abundance , that it will be hard to root it out of that place , but it will every year grow in of it self ; and this is an argument that there is a double sex in tobacco , as it fals out in most plants , where there is an affinity betwixt them . by its rosiny smell , not unpleasant , and it 's sharp and biting tast , it seems to be hot above the second degree , and dry in the first , being very fit to clense , resolve , and consolidate , and for this it is miraculously effectuall ; for because by its smoake it sometimes makes men drunke , that doth not prove it to be a sort of he●bane , though it be very like it , both by the leaves , cups , stalks and seed ; for it is not credible it will do it so soon as henbane , nor is it the effect of extreame cold ; but by the aromaticall vapour , that proceeds from it , which fill the cels of the brain . but the temperament of the third sort of tobacco , or rather nightshade yellow or black , is cold and moist . if you consider the effect of tobacco , the leaves are the principall , and next the seed , though the seed be farre below them . the leaves must be used either greenwhen they are ripe , or else dryed , and in winter brought to powder , for they are of the same force , as the juyce of the leaves is . the way to dry them is this ; run a threed through the fairest leaves of tobacco , and those that are moderarely large , and hang them in the shade , in the roof of a chamber , where neither the sun , nor fire , nor wind may come at them . others shew us another way to keep them any time of the year . put the dry leaves of tobacco into a viol full of oyl of olives ; and when you will use them , power off the oyl , and wiping the leavs with a thin linnen cloth , use them as if they were now gathered . further , amongest the effects of it this seems chiefly to be wonderfull . the west-indians and the inhabitants of peru and florida use this to take away weariness , and to make them chearfull of their work , and saith nicolaus monardus , we found that by their example our servants and the m●ors that come strangers into the west-indians , used to do the same . for when they are weary and tired with many leapings , and danceings , they draw this herb in by their mouthes and nostrils , and so the same thing befals them , that doth the indians ; for about three or four houres they seem as if they were dead ; after this they are well refreshed , and more able and chearfull to work , then they were before : and they take such pleasure in this , that sometimes they will go out of sight , that they may the more freely take it though they be not weary . yea , they grow so mad , that sometimes they are therefore punished for it by their masters , who also take care that their tobacco may be burnt , that so they may take from them all occasion of this pleasure . what need more words ? i saw , saith nicholaus monardus , both the servants and moores , that were not suffered to make ●hemselves drunk with wine , to drink the juyce of tobacco , and make themselves drunk , wherein they take not small pleasure , and they boast that it takes away wearinesse from them . it is also as strange and wonderfull that the inhabitants of florida at some set times of the year , will feed on the smoke only of this plant , which they suck into their mouths by horns made for this use . the marriners are sufficient witnesses , and many more that newly returned from florida , and more are daily coming back , who having some things like horns or tunnels , tide about their necks , made of palm tree leaves , are much delighted with reeds or canes , in the ends whereof these leaves are fastned in bundles , when they are grown dry , and withered . then put lighted coles to the more narrow part of the tunnel , and draw with open mouth the fume that is raised , as much as they can , and they swear and maintaine it , that hunger and thirst is thereby abated , their strength is restored , their spirits are cheared , and their braine is comforted with a kind of pleasant drunkennesse , and the superfluous humours of it are consumed , and an incredible quantity of flegmatique humours are drawn into their mouths . like to these , is that which the said mona●dus left in writing in his own spanish language : the indians ( saith he ) use tobacco to stay hung●r and thirst , and to drive it away for some daies , that they may not need to eat or drink ▪ when they have cause to go abroad into woods and desarts , and inhospitable places where meat and drink can hardly be got . for they chew the leaves , and mingle them with powder of great cockle shels , and these they hold in their mouthes together , untill they come to a mass , and of that they make trochisks so great as pears , which being dried in the shade , when occasion is , they use after this manner . they put this pellet under their lips and fore-teeth , and suck it as they travell ; and having sucked it all , they swallow it down instead of meat and drink , and fill their stomach . by this means they will fast for three or four daies , and lose no strength , preserving ( as i think ) their native heat by the plenty of flegm which being suckt into the mouth , is swallowed down with it ; and the stomach for want of better juyce , turns it into nourishment . to these things i shall adde what the most famous physician to the emperour , rombertus d●doneus a great scholar , and who deserved much for his great skill in plants , reports in his late history of plants . i understand by the relation of my friend ( saith he ) that drinking the juyce of this plant about four or five ounces in weight , their belly is mightily troubled , and they purge up and down , after that they fall into a long and deep sleep . there was a countrey man that was strong , of a middle age , who had a dropsy , and he took this juyce , and he when he awakened demanded for me●t and drink , and after that he was well . he relates also , that he cured many countrey-men of agues with the distilled water of the leaves of tobacco , dr●nk a lit●le before his fit come ▪ but with the powder or the dry stalks and rabbish , he soon cured gallings , not only of men but of horses and other creatures . these ar●dodon●us his words . but to come more particularly to the effects of tobacco . first of all the powder of the leve● of tobacco , finely beaten and sifted , and blown into ●oth no●trils in the morning through ● quill , is good against catarr●s , and all de●luxions upon the eyes , and for pains and giddiness of the head , if these proceed from a cold cause . it purgeth all humours that trouble the head , marvellously , like to an errhine or nose-purge , and diverts them , so we use it in the morning for some daies , the body being well purged before . the paines of the head , legs , armsf coming of wind or cold , abate , if you lay on one of tobacco leaves green , rosted on the fire , upon the part ; if you want green leaves , use those that are dry , which you must moisten in wine , and lay under hot embers , then sprinkling them with water of naphtha , they will be applied happily to the part . you may do as much with the powder of the leaves dried , mingling such things as are proper for these diseases . but you must repeat the cure so often untill the pain be gone . in convulsions and such like diseases , the leaves of tobacco will do good , if they be laid to the nape of the neck . carolus clusius affirms , that the distilled water is good for clouds of the eyes , to discuss them , and to preserve the sight , if you often wipe the eyes with it warm . it cures deafness , especially from a cold cause , if you drop in one drop of the oyl or juyce warm , into the ears , for some daies together . doctor monardus writes , that he saw a man , who for a long time , had ulcers in his nostrils , from whence there ran much fretting matter , and filth that eat his nostrils ; but at length , when by his advice he snuft up the juyce of tobacco into his nostrils , first he hawked up above twenty small worms , then greater , untill there were none remaining ; so that the inward ulcers of his nostrils ( you would have thought it a kind of polypus ) were cured , but the parts corroded and eaten up were not to be repaired , and so it had been with all the rest , had he not had the physicians advice . the juyce and oyntment of tobacco takes away the redness of the face , if you dip a fine rag in it , and apply it to the cheek-bones ; anoynting with the oyl doth the same , or washing with the water of it . a little leaf of tobacco wrapt up into a lump , be it a green or a dry leaf , and this held in the mouth ( but the teeth must be first rubbed clean with a linnin cloath wet in the juyce of tobacco ) doth presently ease the pain of the teeth , coming from cold or wind , and takes away all corruption : but this remedy is nothing worth , if the pain proceed from a hot cause : also it is good to rub aking teeth with the di●●lled water of tobacco . to cure the thrush and ulcers of the gums , a mixture is made with honey of roses , and the juyce of sour pomgranats , which maudifies , scoures , and breeds flesh . the leaves of tobacco ro●sted under the hot embers applyed to the pained part , ease the pains of the throat over-cooled by rheume , and all other diseases of the body proceeding from cold causes . and a gargarism may be made of the decoction of this herb alone , or mingled with other herbs , proper for this disease . it wonderfully helps diseases of the brest , and those that spit bloody matter . also for short breath , and other inveterate diseases , if a decoction of it be made with sugar , and the stomach being first purged , it be taken for som● daies together . so the leaves of tobacco , boyled in water and sugar put to the decoction : or rather juyce of the leaves press●d forth , and boyled into a syrrup , apozeme or julep , taken daily upon an empty stomach , two or three ounces 〈◊〉 a time , abates the difficulty of breathing , and an old cough . it brings forth thick , clammy , corrupt humours ; but the sick must be first well purged , and generally his body must be well emptied by physick . also a syrrup may be made of other pectoral means , adding the leaves of tobacco to them , or liquorish , reasins , jububes , figges , prunes , dates , and herbs fit for this use ; as maydenhair , scabious , horehound ; and the like . take maydenhairs white and black , horehound , coltsfoot , of each one handfull ; tobacco leaves two or three ▪ reasins without stones , whole barley of each one pugill ; liquorish scraped two drammes ; make a decoction to a pint , sweeten it with sugar and honey what is sufficient . another that attenuates and cuts more : take scabious , horehound , maydenhairs , wall-ru● . of each one handfull and half , figgs ten , reasins one ounce ; tobacco leaves five , liquorish scraped two drammes ; make a decoction in a pound of ho●ied water , untill two parts be consumed ; adde to the strained liquor of simple oxymel , syrrup of maydenhair , of each two ounces , oxymel compound one ounce , mingle them . water of tobacco , with eybright water , drank daily upon an empty stomach , doth the same ; as doctor iarnacus goverour of rochel hath proved , who was an intimate acquaintance of nicotilus and private to the counsels and businesses of the french king , and whom he chiefly desired to communicate the knowledg of this plant to . this man being at a banquet of the kings , with the embassodour , professed that by this means he cured one of an asthma . i ( saith nicolaus monardus ) observed some men ( troubled with an asthma , returning from the westindies or from peru ) chewing tobacco leaves in their mouthes , and swallowing the juyce of them , to make them spit forth corrupt matter : but though ▪ these men were drunk by it , it appears they found much good by it , to bring out matter and flegm that stuck in their stomach● . the dry powder of tobbacco performs the same , if you hold as much of it as you can take between the top of your fore-finger and thumb , at the root of your tongue , near your palate ( taking care that you swallow not the powder ) for in a short space you shall perceive great plenty of flegmatique humours to run forth at your mouth , and this will endure untill that you may fill a small dish with flegme . when you think this watry hu●our is come forth in sufficient quantity , wash your mouth with some good white wine : do this every morning upon an empty stomach . if this be to troublesome , do it every third day , alwaies according to art , premising universals . the same way it is profitable for the diseases of the brest , and the parts adjoyning , as the lungs , wesand , throat , offended by afflux of humours . it is wonderfull good for pains proceeding from a defluxion of humours upon the mouth of the stomach , or bred there ; and for all old paines of it , or preternatural long-during paines of the reins , and for contractions of parts , from chronical and lasting diseases , to chew the powder of dry leaves of tobacco in the mouth , to make an apoph●egmatism with them . the women of the west-indies mightily commend the leaves of tobacco , because they take away the crudities of the stomachs of young and old ; and dispell winds , restore concoction , soften the belly , if it be first annointed with oyl of olives ; and the leaves being made hot under hot embers , be applyed to the region of the belly , and be renewed as oft as occasion is : the ashes must not be wiped off , but more must be laid on to make it more effectual . also , if you lay the said leaves so prepared , to one that is surfeitted with meat or drink , you shall very much remove his crapula , and repletion . the same reason serves for the powder of the dry herb , if you put so much of it as you can hold between your finger and thumb , into a spoonfull or two of aqua vitae when you go to bed : for it takes away your surfet , and makes you sleep , and resolves flegm . they that swound away , presently recover their former strength , if the smoak of the leaves come into their mouthes or nostrils , drawn by a pipe or reed . tobacco wonderfully helps the torments of the guts and belly , and pain of the colick , and other paines proceeding from wind , or cold , if you lay the leaves on very hot , and change them often , untill the pain abate . the powder of the leaves dried , is good for the same use , taken in white wine , or some other liquor when you go to bed , about half a dram or a dram weight , or thereabouts . the leaves used the same way , cure the wringing of the small guts , and it is proper to put this herb with others in decoctions for clysters , as also to use them for plasters and fomentations , that will do great service . for example , take mercury , r●e , marsh mallows , little cent●ury , of each one handfull ; hysop , calamint , wormwood , of each one handfull and an half ; tobacco leaves six , roots of marsh-mallows half an ounce ; linseed , fenegrek , of each three drams ; cumminseed , anniseed , of each one dram and half : let them bo●l in sufficient quantity of water , untill the third pa●t be consumed , then take of the liquor boil'd and strained , one pound ; hiera picra , half ●n ounce , benedicta laxativa , ●ix drams ; fresh butter , honey of rose● strained , of each six drams ; oyl of rue and dill , of each one ounce and half ; common salt one dram : mingle them all , and make a clyster . if tobacco leaves be distilled with fumitary , it wonderfully helps all diseases of the liver : but observe , you must take less quantity of fumitary then of tobacco . the juyce of the leaves of tobacco , bruised with a little vineger , or the oyntment of them rubbed in the morning upon the place of the spleen obstructed or hardened , from a cold cause , softneth and dissolveth it ; but after ann●inting , you ●ust apply a leaf to it roasted in the embers , or a cloath wet in the juyce of the leaves . others use instead of this , unguents proper to this disease with which they mingle the juyce of the leaves , and adde also the leaves themselves ; and by this means it is found out , that hard and inveterate humours may be dissolved . the distilled water drank daily upon an empty stomach , wonderfully helps hydrophical persons . moreover , if you put the dry leaves of tobacco upon the live coles in a kettle , and so roste them , and draw in the smoke of them by your mouth , with a pipe or reed , or tunnell , haveving your head and throat close covered , you shall spit out so much flegme , and clammy humours , that you shall be so lank , as if you had fasted a long time . wherefore it seems that a dropsy not yet confirmed may be cured by this fume , since it chiefly doth good to a●●hmaticall short●winded people , and such as are vexed with an old cold , and with rhumes ; for it makes them to spit out much thick and clammy matter . the juyce of the leaves of tobacco clarified , and with sugar ●ade into a syrup , and taken in the morning in a small quantity , drives forth stomack and belly worms ; yet you must bruise the leaves and wrap them in a cloth , and lay them to the navel of the patient , and give him a clyster of milk and sugar . also the powder of the same alone or mingled with other le●itives , is a present remedy for the emrods : for it perfectly cures them . the leaves heat under the embers as i shewed before , do with no less force drive away pains of the matrix , if they be laid to the navell , but it must be first annoynted with oyle wherein the juyce of the leaves is boyled . but the suffocation of the matrix is taken away , by receiving the fume of the leaves by the privities . hip go●t it abated , if you rub it with oyle of olives , and apply one leafe of tobacco rosted at the fire . this is good for any gout coming from cold ; some bid the patient chew every morning fasting some of the ●eaves , to free him from pains of the gout . this will draw much fl●gme into his mo●th , and hinder it from running down upon the lower parts . wherefore the powder of the dryed leaves will preserve men from pains of the gout of the feet that came at certain times , if they use to snuf● up this powder often into both nostrils . likewise they that are now in pain with it , shall manifestly find an abatement of it , and the disease to decline , if they snuff up the powder into their noses , and in time often using it they will be freed from it . also the powder may be held in the mouth instead of an apophlegmatism : for either way it draws much humours from the head , and directs them from falling down upon the parts affected , by reason of defluxions . lastly , the fresh leaves of tobacco , laid on hot to resolve the cold are good for any part of the body affected from a cold cause : for they take away the pains , and forcibly resolve them ; either applyed by themselves , or with other remedies , good for the same diseases , where there needs strong resolving means . take sagupenu● , bdelli●m , gri●●●l●●y , of each one dram ; dissolve them in vinegar , and about the end adde of the leaves of powder of tobacco dried one ounce , oyle of camomile one ounce , wax what is sufficient ; make a plaister according to art , for this most powerfully resolves , and abates pain ; also you may make it thus . take tacamaha● , caranna , of each three drams ; dissolve them according to art , in wine , or a little of the strongest vinegar ; after this adde powder of tobacco six drams , oyle of lillies , and of wall flowers , five drams , wax what is sufficient , make an em●plaister according to art . to these adde tumours , impostumes , inflations , and childrens kibe heels , or any sort of itch ; for the leaves of tobacco laid to them , or the juyce warm , with rags , or lint wet therein cure them , for they resolve the humours and ease the pains . to cure kibes , the part affected must be annoynted with the juyce , and be rubed with linnen raggs ; but first , putting the feet or hands , if the cold be in them , into very hot water , wherein you have put a little salt , for this is often proved to do good . it is tried that tobacco will cure burns ; a certain drunken companion had a glass of beer in his hand , and he stumbling , and loth to break the glass , fell into the fire and burned his hand . women laid their heads together , and they after an howre or two , laid on some clay . this did no way ease the pain , for he could not sleep by day nor by night , wherefore being no longer able to endure the pain , he comes to a matron of antwerp , and asks her advice , who , as he had heard , knew the vertues of tobacco . shee strewing the brims of the burnt place , with the powder of tobacco , attempted to help him , but for three daies little good was done by it . when therefore he grew impatient , he murmured at the woman secretly , because he came to her to be cured , and shee went to make experiment of the vertues of tobacco upon him , and he commanded that such medicaments as are gentle should be applied : but the pain being nothing lessened with this , he comes back to the matron , desiring her to go on with the cure as shee began , and shee ( as shee was a very good woman ) strewed the powder on again , and in three daies made him well . moreover , for inveterate wounds , malignant cancerous and spreading ulcers , scabs , noli me tangere , itch , tetters , scrophula's , bubo's , impostumes , fleshy excrescences , and the like almost innumerable diseases , it is very effectuall , if the juyce be applied with rags or lint . green wounds , if they are not to deep , are cured in one day , by the juyce of the leves and lint . but if the wound be very deep , it may be washed with wine , and be bound with bands wet in the juyce . and it is excellent to heal a wound quickly , to wash it with the juyce of the leaves , the inflammation being over . not long after that the embassadour came to have the knowledg of tobacco at lisbon , one of his cooks had almost cut off his whole thumb ; the steward presently runs for tob●cco , which being sometimes applied to the wound , the cook was well cured ; and thus this herb grew to be so much esteemed at lisborn , where the court them was , and it began to be called the embassadours herb. it is as good for contusions and all hurts , to which nothing else useth to be applied besides the juyce with rags , and the part affected must be swathed with a roller . but diet must be chiefly ob●erved , and if need be , the patient must be well purged , and this is often proved good . tobacco hath notable force to stay blood running forth immoderately from a wound , or from the nostrils , or from any hurt , only applying the juyce with with lint to the wounds , ●ut the juyce must be sn●ffed up into the nostrils , or the powder must be drawn into the nose by a cane or tunnell . to cleanse and heal foul ulcers of the french-pox , and in dainty people ; especially if the part that is ulcerated be of exquisite feeling , the decoction of tobacco in a gargarism is very effectuall , or mingled with other things . such a remedy you find in the small book of iulius palmarius , concerning contagious diseases ; take two pugils of whole barley , agrimony , tobacco , plantane , chick-weed , red roses , of each one handfull , boyl all in foure pounds of water to three pounds , and straine it , th●n mingle with it honey of roses , and syrup of dried roses , of each three ounces , burnt allum , burnt vitrioll , of each half a dram ; this remedy is very abstergent and drying , and cures ulcers . the falling off the hair of the head , old corrupt ulcers of the arms , legs , & other parts , and ready to g●ngreen , are by this brought to cicatrize if they be first washt in white wine or urine , and wiped with a wet cloth , with one or two green leaves of tobacco bruised , and be made moist with the juyce of it , which ma● also be used alone , and bound on with a swath of linnen ; this being continued for some daies , makes them perfectly well . if green leaves be wanting , strew upon the leaves the powder of the dried herb , but the patient must first be purged by the physician , and if need be , a vein must be opened , and and a good diet observed . yet let no man be dismayed , if he see the sore grow bigger by degrees ; for so all faulty flesh is consumed , and good flesh will come in the place , without chyrurgery or use of any other medicament . a certain noble man , who was father to one of the embassadours pages , hearing the report of this plant , came to lisbon , he had an eating ulcer upon his leg for two whole years , when he had for ten or twelve daies used the plant as the embassadour directed him , he was well cured and returned home . a certain young man had a foule eating ulcer hard to be cured upon one of his cheeks , and it began to seaze upon the gristle of his nose . he first made triall of this herb , without the embassadours knowledge , wherefore applying lint with the juyce of the leaves ●o the ulc●s , he found incredible help by it . which when the embassadour understood by another of his pages kinsman to the other that was in this case , he called the young man to him , and he observing for eight daies the same way of cure , rooted a noli me tangere quite out ; but in the mean while that he was curing of him , he sent him to the chiefest physician of the king of portugall , that he should set down the order of his cure ; and he being eight daies after called for by the embassadour to look upon his sore face , he professed openly that the noli me tangere was quite killed and dead , and it was more clearly known by that , because the young man complained not any more of a pain of his cheek . a woman had a horrible tetter in her face , you would think shee painted , and shee was cured in eight daies by help of tobacco , and departed home , giving great thanks to the embassadour before abundance of people . it will not be impertinent to adde one memorable example which monaerdus relates in his book of simple medicaments , brought from the new found world . a matron saith he that had the charge of a knights daughter of spain , remembring what i had said concerning the vertues of tobacco in the audience of many people , undertook to cure the child committed to her charge , ( whose head was overrun with a foule scall , and to whom i and others had applied many remedies in vain ) with tobacco , which shee fetched of me , nor did shee loose her labour . for when shee had rubbed the scab so sharply with tobacco leaves , that for pain the child fainted often away the same day , the day following , not regarding her crying or pains , shee rubbed the leaves on again , untill such time as the s●als falling of by degrees , the girls was cured , yet when shee saw the s●als fall , shee rubbed her head something more gently . a captain of souldiers , who had a sonne miserably afflicted with the kings evill , was resolved to send him into france , ( because the common opinion is that none but the king of france can cure that disease ) this captain came to the embassadour , who made tryall of tobaco in this case , and in a very few daies , he cured the boy of his disease ; the way of cure is this . apply lint wet in the juyce of tobacco , taken from the bruised leaves , but do it nine or ten times . if a man apply the juyce of tobacco or lint wet in it , or the green leaves bruised with his hands , to any part of the body stung with nettles , he shall presently perceive the pain gone , and the part cured . it is good to cure warts , if you lay the juyce with lint upon the wart , making first an open place in it with your pen-knife untill the blood come , or else annoynt the place only with u●guent of tobacco , this i know to be true ; and may be it may do the same to corns that grow upon the joynts of the feet . so also the juyce of tobacco applyed to any pestilent carbuncle is a present remedy . also used the same way , it is good for venomous stings , pricks , and bites . so it heals the bitings of mad dogs , if it be applied presently in a quarter of an honre after the bite is given . it is good also for the indians called the carybes ; for it is a singular antidote for the venomous weapons of their enemies . for when they go to warre they carry with them two hoofs of hearts , in one of them there is a present venome , which so soon as it wounds but the skin , that it may come at the blood , it brings present death : but in the other they carry the juyce of tobacco , and applying this , they are freed from death , as experience witnesseth : if they have no green tobacco , they use the dry , or beaten into powder . the carybes indians , in the province of savina , were the first that ever made triall of this , when in a battle they were many wounded and killed . for when as they were wont , to cured venomed wounds with sublimate , for want of that they used the juyce of tobacco pressed forth of the leaves , and this presently took away the pain , and made them well ; tryal hath been often made of this in spain . moreover , the leaves and juyce of tobacco , applyed with lint , cures all hurts that befall bruit beasts ; and kill the worms in foul ulcers , and all creeping ulcers , like as sublimate doth . also this cures hard flesh , growing upon the legs of cattle , and pack-horses , whose backs are galled with burdens and pack-saddles , or if they be more hurt , though the wound or wounds encline to a cancer ; only apply the leaves or juyce with lint , or use the dried herb. they will be so well cured without any other medicament , that you need not to forbear your journey . tobacco is an antidote against hellebore . the hunters of spain are wont to use hellebore , because it is a present poyson to kill deer , and wild beasts . the catholick king to try the truth of it , bad a hunter to hurt a little dog in the throat , and to put hellborne into the wound , and by and by after , the juyce of tobacco upon lint , and so to bind all up , and the dog received no harm , to the wonder of them all . the like happened last winter at antwerp , where one gave to a cat , of a matron of the town , a bolus mingled with venome , because the cat was to fierce . after this , the cat could stay no where , but ran up and down , and tryed in vain to vomit up the poyson ; the matron observing this , found a way to open the cats mouth , and to thrust in a little ball of tobacco , made up with butter : the cat presently after , cast up the poyson and escaped death . thus much for male tobacco ; but the use and faculties of the female , are almost the same as of the male : and when the male is wanting , we used the female ( as i have directed you before for the male ) to cure by . observe this , that the leaves of the female tobacco are good in decoctions for clysters : they are excellent against dysenteries , and the balsam of it yeelded to no medicament to cure a cancer , especially of the brests . the third sort of tobacco , which some call black , others yellow henbane , is contrary to tobacco in nature and qualities , and therefore they do ill , that foolishly use it for the true tobacco . yet it may serve to revulse hot humours , and in part to resolve hot impostumes ; also in a cancer it may restrain the heat of black choler . iohan. de vigo . capite de hernia , useth henbane to resolve humours . it is strange ( saith monardus lib. . of simple medicaments , that are brought out of the new world ) what notable vertues and faculties are daily discovered in tobacco : for besides those related , i can ( saith he ) relate as many were , which i have heard others speak of , and i my self have observed the juyce pressed out of the fresh leaves of tobacco , and drank the quantity of two ounces , vehemently purgeth water and flegme above and beneath , and therefore it is profitably given in dropsies and the falling-sickness . also , water is distilled from the leaves of tobacco cut in pieces , in a glass limbeck , which is afterwards rectified in the sun . this is almost as good as the juyce of the plant , chiefly for wounds , tumours , kibes , and for nails that fall off from the fingers of themselves , if the water be but poured into the part affected , or now and then a lint or cloath wet in it and applyed . leo suavius bids us gather the leaves in iuly , bruise them , and distill them in a double vessell with glass instruments , presently set it in the sun , and keep it a year . this water taken fasting , the quantity of an ounce or an ounce and half , is good for an asthma , and an old cold . the oyl by infusion is thus made . take the leaves torn or cut in pieces , boyl them in oyl olives , which will be coloured ; press it forth rejecting the leaves : then infuse fresh leaves , and expose them to the sun in a violglass , or boyl them untill the juyce be consumed ; this is good against scabs , wounds , and ulcers : it cures pains of the head , and foulness of the skin . also , oyl may be drawn from the seeds of tobacco , which drank in a small quantity , is excellent against venome and bites of vipers . distilled oyl is made by descent ( as the chymists call it ) is a glass retort . salt is made by the art of chymistry from tobacco , and both of these , namely the oyl distilled , and the salt far exceed the leaves or juyce , the powder , or distilled water , to cure diseases ; because the most thin and excellent essences of it , are separated , which are better then the terrestriall matter ; for these are the next and immediate seat and subject of the faculties themselves . let no man despise or scornfully laugh at the name of essence ; for galen used it , explaining the thing very fitly . for i understand nothing else then he doth , when he saith , that some herbs are of a more thick ; thin , or fiery nature and essence then others are . iacobus gohorius of paris , shews the way to make salt of tobacco , thus . calcins tobacco , dissolve the calx , strain , filtrat , evaporate it ; there will be a salt which will do no harm in a caustick , and not so corrosive in dissolving malignant ulcers ; wherefore this is the common way to extract salt from all vegetables . burn the herb in the fire , the place being swept clean with brooms ( some first set it in the sun , others dry it in the shade ) let it burn untill it stick together in a lump : or if you proceed further to burn it , to burn it to ashes , you shall have more salt . put the ashes into a glazed earthen pot , and pour fair water upon them , and let it seeth some hours at the fire ; pour it forth into another vessell , and when the dregs are setled , strain it through a linnen cloath ; set the strained liquour at an easie fire with few coles , that the water may evaporate , and the salt remain in the bottom . the next way is more curious . burn the dried herb in an ●arthen pot covered , by a long and strong fire , untill the ashes come to be pure white , and that is a sign it is perfectly calcined : then let it boyl in rain or distilled water in a glass vessell , in sifted ashes ; let it boyl untill a fourth part of the water be wasted , then let it stand a while : pour it into another glass , and putting in some new very fine tongues to filter it , the pure and salt water will be strained into the receiver underneath it . what is filtrated , must be evaporated at an easie fire , in a glass vessell , and the salt will remain at the bottom clear and pure . the third way is the most exact : gather the herb green , and bruise it , distill the water of it by a limbeck , calcine the faeces at a moderate fire , the vessell being stopt , untill they come to ashes . let the fire be gentle , that it may not consume the proper and radical moisture of the plant , for that will make it run to glass ; pour the water upon the earth of it , and it will thirstily devoure it : digest it in horse dung , or in a bath some daies . pour it out as before , that it be not mingled with the faeces , then filtrat it , lastly evaporate what is filtrated . these are the various waies to make artificial salt , not only of tobacco , but of all vegetables that are prepared by the fire , and the use of them may be wonderfull in curing those that are dainty , and such as abhorre all medicaments , putting that salt in their broth , or salt-seller to season their meat . to this may be referred what the famous physician and philosopher of his age liona●dus fioravantus hath written in his physicall observations . i took ( sath he ) tobacco , with seed and root , and i stamped them all ; the leaves weighed liv ounces , i hid them in horse dung to ferment thirty daies , and that they might not corrupt , i put some salt to them , and six ounces of aqua vitae ; then i distilled them in b●l●eo m●riae , untill all the moisture were drawn from them , and that it might keep the better ; i added so much oyl of brimestone as might make it taste sharp . i used this composition in many things . in all feavers , a spoonfull drank cured them : wounded men , if they drank it , or annointed their wounds with it , they were cured to admiration . oytments are made of tobacco divers waies , though the herb used by it self is far more effectuall . take the fairest , greatest , greenest most rosiny leaves of tobacco , freed from all filth and dust diligently , that are no waies wet with rain or dew , one pound ; bruise them with a pestle in a morter of marble , or of wood ; half a pound of hogs-grease prepared , that is purged from all its skins ▪ and melted in a brazen vessell : to this must be added the juyce of tobacco , and the thick substance bruised : let them boyl together upon a trevot in a brazen pot , with a very small gentle fire , namely live coles being put under the trevot , or else in balneo , untill you see the watryness of the juyce to be vanished and gone , and the unguent brought to a consistence . or an unguent may be made of the manifold infusion of tobacco , in oyl of roses , three or four times renewing the leaves in balneo ; and when you press it out , adding so much of the juyce of the same herb , and wax what may suffice , and make an ●nguent according to art . or thus , take juyce of tobacco , one pound , common oyl , new wax , rosin of the pine-tree , of each two ounces ; oyl of st johns wort , one ounce : let them boyl at a gentle fire for three hours ; strain it , and adde to it two ounces of turpentine . boyl them to the consistence of an unguent . it is good for old ulcers of the pox , scrophulas , ulcers or spots contracted by the fire in winter . kibes , chaps of the hands ; especially if you rub the part affected first with the green herb , and put it into hot salt water . and after anoint it with the said unguent . take pitch , rosin , new wax , turpentine , of each three ounces . let them melt and boyl together in a brass vessell with live coles under it ; when all are melted and boyl'd , then adde of the juyce of tobacco and bruised substance , one pound ; let all boyl together five or six hours at an easy fire , upon a tripod in a double vessell , that is a kettle full of boyling water : move them constantly , untill all the watryness be consumed , and the rest be thickned to an unguent ; then press them out through a thick hempen cloath , and put them again into the brass skillet , adding half an ounce of venice-turpentine yet let them not boyl , but stirre them carefully , then let them cool , and keep them for use . take leaves of tobacco bruised , one pound ; yellow wax , turpentine , oyl olives , pitch , white rosin , of each three ounces : let them boyl together two hours in a new pipkin , to the consistence of an unguent , then use it in a small quantity , spread on leather or linnin . some there are that in both descriptions do not adde the juyce of tobacco with the thick substance , but they only strain it , and crush it through a thick cloath ; and they reserve the juyce alone , which is not the best way . but the first unguent is farmore effectual for wounds , cancerous ulcers , tetters , itch , knots upon the face ; because it hath a greater force to resolve and cleanse away , which is the property of tobacco , if it be not hindered by other things that are joyned with it . the latter is better to heal wounds , and repair flesh ; to resolve impostumes , to ease paines , and such like operations . but it seems needless to iacobus gohorius , to edde new wax , rosin , common oyl , turpentine ; because one of these is sufficient for the clamminess of tobacco . for such an heap of simples that are in that oyntment , make the oyntment only fit for wounds , which otherwise is good for cancerous ulcers , itch , imposthumes , tetters , and other maladies . it is no reason also , so to waste the juyce of tobacco , that nothing should remain besides the bruised substance , and strange ingredients . it will not be amiss to set down an unguent to cure wounds made with gun-shot , and fit for all other purposes ; the proper making whereof is taught by iosephus quercetanus . take the juyce of tobacco , one pound , turpentine five ounces ; compound oyl of st johns wort , eight ounces ; the best white wine , half a pound ; let these digest for eight daies : afterwards , boyl them untill the wine be consumed , then adde colophonia , wax , of each three ounces ; mummie , amber , of each two drams ; melt them again at the fire , and make an unguent according to art . iacobus weckerus teacheth to make an unguent against the scabs , thus : take the juyce of tobacco , one ounce and half ; powdred brimestone , salt , of each one ounce ; oyl of tobacco , oranges , of each two ounces ; oyl of wax , goats suet , of each two ounces ; make an unquent according to art . iacobus weckerus saith , that he received another unguent from a frenchman to cure wounds . take juyce of tobacco , one pound ; new wax , pitch , rosin , common oyl , of each two ounces ; boyl all together untill the juyce be consumed , then adde venice turpentine , three ounces ; strain all through a linnen cloath , and keep it in a box . this cures wounds and ulcers certainly . adde to all this , that a most fragrant balsam is compounded of tobacco ; take as many leaves of tobacco as you please , bruise them in a mortar , and press forth the juyce ; cast away the gross body , and set the juyce with an equall part of oyl of olives in a glass viol in the sun for a long time ; stop the glass close with gums and wax , and fasten it with a sound skin of leather : or if you like it best , set it in a kettle full of boyling water , or in balneo , or hide it in horse dung , and leave it there full forty daies , renewing the dung sometimes ; when the forty daies are ended , you shall find a balsam in the glass , no less effectual for all causes , then the quintessence of tobacco it self . quercetanus describes another kind of balsam for wounds made by gun-shot , after this manner . take the glewy substance of tobacco and comfry , of each four ounces ; oyl turpentine , one pound ; flowers of s● johns wort , and mallou's , of each two handfuls ; elm-tree , aples , three ounces ; of the poplar buds , four ounces ; spirit of wine , one pound and half : digest them in horse-dung , or leave them in a hot stove , in a glass vessell , well stopt for a whole moneth ; then press them , and strain them forth : adde frankincense , mastich , myrrhe , of each two ounces ; dragons blood , half an ounce ; mummie six ounces , terpentine half a pound , benivio one ounce . circulate them together in a pellicane for eight daies , then distill of the spirit of wine , at a moderate fire , and there will remain in the bottom a most precious balsam . finis . courteous reader , these books following are printed and sould by simon miller , at the starre in st pauls church-yard . small folio . doctor lightfoot his harmony on the new testament , which will shortly be re-printed with large additions . the civill warres of spain in the reign of charles the fifth , emperour of germany , and king of that nation , wherein our late unhappy differences are paralleled in many particulars . a general history of scotland , from the year . to the death of king iames , containing the principal revolutions and transactions of church and state , with political observations , and reflections upon the same : by david hume of gods-croft . the history of this iron age . mr paul baine on the ephesians . the queen of arragon , a play : in fol. in quarto large . io. barklay his argenis , translated by sir robert le grise knight , by his late majesties speciall command . quarto small . abraham's faith , or the good old religion , proving the doctrine of the church of england to be the only true faith of gods elect : by iohn nicholson minister of the gospel . the anatomy of mortality : by george stroad . three treatises : . the conversion of nineveh touching prayer and fasting . . gods trumpet sounding to repentance . . sovereign preservative against distrustfull thoughts and cares : by will . attosall minister of gods word at isfield in sussex . ay●sworth on the canticles . paul baine , his diocesans trial. gralle against appolonius . a treatise of civil policy , being a clear decision of queries , concerning prerogative , right and priviledge , in reference to the supream prince and people : by samuel rutherford professor of divinity of st andrews in scotland . politick and military observations of civil and military government , containing the birth , encrease , decay of monarchies , the carriage of princet and magistrates . mr pinchin his meritorious price of mans redemption , cleared . astrology theologized , shewing what nature and influence the starres and planets have over men , and how the same may be diverted and avoided . wells his souls progress . o . christ tempted , the devils conquered ; being a plain exposition on the fourth chapter of st mathews gospel : by iohn gumbledon minister of the gospel : in o . the saints society . dr stoughto●s choice sermons , with his body of divinity : in o . the reasons of the dissenting brethren concerning the presbyteriangovernment , together with the answer of the assembly of divines : in o . camdens remains . the harmonious consent and confession of faith , of all the protestant reformed churches in christendome : in o . large octavo . florus anglicus , with the lively effigies of all the kings and queens since the conquest , cut in brass . the reconciler of the bible , wherein above two thousand seeming contradictions are fully and plainly reconciled . evidences for heaven , containing infallible signs and real demonstrations for assurance of salvation , published by edm. calamy minister of aldermanbury , lond. the life and reign of king charles from his birth to his death , by lambert wood . the night-search , the second part : by h. mill . o . a view of the jewish religion , with their rites , customes and ceremonies . small octavo . ed. waterhouse esq his discourse of piety and charity . panacea , or the universall medicine ; being a discourse of the admirable nature and virtues of tobacco : by dr everard and others . a view and defence of the reformation of the church of england , very usefull in these times . mr pet du moulin , his antidote against popery ; published on purpose to prevent the delusions of the priests and jesuites who are now very busie amongst us . herberts devotions , or a companion for a christian , containing meditations and prayers , usefull upon all occasions . ovid de ponto , in english . the loves of clivio and lozio a romance . mr knowles , his rudiment of the hebrew tongue . a book of scheams or figures of heaven , ready set for every four minutes of times , and very usefull for all astrologers . florus anglicus , or an exact history of england , from the reign of william to the death of the late king . lingua , or the combate of the tongue , and the five senses for superioritie : a serious comedy . the spirits touchstone ; being a clear discovery how a man may certainly know whether he be truly taught by the spirit of god , or not . the poor mans physician and chyrurgion . physicall rarities , containing the most choice receipts in physick and chyrurgery , for the cure of all diseases incident to mans body : by r. williams . to which is added the physical mathematicks : by hermes , tres. maggistus . the idol of clowns , or the relation of wat tiler's rebellion ▪ the christian moderator , in parts . the golden-fleece , or a discourse of the cloathing of england . dr sibbs his divine meditations . vigerius preceptes of idiolismes . o . grotij poemata . o . duodecim . doctor smith's practice of physick . the grammar warre . possellius apothegmes . fasciculus florum . crashaw's visions . the juniper lecture . helvicus colloquies . the christian souldier , his combate with the three arch-enemies of mankind , the world , the flesh , and the devil . hensius de crepundiis . the history of russia , or the govern ▪ of the emperour of muscovia , with the manner and fashions of the people of that countrey . drexeliu's school of patience . drexelius his right intention of every ones action . o . viginti quat . the new testament . the third part of the bible . sr richard baker's med. and prayers for every day of the week . o . playes . the ball . chawbut . conspiracy . obstinate lady . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a e- l. hist. . . . pares prafat. in chirnrg . see petr. martyr , dec. . ● . of the new world . tobacco , an antidote to poyson . against helebore . a history . it staies hunger and thirst . see strabo lib. . & cael. rhodigin . li● . . c. . laert. . de vit & morib . philos. valleriol . lib. . l●cor . commuu . cae●ius l. . cap. . ferror l. . meth. whether the smoke of tobacco can nourish . another question . arg. . confirmation . for the other side . n●t 〈◊〉 answer . answer to the confirmation . the esteem of tobacco amongst the barba●i●●● . it takes away weariness . the scythians will be strangly drunk with smoke . max. t●riserm . . ●lso the thracians , see pon●ponius , mela l. . solinus ▪ c. . the babilonians , herodotus l. . near the end . the indian priests . the wonderfull craft of the devil amongst the indians . the custome of the indian physicians iohannes metellus . it prepares a ca●a●re in a cold matter . for the memory . note . history . the smoke of tobacco is very hurtful for young mens bodies . especially for the cholerick it will cause vomit . therefore it is an enemy to the stomack . it alters the body . l. . de siguis . lib de cau . sis morbor . what is tabes . . de medic fimp. facul . forgetting god for smoak . commendation of health . lib. ▪ ep. . the way to preserve health . cic. lib . de sence . in philoeb . de summ● bon● . lib. . elig . pl●t lib. de ●uend . val . horat. . ●p . . lib. . c. . epist. . ep. . i●enal . sat. . . what pipes the barbarous people use . an objection . the negative part . the affirmative part . reason . note . answer to the opposite argument . another question whether the smoke if tobacco swallowed into the stomach can bring forth sufluous moisture of the brain . the affirmative part . for the negative part . how purging is made . aristotles reason confu●ed . the question decided . another question whether the brain can be dried , other parts of the body remaining in medioerity . the negative part . the contrary part . answer to the argument contrary . custome , what ? avicen . . . tr . i. c. . caliu● l. . c. . plini . ● . . c. . martiall , . . . heurn . in meth. ad prax . l. . c. . notes for div a e- the kind . the differences . description of the ma●e . the branches . the root . description of the female . the third sort of tobacco called commonly black or yellow , henbane . the time . the lote tree . the way of ●sowing it . transplant●tion . the name . the embassadours plant. the prior plant. petum . tobacco . picielt , the herb of the holy cross . whence it is called nicotiana . female petum . the temperament of tobacco , male and female . the use and effects . it takes away weariness . the juyce of tobacco makes one drunk a fume from the dried leaves of tobacco . to stay hunger and thirst . a history for the dropsy . for diseases of the head . catarers . head-ach . dimnes● . deafness . ozena . redness of the face . tooth-ach . the ulcers and fores of the gums swelling of the throat from rheum● diseases of the thorax . short wind. an old cough . use of the powder of tobacco . stomach pain . crudities . surfeit . swounding . the colick . the iliac . the liver . the spleen . the dropsie . worms . ●mrods . the womb . suffoca●●-● on of the matrix . sciatica . tumours , impostumes , kibes . for burns . old wounds , scabs , malignant and cancerous ulcers , tetters , scrophulus . green wounds . f●ux of blood . sordid ulcer of the pox . old ulcers . a speck on the face , ulcerated for scrophulas for the stinging of nettl●s . warts . corns . a plag● ▪ carbuncle . venomous stings and bites of mad dogs . poysoned weapons . against poyson . for cattel . hurts of horses or other beasts by galling . against hellebore an experiment of a dog poysoned . an experiment for venome . the use of female tobacco . to cure breasts with cancers . the third sort of tobacco . the forces of the juyce of tobacco . the distilled water , oyl by infusion . oyl of the seeds . oyl distilled . the way to make salt of it . the first way . another way . the third way . compound water . oyntment of tobacco otherwise otherwise otherwise otherwise another against wounds with gun-shot . another for the scabs . another for wounds . balsam of tobacco . another for wounds of gun-shot . die lunæ . martii . an ordinance for the regulating of the rates on the customes and excise of tobacco. england and wales. parliament. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing e aa thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) die lunæ . martii . an ordinance for the regulating of the rates on the customes and excise of tobacco. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.) by richard cotes, and john raworth, printed at london : . signed: joh. browne cleric. parliamentorum. annotation on thomason copy: " ."; the second in the imprint date has been crossed out. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng excise tax -- england -- early works to . tobacco -- taxation -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no die lunæ . martii . an ordinance for the regulating of the rates on the customes and excise of tobacco. england and wales. parliament. a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion die lunae . martii . an ordinance for the regulating of the rates on the customes and excise of tobacco . forasmuch as the lords and commons assembled in parliament , have taken notice of the rates , customes , and excise , laid and imposed on tobacco of all sorts , to bee greater and higher than it will now well beare , in regard of the disturbance of trade in foraign parts , and present distractions of this kingdom : for the regulating whereof , and for the incouragement and ease as well of the importer , as ingrosser , and seller of tobacco ; it is ordained by the said lords and commons , that all tobaccoes of the english plantations , imported or remaining in the hands of the merchant or importer , or the ingrosser or buyer thereof , shall bee liable to such rates for the excise , and such rules observed for the same , as are set down and prescribed in a late ordinance of the . december , . and for all spanish tobacco , not of the english plantation , imported and remaining in the hands of any merchant or importer , or the ingrosser or buyer thereof , at the day of the date of this ordinance , there shall bee paid only six pence for every pound excise for the same . provided alvvayes , that no person shall have any benefit of this moderation , but only such as shall within foureteen dayes after the publication of this ordinance , make his personall appearance at such office of excise , under which his dwelling place shall bee , and there deliver in a true particular account of all such spanish tobaccoes , not of the english plantations , as were remaining in his hands at the date of this ordinance , and for which the excise hath not been paid as a foresaid , and shall presently , according to the respective rate of six pence upon a pound weight , pay and cleare the said duty of excise , for all such tobacco as hee had at , or before the day of the date hereof , remaining in his hands , but bee proceeded against without favour or pardon , according to the said former ordinance of excise of the eleventh september last . and it is further ordained by the said lords and commons , that for all tobaccoes which have not before this ordinance , paid the custome and excise , or shall from the day of the date hereof bee imported by any merchant or others , into the kingdome of england , dominion of wales , and port and tovvn of barwicke , the importer or ingrosser thereof , shall pay custome and excise for the same , as followeth , viz. for all spanish and other tobacco , not of the english plantation , the importer shall pay six pence for every pound weight for custome , and the ingrosser or first buyer , one shilling excise for the same . and for all tobaccoes of the english plantations , which shall bee imported as aforesaid , the importer shall pay one penny per pound custome , and the ingrosser or first buyer , two pence per pound for excise of the same , which respective summes of one shilling and two pence , are to bee paid by the ingrosser or buyer , upon sale thereof , as is prescribed in the said ordinance of the eleventh september last . and lastly , it is ordered and ordained by the said lords and commons , that no part of the customes or subsidy paid by the merchant or other , at the time of the importation of his tobacco , as is expressed in the second article in the booke of rates , shall be allowed by the commissioners of the customes , or other officer or officers of the severall custome-houses , to any merchant or others upon the exportation of any tobaccoes . any order or ordinance heretofore made to the contrary in any wise , notwithstanding : provided that this ordinance shall continue in force for the space of one whole yeare from the day of the date of this ordinance , and no longer . joh. browne cleric . parliamentorum . printed at london , by richard cotes , and john raworth , . considerations touching the nevv contract for tobacco, as the same hath beene propounded by maister ditchfield, and other vndertakers ditchfield, edward. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) considerations touching the nevv contract for tobacco, as the same hath beene propounded by maister ditchfield, and other vndertakers ditchfield, edward. [ ], , [ ] p. printed, [london] : . place of publication from stc. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- virginia -- early works to . tobacco -- bermuda islands -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - paul schaffner sampled and proofread - paul schaffner text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion considerations tovching the nevv contract for tobacco , as the same hath beene propounded by maister ditchfield , and other vndertakers . printed . considerations touching the new contract for tobacco . as the same hath been propounded by maister ditchfield , and other vndertakers . in all contracts , especially of so publique nature , there are two principall qualities thought most considerable , iustice and profit : for actions vniust want the blessing of god : and vnconcionable dammage drawes on the complaints and murmures of men . the former contract for tobacco , hauing ben dissolued by the lords , as not being beneficiall to the plantations : it was hoped and expected that a new contract to succeede in planting thereof , should haue reiected the former errors , and ben wholly bent to the comfort of the now languishing colonyes : but the same hauing ben taken into the carefull consideration of sundry persons , well willer to the plantations , and many factions now partially affected , who neither had any hand as furthering the former contract ; nor came with any preiudice against this latter when it was first broached . it hath appeared vnto thē so full of all kinds of vniustice both to the adventurers and planters , and so bent to the certaine and suddaine ruine of the plantations , that they haue thought themselues bound both in dutie and conscience to deliuer these reasons insuing against it . the new contract therefore , as it hath ben deliuered by parts in the meeting , wee conceiue to be these . that the to●acco being henceforth to be made all in roule , two hundred thowsand weight thereof shall be taken off by the contractors and no more , at two shillings foure pence the best sort , and . pence the other : and one third to be payd for it in hand , the other two thirds at and monthes . that the king shall haue yearely pound certeine rent , and that pounds more shall be bestowed vpon the plantations . that for the third yeare , the planter shall haue two shillings pence , and three shillings if their be profite , & . weight taken off ; & the king shall haue . pounds , & . to the plantation . . that all the tobacco of the plantation shall be brought to the port of london , and if more doe come then . the contracters to take out of the whole what they will , & then to ship out the rest into turkey & he bound not to bring it in againe , nor to sell it to any that are like to doe so . reasons against this contract . the whole what they will , and then we shall shift out the rest into turkey , and be bound not to bring it in againe , nor to sell it to any that is like to doe so . it seemeth very hard that these colonies in this their infancie , should haue worse conditions imposed vpon them for their marchandize , then any other to our knowledge in the world , for their goods being their owne , and they borne for subiects they shall be commaunded to bring all into this port of london , and yet not certaine to vent the one moyitie of their marchandize . for , the colonyes , if they stand and prosper , cannot make so little as . weight a yeare ; and these contractors will take off onely . againe , for the particular adventurers and planters , there shall no man be certaine to haue any taken off , some onely the contractors particular friends ; which the contractors having libertie to choose & refuse what they list , there is an open gate for all parts of partialitie in that kind . the contractors and their freinds making great quantities . then for those great quantities of tobacco which shall be refused , what shall become of them ? they must be sent into turkey : new marchants must be sought ; disgraced were offered them ; losse by long keeping and shrinking ; double charge by new fraught , that the poore plāter and adventurer were much better to giue it away in the plantatioe , then here after so great charge to sell it for a little or nothing . touching the price of two shillings pence for the best sort , and . pence for the rest : it is to be knowne and considred , that of long time by agreement betweene the companies and colonyes , the tobacco in virginia it selfe , is valued at shillings the pound , and in summer ilands at shillings sixe pence : which price they planters there refusing to abate , and the adventurers and marchants here not able to giue , hath occasioned the selling of wares vnto them at double and treeble their values , they having their no money , but paying for all in tobacco . see then in what state this contract doth place them . their tobacco must now be all made into roule , to the greater wast of the commoditie , and greater charge and labour of the planter aud maker , whereas leafe tobacco in forraine parts doth sell much better , being made thus , it is all to be brought to the port of london , and so into the custome house , where it must abide the contracters pleasure and leasure , what & whose they will take , and what and whose they will leaue : the charge of fraught and shrinking , cannot be valued at lesse then pence the pound : so the cleere price commeth of the best to shillings and . pence the rest . now experience hath shewed , that in every yeares returnes of tobacco , there hath been some few countries that haue farre exceeded the rest in goodnes , these then must be taken for tobaccoes of the best sort , and paid for at the best price , and all the rest being aboue . times as much in quantitie , and not attaining to the goodnes of the former , must necessarily in right and truth be made tobacco of the other sort , and consequently rated at the lower price , the contracts stiftnes refusing to haue more then two sorts . in conclusion the adventurer and planter , can by this contract expect little more then . pence the pound for his tobacco . and this at the best hand , for so much as the contracters shall be pleased to take off : for , as for the remaines refused , which must goe into turkey , if he gets . the pound , hee may thinke himselfe well dealt with by those that need to giue no maner then the list , and for this . pence : it shall be paid , one third part in hand , and the other two thirds , at and moneths . and this being the maine substance of this cōtract , it cannot but be apparent vnto all men of experience in the affaires of the plantations , that the adventurers and planters , shall not sell their tobacco for one halfe of that which it standeth them in . for as for trusting to the hope of that clause in the contract , that after two yeares , if their be profit , the price shall be raysed to . shillings and . shillings , that comfort is small , the time being long , the hope vncertaine ; and even that price being too little to make them sauers . and thus much touching the particular estates of the adventurers and planters wherin they are to be placed by this new contract . . but now thirdly to come to the generall plantations themselues , and to enter into consideration , whether by vertue of this contract they are likely to subsist and prosper : it is here first to be considered , that the plantations having been founded vnder his maiesties gracious amity , at the excessiue great charges of the adventurers and planters , and so continued for many yeares , with small or no retribution except to some few persons : and the atempts of setting vp staple commodities , as iron , silke , wines &c. though persued with great constancie , care and charge , haue hetherto failed by sundry misaccidents . to thinke the bestowing now of . pounds a yeare vpon the plantations , and that drawne from the labours , and as it were , from the blood of the planters , will raise them vp from that great decay , into which during the space of those latter two years they haue apparently fallen ; is like to proue a great and dangerous error , whereas the only meanes remaining to advance the plantations , was the incouragement of the adventurers thether , especially in person , with hope of wealth , good government and iustice. experience hauing shewed that after the publique stocke was vtterly exhaust , and the lotteries ended , yet the plantation in virginia did exceedingly increase by the multitude of families , and other particular persons , transported thether at their owne charge , vpon the a foresaid hopes and incouragements , till the fatall blow of the massacrie given those a broad , and the great molestations and disheartnings of the company and adventurers heere at home , cast the collony into that consideration in which now it languisheth . but whensoever it shall please his gracious maiestie , to reviue and renewe the former hopes and incouragements , it will no doubt restore the former life to the plantation ; the remaines whereof this contract must needes extinguish , which is thus to be demonstrated . the onely commoditie for marchants in both the plantations : is at this day no other then tobacco , whereby their apparell , tooles , implements , and all other necessaries ( except victuall ) are procured , there are at this day in both the colonies , at the least . persons . this allowance of . weight to both the plantations , commeth but to . pound weight of tobacco the person , which at . the pound weight , cometh to . pound . shillings , out of which all the planters in the sommer ilands , and such as are tenants , or servants in virginia , pay halfe to their owners , whether land-lords or masters : so that to themselues their remaines for their maintenance , only shillings pence the peece . the charge of transporting a person to virginia , cannot be lesse at this day then pounds , which being a thing so generally knowne , must needes disharten all future planters from going , and force the present adventurers rather to send for their seruants home , then to mainteyne them at a parpetuall charge without hope of profit . and this hath diuers of them already openly declared , we conclude therefore that to imagine , that the bestowing of . pound a yeare vpon the colonies , and that drawne from the hard labours of the poore planters themselues will vphold the plantations , when they shall find that they can be no longer masters of their owne goods , but must be forced to transport them , when they cannot vent them , to put them into their hands , who shall take and refuse what themselues please , and sell them before their faces , perhaps at a noble a pound , and giue them but pence after a yeares attendance for their goods , with the fraught and all other charges and losses : & this example also in tobacco ingendring a feare of the like measure in all other commodities whensoeuer they should be raysed . that wee say as before in our vnderstanding to be a very great error , and of pernitious consequence to hoth the plantations . no lesse then to draw ounces of blod from a tender weake infant , and then to make him a restoratiue out of fiue ounces of the same blood . . now in the last place , seeing this contract is so much magnified as tending to the great and certaine good of the plantations , wee will take a little paines to make inquirie by way of reasons for whose benefite in truth , it hath been set on foote . by force of this contract , and by vertue of his maiesties proclamation , getting into their handes the sole sale of all tobacco to be expended either in this vertue , or the kingdome of irelad . it is not to be thought but they will advance the price ( after the nature of all monopolies ) at least to as high a rate as it hath borne in former times , that is to or . shillings the pound ; but admit they will begin first with a noble a pound , two hundred thousand nobles commeth vnto sixtie six thousand , six hundred sixtie six pounds shillings . pence . his maiesties rent out of the plantations commeth vnto . thousand pounds : the planters and the adventurers part after the rate of . pence the pound , which in probabilitie is like to be the highest medium commeth vnto . pounds . so the charge in the whole comming vnto pound . thereis pound , and one thousand markes remayning to themselues in way of retribution for their paines & adventure ; and as themselues say to appease all such stormes as may arise . to great a proportion to be drawne from the plantations , to allow them scarce a sixt part of their owne , and to bestowe almost foure six parts vpon men no better deseruing . in the former contract , what clamor and complaint against . pounds to haue ben raised for saleries , and all other charges , which came to little more then a pennie vpon the pound ? whereas these men professe that under pence a pound gotten at least , they would not medle with it , and they hoped for farre more . by computation of the former contract there was to come pounds at least , to the benefite of the plantations ; whereof the part is now is thought a sufficient portion , and yet that contract was said to be pernitious to the colonies , and this beneficiall . indeed to doe equall right vnto both , the contract is better then the former , in that it excludeth all forraine tobacco which with great violence was pressed vpon the former for the first two yeares ; but this is to be attribued to his majesties great grace , giving a favorable eare to the sute of the commons in parliament , as appeareth in his majesties late proclamation . in the debating of the former contract it was alleadged against it , by such as are now great furtherers of this , that though the planters tobacco were sold at shillings the pound yet by reason of his maiesties third , they should be loosers ; and now pence a pound is thought price sufficient . this excessiue gaine of the contracters & vndertakers , we conceiue vndoubtedly to be a thing vniust , and tending to the immediate destruction of the plantations , for whatsoever they get the planter looseth , and where the planter looseth , the colony is so much impouerished : for whatsoever the planter makes , that goes all backe to the plantation againe , and what the contracter gets , it remaineth with him to his owne inriching . for , as for the returning of . pounds to the plantations which this heavie contract adnexed ; it is in truth to send one hundred men thether , and to stay thousands from thence . the strenght and prosperitie of the colony consisting in multitudes of people . . some things we are forced to adde touching the proceeding of this contract . first , whereas the adventurers of the sommer ilands remaine still a company , and are restrained by their letters pattents from ordering of matters of trade but in a quarter court : this contract hath been sought to haue ben concluded , in a meane and extraordinary meeting , and no court at all , when few were present , and those few mens silence also entred as a consent , not many of them vnderstanding it , and those that vnderstood it being amazed , at so great iniustice . secondly , the virginia company being now discharged , it had been fit the colony had been consulted about it ; and not to dispose of other mens states and goods , without their consent and knowledge . thirdly , the very manner of treating of this contract , hath bred a suspicion of very indirect proceedings : for first it hath been framed secretly and in the darke : it hath been published but by fragments , and some principall parts concealed . some of the commissioners appeare to be the cheife and principall contracters : other some , though they do not appeare ; yet they are partners with them in their trading , are contracters , which plainely shewes that they haue an interest in it . and so the same men are the contriuers and makers of the bargaine for themselues , and buyers and sellers , of one and the same wares ; and take away and set the prizes of other mens goods , for their owne inordinate lucre . . lastly , vnder pretence of doing althings orderly , they haue made a commitie of themselues , as in the behalfe of the colonyes and planters , to treate with their fellow commissioners the conracters for speedier payments . and most of these men haue they chosen to be committies whom the adventurers and planters haue a long time complained off for their exorbitant wrongs to one or both the plantations . many other exceptions may be taken , but these shall suffice at this present . finis . to the kings most excellent majesty the humble remonstrance of john blande of london, merchant, on the behalf of the inhabitants and planters in virginia and mariland. bland, john. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) to the kings most excellent majesty the humble remonstrance of john blande of london, merchant, on the behalf of the inhabitants and planters in virginia and mariland. bland, john. [ ] p. s.n., [london? : ] caption title. place and date of publication suggested by wing. signed at end: john blande. reproduction of original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- maryland. great britain -- colonies -- america -- commerce. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion to the kings most excellent majesty , the humble remonstrance of john blande of london merchant , on the behalf of the inhabitants and planters in virginia and mariland , most humbly representing unto your majesty the inevitable destruction of those colonies , if so be that the late act for encrease of trade and shipping be not as to them dispenc'd with : for it wil not onely ruinate the inhabitants and planters , but make desolate the largest , fertilest , and most glorious plantations under your majesties dominion ; the which , if otherwise suspended , will produce the greatest advantage to this nations commerce , and considerablest income to your majesties revenue , that any part of the world doth to which we trade . and that the prejudice which this act bringeth to those colonies may appear to your majesty , i shall presume to desire , that the following particulars in order to the discovery thereof may be taken into consideration , as it hath reference to the territories of virginia and mariland , and then to those persons that first were the promoters of the same , for debarring the hollanders trading to those plantations , in the long parliament , with their specious pretences alleged for the obtaining thereof , which are as followeth . first , that the hollanders will not permit us to trade into their indian territories , therefore we should not admit them to trade in ours . secondly , that the hollanders admission into virginia and mariland spoiled our commerce , not onely there , but in england , and hindred the increase of our shipping . thirdly , that the hollanders trading into those colonies lessen'd our customes here in england . before i come to shew how invalid the pretences of the aforesaid persons be , as to the intent for which they were alleged , being onely colourable , and to hinder the hollanders trade thither , that they might still keep the trade which they had ingrossed in their own hands . first , i will say something concerning the persons that did solicit and procure the prohibition of the hollanders from trading into those plantations . secondly , wherefore the said act against the dutch was procured by them , and is still sought to be continued . thirdly , i shall take into consideration those three motives , or pretences , urged by the ingrossers of the virginia and mariland trade , for the debarring the hollanders from trading thither ; and so speaking to each of them , demonstrate plainly , that what is alleg'd thereby to be an advantage to those colonies , is quite contrary , and will in time utterly ruinate them , the commerce , our customes , and shipping here in england . to the first , concerning the persons that procured the prohibition of the hollanders from trading into virginia and mariland , i give this account of them . they are no merchants bred , nor versed in forein parts , or any trade , but to those plantations , and that from either planters there , or whole-sale tobacconists and shop-keepers retailing tobacco here in england , who know no more what belongs to the commerce of the world , or managing new discovered countries , such as virginia and mariland are , than children new put out prentice , can it then be rational , that such persons judgments should be taken or relyed upon for passing so important an act ? to the second particular , why these men procured this act , prohibiting the hollanders trade into those colonies at first , and its continuance now , was , and is , because they would keep still in their own hands that trade which they had ingrossed , and have no body come there to hinder them , and that for the following reasons . first , that for whatever goods they carried out of england to those plantations , the inhabitants should pay to them what prices and rates they pleased to require , else they should have nothing at all of them to supply their necessities . secondly , to force the planters to deliver them such tobaccoes , which by the labour and sweat of their browes they had made , at the rates they themselves trading thither would have it , whereby they got that oftentimes of the poor planters for a half-penny , which they made us pay for here in england by retale three or four shillings . thirdly , that if they could not get the planters tobaccoes at their own rates , but that the planters would ship it themselves for england , then would not the traders thither let the planters have any tunnage in their ships to england , exc●pt it were at such high freight , as the tobacco comming for england could never yield what would satisfie the same ; so that if they could not get the planters tobacco for nothing in the country , they would have it for nothing when arrived in england . fourthly , that seeing the hollanders could not go to virginia and mariland , the traders thither might carry it to holland from those colonies themselves , and so get ( besides having the tobacco for little or nothing of the planters ) the duties the hollander used to pay in the countrey for what he exported thence ; and also the custom , which ought by their own rule to have been paid in england . by which i hope its apparent , that it was nor is not their love to the plantations , the commerce , or to encrease the duties in england , that caused them to seek the hollanders prohibition from virginia and mariland , but their own private interests , not regarding if the colonies and all in them perished , so they might keep the said trade still : surely then such men are not meet judges for debarring of the hollanders from trading to those plantations . to the third particular , wherein it is to be considered , how destructive those three motives and pretences ( urged ) for the obtaining this act of prohibition to the hollanders from trading to virginia and mariland are to those colonies , the commerce , and your majesties customes here in england , i declare as followeth , to the first , in which it is alleged , that being the hollander permits not us trade in their indian dominions , why should we admit him trade in ours ? a good reason it were , and justly retaliated , if virginia and mariland were stoared with , and did produce such rich commodities as those territories do , out of which the hollanders doe debar us trade , or that those our plantations were inhabited with such ingenious men as theirs be , into which they wil not suffer us to trade . but seeing virginia and mariland have no such rich commodities , nor ingenious people to produce them , nor plenty of any thing but what may be had every where , is it not then a madness to hinder the hollanders or any else from trading thither ? shall we , to put out one of their eyes , lose both our own ? i do hope it will be more seriously considered , and not by following the humor of a few covetous , ignorant , self-seeking men , destroy so many thousands of your majesties subjects planted in those parts , and thereby lose the best and hopefullest plantation that belongs to this nation ; but permit the hollanders , or any other nations that will to trade thither , untill virginia and mariland be capable to maintain it self by it self ; then , and not till then , will it be convenient to debar foreiners from trading thither . the second motive alleged for the obtaining this act against the hollanders trading to virginia and mariland , is , that it hinders our trade , not onely there , but in england , whereby the general commerce is , and our shipping are decreased . to explain this , and to shew , that the promoters of the hollanders prohibition from trading to virginia and mariland , by reason of their ignorance and unexperiencedness in the negotiations of the world , are very unfit for states-men , and to make laws for whole nations , when most of them have never been farther than in their own shops and ware-houses wherein they were bred ; so that certainly it 's hard for such , especially that mind onely their own profit and interest , to set rules for others in those things which they understand not ; but with grief it may be spoken , that through the sluggishness and sloathful neglect of our most experienc'd men in this nation , and their unwillingness to take pains , or to appear in publick business , which chiefly may be attributed for their not being encouraged and countenanced , do thereby give too much leave to hair-brain'd ignorance to obtain that , which doth not onely overthrow themselves , but the most ingeniousest men , and our whole nation , whereby , and that deservedly , all perish together . therefore before i proceed to the next particular , i pray , that the state of virginia and mariland , as they now are in , may be considered . virginia and mariland are colonies , which though capable of better commodities , yet for the present affoard onely these , tobacco chiefly , then in the next place corn and cattel , commodities almost in every country whatever to be had ; withall they are such commodities , that except purchased in those plantations so cheap as not else-wheie so to be had , none would ever go thither to fetch them , no not we our selves . which being so , then certainly it cannot stand with wisdom to hinder the hollanders from going thither , for unlesse what is there produced be fetched from thence , the planters will have little encouragement to manure the ground , or trouble themselves to take so much pains as they do , for what , when obtained , they know not what to do therewith . doth it not then hence appear , that unless as some plant , others go to buy what is planted , there can be no trade or commerce in such a place ? seeing then what the commodities of virginia and mariland are , is it not a great advantage to those colonies to have them by every body fetched thence ? and on the contrary , must it not needs be a disadvantage to the commerce there , not to do it ? if therefore then we debar the hollanders from going thither , see the inconveniencies that will arise thereby . the hollander began to plant tobacco in his own territories , as soon as the act for their prohibition from virginia and mariland in the long parliament was obtained , will he not proceed to plant greater quantities , and so totally supply himself by his own labour ? do we not force him to this our selves , and so thereby cut off our own trade ? will he , after accustomed to the tobacco of his own grouth , ever regard that which is in virginia ? will he ever afterwards be induced to fetch it thence , when he finds his profit nigher at home ? and will he ever buy that of us , when by passing so many hands , and so much charge contracted thereon , is made so dear , that he can have it cheaper in his own territories ? ( surely no. ) therefore it clearly appears , that being so , of necessity we must lose that trade and commerce . and if it be alleged , the tobacco planted in holland is not so good as what comes from virginia , none will buy gold too dear , and being used once to bad , the best is not regarded ; what growes in holland for present spending is as good as any . have we not in this nation , by reason of the dearness and sophistication of va●●na's tobacco , accustomed our selves so to virginia , that little spanish , though much better , is spent amongst us at this day ? and certainly , experienced men will say , it is , and will be the overthrow of our trade and commerce , to put any people upon necessities to seek that out in their own territories , which we will not let them have from us , but with excessive cost and charge ; which if it were otherwise to be had of us at easie rates , they would not so much as think thereof to plant it themselves , of which , many experimental examples may be shown in order thereunto . again , if the hollanders must not trade to virginia , how shall the planters dispose of their tobacco ? the english will not buy it , for what the hollander carried thence was a sort of tobacco not desired by any other people , nor used by us in england but meerly to transport for holland : will it not then perish on the planters hands ? which undoubtedly is not onely an apparent loss of so much stock and commoditie to the plantations , who suffer thereby , but for want of its employment , an infinite prejudice to the commerce in general . then again , if you keep thence the hollanders , can it be believed , that from england more ships will be sent than are able to bring thence what tobacco england will spend ? if they do bring more , must they not lose thereby both stock and block , principal and charges ? the tobacco will not vend in england , the hollanders will not fetch it from england ; what must become thereof ? even flung to the dunghil . is not then this a destruction to the commerce ? for if men lose their estates , certainly trade cannot be encreased . a farther prejudice doth evidently attend the commerce by this act , not onely in debarring hollanders from trading to those colonies , but thereby we do likewise debar our selves ; for by the act , no english ships can load any goods in virginia and mariland to transport to any country but our own territories ; is not this absolutely against the very essence and being of trade and commerce , and cuts off all industry or ingenious designes , and is in a manner quite against , and contrary to the intent of the act it self , which i conceive is to find out a means , that the hollanders cheap sailing should not overthrow our markets , our shipping going dearer set to sea than theirs ? which i explain thus , a ship having loaden her self in virginia and mariland with tobacco , beef , pork , and corn , must bring these commodities to england , or into other our territories ; being landed in england , is not the hollander , arriving in that place , where those goods are so landed , as free to buy them of the importer as any other merchant of england , that would transport them in our own ships ? they then both going to one market , hath not the hollander the same advantage he ever had ? and do what we can in such a case , will under-sell us . is not this then a prejudice to the commerce , and gives the hollanders that very benefit which we strive to keep from him ? now as this is a prejudice to the commerce of virginia and mariland , so in the like it will hold in all our american plantations ; but i am , and it is my business at present onely , to plead for virginia and mariland , and to shew its disadvantages to those colonies ; will not this contract a great deal of needless charges and hazardous voyages , and that upon such goods and commodities as virginia and mariland affoard , which will not keep in long and tedious voyages ? doth it not hereby then appear to be an absolute hinderance of trade and commerce , nor onely to those places , but to our selves here in england ? i demand then , if it would not be better to let our english ships , loading in those colonies , when laden , to go whither they please , and pay in the places where they do lade ( if it will not be dispenced with otherwise ) the same customs to your majesty as they should have done in england , or give bills from thence to pay it in england ? certainly this would be more beneficial to the commerce , and security both for the ships and goods , and advantageous to your majesty ; for whilst they are comming to england they might be at the end of their intended voyages , and obtain a market , which haply in england could not be had ; and with the proceeds of those very goods return for england , and there produce more advantage to your majesties customes , when as otherwise by making a double voyage run a hazard to lose all . so that by what herein hath been said , i hope it will appear , our commerce is rather hindred than furthered . then , as concerning our shipping , i shall briefly shew , that the debarring the hollanders thence doth no way encrease them . the hollanders never from virginia and mariland fetched any thing else but tobacco ; neither do our english ships that sail thither ever go full loaden , as few as we send . therefore if the hollanders go not thither , but plant tobacco in their own territories , whereby they will not need ours , we shall not send ships to virginia and mariland to fetch thence what we cannot again dispose of ; so that we shall imploy no more ships to those colonies than will fetch as much tobacco as will vend in england . how is it possible that this then can decrease or increase our ships , when as , when the hollanders traded thither , we brought no less into england than we do now , nor when they trade not shall we bring the more ? doth it not plainly appear , that forein nations trading into a country make the people industrious , and their industry makes that nation rich , and so by wealth comes countries to be inhabited , which increases trade , and the more trade the more need of shipping to manage it ? so that i am of the judgment , that the freer forein nations be admitted to those colonies , it will the more encrease navigation that way , and the contrary will lessen it : for if once the inhabitants be destroyed and ruinated , where is your trade ? and then , how shall we employ our shipping ? having by the foregoing reasons shewed how those colonies will suffer , in debarring the hollanders trade thither , and increase , if admitted , both as to the commerce and shipping ; in the next place i come to the third motive or pretence urged , for prohibiting the hollanders trading to virginia and mariland , under this notion , that your majesties customes thereby would much suffer & be lesned . this would be true , and to be allowed , if we could force the hollanders to fetch all the tobacco they spend out of england , and that it were not to be had but in those plantations ; but we see the contrary , it 's to be had in all the parts of america that are seated by any european people ; in france great quantity is planted yearly , and of late years meerly by our debarring them going to our plantations ; the hollanders , as i said before , have planted such store , and will , if continued from going thither , plant daily more and more , that they will not need it from any other place : so that the hollanders not fetching it from virginia or mariland , nor our traders bringing it to england , it must perish in the country ; or , if brought into england , and not able to bear its charge , nor finding vend , it will undoubtedly rot in the ware-houses . which way then shall our customes increase by the hollanders not trading into those colonies ? i am sure upon the first obtaining this act in the long parliament , our traders to virginia and mariland carried the tobacco from those colonies directly to holland themselves , and neither paid duties in the country , nor in england , and so they would do still if permitted ; wherein it is apparent , it s their own interests that is sought after ; for the custom , let the hollanders trade thither or not , will be the same in england , and rather increase than decrease if they be permitted to trade thither ; for as the colonies increase , they will grow to better husbandry , and so by the production of better commodities make our customs the greater . having run through those three grand pretences of the traders to virginia and mariland , for the hollanders prohibition from trading thither , i hope it will clearly appear , that the debarring the hollanders from going to those plantations doth not at all advance our commerce , or your majesties customes , but on the contrary , will utterly ruinate the colonies commerce and customes together in a short time ; for if the inhabitants be destroyed , of necessity the trade there must cease . i demand then in the next place , which way shall the charge of the governments be maintained , if the hollanders be debarred trade in virginia and mariland , or any thing raised to defray the constant and yearly levies for the securing the inhabitants from invasions of the indians ? how shall the forts and publick places be built and repaired , with many other incident charges daily arising , which must be taken care for , else all will come to destruction ? for when the hollanders traded thither , they paid upon every anchor of brandy , which is about gallons , s. impost , brought in by them , and upon every hogshead of tobacco carried thence s . and since they were debarred trade , our english , as they did not ; whil'st the hollander traded there , pay any thing , neither would they when they traded not , and yet they carried the tobacco directly for holland ; so that all these charges being taxed on the poor planters , it hath so impoverished them , that they scarce can recover wherewith to cover their nakedness . as forein trade makes rich and populous any country that hath within it any staple commodities to invite them thither , so it makes men industrious , striving with others to gather together in societies , and builing of towns , and nothing doth it sooner than the concourse of shipping , as we may see before our eyes , dover and deal what they are grown unto , the one by the flanders trade , the other by ships riding in the downes . withall , strangers will be brought to rules and orders when they come to other princes territories , which natives are not so soon brought unto , especially our english , that except they be forced unto that which is for their advantage , they will not admit it , ever repining to be lyable to any rule , be it never so good . so that except the hollander be permitted to trade to virginia and mariland , it will never flourish or come to any thing , nor never have town or village in any part thereof propagated or built ; for our english trading thither send no more ships than they need to fetch thence what tobacco our nation spends , and for it they run stragling all the country over , abiding in no setled place , which will never bring to perfection any thing , to the wonderment of ingenuous men , that a country so well seated , and furnished with all manner of delights and provisions of land and water , should be so much sleighted and dis-regarded . further , it may be ascertained , that except there be some order or care taken , that a particular place be assigned for all commerce , and shipping to come to , and go from , in those colonies , there can never be any encouragement for handicrafts men , or ingenious artists to settle , or reside there ; and in case they might be by some means induced thereunto , would it not be a sad thing , that after all their industry and pains taken to produce any thing worthy of regard , and more valuable than tobacco , corn , or cattel , to have it left to the mercy of a few tobacconists , and ignorant men , that know not how to prise or value the same , but to make a prey of them , as they have already done , by ingrossing their tobacco , and so give them onely what they please for such commodities ? if that notwithstanding what is by the foregoing particulars declared , it may seem reasonable , that the act shall stand in force against those colonies of virginia and mariland , and that the hollanders and all other forein nations , that would go thither , shall be prohibited ; then let me on the behalf of the said colonies of virginia and mariland make these following proposals , which i hope will appear but equitable ; and i dare undertake for them , that they will be very well satisfied , that those few tobacconists that have ingrossed that trade into their hands , shall still continue in it , without moving further against them therein . first , that the traders to virginia and mariland from england shall furnish and supply the planters and inhabitants of those colonies with all sorts of commodities and necessaries which they may want or desire , at as cheap rates and prices as they used to have them when the hollander was admitted to trade thither . secondly , that the said traders out of england to those colonies shall not onely buy of the planters such tobacco in the colonies as is fit for england , but take off all that shall be yearly made by them , at as good rates and prices as the hollanders used to give for the same , by bills of exchange or otherwise , when the said hollanders and dutch were permitted thither to trade . thirdly , that if any the inhabitants or planters of the said colonies shall desire to ship his tobacco or goods for england , that the traders from england to virginia and mariland shall let them have freight in their ships at as low and cheap rates , as they used to have it when the hollanders and other nations traded thither . fourthly , that for maintenance of the governments , raising of forces to with stand the invasions of the indians , building of forts , and other publick works , needful in such new discovered countries , the traders from england to pay there in virginia and mariland as much yearly as was received of the hollanders and strangers as did trade thither , whereby the country may not have the whole burden to lie on their hard and painful labour and industry , which ought to be encouraged , but not discouraged . thus having proposed in my judgment what is both just and equal , to all such as would not have the hollander permitted to trade into virginia and mariland , i hope if they will not agree hereunto , it will easily appear , it is their own profits and interests they seek ; not those colonies , nor your majesties service , but in contrary the utter ruine of all the inhabitants and planters there ; and if they perish , that vast territory must be left desolate , to the exceeding disadvantage of this nation , and your majesties honor and revenue . now to have all parties pleased , the traders to virginia and mariland , and the inhabitants and planters , and that all may be done for your majesties glory and advantage , without loss to any ; by way of accommodation this i propose , let all hollanders and other nations whatsoever , freely trade into virginia and mariland , and bring thither and carry thence whatever they please ; and to counterpoise the cheapness of their sailing , with the dearnesse of our ships , to pay a set duty and imposition that may countervail the same ; and when what they paid formerly will not do it , let it be doubled and trebled , as shall be thought meet , yet still with this caution , that it may not make it as bad as if they were totally prohibited . in the next place , that all english ships that do go thither to trade , and carry goods to any other country besides england , may be freed of any custome there , more than some certain duty to the use of the colonies ; for as it is before expressed , the proceed of those goods vended abroad , will countervail at their return to england to your majesty twice the custome that should have been paid , did they come directly from those colonies to england . this being so setled , those colonies will flourish , their respective governors and governments will be maintained without charge to your majesties exchequer , the people will encrease , and by the bringing all trade to certain select places , riches will abound , artists go over , your majesties dominions will be enlarged , the customs there and in england advanced , the commerce made splendent , and all particular persons that are concerned as well as publick , receive their contentments ; otherwise onely destruction must attend and be the portion of those colonies . i have already in a few printed sheets of mine , entituled , trade reviv'd , which i presumed to deliver to your majesty , declared the value of those colonies of virginia and mariland , and what advantages they will yield to this nation , if encouraged , as in folio to . of the said book appears , therefore i shall here say no more therein ; but on the contrary , if the hollanders and dutch be prohibited trading thither , they will come to nothing . and being virginia was upon its last legs , as we here were , when it pleased almighty god by a like miracle , their governor , under the late usurped power dying , by an unanimous consent of the colonies , sir william bartlet was restored to the government , his worth being so well known to them , in which happiness , by your majesties most gracious confirming him therein , they are made more happy , his fitness for that government being such , as few , if any there be , can parallel . forasmuch then as god hath so wonderfully freed those colonies , as he hath also freed us , from their egyptian task-masters , and given them their antient governors as at the first , whereby they be in hopes to enjoy not onely their liberty , but their wonted trade with all nations , and so recover out of that languishing distemper in which they were ; shall they , after so long suffering , and expectation of relief , be made more miserable now than ever , and that by an established law , meerly obtruded on them by a few covetous and self-interested men , tobacconists , and ingrossers of that trade ? god forbid . having therefore as briefly as i could , and the matter required , in reference to those colonies , remonstrated to your majesty , both their agrievance by reason of the said act , debarring them forein trade ; as also the advantage that will arise to them , the commerce , and your majesties revenue , if admitted , and the act suspended , it is left to your majesties pious consideration to do therein as shall be most meet , by your majesties most loyal and obedient subject , john blande . a counterblaste to tobacco james i, king of england, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a counterblaste to tobacco james i, king of england, - . [ ] p. by r. b[arker], imprinted at london : anno . by james i. printer's name from stc. signatures: a-c⁴ d² . the first leaf is blank. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. 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edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a covnterblaste to tobacco . ¶ imprinted at london by r. b. anno . ¶ to the reader . as euery humane body ( deare countrey men ) how wholesome soeuer , is notwithstanding subiect , or at least naturally inclined to some sorts of diseases , or infirmities : so is there no common-wealth , or body-politicke , how well gouerned , or peaceable soeuer it bee , that lackes the owne popular errors , and naturally enclined corruptions : and therefore is it no wonder , although this our countrey and common-wealth , though peaceable , though wealthy , though long flourishing in both , be amongst the rest , subiect to the owne naturall infirmities . vvee are of all nations the people most louing and most reuerently obedient to our prince , yet are wee ( as time hath often borne witnesse ) too easie to be seduced to make rebellion , vpon very slight grounds . our fortunate and oft prooued valour in warres abroad , our heartie and reuerent obedience to our princes at home , hath bred vs a long , and a thrice happy peace : our peace hath bred wealth : and peace and wealth hath brought foorth a generall sluggishnesse , which makes vs wallow in all sorts of idle delights , and soft delicacies , the first seedes of the subuersion of all great monarchies . our cleargie are become negligent and lazie , our nobilitie and gentrie prodigall , and solde to their priuate delights , our lawyers couetous , our common-people prodigall and curious ; and generally all sorts of people more carefull for their priuat ends , then for their mother the common-wealth . for remedie whereof , it is the kings part ( as the proper phisician of his politicke-body ) to purge it of all those diseases , by medicines meete for the same : as by a certaine milde , and yet iust forme of gouernment , to maintaine the publicke quietnesse , and preuent all occasions of commotion : by the example of his owne person and court , to make vs all ashamed of our sluggish delicacie , and to stirre vs vp to the practise againe of all honest exercises , and martiall shadowes of vvarre ; as likewise by his , and his courts moderatenesse in apparell , to make vs ashamed of our prodigalitie : by his quicke admonitions and carefull ouerseeing of the cleargie , to waken them vp againe , to be more diligent in their offices : by the sharpe triall , and seuere punishment of the partiall , couetous and bribing lawyers , to reforme their corruptions : and generally by the example of his owne person , and by the due execution of good lawes , to reforme and abolish , piece and piece , these old and euill grounded abuses . for this will not bee opus vnius diei , but as euery one of these diseases , must from the king receiue the owne cure proper for it , so are there some sorts of abuses in common-wealths , that though they be of so base and contemptible a condition , as they are too low for the law to looke on , and too meane for a king to interpone his authoritie , or bend his eye vpon : yet are they corruptions , aswell as the greatest of them . so is an ant an animal , aswell as an elephant : so is a vvrenne auis , aswell as a swanne , and so is a small dint of the toothake , a disease aswell as the fearefull plague is . but for these base sorts of corruption in common wealthes , not onely the king , or any inferior magistrate , but quilibet e populo may serue to be a phisician , by discouering and impugning the error , and by perswading reformation thereof . and surely in my opinion , there cannot be a more base , and yet hurtfull , corruption in a countrey , then is the vile vse ( or rather abuse ) of taking tobacco in this kingdome , which hath mooued me , shortly to discouer the abuses thereof in this following little pamphlet . if any thinke it a light argument , so is it but a toy that is bestowed vpon it . and since the subiect is but of smoke , i thinke the fume of an idle braine , may serue for a sufficient battery against so fumous and feeble an enemy . if my grounds be found true , it is all i looke for ; but if they cary the force of perswasion with them , it is all i can wish , and more then i can expect . my onely care is , that you , my deare countrey-men , may rightly conceiue euen by this smallest trifle , of the sinceritie of my meaning in greater matters , neuer to spare any paine , that may tend to the procuring of your weale and prosperitie . a counterblaste to tobacco . that the manifolde abuses of this vile custome of tobacco taking , may the better be espied , it is fit , that first you enter into consideration both of the first originall thereof , and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this countrey . for certainely as such customes , that haue their first institution either from a godly , necessary , or honorable ground , and are first brought in , by the meanes of some worthy , vertuous , and great personage , are euer , and most iustly , holden in great & reuerent estimation and account , by all wise , vertuous , and temperate spirits : so should it by the contrary , iustly bring a great disgrace into that sort of customes , which hauing their originall from base corruption and barbarity , doe in like sort , make their first entry into a countrey , by an inconsiderate and childish affectation of noueltie , as is the true case of the first inuention of tobacco taking , and of the first entry thereof among vs. for tobacco being a cōmon herbe , which ( though vnder diuers names ) growes almost euery where , was first found out by some of the barbarous indians , to be a preseruatiue , or antidot against the pockes , a filthy disease , whereunto these barbarous people are ( as all men know ) very much subiect , what through the vncleanly and adust constitution of their bodies , and what through the intemperate heate of their climat : so that as from them was first brought into christendome , that most detestable disease , so from them likewise was brought this vse of tobacco , as a stinking and vnsauorie antidot , for so corrupted and execrable a maladie , the stinking suffumigation whereof they yet vse against that disease , making so one canker or venime to eate out another . and now good countrey men , let vs ( i pray you ) consider , what honour or policie can mooue vs to imitate the barbarous and beastly maners of the wilde , godlesse , and slauish indians , especially in so vile and stinking a custome ? shall wee that disdaine to imitate the maners of our neighbour france ( hauing the stile of the first christian kingdom ) and that cannot endure the spirit of the spaniards ( their king being now comparable in largenes of dominions , to the great emperor of turkie ) shall wee , i say , that haue bene so long ciuill and wealthy in peace , famous and inuincible in warre , fortunate in both , we that haue bene euer able to aide any of our neighbours ( but neuer deafed any of their eares with any of our supplications for assistance ) shall we , i say , without blushing , abase our selues so farre , as to imitate these beastly indians , slaues to the spaniards , refuse to the world , and as yet aliens from the holy couenant of god ? why doe we not as well imitate them in walking naked as they doe ? in preferring glasses , feathers , and such toyes , to golde and precious stones , as they do ? yea why do we not denie god and adore the deuill , as they doe ? now to the corrupted basenesse of the first vse of this tobacco , doeth very well agree the foolish and groundlesse first entry thereof into this kingdome . it is not so long since the first entry of this abuse amongst vs here , as this present age cannot yet very well remember , both the first author , and the forme of the first introduction of it amongst vs. it was neither brought in by king , great conquerour , nor learned doctor of phisicke . with the report of a great discouery for a conquest , some two or three sauage mē , were brought in , together with this sauage custome . but the pitie is , the poore wilde barbarous men died , but that vile barbarous custome is yet aliue , yea in fresh vigor : so as it seemes a miracle to me , how a custome springing from so vile a ground , and brought in by a father so generally hated , should be welcomed vpon so slender a warrant . for if they that first put it in practise heere , had remembred for what respect it was vsed by them from whence it came , i am sure they would haue bene loath , to haue taken so farre the imputation of that disease vpon them as they did , by vsing the cure thereof . for sanis non est opus medico , and counterpoisons are neuer vsed , but where poyson is thought to precede . but since it is true , that diuers customes slightly grounded , and with no better warrant entred in a commonwealth , may yet in the vse of them thereafter , prooue both necessary and profitable ; it is therefore next to be examined , if there be not a full sympathie and true proportion , betweene the base ground and foolish entrie , and the loathsome and hurtfull vse of this stinking antidote . i am now therefore heartily to pray you to consider , first vpon what false and erroneous grounds you haue first built the generall good liking thereof ; and next , what sinnes towards god , and foolish vanities before the world you commit , in the detestable vse of it . as for these deceitfull grounds , that haue specially mooued you to take a good and great conceit thereof , i shall content my selfe to examine here onely foure of the principals of them ; two founded vpon the theoricke of a deceiueable apparance of reason , and two of them vpon the mistaken practicke of generall experience . first , it is thought by you a sure aphorisme in the physickes , that the braines of all men , beeing naturally colde and wet , all dry and hote things should be good for them ; of which nature this stinking suffumigation is , and therefore of good vse to them . of this argument , both the proposition and assumption are false , and so the conclusion cannot but be voyd of it selfe . for as to the proposition , that because the braines are colde and moist , therefore things that are hote and drie are best for them , it is an inept consequence : for man beeing compounded of the foure complexions , ( whose fathers are the foure elements ) although there be a mixture of them all in all the parts of his body , yet must the diuers parts of our microcosme or little world within our selues , be diuersly more inclined , some to one , some to another complexion , according to the diuersitie of their vses , that of these discords a perfect harmonie may bee made vp for the maintenance of the whole body . the application then of a thing of a contrary nature , to any of these parts , is to interrupt them of their due function , and by consequence hurtfull to the health of the whole body . as if a man , because the liuer is hote ( as the fountaine of blood ) and as it were and ouen to the stomacke , would therfore apply and weare close vpon his liuer and stomacke a cake of lead ; he might within a very short time ( i hope ) be susteined very good cheape at an ordinarie , beside the cleering of his conscience from that deadly sinne of gluttonie . and as if , because the heart is full of vitall spirits , and in perpetuall motion , a man would therefore lay a heauy pound stone on his breast , for staying and holding downe that wanton palpitation , i doubt not but his breast would bee more bruised with the weight thereof , then the heart would be comforted with such a disagreeable & contrarious cure . and euen so is it with the braines . for if a man , because the braines are cold and humide , would therefore vse inwardly by smells , or outwardly by application , things of hot and drie qualite , all the gaine that he could make thereof would onely be to put himselfe in a great forwardnesse for running mad , by ouerwatching himselfe , the coldnesse and moistnesse of our braine beeing the onely ordinarie meanes that procure our sleepe and rest . indeed i doe not denie , but when it falls out that any of these , or any part of our bodie growes to be distempered , and to tend to an extremitie beyond the compasse of natures temperate mixture , that in that case cures of contrary qualities , to the intemperate inclination of that part , being wisely prepared and discreetely ministred , may be both necessarie and helpefull for strengthning and assisting nature in the expulsion of her enemies : for this is the true definition of all profitable physicke . but first these cures ought not to bee vsed , but where there is neede of them , the contrarie whereof , is daily practised in this generall vse of tobacco by all sorts and complexions of people . and next , i deny the minor of this argument , as i have already said , in regard that this tobacco , is not simply of a dry & hot qualitie ; but rather hath a certaine venemous facultie ioyned with the heate thereof , which makes it haue an antipathie against nature , as by the hatefull smell thereof doeth well appeare . for the nose being the proper organ and conuoy of the sense of smelling to the braines , which are the onely fountaine of that sense , doeth euer serue vs for an infallible witnesse , whether that odour which we smell , be healthfull or hurtfull to the braine , ( except when it fals out that the sense it selfe is corrupted and abused through some infirmitie , and distemper in the braine . ) and that the suffumigation thereof cannot haue a drying qualitie , it needes to further probation , then that it is a smoake , all smoake and vapour , being of it selfe humide , as drawing neere to the nature of the ayre , and easie to be resolued againe into water , whereof there needes no other proofe but the meteors , which being bred of nothing else but of the vapours and exhalations sucked vp by the sunne out of the earth , the sea , and waters , yet are the same smoakie vapours turned , and transformed into raynes , snowes , deawes , hoare frostes , and such like waterie meteors , as by the contrarie the raynie cloudes are often transformed and euaporated in blustering winds . the second argument grounded on a show of reason is , that this filthie smoake , as well through the heat and strength thereof , as by a naturall force and qualitie , is able and fit to purge both the head and stomacke of rhewmes and distillations , as experience teacheth , by the spitting and auoyding fleame , immediatly after the taking of it . but the fallacie of this argument may easily appeare , by my late preceding description of the meteors . for euen as the smoakie vapours sucked vp by the sunne , and staied in the lowest and colde region of the ayre , are there contracted into cloudes , and turned into raine and such other watery meteors : so this stinking smoake being sucked vp by the nose , and imprisoned in the colde and moyst braines , is by their colde and wett facultie , turned and cast foorth againe in waterie distillations , and so are you made free and purged of nothing , but that wherewith you wilfully burdened your selues : and therefore are you no wiser in taking tobacco for purging you of distillations , then if for preuenting the cholike you would take all kinde of windie meates and drinkes , and for preuenting of the stone , you would take all kinde of meates and drinkes that would breede grauell in the kidneyes , and then when you were forced to auoyde much winde out of your stomacke , and much grauell in your vrine , that you should attribute the thanke thereof to such nourishments as bred those within you , that behoued either to be expelled by the force of nature , or you to haue burst at the broad side , as the prouerbe is . as for the other two reasons founded vpon experience , the first of which is , that the whole people would not haue taken so generall a good liking thereof , if they had not by experience found it verie soueraigne and good for them : for answere thereunto , how easily the mindes of any people , wherewith god hath replenished this world , may be drawen to the foolish affectation of any noueltie , i leaue it to the discreet iudgement of any man that is reasonable . doe we not dayly see , that a man can no sooner bring ouer from beyond the seas any new forme of apparrell , but that hee can not bee thought a man of spirit , that would not presently imitate the same ? and so from hand to hand it spreades , till it be practised by all , not for any commoditie that is in it , but only because it is come to be the fashion . for such is the force of that naturall selfe-loue in euery one of vs , and such is the corruption of enuie bred in the brest of euery one , as we cannot be content vnlesse we imitate euery thing that our fellowes doe , and so prooue our selues capable of euery thing whereof they are capable , like apes , counterfeiting the maners of others , to our owne destruction . for let one or two of the greatest masters of mathematickes in any of the two famous vniuersities , but constantly affirme any cleare day , that they see some strange apparition in the skies : they will i warrant you be seconded by the greatest part of the students in that profession : so loath will they be , to bee thought inferiour to their fellowes , either in depth of knowledge or sharpnesse of sight : and therefore the generall good liking and imbracing of this foolish custome , doeth but onely proceede from that affectation of noueltie , and popular errour , wherof i haue already spoken . the other argument drawen from a mistaken experience , is but the more particular probation of this generall , because it is alleaged to be found true by proofe , that by the taking of tobacco diuers and very many doe finde themselues cured of diuers diseases , as on the other part , no man euer receiued harme thereby . in this argument there is first a great mistaking , and next a monstrous absurditie . for is it not a very great mistaking , to take non causam pro causa , as they say in the logicks ? because peraduenture when a sicke man hath had his disease at the height , hee hath at that instant taken tobacco , and afterward his disease taking the naturall course of declining , and consequently the patient of recouering his health , o then the tobacco forsooth , was the worker of that miracle . beside that , it is a thing well knowen to all phisicians , that the apprehension and conceit of the patient , hath by wakening and vniting the vitall spirits , and so strengthening nature , a great power and vertue , to cure diuers diseases for an euident proofe of mistaking in the like case , i pray you what foolish boy , what sillie wench , what olde doting wife , or ignorant countrey clowne , is not a phisician for the toothach , for the cholicke , & diuers such common diseases ? yea , will not euery man you meete withal , teach you a sundry cure for the same , and sweare by that meane either himselfe , or some of his neerest kinsmen and friends was cured ? and yet i hope no man is so foolish as to beleeue them . and al these toyes do only proceed from the mistaking non causam pro causa , as i haue already sayd , and so if a man chance to recouer one of any disease , after he hath taken tobacco , that must haue the thankes of all but by the contrary , if a man smoke himselfe to death with it ( and many haue done ) o then some other disease must beare the blame for that fault . so doe olde harlots thanke their harlotrie for their many yeeres , that custome being healthfull ( say they ) ad purgandos renes , but neuer haue minde how many die of the pockes in the flower of their youth . and so doe olde drunkards thinke they prolong their dayes , by their swinelike diet , but neuer remember howe many die drowned in drinke before they be halfe olde . and what greater absurditie can there bee , then to say that one cure shall serue for diuers , nay , contrarious sortes of diseases ? it is an vndoubted ground among all phisicians , that there is almost no sort either of nourishment or medicine , that hath not something in it disagreeable to some part of mans bodie , because , as i haue already sayd , the nature of the temperature of euery part , is so different from another , that according to the olde prouerbe , that which is good for the head , is euill for the necke and the shoulders . for euen as a strong enemie , that inuades a towne or fortresse , although in his siege thereof , he doe belaie and compasse it round about , yet he makes his breach and entrie , at some one or few speciall parts thereof , which hee hath tried and found to bee weakest and least able to resist ; so sickenesse doth make her particular assault , vpon such part or parts of our bodie , as are weakest and easiest to be ouercome by that sort of disease , which then doth assaile vs , although all the rest of the body by sympathie feele it selfe , to be as it were belaied , and besieged by the affliction of that speciall part , the griefe and smart thereof being by the sence of feeling dispersed through all the rest of our members . and therefore the skilfull phisician presses by such cures to purge & strengthen that part which is afflicted , as are onely fit for that sort of disease , and doe best agree with the nature of that infirme part ; which being abused to a disease of another nature , would prooue as hurtfull for the one , as helpfull for the other . yea , not only will a skilfull and warie phisician bee carefull to vse no cure but that which is fit for that sort of disease , but he wil also consider all other circūstances , and make the remedies sutable thereunto : as the temperature of the clime where the patient is , the constitution of the planets , the time of the moone , the season of the yere , the age & complexion of the patient , & the present state of his body , in strength or weakenesse . for one cure must not euer be vsed for the selfe-same disease , but according to the varying of any of the foresaid circumstances , that sort of remedie must be vsed which is fittest for the same . whear by the contrarie in this case , such is the miraculous omnipotencie of our strong tasted tobacco , as it cures all sorts of diseases ( which neuer any drugge could do before ) in all persons , and at all times . it cures all maner of distillations , either in the head or stomacke ( if you beleeue their axiomes ) although in very deede it doe both corrupt the braine , and by causing ouer quicke disgestion , fill the stomacke full of crudities . it cures the gowt in the feet , and ( which is miraculous ) in that very instant when the smoke thereof , as light , flies vp into the head , the vertue thereof , as heauie , runs downe to the little toe . it helpes all sorts of agues . it makes a man sober that was drunke . it refreshes a weary man , and yet makes a man hungry . being taken when they goe to bed , it makes one sleepe soundly , and yet being taken when a man is sleepie and drowsie , it will , as they say , awake his braine , and quicken his vnderstanding . as for curing of the pockes , it serues for that vse but among the pockie indian slaues . here in england it is refined , and will not deigne to cure heere any other then cleanly and gentlemanly diseases . o omnipotent power of tobacco ! and if it could by the smoke thereof chace out deuils , as the smoke of tobias fish did ( which i am sure could smel no stronglier ) it would serue for a precious relicke , both for the superstitious priests , and the insolent puritanes , to cast out deuils withall . admitting then , and not confessing that the vse thereof were healthfull for some sortes of diseases ; should it be vsed for all sicknesses ? should it be vsed by all men ? should it be vsed at al times ? yea should it be vsed by able , yong , strong , healthful men ? medicine hath that vertue , that it neuer leaueth a man in that state wherin it findeth him : it makes a sicke man whole , but a whole man sicke . and as medicine helpes nature being taken at times of necessitie , so being euer and continually vsed , it doth but weaken , wearie , and weare nature . what speake i of medicine ? nay let a man euery houre of the day , or as oft as many in this countrey vse to take tobacco , let a man i say , but take as oft the best sorts of nourishments in meate and drinke that can bee deuised , hee shall with the continuall vse thereof weaken both his head and his stomacke : all his members shall become feeble , his spirits dull , and in the end , as a drousie lazie belly-god , he shall euanish in a lethargie . and from this weakenesse it proceeds , that many in this kingdome haue had such a continuall vse of taking this vnsauorie smoke , as now they are not able to forbeare the same , no more then an olde drunkard can abide to be long sober , without falling into an vncurable weakenesse and euill constitution : for their continuall custome hath made to them , habitum , alterā naturam : so to those that from their birth haue bene continually nourished vpon poison and things venemous , wholesome meates are onely poisonable . thus hauing , as i truste , sufficiently answered the most principall arguments that are vsed in defence of this vile custome , it rests onely to informe you what sinnes and vanities you commit in the filthie abuse thereof . first , are you not guiltie of sinnefull and shamefull lust ? ( for lust may bee as well in any of the senses as in feeling ) that although you bee troubled with no disease , but in perfect health , yet can you neither be merry at an ordinarie , nor lasciuious in the stewes , if you lacke tobacco to prouoke your appetite to any of those sorts of recreation , lusting after it as the children of israel did in the wildernesse after quailes ? secondly it is , as you vse or rather abuse it , a branche of the sinne of drunkennesse , which is the roote of all sinnes : for as the onely delight that drunkards take in wine is in the strength of the taste , & the force of the fume thereof that mounts vp to the braine : fot no drunkards loue any weake , or sweete drinke : so are not those ( i meane the strong heate and the fume ) the onely qualities that make tobacco so delectable to all the louers of it ? and as no man likes strong headie drinke the first day ( because nemo repente fit turpissimus ) but by custome is piece and piece allured , while in the ende , a drunkard will haue as great a thirst to bee drunke , as a sober man to quench his thirst with a draught when hee hath need of it : so is not this the very case of all the great takers of tobacco ? which therefore they themselues do attribute to a bewitching qualitie in it . thirdly , is it not the greatest sinne of all , that you the people of all sortes of this kingdome , who are created and ordeined by god to bestowe both your persons and goods for the maintenance both of the honour and safetie of your king and common-wealth , should disable your selues in both ? in your persons hauing by this continuall vile custome brought your selues to this shamefull imbecilitie , that you are not able to ride or walke the iourney of a iewes sabboth , but you must haue a reekie cole brought you from the next poore house to kindle your tobacco with ? whereas he cannot be thought able for any seruice in the warres , that cannot endure oftentimes the want of meate , drinke , and sleepe , much more then must hee endure the want of tobacco . in the times of the many glorious and victorious battailes fought by this nation , there was no word of tobacco : but now if it were time of warres , and that you were to make some sudden caualcado vpon your enemies , if any of you should seeke leisure to stay behinde his fellowe for taking of tobacco , for my part i should neuer bee sorie for any euill chance that might befall him . to take a custome in any thing that cannot bee left againe , is most harmefull to the people of any land . mollicies and delicacie were the wracke and ouerthrow , first of the persian , and next of the romane empire . and this very custome of taking tobacco ( whereof our present purpose is ) is euen at this day accounted so effeminate among the indians themselues , as in the market they will offer no price for a slaue to be sold , whome they finde to be a great tobacco taker . now how you are by this custome disabled in your goods , let the gentry of this land beare witnesse , some of them bestowing three , some foure hundred pounds a yeere vpon this precious stinke , which i am sure might be bestowed vpon many farre better vses . i read indeede of a knauish courtier , who for abusing the fauour of the emperour alexander seuerus his master by taking bribes to intercede , for sundry persons in his masters eare , ( for whom he neuer once opened his mouth ) was iustly choked with smoke , with this doome , fumo pereat , qui fumum vendidit : but of so many smoke-buyers , as are at this present in this kingdome , i neuer read nor heard . and for the vanities committed in this filthie custome , is it not both great vanitie and vncleanenesse , that at the table , a place of respect , of cleanlinesse , of modestie , men should not be ashamed , to sit tossing of tobacco pipes , and puffing of the smoke of tobacco one to another , making the filthy smoke and stinke thereof , to exhale athwart the dishes , and infect the aire , when very often , men that abhorre it are at their repast ? surely smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a dining chamber , and yet it makes a kitchin also oftentimes in the inward parts of men , soiling and infecting them , with an vnctuous and oily kinde of soote , as hath bene found in some great tobacco takers , that after their death were opened . and not onely meate time , but no other time nor action is exempted from the publike vse of this vnciuill tricke : so as if the wiues of diepe list to contest with this nation for good maners , their worst maners would in all reason be found at least not so dishonest ( as ours are ) in this point . the publike vse whereof , at all times , and in all places , hath now so farre preuailed , as diuers men very sound both in iudgement , and complexion , haue bene at last forced to take it also without desire , partly because they were ashamed to seeme singular , ( like the two philosophers that were forced to duck themselues in that raine water , and to become fooles aswell as the rest of the people ) and partly to be as one that was content to eate garlicke ( which hee did not loue ) that he might not be troubled with the smell of it , in the breath of his fellowes . and is it not a great vanitie , that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now , but straight they must bee in hand with tobacco ? no it is become in place of a cure , a point of good fellowship , and he that will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellowes , ( though by his owne election he would rather feele the fauour of a sinke ) is accounted peeuish and no good company , euen as they doe with tippeling in the cold easterne countries . yea the mistresse cannot in a more manerly kinde , entertaine her seruant , then by giuing him out of her faire hand a pipe of tobacco . but herein is not onely a great vanitie , but a great contempt of gods good giftes , that the sweetenesse of mans breath , being a good gift of god , should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking smoke , wherein i must confesse , it hath too strong a vertue : and so that which is an ornament of nature , and can neither by any artifice be at the first acquired , nor once lost , be recouered againe , shall be filthily corrupted with an incurable stinke , which vile qualitie is as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is holden of the wholesomnesse thereof , as the venime of putrifaction is contrary to the vertue preseruatiue . moreouer , which is a great iniquitie , and against all humanitie , the husband shall not bee ashamed , to reduce thereby his delicate , wholesome , and cleane complexioned wife , to that extremitie , that either shee must also corrupt her sweete breath therewith , or else resolue to liue in a perpetuall stinking torment . haue you not reason then to bee ashamed , and to forbeare this filthie noueltie , so basely grounded , so foolishly receiued , and so grossely mistaken in the right vse thereof ? in your abuse thereof sinning against god , harming your selues both in persons and goods , and raking also thereby the markes and notes of vanitie vpon you : by the custome thereof making your selues to be wondered at by all forraine ciuil nations , and by all strangers that come among you , to be scorned and contemned . a custome lothsome to the eye , hatefull to the nose , harmefull to the braine , daungerous to the lungs and in the blacke stinking fume thereof , neerest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomelesse . an abstract of some branches of his maiesties late charter, granted to the tobacco-pipe makers of vvestminster, declaring his maiesties pleasure touching that manufacture, and also all persons whom it may concern england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an abstract of some branches of his maiesties late charter, granted to the tobacco-pipe makers of vvestminster, declaring his maiesties pleasure touching that manufacture, and also all persons whom it may concern england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.). j. beale, [london : ] imprint information suggested by stc ( nd ed.). "witnesse our selfe at westminster the sixth day of october, in the seuenteenth yeere of our raigne of england, france, and ireland, and of scotland, the three and fiftieth." reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco pipe industry -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- history -- james i, - . broadsides -- london (england) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion honi soit·qvi·mal·y·pense ir royal blazon or coat of arms an abstract of some branches of his maiesties late charter , granted to the tobacco-pipe makers of vvestminster ; declaring his maiesties pleasure touching . that manufacture , and also all persons whom it may concerne . iames by the grace of god , king of england , scotland , france and jreland , &c. whereas wee haue been informed by the complaint of diuers of our poore subiects , the ancient makers of tobacco-pipes within this our realme ▪ that for want of power and priuiledge to retaine their apprentises and seruants during their apprentiship ( who commonly depart from them before they haue serued their tearmes , or attained to the knowledge of their art ) they are much preiudiced both in their trades and meanes of liuing , by their excessiue making and vttering of ill ware , and our subiects who haue vse of that manufacture , are thereby greatly abused and deceiued : and not only so , but to their masters farther impouerishment , these loose and idle persons doe instruct and teach others of as bad qualitie as themselues , to make and sell like ill & deceitful ware. besides , for that the said art of making tobacco pipes is easily learned , sundry of our subiects trained vp in other trades more vsefull for the realme , doe forsake the same and take vp this of making tobacco-pipes : and others who haue other good trades to liue vpon , intrude themselues into this also , and vse both , to the hinderance and ouerthrow of those who anciently practised the same . and whereas for the better reforming of all those disorders , to cut off the superfluous straglers and late intruders , to reduce them to a competent number , and to settle good gouernment amongst them ( this trade being a new trade , neuer yet ordered by any law or policie , and which concerneth not any commoditie of necessitie for our common-weale , but a superfluous pleasure , necessarie to be regulated by our royall power & authoritie ) we haue therefore thought fit by letters patents vnder our great seale , to incorporate a certaine number of choice and selected persons , who haue either serued as apprentises , or haue otherwise practised that art by the space of seuen yeers , to whom and whose seruants , apprentices , and such others as shall be by them admitted into that societie for their skill and honest conuersation , wee intend to appropriat the said art , and to restraine all others from taking that benefit which in no right belongeth vnto them . and to the end that all our louing subiects may take knowledge of our pleasure expressed in our charter , that it may be duly obserued without pretext of ignorance , wee doe heereby declare our expresse will and pleasure to be , and doe straightly charge and command , that no person or persons whatsoeuer , other then such as are members of the said societie of tobacco-pipe makers of westminster , or which haue by the space of seuen yeares at the least beene bound to ( or exercised ) that art , or such others as shall be chosen into the societie by the said societie , shall not presume ( from the date of these presents ) directly nor indirectly to make any manner of tobacco-pipes within this our realme of england or dominion of wa●es , nor shall bring in or import any manner of tobacco-pipes from beyond the seas , or from our realme of scotland ; nor shall vtter , sell , or put to sale any tobacco-pipes so made or brought into this our realme of england and dominion of wales , contrary to our pleasure heerein declared upon paine not only of forfeiture of all such manufacture , but of incurring such penalties , imprisonments and punishments , as by the lawes and statutes of this our realme , or by our prerogatiue royall may be inflicted vpon the offenders in this kind for their contempt or neglect of our royall will and commandement . and further , for the better discouering and suppressing of all secret and vnder-hand making or vttering of the said manufacture by such as are not members of this societie or otherwise enabled as aforesaid , wee doe require , charge , and straightly command all our louing subiects ( especially such retaylers as shall buy tobacco-pipes to sell againe ) that they , nor any of them directly , nor indirectly , shall buy , acquire , get or obtaine any tobacco-pipes whatsoeuer of or from the hands of any person or persons , not being knowne members of the said societie , and to that end it is prouided , that all tobacco-pipes made by the said company , shall be brought to the common hall of the said societie there to be proued whether the same be good and marchantable ware , before they shall be vttered or put to sale ; ( where they may be bought of all our louing subiects ) upon paine of vndergoing of our displeasure , and such paines and penalties as shall or may ensue thereupon for such contempt against our will and our prerogatiue royall . and for the full effectuating of our pleasure heerein , these are to command and straightly charge , that all the said tobacco-pipe makers aforesaid , shall forthwith take knowledge of our charter by these presents , and by resorting to the said societie in london , where they shall receiue such orders and ordinances as shall be constituted and made by the master , wardens , and assistances of the said societie for the benefit of the said societie . and lastly , we will and do heereby require all maiors , sherifes , iustices of peace , bailifes , constables , and all other officers and ministers whatsoeuer , that they and euery of them in their seuerall offices and places be from time to time ayding and assisting to the said master , wardens , and societie in the due execution and accomplishment of this our royall will and commandement , as they tender our pleasure , and will auoid the contrary ▪ witnesse our selfe at westminster the sixth day of october , in the seuenteenth yeere of our raigne of england , france , and ireland ▪ and of scotland , the three and fiftieth . by the king a proclamation concerning tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king a proclamation concerning tobacco. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james i) james i, king of england, - . leaves. by bonham norton and iohn bill, printers to the kings most excellent maiestie, imprinted at london : . imprint from colophon. last complete line of sheet ends "diligent". forbidding importation except from bermuda and virginia; requiring inspection and sealing of all tobacco. "giuen at our honour of hampton court,the nine and twentieth day of september, in the two and twentieth yeere of our reigne of england, france, and ireland, and of scotland the eight and fiftieth." reproduction of original in: henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco industry -- virginia. tobacco industry -- bermuda islands. great britain -- colonies -- commerce. great britain -- history -- james i, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ir diev et mon droit honi ✚ soit ✚ qvi ✚ mal ✚ y ✚ pense royal blazon or coat of arms ¶ by the king. ¶ a proclamation concerning tobacco . whereas our commons , assembled in our last sessions of parliament , became humble petitioners vnto us , that , for many waightie reasons , much concerning the welfare of our kingdome , and the trade thereof , we would by our royall power , vtterly prohibite the vse of all forreigne tobacco , which is not of the growth of our owne dominions ; and whereas we haue vpon all occasions made knowen our dislike , we haue euer had of the vse of tobacco in generall , as tending to the corruption both of the health and manners of our people , and to that purpose haue at seuerall times heretofore prohibited the planting of tobacco , both in england and wales , as vtterly vnfit , in respect of the climate , to cherish the same for any medicinall vse , ( which is the onely good to bee approoued in it ; ) and at other times haue also prohibited the disorderly trading for tobacco , into the parts beyond the seas , as by our seuerall proclamations , published to that purpose , it may appeare . neuerthelesse , because wee haue beene earnestly and often importuned by many of our louing subiects , planters and aduenturers in virginia , and the sommer islands , and lately by our commissioners for virginia , that we would be pleased to take into our royall care that part of our dominions , by our royall authoritie , and by the industrie of our loyall subiects , added to the rest of our empire , for the propagation of christian religion , and the ease and benefite of this populous realme , and to consider , that those colonies and plantations , are yet but in their infancie , and cannot be brought to maturitie and perfection , vnlesse we will bee pleased for a time to tolerate vnto them the planting and venting of the tobacco , which is , and shall be of the growth of those colonies and plantations ; we , taking into our princely consideration these , and many other important reasons of state , haue beene graciously pleased to condescend to the desires and humble petitions of our louing subiects in this behalfe . and therefore we doe by these presents straitly charge and command , that no person whatsoeuer , of what degree or qualitie soeuer , doe at any time hereafter , import , or cause to be imported from any part beyond the seas , or out of our kingdome of scotland , into this our realme of england , or dominion of wales , or into our realme of ireland , any tobacco , which is not of the proper growth of the plantations of virginia , and the sommer islands , or one of them , vpon paine of forfeiture vnto us of all such tobacco so to be imported , contrary to the true meaning of these presents , in whose hands soeuer the same shall be found , and vpon such further paines and penalties , as by the lawes and statutes of these our realmes , or by the seuerity or censure of our court of starre-chamber , in either of those kingdomes respectiuely , may be inflicted vpon the offendors , for contempt of this our royall command , and to be reputed and taken as enemies to our proceedings , and to those plantations which so much concerne our honour , and the honour and profit of these our kingdomes . and we further will and command , vpon the penalties aforesaid , that from hencefoorth , no person or persons whatsoeuer , presume to sow , set , or plant , or cause , or permit , or suffer to be sowed , set , or planted , in any of his or their grounds , any tobacco whatsoeuer , within these our realmes of england , or ireland , or dominion of wales , or any isles or places belonging thereto , or permit or suffer any old stocke , plant , or root of tobacco formerly set , sowed , or planted there to continue , not plucked vp and vtterly destroyed , contrary to the tenour and true meaning of a former proclamation , made and published by us to that purpose , bearing date the thirtieth day of december , in the seuenteenth yeere of our reigne of england . and wee further straitly charge and command , vpon the paines and penalties aforesaid , that no person whatsoeuer , presume to buy , or sell any tobacco , which from hencefoorth shall be imported , or brought from any the parts beyond the seas , or from our realme of scotland , which is not , or shall not be of the proper growth of the colonies aforesaid , of virginia , and the sommer islands , or one of them . and because wee vnderstand , that some , who intend their owne priuate , more then the publique , conceiuing it to be probable , that we would grant the petition of our commons in parliament , to preuent the effect thereof , haue lately imported secretly , and by stealth , great quantities of forreigne tobacco , for which they haue payd no subsidie or other duety vnto us ; we further will and command , vnder the paines and penalties aforesaid , that no person whatsouer , from , and after the fiue and twentieth day of march , now next ensuing , presume to sell , or offer , or put to sale within these our realmes or dominion , any tobacco , which hath beene formerly imported into this realme , which is not of the proper growth of the colonies , or plantations aforesaid , or one of them , nor that any person whatsouer , willingly and knowingly , take , or vse any tobacco , from , and after the first day of may , now next ensuing , which is not , or shall not be of the proper growth of the sayd colonies , or plantations , or one of them . yet , because the said forreigne tobacco may not lie on the hands of the owners thereof , wee are graciously pleased , that at any time , within fortie dayes after the sayd fiue and twentieth day of march , such forreigne tobacco may be freely exported by any person whatsoeuer , without paying any subsidie or other duetie for the same . and because no man shall pretend ignorance , and thereby endeuour to excuse his offence in any of the premisses ; wee doe further charge and command , and doe hereby signifie and declare our will and pleasure to be , that all , and euery person and persons , merchant or other , who vseth to sell , or hath any purpose to sell tobacco , who haue in his , or their hands , custodie or possession , or in the hands , custodie or possesson of any other by their deliuery , or to their vse , any tobacco heretofore imported into this our realme , or planted , set , or sowen within this realme , shall before the twentieth day of october , now next comming , bring the same into our custome-house , within our citie of london , if such tobacco be within fiue miles of our said citie , or if such tobacco be in any other citie , towne , or place , within this our realme of england , or dominion of wales , or realme of ireland , shall bring the same to the towne-house , or other fit place , which shall be to that purpose appointed by us , in that city or corporate towne , neerest vnto which the said tobacco shall be , and shall before the first day of december , now next comming , there require and cause the same to be marked and sealed by such person or persons , and with such seale and marke , as we shall thereunto assigne or appoint for that purpose , without giuing any fee or allowance for the said seale or marke , and whatsoeuer tobacco shall not be sealed or marked , as aforesaid , within the seuerall times aforesaid , shall be confiscate & forfeited vnto us for such their default and contempt . and for the auoyding of all deceit and abuse in disguising of forraigne tobacco , or mingling the same with the tobacco of virginia , or the sommer islands , thereby to defraud the true intent of these presents , we further straitly charge and command , vnder the paines and penalties aforesaid , that no person , who is , or shall be a seller of tobacco , shall haue , or keepe ready cut , aboue the quantitie of one pound of tobacco at once , nor shall mingle any forraigne tobacco , with any tobacco of the growth of the sommer islands or virginia . and wee straitly charge and command , that all the planters of tobacco in the colonies aforesaid , or any part thereof , shall make the same good , and merchantable , and shall not presume to send ouer into this our realme of england , any tobacco , which shall not be good and merchantable , and well made vp in rolle without stalkes , or other bad or corrupt stuffe , vpon paine of confiscation thereof , or so much thereof , as vpon due triall made , shall be found to be otherwise , to the intent that such of our subiectes , as shall desire to vse the same , may not be abused , or deceiued therewith , to the impairing of their health . and to the intent that the tobacco of the colonies , and plantations aforesaid , thus tolerated by us , may be knowen and distinguished , from such as shall bee secretly , and without warrant brought in by stealth ; wee doe likewise straitly charge and command , vpon the paines and penalties aforesaid , that all such tobacco , as shall bee brought from the colonies aforesaid , shall be all brought , and landed at the key of our custome house , in our citie of london , and not elsewhere , in any of our realmes or dominions , and shal be there registred , & shall not be remooued from our said custome house , vntill it shall bee there first tryed , sealed , and marked , by such person , or persons , & with such seale or marke , as we shall thereunto assigne and appoint ; such seale or marke to bee set thereto , without fee , or other reward whatsoeuer . and wee doe further straitly charge and command , vpon the paines and penalties aforesaid , that all owners of ships , bee carefull to imploy such masters in their ships , or other vessels , from whom they will take good caution , not to offend in the importation of any tobacco , contrary to this our royall pleasure . and we do further signifie and declare by these presents , that we will require an exact accompt of the master of euery ship , or other vessell , that he shall make such diligent , and carefull search , ouer the marriners and passengers in his ship , or other vessell , that none of them shall conueigh ouer into these our realmes of england , or ireland , or dominion of walles , or into any port , hauen , creeke , or other parts thereof , any tobacco , to be imported , contrary to the true intent and meaning of these presents : and that our customers , or their deputies , in euery port of these our realmes of england , and ireland , shall , vpon oath , examine euery master of a ship , or other vessell , or other officers and mariners in the said ship , or vessell , whether they haue made search in the said ship or vessell , for tobacco , and whether any tobacco bee in the said ship , or vessell , to their knowledge , and whether any tobacco were laden in the said ship or vessell , and bee taken out thereof , and what is become of the same : and if any master of a ship , or other vessell , shall wilfully , or negligently permit , or suffer any tobacco to be imported , or shall otherwise offend , contrary to these presents , euery such master ( because it is in his power to preuent the same ) shall also be answerable vnto us for his contempt herein , and shall be subiect , & lyable to all the paines and penalties aforesaid , aswell as if he himselfe had actually and purposely committed the said offence . and whereas we are informed , that some traders in tobacco , doe vse to import tobacco in forreigne bottomes ; wee strictly charge and command , that no person whatsoeuer , either stranger , denizen , or naturall borne subiect , presume to import any tobacco whatsoeuer , in any forreigne bottome , at any time hereafter , vpon paine of confiscation , not onely of the said tobacco , but also of the ship , or vessell , wherein the same is so imported , and vpon the other paines and penalties aforesaid . and for the better execution of our pleasure herein , we doe hereby command all and singuler customers , comptrollers , searchers , wayters , and other officers , attending in all , and euery the ports , creekes , or places of lading or vnlading , for the taking , collecting , or receiuing of any of our customes , subsidies , or duties , to take notice of this our pleasure : and we do hereby command , and giue power and authoritie vnto them , and euery of them , from time to time , aswell to search any shippe , or other vessell , or bottome , ryding , or lying within any port , hauen , or creeke , within their seuerall charge of attendance , for all tobacco imported , contrary to the intent of this our royall proclamation ; and the same being found , to seize and take to our vse , and also to take notice of the names , and apprehend the bringers in and buyers of the same , to the end they may receiue condigne punishment for their offences , vpon payne , that euery of the said officers , which shall bee found negligent , remisse or corrupt therein , shall lose his place and entertainement , and vndergoe such paines and penalties , as by our lawes , or by the censure of our said court of starre-chamber , may be inflicted vpon them for the same . and we doe likewise , will , ordaine , and appoint , that it shall and may bee lawfull , for such person or persons , as shall be thereunto authorized and appointed , by him , or themselues , or his , or their deputy or deputies , with a lawfull officer to search any shippe , or other vessell , and to enter into any shoppe , house , seller , warehouse , or other suspected places , at lawfull and conuenient times , and there to search , discouer , and find out any tobacco , imported , vttered , sold , or vented , or to be vttered , sold , or vented , not marked or sealed , as aforesaid , contrary to the true meaning hereof , and all such tobacco so found , to seize , take away , and dispose of , and the owners thereof , or in whose custodie the same shall be found , to informe and complaine of , to the end they may receiue punishment , according to our pleasure before herein declared . and further , we doe by these presents , will and require all and singuler mayors , sheriffes , justices of peace , bayliffes , constables , headboroughs , customers , comptrollers , searchers , wayters , and all other our officers and ministers whatsoeuer , that they , and euery of them , in their seuerall places and offices , be diligent and attendant in the execution of this our proclamation , and also ayding and assisting vnto such person and persons , and his and their deputies and assignes , as we shall so , as aforesaid , authorise & appoint , aswell in any search for discouery of any act , or acts to be performed contrary to the intent of these presents , as otherwise , in the doing or executing of any matter or thing , for the accomplishment of this our royall command . and further our will and pleasure is , and wee doe hereby charge and command our atturney generall , for the time being , to informe against such persons in our court of starre-chamber , from time to time , whose contempt and disobedience against this our royall command , shall merit the censure of that court , and to prosecute euery such information speedily and effectually , vntill the same shall bee brought to sentence . and our pleasure and command is , that all the tobacco which vpon any seizure shall become forfeited , shall bee brought to our custome house , next adioyning to the port , or place where the same shall be seized , where the seizor thereof shall deliuer the same to our vse , and the same shall be foorthwith burnt , consumed , and destroyed ; but the offendour , before he be discharged , shall pay to the partie , who seized the said tobacco , the one halfe of the true value thereof : and that such person or persons , whom wee shall appoint , specially by our priuie seale , to take care and charge of the execution of our pleasure in the premisses , shall haue the one halfe of all the fines , to bee imposed vpon euery offendour against this our proclamation , for their encouragement to bee diligent and faithfull , in , and about the performance of that seruice , we shall so commit vnto them . giuen at our honour of hampton court , the nine and twentieth day of september , in the two and twentieth yeere of our reigne of england , france , and ireland , and of scotland the eight and fiftieth . god saue the king. ¶ imprinted at london by bonham norton and iohn bill , printers to the kings most excellent maiestie . . two broad-sides against tobacco the first given by king james of famous memory, his counterblast to tobacco : the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe, his treatise of the scurvy : to which is added, serious cautions against excess in drinking, taken out of another work of the same author, his preservation of health and prolongation of life : with a short collection, out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud, against smoking tobacco : also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards, who have died suddenly, in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward : concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee / corrected and published, as very proper for this age, by j.h. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing j estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : or : ) two broad-sides against tobacco the first given by king james of famous memory, his counterblast to tobacco : the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe, his treatise of the scurvy : to which is added, serious cautions against excess in drinking, taken out of another work of the same author, his preservation of health and prolongation of life : with a short collection, out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud, against smoking tobacco : also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards, who have died suddenly, in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward : concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee / corrected and published, as very proper for this age, by j.h. james i, king of england, - . counterblaste to tobacco. maynwaringe, everard, - ? treatise of the scurvy. thomson, george, th cent. ward, samuel, - . woe to drunkards. sylvester, josuah, - . tobacco battered. [ ], p. : ill. printed for john hancock ..., london : . caption title: tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered ... p. - . caption title: a broad-side against coffee, or, the marriage of the turk p. - . item at reel : identified as wing t (number cancelled in wing nd ed.). reproduction of original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- controversial literature -- early works to . tobacco habit -- controversial literature -- early works to . coffee habit -- controversial literature -- early works to . temperance -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - robyn anspach sampled and proofread - robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion two broad-sides against tobacco : the first given by king james of famous memory ; his counterblast to tobacco . the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe , his treatise of the scurvy . to which is added , serious cautions against excess in drinking : taken out of another work of the same author , his preservation of health and prolongation of life . with a short collection , out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud ; against smoking tobacco . also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards , who have died suddenly , in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward . concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee . collected and published , as very proper for this age ; by j. h. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . animalia omnia sibi metipsis noscunt salutaria , praeter hominem . licensed according to order , june . . london , printed for john hancock , and are to be sold at the three bibles in popes-head-alley , or at other shops , . james by the grace of god king of england scotland france and ireland etc to all taverns , inns , victualling-houses , ale-houses , coffee-houses , strong-water-shops , tobacconists-shops , in england , scotland or ireland . gentle readers , here is presented to you a brief , learned , and a very seasonable treatise for the age we live in : it was many years since penned by king james of happy and blessed memory , entituled , a counterblast to tobacco ; it it here verbatim , faithfully transcribed out of the large and learned volume of his other works in folio , which are rare and scarce to be had for money , and of too great a price for the common sort of tobacco-smokers to purchase : it is granted , the thing may be good , and physical , and healthful , being moderately and but seldom taken ; but for men to take ten or twenty pipes in a day in all companies , morning , noon and night , before and presently after meals ; this is a strange way of taking physick . now the king understanding the evil custom of taking tobacco , or , as we now call it , smoking a pipe , was grown to a great head , he seems to be very much insensed at it , and discovers how it first came into england , and its first original ; and how that it was used much amongst the savage indians , to cure lewes venerea , a disease among them : his majesty wisely fore-seeing the evil consequences that would follow , by such immoderate sucking in the foul smoke of this indian weed , and he being the physician of the body politick , doth by many strong and excellent arguments , disswade his subjects from imitating the practise of the heathen indians , in drinking this noxious fume . it was in his time but a novelty , and practised but a little , except amongst the nobility , gentry , or great ones : but now what is more frequently used in every ale-house and coffee-house , besides great inns and taverns in london , and all the three kingdoms over . whereas if men were so wise for their own good , both in body , soul , and estate , as to handle a good book , either of divinity , or of morality , half so often as they do the pipe of smoke , it would be better for them in all respects , more precious time and money would be saved . i shall detain you no longer from a more learned epistle and treatise of the matter in hand : and as king solomon , who was the wisest of kings , saith in his book of ecclesiastes , that where the word of a king is , there is power ; so i say , if what our famous king james hath written , be not of power sufficient to divert all english men , &c. from this evil and hurtful custom ; it is here seconded , and backed home , by the words and advice of an able and learned doctor of physick now living ; it being so sutable to the purpose , was thought fit to be added to this counterblast . and that it may not be said ( as the common proverb is ) to be only one doctors opinion , i have thought sit to add another , collected out of a treatise of the bloud , written by that learned physician dr. george thompson , who agreeth with the former against smoking tobacco , as dangerous . i apprehend , that what hath been spoken against drinking tobacco , may much more be said against immoderate drinking of wine , ale , beer , or any strong liquors , and dishes of coffee , &c. thus hoping thou wilt make a good use of what is here gathered together , and offered for thy good , i rest a well-wisher to thy health , j. h. to the reader . as every humane body ( dear country-men ) how wholsome soever , is notwithstanding subject , or at least naturally inclined to some sorts of diseases or infirmities : so is here no common-wealth , or body-politick , how well governed or peaceable soever it be , that lacks their own popular errors , and naturally inclined corruptions ; and therefore it is no wonder , although this our country and common-wealth , though peaceable , though wealthy , though long flourishing in both , be amongst the rest , subject to their own natural infirmities . we are of all nations the people most loving , and most reverently obedient to our prince ; yet we are ( as time hath often born witness ) too easie to be seduced to make rebellion upon very slight grounds . our fortunate and oft-proved valour in wars abroad , our hearty and reverent obedience to our princes at home , hath given us a long , and thrice-happy peace ; our peace hath bred wealth : and peace and wealth hath brough forth a general sluggishness , which makes us wallow in all sorts of idle delights , and soft delicacies , the first seeds of the subversion of all great monarchies . our clergy are become negligent and lasie , our nobility and gentry prodigal , and sold to their private delights ; our lawyers covetous , our common people prodigal and curious ; and generally all sorts of people more careful for their private ends , then for their mother the common-wealth . for remedy whereof , it is the king's part ( as the proper physician of his politick body ) to purge it of all those diseases , by medicines meet for the same ; as by a certain mild , and yet just form of government , to maintain the publick quietness , and prevent all occasions of commotion ; by the example of his own person and court , to make us all ashamed of our sluggish delicacy , and to stir us up to the practice again of all honest exercises , and martial shadows of war ; as likewise by his , and his courts moderateness in apparel , to make us ashamed of our prodigality : by his quick admonitions , and careful over-seeing of the clergy , to waken them up again , to be more diligent in their offices : by the sharp tryal , and severe punishment of the partial , covetous , and bribing lawyers , to reform their corruptions : and generally by the example of his own person , and by the due execution of good laws , to reform and abolish piece and piece , these old and evil-grounded abuses : for this will not be opus unius diei , but as every one of these diseases , must from the king receive the one cure proper for it ; so are there some sorts of abuses in common-wealths , that though they be of so base and contemptible a condition , as they are too low for the law to look on , and too mean for a king to interpose his authority , or bend his eye upon ; yet are they corruptions , as well as the greatest of them . so is an ant an animal as well as an elephant ; so is a wren avis , as well as a swan ; and so is a small dint of the tooth-ach a disease , as well as the fearful plague is . but for these base sorts of corruption in common-wealths ; not only the king , or any inferiour magistrate , but quilibet ê populo may serve to be a physician , by discovering and impugning the error , and by perswading reformation thereof . and surely in my opinion , there cannot be a more base , and yet hurtful corruption in a country , then is the vile use ( or rather abuse ) of taking tobacco in this kingdome , which hath moved me shortly to discover the abuses in this following little pamphlet . if any think it a light argument , so it is but a toy that is bestowed upon it . and since the subject is but of smoke , i think the fume of an idle brain , may serve for a sufficient battery against so fumous a feblean enemy . if my grounds be found true , it is all i look for ; but if they carry the force of perswasion with them , it is all i can wish , and more then i can expect . my only care is , my dear country-men may rightly conceive even by this smallest trifle , of the sincerity of my meaning in greater matters , never to spare any pains , that may tend to the procuring of your weale and prosperity . a counterblast to tobacco . that the manifold abuses of this vile custome of tobacco-taking , may the better be espied ; it is fit , that first you enter into consideration both of the first original thereof , and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this countrey ; for certainly as such customs that have their first institution , either from a godly , necessary , or honourable ground , and are first brought in by the means of some worthy , vertuous , and great personage ; are ever , and most justly holden in great and reverent estimation and account by all wife , vertuous and temperate spirits : so should it by the contrary , justly bring a great disgrace into that sort of customs , which having their original from base corruption and barbarity , do , in like sort , make their first entry into a country , by an inconsiderate and childish affectation of novelty , as is the true case of the first ▪ invention of tobacco-taking , and of the first entry thereof amongst us . for tobacco being a common herb , which ( though under divers names ) grows almost every where , was first found out by some of the barbarous indians to be a preservative , or antidote against the pox , a filthy disease , whereunto these barbarous people are ( as all men know ) very much subject , what through the uncleanly and adust constitution of their bodies , and what through the intemperate heat of their climate . so that as from them , was first brought into christendome , that most detestable disease : so from them likewise was brought this use of tobacco , as a stinking and unsavory antidote , for so corrupted and execrable a malady ; the stinking suffumigation whereof they yet use against that disease , making so one canker or vermine to eat out another . and now , good country-men , let us ( i pray you ) consider what honour or policy can move us to imitate the barbarous and beastly manners of the wild , godless and slavish indians , especially in so vile and stinking a custome ▪ shall we that disdain to imitate the manners of our neighbour france , ( having the stile of the great christian kingdome ) and that cannot endure the spirit of the spaniards ( their king being now comparable in largeness of dominions , to the greatest emperour of turky ; ) shall we , i say , that have been so long civil and wealthy in peace , famous and invincible in war , fortunate in both ; we that have been ever able to aid any of our neighbours ( but never deafed any of their ears with any of our supplications for assistance ; ) shall we , i say , without blushing , abase our selves so far , as to imitate these beastly indians , slaves to the spaniards , réfuse to the world , and as yet aliens from the holy covenant of god ? why do we not as well imitate them in walking naked , as they do , in preferring glasses , feathers , and such toys , to gold and precious stones , as they do ? yea , why do we not deny god , and adore the devil , as they do . now to the corrupted baseness of the first use of this tobacco , doth very well agree the foolish and groundless first entry thereof into this kingdom : it is not so long since the first entry of this abuse amongst us here , as this present age cannot yet very well remember , both the first author , and the form of the first introduction of it against us . it was neither brought in by king , great conqueror , nor learned doctor of physick . with the report of a great discovery for a conquest , some two or three savage men were brought in , together with this savage custome : but the pity is , the poor , wild , barbarous men died ; but that vile barbarous custome is yet alive , yea in fresh vigour , so as it seems a miracle to me , how a custome springing from so vile a ground , and brought in by a father so generally hated , should be welcomed upon so slender a warrant : for if they that first put it in practice here , had remembred for what respect it was used by them from whence it came ; i am sure they would have been loath to have taken so far the imputation of that disease upon them as they did , by using the cure thereof ; for sanis non est opus medico , and counter-poysons are never used , but where poyson is thought to proceed . but since it is true , that divers customs slightly grounded , and with no better warrant entred in a common-wealth , may yet in the use of them thereafter , prove both necessary and profitable ; it is therefore next to be examined , if there be not a ful sympathy and true proportion between the base ground and foolish entry , and the loathsome and hurtful use of this stinking antidote . i am now therefore heartily to pray you to consider , first upon what false and erroneous grounds you have first built the general good liking thereof ; and next , what sins towards god , and foolish vanities before the world , you commit in the detestable use of it . as for those deceitful grounds , that have specially moved you to take a good and great conceit thereof : i shall content my self to examine here onely four of the principals of them , two founded upon the theorick of a deceivable appearance of reason , and two of them upon the mistaken practick of general experience . first , it is thought by you a sure aphorisme in the physick ; that the brains of all men being naturally cold and wet , all dry and hot things should be good for them , of which nature this stinking suffumigation is , and therefore of good use to them . of this argument both the proposition and assumption are false , and so the conclusion cannot but be void of it self : for as to the proposition , that because the brains are cold and moist , therefore things that are hot and dry are best for them ; it is an inept consequence : for man being compounded of the four complexions ( whose fathers are the four elements ) although there be a mixture of them all , in all the parts of his body , yet must the divers parts of our microcosme , or little world within our selves , be diversly more inclined , some to one , some to another complexion , according to the diversity of their uses ; that of these discords a perfect harmony may be made up for the maintenance of the whole body . the application then of a thing of a contrary nature to any of these parts , is to interrupt them of their due function , and by consequence hurtful to the health of the whole body ; as if a man , because the liver is as the fountain of bloud , and , as it were , an oven to the stomach , would therefore apply and wear close upon his liver and stomach a cake of lead , he might within a very short time ( i hope ) be sustained very good cheap at an ordinary , besides the clearing of his conscience from that deadly sin of gluttony : and as if because the heart is full of vital spirits , and in perpetual motion ; a man would therefore lay a heavy pound stone on his breast , for staying and holding down that wanton palpitation ; i doubt not but his breast would be more bruised with the weight thereof ▪ then the heart would be comforted with such a disagreeable and contrarious cure. and even so is it with the brains ; for if a man because the brains are cold and humide , would therefore use inwardly by smells , or outwardly by application , things of hot and dry quality ; all the gain that he could make thereof , would onely be to put himself in great forwardness for running mad , by over-watching himself ; the coldness and moisture of our brains being the onely ordinary means that procure our sleep and rest . indeed , i do not deny , that when it falls out that any of these , or any part of our body , grows to be distempered , and to tend to an extremity beyond the compass of natures temperate mixture , that in that case cures of contrary qualities to the intemperate inclination of that part being wisely prepared , and discreetly ministred , may be both necessary and helpful for strengthening and assisting nature in the expulsion of her enemies ; for this is the true definition of all profitable physick . but first , these cures ought not to be used , but where there is need of them ; the contrary whereof is daily practiced in this general use of tobacco , by all sorts and complexions of people . and next , i deny the minor of this argument , as i have already said , in regard that this tobacco is not simply of a dry and hot quality , but rather hath a certain venomous faculty joyned with the heat thereof , which makes it have an antipathy against nature , as by the hateful smell thereof doth well appear ; for the nose being the proper organ and convoy of the sence of sinelling to the brains , which are the onely fountain of that sence , doth ever serve us for an infallible witness , whether that odour which we smell be healthful or hurtful to the brain , ( except when it falls out that the sence it self is corrupted and abused , through some infirmity and distemper in the brain : ) and that the suffumigation thereof cannot have a drying quality , it needs no further probation , then that it is a smoke , all smoke and vapour being of it self humide , as drawing near to the nature of the air , and easie to be resolved again into water , whereof there needs no other proof but the meteors , which being bred of nothing else but of the vapors and exhalations sucked up by the sun out of the earth , the sea and waters ; yet are the same smoky vapors turned and transformed into rains , snows , dews , hoar-frosts , and such like watry meteors ; as by the contrary , the rainy clouds are often transformed and evaporated in blustering winds . the second argument grounded on a shew of reason , is , that this filthy smoke , as well through the heat and strength thereof , as by a natural force and quality , is able and fit to purge both the head and stomach of rheumes and distillations , as experience teacheth by the spitting , and avoiding flegm , immediately after the taking of it . but the fallacy of this argument may easily appear , by my late proceeding description of the meteors ; for even as the smoky vapours sucked by the sun , and stayed in the lowest and cold region of the air , are there contracted into clouds , and turned into rain , and such other watry meteors ; so this stinking smoke being sucked up by the nose , and imprisoned in the cold and moist brains , is by their cold and wet faculty turned and cast forth again in watry distillations , and so are you made free , and purged of nothing , but that wherewith you wilfully burdened your selves ; and therefore are you no wiser in taking tobacco for purging you of distillations , then if for preventing the cholick , you would take all kind of windy meats and drinks ; and for preventing of the stone , you would take all kind of meats and drinks that would breed gravel in the kidneys ; and then when you were forced to avoid much wind out of your stomach , and much gravel in your urine , that you should attribute the thank thereof to such nourishments as breed those within you , that behoved either to be expelled by the force of nature , or you to have burst at the broad side , as the proverb is . as for the other two reasons founded upon experience ▪ the first of which is , that the whole people would not have taken so general a good liking thereof , if they had not by experience found it very soveraign and good for them : for answer thereunto , how easily the minds of any people , wherewith god hath replenished this world , may be drawn to the foolish affectation of any novelty , i leave it to the discreet judgment of any man that is reasonable . do we not daily see , that a man can no sooner bring over from beyond the seas any new form of apparel , but that he cannot be thought a man of spirit , that would not presently imitate the same ; and so from hand to hand it spreads , till it be practised by all ; not for any commodity that is in it , but only because it is come to be the fashion ; for such is the force of that natural self-love in every one of us , and such is the corruption of envy bred in the breast of every one , as we cannot be content , unless we imitate every thing that our fellows do , and so prove our selves capable of every thing whereof they are capable , like apes , counterfeiting the manners of others to our own destruction . for let one or two of the greatest masters of mathematicks in any of the two famous universities , but constantly affirm any clear day , that they see some strange apparition in the skies ; they will , i warrant you , be seconded by the greatest part of the students in that profession ; so loath will they be , to be thought inferiour to their fellows either in depth of knowledge or sharpness of sight : and therefore the general good liking , and embracing of this foolish custome , doth but onely proceed from that affectation of novelty and popular error , whereof i have already spoken . and the other argument drawn from a mistaken experience , is but the more particular probation of this general , because it is alledged to be found true by proof , that by the taking of tobacco , divers , and very many , do find themselves cured of divers diseases , as on the other part no man ever received harm thereby . in this argument , there is first a great mistaking , and next a monstrous absurdity ; for is not a very great mistaking , to take non causam pro causa , as they say in the logicks ; because peradventure when a sick man hath had his disease at the heighth , he hath at that instant taken tobacco , and afterward his disease taking the natural course of declining , and consequently the patient of recovering his health , o then the tobacco forsooth was the worker of that miracle ! beside that , it is a thing well known to all physicians , that the apprehension and conceit of the patient hath by wakening and uniting the vital spirits , and so strengthening nature , a great power and vertue to cure divers diseases : for an evident proof of mistaking in the like case , i pray what foolish boy , what silly wench , what old doting wife , or ignorant country clown , is not physician for the tooth ach , for the cholick , and divers such common diseases ; yea , will not every man you meet withall teach you a sundry cure for the same , and swear by that mean , either himself , or some of his nearest kindsmen and friends was cured ; and yet , i hope , no man is so foolish as to believe them : and all these toys do onely proceed from the mistaking non causam pro causa , as i have already said ; and so if a man chance to recover one of any disease after he hath taken tobacco , that must have the thanks of all : but by the contrary , if a man smoke himself to death with it ( as many have done ) o then some other disease must bear the blame for that fault ! so do old harlots thank their harlotry for their many years , that custom being healthful ( say they ) ad purgandos renes , but never have mind how many die of the pox in the flower of their youth : and so do old drunkards think they prolong their days by their swine-like diet , but never remember how many die drowned in drink before they be half old . and what greater absurdity can there be then to say , that one cure shall serve for divers , nay contrarious sorts of diseases . it is an undoubted ground among all physicians , that there is almost no sort , either of nourishment or medicine , that hath not some thing in it disagreeable to some part of mans body , because , as i have already said , the nature of the temperature of every part is so different from another , that according to the old proverb , that which is good for the head is evil for the neck and the shoulders : for even as a strong enemy that invades a town or fortress , although in his siege thereof he do belay and compass it round about , yet he makes his breach and entry at some one or few special parts thereof , which he hath tryed and found to be weakest and least able to resist : so sickness doth make her particular assault upon such part or parts of our body as are weakest and easiest to be overcome by that sort of disease which then doth assail us , although all the rest of the body , by sympathy , feel it self to be as it were belaid and besieged by the affliction of that special part , the grief and smart thereof being by the sence of feeling dispersed through all the rest of the members ; and therefore the skilful physician presses by such cures to purge and strengthen that part which is afflicted , as are onely fit for that sort of disease , and do best agree with the nature of that infirm part ; which being abused to a disease of another nature , would prove as hurtful to the one , as helpful for the other ; yea , not onely will a skillful and wary physician be careful to use no cure , but that which is fit for that sort of disease ; but he will also consider all other circumstances , and make the remedies sutable thereunto , as the temperature of the clime , where the patient is , the constitution of the planets , the time of the moon , the season of the year , the age and complexion of the patient , the present state of his body in strength or weakness : for one cure must not ever be used for the self same disease , but according to the varying of any of the aforesaid circumstances , that sort of remedy must be used which is fittest for the same : where by the contrary in this case , such is the miraculous omnipotency of our strong-tasted tobacco , as it cures all sorts of diseases ( which never any drug could do before ) in all persons , and at all times . it cures all manner of distillations , either in head or stomach ( if you believe their axioms ) although in very deed it do both corrupt the brain , and , by causing over quick digestion , fill the stomach full of crudities . it cures the gout in the feet , and ( which is miraculous ) in that very instant when the smoke thereof , as light , flyes up into the head , the vertue thereof , as heavy , runs down to the little toe : it helps all sorts of agues ; it makes a man sober , that was drunk ; it refreshes a weary man , and yet makes a man hungry ; being taken when they go to bed , it makes one sleep soundly ; and yet being taken when a man is sleepy and drowsie , it will , as they say , awaken his brain , and quicken his understanding ; as for curing of the pox , it serves for that use , but among the pocky indian slaves . here in england it is refined , and will not deign to cure here any other then cleanly and gentlemanly diseases . o omnipotent power of tobacco ! and if it could by the smoke thereof chase out devils , as the smoke of tobias fish did ( which , i am sure , could smell no stronger ) it would serve for a precious relict , both for the superstitious priests , and the insolent puritans , to cast out devils withall . admitting then , and not confessing , that the use thereof were healthful for some sorts of diseases , should it be used for all sicknesses ? should it be used by all men ? should it be used at all times ? yea , should it be used by able , young , strong , healthful men ? medicine hath that vertue , that it never leaves a man in that state wherein it finds him ; it makes a sick man whole , but a whole man sick : and as medicine helps nature , being taken at times of necessity ; so being ever and continually used , it doth but weaken , weary , and wear nature . what speak i of medicine ? nay , let a man every hour of the day , or as oft as many in this country use to take tobacco ; let a man , i say , but take as oft the best sorts of nourishments , in meat and drink , that can be devised , he shall , with the continual use thereof , weaken both his head and his stomach , all his members shall become feeble , his spirits dull , and in the end , as a drowsie , lasie belly-god , he shall evanish in a lethargy . and from this weakness it proceeds , that many in this kingdom have had such a continual use of taking this unsavory smoke , as now they are not able to forbear the same , no more then an old drunkard can abide to be long sober , without falling into an incurable weakness , and evil constitution ; for their continual custom hath made to them habitum , alteram naturam : so to those that , from their birth , have been continually nourished upon poyson , and things venemous , wholesome meats are onely poysonable . thus having , as i trust , sufficiently answered the most principal arguments that are used in defence of this vile custome . it rests onely to inform you , what sins and vanities you commit in the filthy abuse thereof : first , are you not guilty of sinful and shameful lust , ( for lust may be as well in any of the sences as in feeling ) that although you be troubled with no disease , but in perfect health , yet can you neither be merry at an ordinary , nor lascivious in the stews , if you lack tobacco to provoke your apetite to any of those sorts of recreation ; lusting after it as the children of israel did in the wilderness after quails . secondly , it is as you use , or rather abuse it , a branch of the sin of drunkenness , which is the root of all sins ; for as the onely delight that drunkards take in wine , is in the strength of the tast , and the force of the fume thereof that mounts up to the brain ; for no drunkards love any weak or sweet drink ; so are not those ( i mean the strong heat and fume ) the only qualities that make tobacco so delectable to all the lovers of it ? and as no man likes strong heady drink the first day ( because nemo repente fit turpissimus ) but by custom is piece and piece allured , while , in the end , a drunkard will have as great a thrist to be drunk , as a sober man to quench his thirst with a draught , when he hath need of it . so is not this the very case of all the great takers of tobacco , which therefore they themselves do attribute to a bewitching quality in it ? thirdly , is it not the greatest sin of all , that you , the people of all sorts of this kingdom , who are created and ordained by god , to bestow both your persons and goods for the maintainance both of the honour and safety of your king and common-wealth , should disable your selves in both ? in your persons , having by this continual vile custom brought your selves to this shameful imbecillity , that you are not able to ride or walk the journey of a jews sabbath , but you must have a reeky coal brought you from the next poor house to kindle your tobacco with ; whereas he cannot be thought able for any service in the wars , that cannot endure oftentimes the want of meat , drink and sleep , much more then must he endure the want of tobacco . in the times of the many glorious and victorious battles fought by this nation , there was no word of tobacco ; but now if it were time of wars , and that you were to make some sudden cavalcado upon your enemies ; if any of you should seek leisure to stay behind his fellow for taking of tobacco , for my part , i should never be sorry for any evil chance that might befall him : to take a custome in any thing that cannot be left again , is most harmful to the people of any land. mollities and delicacy were the rack and overthrow , first of the persian , and next of the roman empire . and this very custom of taking tobacco ( whereof our present purpose is ) is even at this day accompted so effeminate among the indians themselves , as in the market they will offer no price for a slave to be sold , whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker . now how you are by this custome disabled in your goods , let the gentry of this land bear witness , some of them bestowing three , some four hundred pounds a year upon this precious stink , which , i am sure , might be bestowed upon many far better uses . i read indeed of a knavish courtier , who for abusing the favour of the emperour alexander severus his master , by taking bribes to intercede for sundry persons in his masters ear ( for whom he never once opened his mouth ) was justly choked with smoke , with this doom , fumo pereat qui fumum vendidit . but of so many smoke-buyers as are at this present in this kingdom , i never read nor heard . and for the vanities committed in this filthy custome , is it not both great vanity and uncleanness , that at the table , a place of respect , of cleanliness , of modesty , men should not be ashamed to sit tossing of tobacco-pipes , and puffing of the smoke of tobacco one to another , making the filthy smoke and stink thereof to exhale athwart the dishes , and infect the air , when very often men that abhor it are at their repast : surely smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a dining chamber , and yet it makes a kitchin also oftentimes in the inward parts of men , soyling and infecting them with an unctious and oylie kind of soot , as hath been found in some great tobacco-takers , that after their death were opened : and not onely meat-time , but no other time nor action is exempted from the publique use of this uncivil trick ; so as if the wives of diep list to contest with this nation for good manners , their worst manners would in all reason be found at least not so dishonest , as ours are in this point , the publick use whereof at all times , and in all places , hath now so far prevailed , as divers men very sound both in judgment and complexion , have been at last forced to take it also , without desire , partly because they were ashamed to seem singular , ( like the two philosophers that were forced to duck themselves in that rain-water , and so became fools as well as the rest of the people ) and partly to be as one that was content to eat garlick ( which he did not love ) that he might not be troubled with the smell of it in the breath of his fellows . and is it not a great vanity that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now , but straight they must be in hand with tobacco : no , it is become in place of a cure , a point of good fellowship ; and he that will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows ( though by his own election he would rather smell the savor of a sink ) is accompted peevish , and no good company ; even as they do with tipling in the cold eastern countries : yea the mistriss cannot in a more mannerly kind entertain her servant , then by giving him out of her fair hand a pipe of tobacco ; but herein is not only a great vanity , but a great contempt of god's good gifts , that the sweetness of mans breath being a good gift of god , should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking smoke , wherein i must confess it hath too strong a vertue , and so that which is an ornament of nature , and can neither by any artifice be at the first acquired , nor once lost be recovered again , shall be filthily corrupted with an incurable stink , which vile quality is as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is holden of the wholesomeness thereof , as the venome of putrifaction is contrary to the vertue preservative . moreover , which is a great iniquity , and against all humanity , the husband shall not be ashamed to reduce thereby his delicate , wholesome , and clean-complexion'd wife to that extremity , that either she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith , or else resolve to live in a perpetual stinking torment . have you not reason then to be ashamed , and to forbear this filthy novelty , so basely grounded , so foolishly received , and so grosly mistaken in the right use thereof : in your abuse thereof sinning against god , harming your selves both in persons and goods , and raking also thereby the marks and notes of vanity upon you ; by the custome thereof , making your selves to be wondered at by all forreign civil nations , and by all strangers that come among you , to be scorned and contempted ; a custome loathsome to the eye , hateful to the nose , harmful to the brain , dangerous to the lungs , and in the black stinking fume thereof , nearest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomless . dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco , collected out of his treatise of the scurvy , page . another grand procuring and promoting cause of the scurvy is , tobacco ; not taken notice of by any i meet with in print . and here we may charge much of the frequency , and the unwonted phaenomena , or symptomatical appearance of this disease , upon the late custome of taking tobacco . many wonder that the scurvy should so much abound now in most places , and become so common and obvious now to every eye , that was so rarely taken notice of in former times , notwithstanding some of its procuring causes were very antique . but we need not wonder so much , if we consider the manner of living in former ages , compared with our own ; new customes and diets beget new diseases , or modifie the old so , as they seem to be new , in their unwonted manner , or frequency of appearance . the scurvy being altered and differenced now from what it was in ancient times ; that the phaenomena or symptomes of the disease in the syndrome and concurrence , is not exact alike with the description of the ancients ; which hath caused a doubt , and it is held by some physicians , that the scurvy is a new disease : but it is the old scurvy dressed in a new garb , which by new procuring causes , and additional complications , is become more depraved , more frequent , and more enlarged : few persons but harbour this unwelcome guest . as an additional procurer of the scurvy , tobacco comes now to be examined , since whose general use the scurvy hath much increased , and is become the most epidemical . that this plant is injurious and destructive to nature , and consequently an introducer of the scurvy will appear , if we consider the effects that supervene and follow the taking of it . the consequents or effects may be divided into two sorts ; first , such as accompany or supervene the first use of it . secondly , such as follow the long and constant use of it . symptoms arising upon the first and unaccustomed use of smoking it , are vomiting , giddiness , fainting , drunkenness sleepiness , depravation of the sences , and such like as follow upon the taking of some kind of poysons . effects upon the accustomed familiar use of it , are , salivation , drawing a flux of moisture to the mouth , and drayning the body ; heat , dryness , lassitude and weariness of the spirits , a dulness and indisposition of mind after ; apt to sleep , a filthy unsavory tast in the mouth , a check to to the stomach or appetite . the latent and more secret effects wrought in the body by the constant smoking of tobacco , are ; the inducing a scorbutick disposition , and promoting it where it is already radicated . and this is procured these wayes : first , by depressing the spirits , and alienating them from their genuine propriety and purity . secondly , by vitiating the stomach , and depraving the palate . thirdly , by exhausting the dulcid good juyce of the body , leaving behind and procuring the remainder more viscous , acrid and sharpe . fourthly , by prejudicing and weakening the lungs and vital parts . that it hath a property to depress and clog the spirits , is apparent by its narcotick vertue , causing a dulness , heaviness , lassitude , and disposing to sleep after the use of it . that it alienates the spirits , is concluded from its virulent nature , and discord with our nature , and that is argued from the symptoms that attend the first use . that it is noxious to the stomach ( the first grand laboratory of the body ) is rational to assert : for , as tobacco affects the mouth with an ill stinking tast , so the stomach also goes not free , but is tainted with it ; which is communicated to the food received . now considering the nature of tobacco , as it is hot and dry , acrid , salt , biting , purgative , or rather virulent , altogether medicinal , and not alimental ; and this constantly to impregnate and tincture our nutrimental succus with these properties and qualities ; we cannot otherwise expect by length of time and daily use , but that it will shew its power and vertue to change and alter our bodies ; since it is not nutritive , but medicinal ; estranged , and at a great distance from the nature of our bodies , not fit to nourish , but to alter and produce some notable effects . so great a sympathy there is between the stomach and mouth , that the one is not affected , but the other is drawn into consent ; if the stomach be foul , the mouth hath an ill relish ; and if the mouth distasts any thing , the stomach nauseates at it . now this great harmony and consent between these two , ariseth upon this accompt ; the mouth is appointed by nature the stomachs taster , to judge and discern what is fit and agreeable for the stomach to receive ; and therefore the same membrane which invests the mouth , and is the instrument of tasting , does also line the stomach ; so that hereby what is pleasant and acceptable in the mouth , is gratefully received into the stomach : now by this affinity and sympathy , you may rationally conclude , that vitiating of the tast by tobacco , and tainting the mouth with its stinking scent , must of necessity communicate the same to the stomach , which takes physick every time you take tobacco ; does mix with and infect the chile of the stomach , and is conveyed with it into all parts of the body ; and having so great a medicinal power , must needs alter and change the body , according to the properties it is endowed with , by the constant use , and daily reception of it . now tobacco being of an acrimonious , hot , dry , &c. nature , does pervert and change the balsamick juyces of the body into a more sharpe and fiery temper , and alienate them ; whereby they are not so amicable and fit for nutrition , as many scorbutick tobacconists do evidence upon examination , and their constitution changed by the evil use of this plant ; and it is very reasonable to expect it , and impute such alterations to the use thereof , since they are the proper effects of such a cause . the more remarkable discovery , and frequency of the scurvy , may well and justly be imputed to tobacco , since of latter years that tobacco hath been in use , and in those countries where tobacco is much taken , it doth abound most . although i discommend the use of tobacco by smoking it , as an injurious custome , yet i highly applaud it , as very medicinal , being rightly used . i remember about fifteen years since , a patient of mine in derby-shire , fell into a great paroxysm of an asthma , almost to suffocation ; i exhibited a dose of the syrup of tobacco , which gave him present help , and within a few hours was relieved , that he could draw his breath with much ease and freedome : and about a year after , at maxfield in cheshire , i cured a gentlewoman of an ulcer in ano of seven years standing , chiefly with the ointment of tobacco ; and although other things were used , yet i ascribe most of the cure to that unguent . and in many other cases tobacco is of good use , which i have experienced ; but smoking of it i find to be hurtful , if it be customary . i shall not be so strict and severe against the use of it , as to forbid all persons the smoking it upon any score whatever ; for that which may be used at certain times as medicinal upon just occasions requiring , in some persons , may prove very bad and pernicious upon the constant and general use . and this is the case of tobacco . tobacconists , whom custome hath ensnared , and brought them to delight in it , are willing to be perswaded and deluded , that it is good and wholesome , at least harmless . the pretences which they urge in defence of it , are such as these : some plead for it , and use it after meat , as a help to digestion , and therefore take it as a good remedy against a bad stomach and weak digestion . to this i answer , they are much mistaken herein , not distinguishing between digestion , and precipitation of meat out of the stomach ; digestion is not performed but in due time , by retexture , alteration , fermentation , and volatization of meát ; and till then , is not fit to pass out of the digestive-office , which requires some hours more or less , according to the nature of the food received , of facil or difficil digestion ; now that which provokes the stomach to a distribution of semi-digested chyle , and unloading it self before digestion be finished and perfected ; offers great injury to the body ; ( and this is the case of tobacco by its laxative stimulating properties ) which error committed in the first digestive-office , is not corrected , nor the damage recompenced by the acuteness and strong elaborations of the subsequent digestions ; and for this reason in part , the scurvy is procured hereby . some take tobacco for refreshment after labour , and divertisement of serious thoughts , being tired with business , study and musing . true it is , tobacco puts a suspension upon serious thoughts , and gives a relaxation for a time in some persons ; others contemplate , and run over their business with more delight , by the help and during the taking of a pipe : but both these persons though seemingly delighted and refreshed for a short time , yet afterwards the spirits are lassated and tired , and are more flat , dull and somnolent , when the pipe is out ; this was but a cheat ; the spirits were not truly refreshed , invigorated and reinforced ; as wine does enliven and make brisk the spirits , by affording and communicating an additional supply ; but by the fume of tobacco the spirits are a little inebriated and agitated by an other motion then their own , which is a seeming refreshment ; and short , not real , substantial and lasting . others plead for tobacco , and take it as a remedy against rheume , because a great dryer and exhauster of superfluous moistures . to evince the error of this opinion , consider what is the cause whereby rheumes and crude moisture in the body do abound ; and then you will plainly see , whether smoking tobacco be a proper or likely remedy to prevent or oppose it . phlegm and superfluous moisture does arise and abound in the body , from a deficiency and debility of the digestions , as also impediment or impotency of the expulsive faculty , that the remainders after digestion be not transmitted by the common ductures . now this fume of tobacco gives no roboration , adds no strength to the digestive faculties , having no symbolical qualities to comply with , and assist them , is very plain . also that separation and expulsion of super ▪ fluous moisture by this fume , is not promoted and transmitted through the more commodious ductures and passages appointed by nature for emission ; onely a salivation by the mouth is procured , which brings no advantage , but detriment ; for this flux of moisture doth not arise as critical , from the impulsion of nature , separating and protruding ; but from a promiscuous attraction of fluid moisture , ( by vertue of its acrimonious heat ) as well the laudable , util succus , as the degenerated and superfluous ; so that constantly draining the body of this dulcid serosity , must cause many inconveniencies through the want of it , in as much as it is very serviceable to the body , in the integrity of its nature , but being alienated , is then reduced or vented by better means , nature concurring with the medicine : but admit this did attract only excrementitious moisture ( which it does not ) yet considering it vitiates the stomach , and impregnates the chyle , with its evil properties , 't is much better to forbear then to use it ; that benefit would not recompence this injury . and further , that which is a preventing or curative remedy of superfluous moisture , rheume , or phlegmatique matter , applies à priori to the digestions , the springs from whence such effects do arise ; not à posteriori to the producted matter , which this fume seems to pump out , but does not stop the leak , is therefore no radical medicine ; and they that smoke tobacco upon this accompt as a great dryer , and exhauster of superfluous moisture , are much deceived in the expected benefit ; it onely brings a current of moisture , which ought to be expended otherwise , but it abates nothing in the fountain or springs ; rather augments , and makes an overflow , ( for the reasons aforesaid ) as tobacconists do evidence by their much spitting . some may say , i never took tobacco , and yet i have the symptomes of the scurvy as bad as any that have taken it . this may be so , from other great procuring causes ; and yet tobacco notwithstanding may be one great procurer in other persons . the scurvy does not require all the procuring causes to concur in its production , but sometimes one , and sometimes another is able to do it ; and although you take no tobacco , yet perhaps your parents did , or theirs ; and it is sufficient to make you fare the worse ; bad customes and abusive living extends farther then the person so offending : it is transmitted to their off-spring , as in another work i have noted in these words . but yet the crime were less , if onely to themselves the prejudice did extend , but also to posterity their diseases are propagated ; the children having impressed upon them , and radicated in the principals of their nature , the seminal power and productive vertue of inordinate and intemperate living of their genitors and progenitors , that the children may bear witness to the following age , the vice and folly of their parents and predecessors , recorded and characterised in them , &c. h●rel y you may understand , that evil customes ( as of smoking tobacco ) do not injure onely the person doing so , but the generation after them are prejudiced : and , here by the way , we may take notice of the many rickity children in this latter age , since the use of tobacco , which disease was not known , before the frequent use of it . tobacco does enervate and debillitate the faculties , that we may rationally expect the children from this generation to be scorbutick , rickity , and more feeble then formerly . amurath the fourth of that name , grand seignior of the turkish empire , put forth his edict against the smoking of tobacco , and made it a capital crime for any that should so use it ; the reason of this severe prohibition was , that it did render his people infertile : i shall not urge the inconvenience of tobacco so far , but this i may assert , that it causeth an infirm generation , by debilliating the parents , and rendering them scorbutick , which impressions are carried in semine to their children , and makes a diseased issue . and i observed in virginia , being some time in that colony , that the planters who had lived long there , being great smokers , were of a withered decayed countenance , and very scorbutick , being exhausted by this imoderate fume ; nor are they long-lived , but do shorten their dayes by the intemperate use of tobacco and brandy . king james , that learned philosophical prinde of this nation , wisely ▪ considering the nature of this plant , and having a good stoxastick head to foresee the inconveniencies that would arise to his people , by the ill custome of smoking it , he being the great physician of the body politick , does excellently dehort his subjects ( being tender of their future welfare ) from this noxious fume , and writes an invective against it ; whose oratory and solid arguments were enough to have broken the neck of this custome , had they any regard to his kindness , or sense of their own good , and of their posterity . i might have enlarged my self upon this subject , and run over most scorbutick symptomes , shewing how they are either first procured or aggravated by this fume : but from what hath been said already , it plainly appears , that tobacco is a great procurer and promoter of the scurvy , in as much as many scorbutick symptomes are the proper effects of smoking tobacco , as lassitude , dulness , somnolency , spitting , ill tast in the mouth , &c. and although some few persons either by the strength of nature , do strongly resist the bad impressions it sets upon several parts of the body , or by the peculiarity of nature is less offensive and hurtful to some , or brings some particular benefit ( amongst its many ill properties ) that makes it seemingly good ; yet insensibly and by time it damageth all ; and those few good effects in some few persons are not of validity to give it a general approbation and use , and free it from the censure of a great procurer of the scurvy , but may be justly reckoned in that catalogue . preservation of health in the choice of drinks , and regular drinking . drink for necessity , not for bad fellowship ; especially soon after meat , which hinders the due fermentation of the stomach , and washeth down before digestion be finished : but after the first concoction , if you have a hot stomach , a dry or costive body , you may drink more freely then others : or if thirst importunes you at any time , to satisfie with a moderate draught is better then to forbear . accustom youth and strong stomachs to small drink ; but stronger drink , and wine , to the infirm and aged : it chears the spirits , quickens the appetite , and helps digestion , moderately taken ▪ but being used in excess , disturbs the course of nature , and procures many diseases : for corpulent gross and fat bodies , thin , hungry , abstersive penetrating wines are best , as white-wine , rhenish , and such like . for lean thin bodies ; black , red and yellow wines , sweet , full bodied and fragrant , are more fit and agreeable ; as malaga , mus●●del , tent , alicant , and such like . for drink ▪ whether it be wholsomer warmed than cold , is much controverted ▪ some stifly contending for the one , and some for the ether : i shall rather chuse the middle way , with limitation and distinction , then impose it upon all as a rule to be observed under the penalty of forfeiting their health , the observations of the one or the other . there are three sorts of persons , one cannot drink cold beer , the other cannot drink warm , the third , either : you that cannot drink cold beer , to you it is hurtful , cools the stomach , and checks it much : therefore keep to warm drink as a wholsome custome : you that cannot drink warm beer , that is , find no refreshment , nor thirst satified by it , you may drink it cold , nor is it injurious to you : you that are indifferent and can drink either , drink yours cold , or warmed , as the company does , since your stomach makes no choice . that warm drink is no bad custom , but agreeable to nature in the generality ; first , because it comes the nearest to the natural temper of the body , and similia similibus conservantur , every thing is preserved by its like , and destroyed by its contrary . secondly , though i do not hold it the principal agent in digestion , yet it does excite , is auxiliary , and a necessary concomitant of a good digestion , ut signum & causa . thirdly , omne frigus per se , & pro viribus destruit ; cold in its own nature , and according to the graduation of its power , extinguisheth natural heat , and is destructive ; but per accidens , and as it is in gradu remisso , it may contemperate , allay , and refresh , where heat abounds , and is exalted . therefore as there is variety of palates and stomachs liking and agreeing best with such kind of meats and drinks , which to others are utterly disgustful , disagreeing and injurious , though good in themselves : so is it in drink warmed or cold ; what one finds a benefit in , the other receives a prejudice ; at least does not find that satisfaction and refreshment , under such a qualification ; because of the various natures , particular appetitions , and idiosyncratical properties of several bodies , one thing will not agree with all : therefore he that cannot drink warm , let him take it cold , and it is well to him ; but he that drinks it warm , does better . and this is to be understood in winter , when the extremity of cold hath congelated and fixed the spirits of the liquor in a torpid inactivity ; which by a gentle warmth are unfettered , volatile and brisk ; whereby the drink is more agreeable and grateful to the stomachs fermenting heat being so prepared , then to be made so by it . there are three sorts of drinkers : one drinks to satisfie nature , and to support his body ; without which he cannot well subsist , and requires it as necessary to his being . another drinks a degree beyond this man , and takes a larger dose , with this intention , to exhilarate and chear his mind , to banish cares and trouble , and help him to sleep the better ; and these two are lawful drinkers . a third drinks neither for the good of the body , or the mind , but to stupisie and drown both ; by exceeding the former bounds , and running into excess , frustrating those ends for which drink was appointed by nature ; converting this support of life and health , making it a procurer of sickness and untimely death . many such there are , who drink not to satifie nature , but force it down many times contrary to natural inclination ; and when there is a reluctancy against it : as drunkards , that pour in liquor , not for love of the drink , or that nature requires it by thirst , but onely to maintain the mad frollick , and keep the company from breaking up . some to excuse this intemperance , hold it as good physick to be drunk once a moneth , and plead for that liberty as a wholsome custome , and quote the authority of a famous physician for it . whether this opinion be allowable , and to be admitted in the due regiment for preservation of health , is fit to be examined . it is a canon established upon good reason ; that every thing exceeding its just bounds , and golden mediocrity , is hurtful to nature . the best of things are not excepted in this general rule ; but are restrained and limited here to a due proportion . the supports of life may prove the procurers of death , if not qualified and made wholsome by this corrective . meat and drink is no longer sustenance , but a load and overcharge , if they exceed the quantum due to each particular person ; and then they are not , what they are properly in themselves , and by the appointment of nature , the preservatives of life and health ; but the causes of sickness , and consequently of death . drink was not appointed man , to discompose and disorder him in all his faculties , but to supply , nourish , and strengthen them . drink exceeding its measure , is no longer a refreshment , to irrigate and water the thirsty body , but makes an inundation to drown and suffocate the vital powers . it puts a man out of the state of health , and represents him in such a degenerate condition both in respect of body and mind , that we may look upon the man , as going out of the world , because he is already gone out of himself , and strangely metamorphosed from what he was . i never knew sickness or a disease , to be good preventing physick ; and to be drunk , is no other then an unsound state , and the whole body out of frame by this great change . what difference is there between sickness and drunkenness ? truly i cannot distinguish them otherwise then as genus and species : drunkenness being a raging disease , denominated and distinguished from other sicknesses , by its procatartick or procuring cause , drink . that drunkenness is a disease or sickness , will appear in that it hath all the requisites to constitute a disease , and is far distant from a state of health : for as health is the free and regular discharge of all the functions of the body and mind ; and sickness , when the functions are not performed , or weakly and depravedly ▪ then ebriety may properly be said to be a disease or sickness , because it hath the symptoms and diagnostick signs , of an acute and great disease : for , during the time of drunkenness , and some time after , few of the faculties perform rightly , but very depravedly and preternatually : if we examine the intellectual faculties , we shall find the reason gone , the memory lost or much abated , and the will strangely perverted : if we look into the sensitive faculties , they are disordered , and their functions impedited , or performed very deficiently : the eyes do not see well , nor the ears hear well , nor the palate rellish , &c. the speech faulters and is imperfect ; the stomach perhaps vomits or nauseates ; his legs fail : indeed if we look through the whole man , we shall see all the faculties depraved , and their functions either not executed , or very disorderly and with much deficiency . now according to these symptoms in other sicknesses , we judge a man not likely to live long ; and that it is very hard he should recover ; the danger is so great from the many threatning symptoms that attend this sickness , and prognosticate a bad event : here is nothing appears salutary ; but from head to foot , the disease is prevalent in every part ; which being collated ▪ the syndrom is lethal , and judgment to be given so . surely then drunkenness is a very great disease for the time ▪ but because it is not usually mortal , nor lasts long ; therefore it is slighted , and look't upon as a trivial matter that will cure it self . but now the question may be asked ; why is not drunkenness usually mortal ? since the same signs in other diseases are accounted mortal , and the event proves it so . to which i answer ; all the hopes we have that a man drunk should live , is ; first , from common experience that it is not deadly : secondly , from the nature of the primitive or procuring cause , strong drink or wine ; which although it rage , and strangely discompose the man for a time , yet it lasts not long , nor is mortal . the inebriating spirits of the liquor , flowing in so fast , and joyning with the spirits of mans body , make so high a tide , that overflows all the banks and bounds of order : for , the spirits of mans body , those agents in each faculty , act smoothly , regularly and constantly , with a moderate supply ; but being overcharged , and forced out of their natural course , and exercise of their duty , by the large addition of furious spirits ; spurs the functions into strange disorders , as if nature were conflicting with death and dissolution ; but yet it proves not mortal . and this , first , because these adventitious spirits are amicable and friendly to our bodies in their own nature , and therefore not so deadly injurious , as that which is not so familiar or noxious . secondly , because they are very volatile , light , and active ; nature therefore does much sooner recover her self , transpires and sends forth the overplus received ; then if the morbifick matter were more ponderous and fixed ; the gravamen from thence would be much worse and longer in removing : as an over-charge of meat , bread , fruit , or such like substances not spirituous ; but dull and heavy ( comparative ) is of more difficult digestion , and layes a greater and more dangerous load upon the faculties , having not such volatile brisk spirits to assist nature , nor of so liquid a fine substance , of quicker and easier digestion : so that the symptoms from thence are much more dangerous , then those peraeute distempers arising from liquors . so likewise those bad symptoms in other diseases are more to be feared and accounted mortal ( then the like arising from drunkenness ) because those perhaps depend upon malignant causes ; or such as by time are radicated in the body ; or from the defection of some principal part : but the storm and discomposure arising from drunkenness , as it is suddenly raised , so commonly it soon falls , depending upon benign causes , and a spirituous matter , that layes not so great an oppession ; but inebriates the spirits , that they act very disorderly and unwontedly ; or by the soporiferous vertue , stupefies them for a time , untill they recover their agility again . but all this while , i do not see , that to be drunk once a moneth , should prove good physick : all i think that can be said in this behalf , is ; that by overcharging the stomach , vomiting is procured ; and so carries off something that was lodged there , which might breed diseases . this is a bad excuse for good fellows , and a poor plea for drunkenness : for the gaining of one supposed benefit ( which might be obtained otherwise ) you introduce twenty inconveniences by it . i do not like the preventing of one disease that may be , by procuring of one at the present certainly , and many hereafter most probably : and if the disease feared , or may be , could be prevented no otherwise , but by this drunken means ; then that might tollerate and allow it : but there are other wayes better and safer to cleanse the body either upwards or downwards , then by overcharging with strong drink , and making the man to unman himself ; the evil consequents of which are many , the benefit hoped for , but pretended ; or if any , but very small and inconsiderable . and although , as i said before , the drunken fit is not mortal , and the danger perhaps not great for the present ; yet those drunken bouts being repeated ; the relicts do accumulate , debilitate nature , and lay the foundation of many chronick diseases . nor can it be expected otherwise ; but you may justly conclude from the manifest irregular actions which appear to us externally , that the functions within also , and their motions are strangely disordered : for , the outward madness and unwonted actions , proceed from the internal impulses , and disordered motions of the faculties : which general disturbance and discomposure ( being frequent ) must needs subvert the oeconomy and government of humance nature ; and consequently ruine the fabrick of mans body . the ill effects , and more eminent products of ebriety , are ; first , a changing of the natural tone of the stomach , and alienating the digestive faculty ; that instead of a good transmutation of food , a degenerate chyle is produced . common experience tells , that after a drunken debauch , the stomach loseth its appetite , and acuteness of digestion ; as belching , thirst , disrelish , nauseating , do certainly testifie : yet to support nature , and continue the custom of eating , some food is received ; but we cannot expect from such a stomach that a good digestion should follow : and it is some dayes before the stomach recover its e●crasy , and perform its office well : and if these miscarriages happen but seldom , the injury is the less , and sooner recompenced ; but by the frequent repetition of these ruinous practices , the stomach is overthrown and alienated from its integrity . secondly , an unwholsome corpulency and cachectick plenitude of body does follow : or a degenerate macilency , and a decayed consumptive constitution . great drinkers that continue it long , few of them escape , but fall into one of these conditions and habit of body : for , if the stomach discharge not its office aright ; the subsequent digestions will also be defective . so great a consent and dependance is there upon the stomach ; that other parts cannot perform their duty , if this leading principal part be perverted and debauched : nor can it be expected otherwise ; for , from this laboratory and prime office of digestion , all the parts must receive their supply ; which being not suteable , but depraved , are drawn into debauchery also , and a degenerate state ; and the whole body fed with a vitious alimentary succus . now that different products or habits of body should arise from the same kind of debauchery , happens upon this score . as there are different properties and conditions of bodies ; so the result from the same procuring causes shall be much different and various : one puffs up , fills , and grows hydropical ; another pines away , and falls consumptive , from excess in drinking ; and this proceeds from the different disposition of parts : for , in some persons , although the stomach be vitiated , yet the strength of the subsequent digestions is so great , from the integrity and vigor of those parts destinated to such offices ; that they act strenuously , though their object matter be transmitted to them imperfect and degenerate ; and therefore do keep the body plump and full , although the juyces be foul , and of a depraved nature . others è contra , whose parts are not so firm and vigorous ; that will not act upon any score , but with their proper object ; does not endeavour a transmutation of such aliene matter , but receiving it with a nice reluctance , transmits it to be evacuated and sent forth by the next convenient ducture , or emunctory : and from hence the body is frustrated of nutrition , and falls away : so that the pouring in of much liquor ( although it be good in sua natura ) does not beget much aliment , but washeth through the body , and is not assimilated . but here some may object and think ; that washing of the body through with good liquor , should cleanse the body , and make it fit for nourishment , and be like good physick for a foul body . but the effect proves the contrary ; and it is but reason it should be so : for , suppose the liquor ( whether wine , or other ) be pure and good ; yet when the spirit is drawn off from it , the remainder is but dead , flat , thick , and a muddy flegm . as we find in the destillation of wine , or other liquors ; so it is in mans body : the spirit is drawn off first , and all the parts of mans body are ready receivers , and do imbibe that limpid congenerous enlivener , freely and readily : but the remainder , of greatest proportion ; that heavy , dull , phlegmy part , and of a narcotick quality ; lies long fluctuating upon the digestions , and passeth but slowly ; turns sowr , and vitiates the crases of the parts : so that this great inundation , and supposed washing of the body , does but drown the faculties , stupefie or choak the spirits , and defile all the parts ; not purifie and cleanse . and although the more subtile and thinner portion , passeth away in some persons pretty freely by vrine ; yet the grosser and worse part stayes behind , and clogs in the percolation . a third injury , and common , manifest prejudice from intemperate drinking , is ; an imbecillity of the nerves ; which is procured from the disorderly motions of the animal spirits ; being impulsed and agitated preternaturally by the inebriating spirits of strong liquors : which vibration being frequent , begets a habit , and causeth a trepidation of members . transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life . that it may not be said to be onely one doctors opinion , here is added another collection against tobacco-smoking , written by the learned doctor george thompson , in his book of preservation of the bloud . above all , i much condemn the common abuse of tobacco ; out of which , no other symptomes , than a scorbutical venome is accidentally sucked . agreeable to which judgment of mine , is that of the legitimate artist doctor maynwaring , who marks where tobacco is much taken , the scurvy doth most abound : i wish those who are too forward to condemn chymical preparations , ordered by true philosophers , would reflect upon themselves and others , as yet ignorant of pyrotomy , how that they are too forward in rushing into this science ; indirectly making use of a retort with a receiver , i mean a pipe , and the mouth for the reduction of this plant into salt and sulphur , proving not a little injurious to them . if they were conscious how subtil an enemy it is , how hardly to be dealt withall , in a moderate sense ; how insinuating , tempting , deluding ; how disagreeing to nature , as is manifest at first taking it , pretending an evacuation onely of a superfluous moisture , when it also generates the same ; how it wrongs the ventricle , by reason of a continuity of its membrane , with that of the mouth ; how it taints the nutricious juyce ; how it dozes the brain , impairing its faculties , especially the memory : they would quickly commit this herb to the hand of those that know what belongs to the right management and improvement thereof . i confess it hath a dowry bestowed upon it , which may make it very acceptable to all ingenious artists , for inward and outward uses ; yet as the matter is handled indiscreetly , i know nothing introduced into this nation hath discovered it self more apparently hurtful , in aggravating and graduating this scorbutical evil among us then tobacco . i am not ignorant what some object , that there are those who taking an extraordinary quantity of tobacco , have lived a to great age , as sixty or seventy years . . that multitudes not taking this fume , are yet notwithstanding over-run with the scurvy . . that some have protested , they have received certain benefit by this plant , when other remedies prescribed by able physitians have been invalid to relieve them . . that there are places where man , woman and child , take in this smoke , none of these sad effects appearing . as to the first , i answer , one swallow makes no summer ; i reckon this among raro contingentia : i have known one very intemperate in diet , live to the fore-mentioned age ; but doubtless had he regulated himself according to the rules of mediocrity , he might have doubled that age . innate strength of body doth carry a man sometimes through that , without any great damage , which destroys another . . i do not affirm , that this vegetable is the sole co-adjuvant cause of the scurvy , it being certain there are many promoters thereof . besides , yet granted that your great compotators , ventricolae , gormandizers , who have as the grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , lazy panches , little else to do but to take tobacco , to pass away the time ; filling pipe after pipe , as fast as possible they can exhaust it , are commonly incident to this feral malady . hereupon this very same specifick disease may be diffused and communicated to others , by expiration or ffluvium , sent out of a body infected therewith , so that it seems rare to me , that the wife should be exempted from this cacoettick sickness , if the husband be afflicted therewith ; or the husband be free , if the wife be vexed : doubtless some peoples breath doth exceedingly taint the air , to the great annoyance of others . . i condemn not medicinal appropriation and application of this drug , for i know it to be of excellent vertue : there is great difference , inter dictum secundum quid & dictum simpliciter , between the censure of any thing as absolutely evil , and the indirect practise of it : moreover , what is one man's meat , may be anothers poyson . . the generality of smoking it in some places , without those ill effects we find , doth not at all frustrate my assertion : for i have observed a more moderate course of life in diet , the goodness of the air , with an hereditary custome , hath in great measure ballanced the nocument or inconveniences , which otherwise they would have contracted by excess thereof ; neither are these numerous tobacconists acquitted from this evil , as it appears by those frequent eruptions in the skin , whereby a greater mischief is prevented within , they being only efflorescences of a scorbutical pravity . there are , as i apprehend , two principal reasons to be given , why this weed hath captivated so many thousands in such sort , that they become meer slaves to it . one is , the seeming delight it affords in the present taking thereof , inducing a pleasing bewitching melancholy , exceedingly affecting their fancies , so that they could wish with him in the poet , hic furor , ô superi , sit mihi perpetuus , o that i might alwayes thus melancholize ; not considering though the prologue be chearful , the epilogue is often sad ; though the spirits are as it were titillated , and charmed into a sweet complacency for a short space ; yet afterward a dulness , gloominess , seizes upon them ; indeed , how can it be otherwise , seeing they are but forcibly lulled into this secure placid condition , by that which is as far remote from the vitals , as the beams of the sun are from a black cloud . i find in this smoke , a stinking , retunding , condensing opiatelike sulphur , and an acrid salt , profligating , extimulating , so that by the bridling much of the one , and the excessive spurring of the other ; the spirits , like a free metalsome horse , are quite tired out at last : it is impossible that the frequent insinuations of this subtil fume , making shew of affinity , but quite of another tribe with the animals , should not at length ( let a body be never so strong , and custom how ever prevalent ) either pervert or subvert his well constituted frame . another reason ( observable only by those that are true gnosticks of themselves ) why tobacco is so highly set by , and hath so many followers ; is its meretricious kisses , given to those that embrace it : oftentimes secretly wounding them mortally , yet are they not throughly sensible who gave them the stroke . i have taken notice of very temperate persons in other things , who , for diversion , have indulged their genious , ad hilaritatem , continuing for urbanitysake in company they liked , longer then ordinary , have so closely pursued this pernicious art of sucking in the smoke of this herb , that never any chymist was more solicitous , in greater hast to fetch his matters over the helm by distillation : behold what the event was ! the next morning i have heard complaints come from them , that their brains were something stupid , dozed , their stomach nauseous , being thirsty , also feaverish : all this they attribute to their transgressing limits of sobriety in drinking , or to the sophisticated adulterated liquors , not finding the least fault with the extravagant use of tobacco , which above all did them the most hurt privately : something i can speak experimentally to this purpose , for having been wedded to it many years past , supposing i had got an antidote against hypochondriack melancholy with an apophlegmatism , to discharge crude matter ; i applauded it in all company , without advertency at that time , how false and treacherous it was , which afterward perceiving , i withdrew my self from the use thereof by degrees , at length was altogether divorced from it . praevisa spicula levius feriunt ; could we see the poysoned arrows that are shot from this plant , questionless we would indeavour to avoid them , that they might less intoxicate us . latet anguis in herba ; we are suddenly surprized by this serpentine plant , before we are aware ; thus that which we take for an antidote , becomes meer poyson to us , supplanting and clancularly confounding the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or good government of this republick , consisting in the strength and goodness of a seminal archeus , vigorous ferments , the just constitution and harmony of every part . needs must then indigestions , crudities , degeneration and illegitimation of the nutricious juyce follow , promoting causes and products of the great poyson of the scurvy . my advice therefore to any immoderate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a fumesucker , is , that he would , as he tenders the salvation of body and soul , wean himself by degrees from excess herein ; if so , doubtless he will find if the scurvy infest him much , an abatement of the tedious symptoms therefore . such as are so accustomed to tobacco , that they cannot forbear it , let what can be said against it ; so that neither the good and solid perswasions of a great , wise , and learned king , nor the wholsome and rational arguments of two able and skilful physicians , will be of force to prevail with them : my advice to such is , while they take it , to meditate on this poem following , by which they may be able to make this double spiritual use of it , viz. i. to see the vanity of the world. ii. the mortality of mankind . which , i think , is the best use can be made of it and the pipe , &c. the indian weed withered quite , green at noon , cut down at night ; shews thy decay , all flesh is hay : thus think , then drink tobacco . the pipe that is so lilly-white , shews thee to be a mortal wight , and even such gone with a touch : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the smoke ascends on high , think thou behold'st the vanity of worldly stuff , gone with a puff : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the pipe grows foul within , think on thy souldefil'd with sin , and then the fire it doth require : thus think , then drink tobacco . the ashes that are left behind may serve to put thee still in mind , that unto dust return thou must : thus think , then drink tobacco . answered by george withers thus , thus think , drink no tobacco . woe to drunkards : a sermon preached many years since by mr. samuel ward , preacher of ipswich . prov . . verse , . to whom is woe ? to whom is sorrow ? to whom is strife ? &c. in the end it will bite like a serpent , and sting like a cockatrice . seer , art thou also blind ? watchman , art thou also drunk , or asleep ? or hath a spirit of slumber put out thine eyes ? up to thy watch-tower , what descriest thou ? ah lord ! what end or number is there of the vanities which mine eyes are weary of beholding ? but what seest thou ? i see men walking like the tops of trees shaken with the wind , like masts of ships reeling on the tempestuous seas . drunkenness , i mean , that hateful night-bird ; which was wont to wait for the twilight , to seek nooks and corners , to avoid the howling and wonderment of boys and girls ; now as if it were some eaglet to dare the sun-light , to fly abroad at high noon in every street , in open markets and fairs , without fear or shame , without controul or punishment , to the disgrace of the nation , the out-facing of magistracy and ministry , the utter undoing ( without timely prevention ) of health and wealth , piety and vertue , town and countrey , church and common-wealth . and doest thou like a dumb dog hold thy peace at these things , dost thou with solomon's sluggard fold thine hands in thy bosome , and give thy self to ease and drowsiness , while the envious man causeth the noisomest and baseth of weeds to over-run the choisest eden of god ? up and arise , lift up thy voice , spare not , and cry aloud ? what shall i cry ? cry , woe and woe again unto the crown of pride , the drunkards of ephraim . take up a parable , and tell them how it stingeth like the cockatrice ; declare unto them the deadly poyson of this odious sin . shew them also the soveragin antidote and cure of it , in the cup that was drunk off by him , that was able to overcome it : cause them to behold the brasen serpent , and be healed . and what though some of these deaf adders will not be charmed nor cured , yea though few or none of this swinish herd of habitual drunkards , accustomed to wallow in their mire ; yea , deeply and irrecoverably plunged by legions of devils into the dead sea of their filthiness ; what if not one of them will be washed , and made clean , but turn again to their vomit , and trample the pearls of all admonition under feet ; yea , turn again , and rend their reprovers with scoffs and scorns , making jests and songs on their alebench : yet may some young ones be deterred , and some novices reclaimed , some parents and magistrates awakened to prevent and suppress the spreading of this gangrene : and god have his work in such as belong to his grace . and what is impossible to the work of his grace ? go to then now ye drunkards , listen not what i , or any ordinary hedge-priest ( as you style us ) but that most wise and experienced royal preacher hath to say unto you . and because you are a dull and thick eared generation , he first deals with you by way of question , a figure of force and impression . to whom is woe ? &c. you use to say , woe be to hypocrites . it 's true , woe be to such and all other witting and willing sinners ; but there are no kind of offenders on whom woe doth so palpably inevitably attend as to you drunkards . you promise your selves mirth , pleasure , and jollity in your cups ; but for one drop of your mad mirth , be sure of gallons , and tuns of woe , gall , wormwood , and bitterness here and hereafter . other sinners shall taste of the cup , but you shall drink off the dregs of god's wrath and displeasure . to whom is strife : you talk of good fellowship and friendship , but wine is a rager and tumultuous make-bate , and sets you a quarreling , and medling . when wit 's out of the head and strength out of the body , it thrusts even cowards and dastards , unfenced and unarmed , into needless frayes and combats . and then to whom are wounds , broken heads , blue eyes , maimed limbs ? you have a drunken by-word , drunkards take no harm ; but how many are the mishaps and untimely misfortunes that betide such , which though they feel not in drink , they carry as marks and brands to their grave . you pretend you drink healths , and for health ; but to whom are all kind of diseases , infirmities , deformities , pearled faces , palsies , dropsies , head-aches ? if not to drunkards . upon these premises , he forcibly infers his sober and serious advise . look upon these woful effects and evils of drunkenness , and look not upon the wine ; look upon the blue wounds , upon the red eyes it causeth , and look not on the red colour when it sparkleth in the cup. if there were no worse then these , yet would no wise man be overtaken with wine : as if he should say , what see you in the cup or drink , that countervaileth these dreggs that lie in the bottom . behold , this is the sugar you are to look for , and the tang it leaves behind . woe and alas , sorrow and strife , shame , poverty and diseases ; these are enough to make it odious , but that which followeth withall , will make it hideous and fearful . for solomon duely considering that he speaks to men past shame and grace , senseless of blowes , and therefore much more of reasons and words , insisteth not upon these petty woes ; which they , bewitched and besotted with the love of wine , will easily over-see and over-leap : but sets before their eyes the direful end and fruit , the black and poysonful tail of this sin . in the end it stingeth like the serpent , it biteth like the cockatrice , ( or adder ) saith our new translation . all interpreters agree , that he means some most virulent serpent , whose poyson is present and deadly . all the woes he hath mentioned before , were but as the sting of some emmet , waspe , or nettle , in comparison of this cockatrice which is even unto death ; death speedy , death painful , and woful death , and that as naturally and inevitably , as opium procureth sleep , as hellebore purgeth , or any poyson killeth . three forked is this sting , and three-fold is the death it procureth to all that are strung therewith . the first is , the death of grace ; the second is , of the body : the third is , of soul and body eternal . all sin is the poyson wherewithall the old serpent and red dragon envenomes the soul óf man , but no sin ( except it be that which is unto death ) so mortal as this , which though not ever unpardonably , yet for the most part is also irrecoverably and inevitably unto death . seest thou one bitten with any other snake , there is hope and help : as the father said of his son , when he had information of his gaming , of his prodigality , yea , of his whoring : but when he heard that he was poysoned with drunkenness , he gave him for dead , his case for desperate and forlorn . age and experience often cures the other ; but this encreaseth with years , and parteth not till death . whoring is a deep ditch , yet some few shall a man see return and lay hold on the wayes of life , one of a thousand , but scarce one drunkard of ten-thousand . one ambrose mentions , and one have i known ; and but one of all that ever i knew or heard of . often have i been asked , and often have i enquired , but never could meet with an instance , save one or two at the most . i speak of drunkards , not of one drunken ; of such who rarely and casually have noah-like been surprised , over-taken at unawares : but if once a custome , ever necessity . wine takes away the heart , and spoils the brain , overthrows the faculties and organs of repentance and resolution . and is it not just with god , that he who will put out his natural light , should have his spiritual extinguished ? he that will deprive himself of reason , should lose also the guide and pilot of reason , god's spirit and grace : he that will wittingly and willingly make himself an habitation of unclean spirits , should not dispossess them at his own pleasure ? most aptly therefore is it translated by tremelius haemorrhois , which gesner confounds with the dipsas , or thirsty serpent , whose poyson breedeth such thirst , drought , and inflamation ; like that of ratsbane , that they never leave drinking , till they burst and die withall . would it not grieve and pitty , any christian-soul , to see a towardly hopeful young man , well natured , well nurtured , stung with this cockatrice , bewailing his own case , crying out against the baseness of the sin , inveighing against company , melting under the perswasions of friends ; yea , protesting against all enticements , vow , covenant , and seriously indent with himself and his friends for the relinquishing of it . and yet if he meet with a companion that holds but up his finger , he follows him as a fool to the stocks , and as an oxe to the slaughter-house , having no power to withstand the temptation ; but in he goes with him to the tipling-house , not considering that the chambers are the chambers of death , and the guests , the guests of death ; and there he continues as one bewitched , or conjured in a spell ; out of which he returns not , till he hath emptied his purse of money , his head of reason , and his heart of all his former seeming grace . there his eyes behold the strange woman , his heart speaketh perverse things , becoming heartless , as one ( saith solomon ) in the heart of the sea , resolving to continue , and return to his vomit , whatsoever it cost him , to make it his daily work . i was sick , and knew it not : i was struck , and felt it not ; when i awake , i will seek it still . and why indeed ( without a miracle ) should any expect that one stung with this viper should shake it off , and ever recover of it again . yea , so far are they from recovering themselves , that they infect and become contagious and pestilent to all they come near . the dragon infusing his venome , and assimulating his elfes to himself in no sin so much as in this , that it becomes as good as meat and drink to them , to spend their wit and money to compass ale-house after ale-house ; yea , town after town , to transform others with their circean-cups , till they have made them bruits and swine , worse then themselves . the adulterer and usurer desire to enjoy their sin alone ; but the chiefest pastime of a drunkard is to heat and overcome others with wine , that he may discover their nakedness and glory in their foyl and folly . in a word , excess of wine , and the spirit of grace are opposites ; the former expels the latter out of the heart , as smoke doth bees out of the hive : and makes the man a meer slave and prey to satan and his snares ; when , by this poyson , he hath put out his eyes , and spoyled him of his strength , he useth him as the philistins did sampson , leads him in a string whither he pleaseth , like a very drudge , scorn , and make-sport to himself and his imps ; makes him grind in the mill of all kind of sins and vices . and that i take to be the reason why drunkenness is not specially prohibited in any one of the ten commandments , because it is not the single breach of any one , but in effect the violation of all and every one : it is no one sin , but all sins , because it is the in-let and sluce to all other sins . the devil having moistened , and steeped him in his liquor ; shapes him like soft clay , into what mould he pleaseth : having shaken off his rudder and pilot , dashes his soul upon what rocks , sands , and syrts he listeth , and that with as much ease as a man may push down his body with the least thrust of his hand or finger . he that in his right wits , and sober mood , seems religious , modest , chast , courteous , secret ; in his drunken fits , swears , blasphemes , rages , strikes , talks filthily , blabs all secrets , commits folly , knows no difference of persons or sexes , becomes wholly at satans command , as a dead organ , to be enacted at his will and pleasure . oh that god would be pleased to open the eyes of some drunkard , to see what a dunghill and carrion his soul becomes , and how loathsome effects follow upon thy spiritual death , and sting of this cockatrice , which is the fountain of the other two following , temporal and eternal death ! and well may it be , that some such as are altogether fearless and careless of the former death , will yet tremble , and be moved with that which i shall in the second place tell them . among all other sins that are , none brings forth bodily death so frequently as this , none so ordinarily slays in the act of sin as this . and what can be more horrible then to die in the act of a sin , without the act of repentance ? i pronounce no definitive sentence of damnation upon any particular so dying , but what door of hope or comfort is left to their friends behind of their salvation ? the whore-master he hopes to have a space and time to repent in age , though sometimes it pleaseth god that death strikes cozbi and zimri napping , as the devil is said to slay one of the popes in the instant of his adultery , and carry him quick to hell. the swearer and blasphemer hath commonly space , though seldom grace , to repent and amend : and some rare examples stories afford , of some taken with oaths and blasphemies in their mouths . the thief and oppossor may live , and repent , and make restitution , as zacheus : though i have seen one slain right-out with the timber he stole half an hour before ; and heard of one that having stoln a sheep , and laying it down upon a stone to rest him , was grin'd and hang'd with the strugling of it about his neck . but these are extraordinary and rare cases : god sometimes practising marshal-law , and doing present execution , lest fools shall say in their hearts , there were no god , or judgment : but conniving and deferring the most , that men might expect a judge coming , and a solemn day of judgment to come . but this sin of drunkenness is so odious to him , that he makes it self justice , judge and executioner , slaying the ungodly with misfortune , bringing them to untimely shameful ends , in brutish and beastial manner , often in their own vomit and ordure ; sending them sottish , sleeping , and senseless to hell , not leaving them either time , or reason , or grace to repent , and cry so much as lord have mercy upon us . were there ( as in some cities of italy ) an office kept , or a record and register by every coroner in shires and counties , of such dismal events which god hath avenged this sin withall , what a volume would it have made within these few years in this our nation ? how terrible a threater of god's judgments against drunkards , such as might make their hearts to bleed and relent , if not their ears to tingle , to hear of a taste of some few such noted and remarkable examples of god's justice , as have come within the compass of mine own notice , and certain knowledge ; i think i should offend to conceal them from the world , whom they may happily keep from being the like to others , themselves . an ale-wife in kesgrave , near to ipswich , who would needs force three serving-men ( that had been drinking in her house , and were taking their leaves ) to stay and drink the three ou ts first , that is , wit out of the head , money out of the purse , ale out of the pot ; as she was coming towards them with the pot in her hand , was suddenly taken speechless and sick , her tongue swoln in her mouth , never recovered speech , the third day after died . this sir anthony felton , the next gentleman and justice , with divers others eye-witnesses of her in sickness related to me ; whereupon i went to the house with two or three witnesses , and inquired the truth of it . two servants of a brewer in ipswich , drinking for a rumpe of a turkie , strugling in their drink for it , fell into a scading caldron backwards : whereof the one died presently , the other lingringly and painfully since my coming to ipswich . anno . a miller in bromeswell , coming home drunk from woodbridge ( as he oft did ) would needs go and swim in the milpond : his wife and servants knowing he could not swim , disswaded him , once by intreaty got him out of the water , but in he would needs go again , and there was drowned : i was at the house to inquire of this , and found it to be true . in barnewell , near to cambridge , one at the sign of the plough , a lusty young man , with two of his neighbours , and one woman in their company , agreed to drink a barrel of strong beer ; they drank up the vessel , three of them dyed within twenty four hours , the fourth hardly escaped after great sickness . this i have under a justice of peace his hand near dwelling , besides the common fame . a butcher in hastingfield hearing the minister inveigh against drunkenness , being at his cups in the ale-house , fell a jesting and scoffing at the minister and his sermons : and as he was drinking , the drink , or something in the cup , quackled him , stuck so in his throat , that he could get it neither up nor down , but strangled him presently . at tillingham in dengy hundred in essex , three young men meeting to drink strong waters , fell by degrees to half-pints : one fell dead in the room , and the other prevented by company coming in , escaped not without much sickness . at bungey in norfolk , three coming out of an ale-house in a very dark evening , swore , they thought it was not darker in hell it self : one of them fell off the bridge into the water , and was drowned ; the second fell off his horse , the third sleeping on the ground by the rivers-side , was frozen to death : this have i often heard , but have no certain ground for the truth of it it . a bayliff of hadly , upon the lords-day , being drunk at melford , would needs get upon his mare , to ride through the street , affirming ( as the report goes ) that 〈◊〉 mare would carry him to the devil ; his mare casts him off , and broke his neck instantly . reported by sundry sufficient witnesses . company drinking in an ale-house at harwich in the night , over against one master russels , and by him out of his window once or twice willed to depart ; at length he came down , and took one of them , and made as if he would carry him to prison , who drawing his knife , fled from him , and was three days after taken out of the sea with the knife in his hand . related to me by master russel himself , mayor of the town . at tenby in pembrokeshire , a drunkard being exceeding drunk , broke himself all to pieces off an high and steep rock , in a most fearful manner ; and yet the occasion and circumstances of his fall were so ridiculous , as i think not fit to relate , lest , in so serious a judgment , i should move laughter to the reader . a glasier in chancery-lane in london ▪ noted formerly for profession , fell to a common course of drinking , whereof being oft by his wife and many christian friends admonished , yet presuming much of god's mercy to himself , continued therein , till , upon a time , having surcharged his stomach with drink , he fell a vomiting , broke a vein , lay two days in extreme pain of body , and distress of mind , till in the end recovering a little comfort , he died : both these examples related to me by a gentleman of worth upon his own knowledge . four sundry instances of drunkards wallowing and tumbling in their drink , slain by carts ; i forbear to mention , because such examples are so common and ordinary . a yeoman's son in northamptonshire , who being drunk at wellingborough on a market-day , would needs ride his horse in a bravery over the plowed-lands , fell from his horse , and brake his neck : reported to me by a kinsman of his own . a knight notoriously given to drunkenness , carrying sometime payls of drink into the open field , to make people drunk withall ; being upon a time drinking with company , a woman comes in , delivering him a ring with this posie , drink and die ; saying to him , this is for you ; which he took and wore , and within a week after came to his end by drinking : reported by sundry , and justified by a minister dwelling within a mile of the place . two examples have i known of children that murthered their own mothers in drink ; and one notorious drunkard that attempted to kill his father ; of which being hindred , he fired his barn , and was afterward executed : one of these formerly in print . at a tavern in breadstreet in london , certain gentlemen drinking healths to their lords , on whom they had dependance ; one desperate wretch steps to the tables end , lays hold on a pottle-pot full of canary-sack , swears a deep oath ; what will none here drink a health to my noble lord and master ? and so setting the pottle-pot to his mouth , drinks it off to the bottom ; was not able to rise up , or to speak when he had done , but fell into a deep snoaring sleep , and being removed , laid aside , and covered by one of the servants of the house , attending the time of the drinking , was within the space of two hours irrecoverably dead : witnessed at the time of the printing hereof by the same servant that stood by him in the act , and helpt to remove him . in dengy hundred , near mauldon , about the beginning of his majesties reign , there fell out an extraordinary judgment upon five or six that plotted a solemn drinking at one of their houses , laid in beer for the once , drunk healths in a strange manner , and died thereof within a few weeks , some sooner , and some later : witnessed to me by one that was with one of them on his death-bed , to demand a debt , and often spoken of by master heydon , late preacher of mauldon , in the hearing of many : the particular circumstances were exceeding remarkable , but having not sufficient proof for the particulars , i will not report them . one of ayl●sham in norfolk , a notorious drunkard , drowned in a shallow brook of water , with his horse by him . whilest this was at the presse , a man eighty five years old , or thereabout , in suffolk , overtaken with wine , ( though never in all his life before , as he himself said a little before his fall , seeming to bewail his present condition , and others that knew him so say of him ) yet going down a pair of stairs ( against the perswasion of a woman sitting by him in his chamber ) fell , and was so dangerously hurt , as he died soon after , not being able to speak from the time of his fall to his death . the names of the parties thus punished , i forbear for the kindreds sake yet living . if conscionable ministers of all places of the land would give notice of such judgments , as come within the compass of their certain knowledge , it might be a great means to suppress this sin , which reigns every where to the scandal of our nation , and high displeasure of almighty god. these may suffice for a tast of god's judgments : easie were it to abound in sundry particular casualties , and fearful examples of this nature . drunkard , that which hath befaln any one of these , may befal thee , if thou wilt dally with this cockatrice ; what ever leagues thou makest with death , and dispensations thou givest thy self from the like . some of these were young , some were rich , some thought themselves as wise thou ; none of them ever looked for such ignominious ends , more then thou , who ever thou art : if thou hatest such ends , god give thee grace to decline such courses . if thou beest yet insensate with wine , void of wit and fear , i know not what further to mind thee of , but of that third , and worst sting of all the rest , which will ever be gnawing , and never dying : which if thou wilt not fear here ; sure thou art to feel there , when the red dragon hath gotten thee into his den , and shalt fill thy soul with the gall of scorpions , where thou shalt yell and howl for a drop of water to cool thy tongue withall , and shalt be denied so small a refreshing , and have no other liquor to allay thy thirst , but that which the lake of brimstone shall afford thee . and that worthily , for that thou ▪ wouldest incur the wrath of the lamb for so base and sordid a sin as drunkenness , of which thou mayest think as venially and slightly as thou wilt . but paul that knew the danger of it , gives thee fair warning , and bids thee not deceive thy self , expresly , and by name mentioning it among the mortal sins , excluding from the kingdom of heaven . and the prophet esay tells thee , that for it hell hath enlarged it self , opened its mouth wide , and without measure ; and therefore shall the multitude and their pomp , and the jollyest among them descend into it . consider this , you that are strong to pour in drink , that love to drink sorrow and care away : and be you well assured , that there you shall drink enough for all , having for every drop of your former bousings , vials , yea , whole seas of god's wrath , never to be exhaust . now then i appeal from your selves in drink , to your selves in your sober fits . reason a little the case , and tell me calmly , would you for your own , or any mans pleasure , to gratifie friend or companion , if you knew there had been a toad in the wine-pot ( as twice i have known happened to the death of drinkers ) or did you think that some caesar borgia , or brasutus had tempered the cup ; or did you see but a spider in the glass , would you , or durst you carouse it off ? and are you so simple to fear the poyson that can kill the body , and not that which killeth the soul and body ever ; yea , for ever and ever , and if it were possible for more then for ever , for evermore ? oh thou vain fellow , what tellest thou me of friendship , or good fellowship , wilt thou account him thy friend , or good fellow , that draws thee into his company , that he may poyson thee ? and never thinks he hath given thee right entertainment , or shewed thee kindness enough , till he hath killed thy soul with his kindness , and with beer made thy body a carkass fit for the biere , a laughing and loathing stock , not to boys and girls alone , but to men and angels . why rather sayest thou not to such , what have i to do with you , ye sons of belial , ye poysonful generation of vipers , that hunt for the precious life of a man ? oh but there are few good wits , or great spirits now a-days , but will pot it a little for company . what hear i ? oh base and low-spirited times , if that were true ! if we were faln into such lees of time foretold of by seneca , in which all were so drowned in the dregs of vices , that it should be vertue and honour to bear most drink . but thanks be to god , who hath reserved many thousands of men , and without all comparison more witty and valorous then such pot-wits , and spirits of the buttery , who never bared their knees to drink health , nor ever needed to whet their wits with wine ; or arm their courage with pot-harness . and if it were so , yet if no such wits or spirits shall ever enter into heaven without repentance , let my spirit never come and enter into their paradise ; ever abhor to partake of their bruitish pleasures , lest i partake of their endless woes . if young cyrus could refuse to drink wine , and tell astyages , he thought it to be poyson , for he saw it metamorphose men into beasts and carcases : what would he have said , if he had known that which we may know , that the wine of drunkards is the wine of sodom and gomorrah ; their grapes , the grapes of gall , their clusters , the clusters of bitterness , the juyce of dragons , and the venome of asps . in which words , moses is a full commentary upon solomon , largely expressing that he speaks here more briefly ; it stings like the serpent , and bites like the cockatrice : to the which i may not unfitly add that of pauls , and think i ought to write of such with more passion and compassion , then he did of the christians in his time , which sure were not such monsters as ours in the shapes of christians , whose god is their belly , ( whom they serve with drink-offerings ) whose glory is their shame , and whose end is damnation . what then , take we pleasure in thundering out hell against drunkards ? is there nothing but death and damnation to drunkards ? nothing else to them , so continuing , so dying . but what is there no help nor hope , no amulet , antidote or triacle , are there no presidents found of recovery ? ambrose , i temember , tells of one , that having been a spectacle of drunkenness , proved after his conversion a pattern of sobriety . and i my self must confess , that one have i known yet living , who having drunk out his bodily eyes , had his spiritual eyes opened , proved diligent in hearing and practising . though the pit be deep , miry and narrow , like that dungeon into which jeremy was put ; yet if it please god to let down the cords of his divine mercy , and cause the party to lay hold thereon , it is possible they may escape the snares of death . there is even for the most debauched drunkard that ever was , a soveraign medicine , a rich triacle , of force enough to cure and recover his disease , to obtain his pardon , and to furnish him with strength to overcome this deadly poyson , fatal to the most : and though we may well say of it , as men out of experience do of quartane agues , that it is the disgrace of all moral physick , of all reproofs , counsels and admonitions ; yet is there a salve for this sore ; there came one from heaven that trode the winepress of his fathers fierceness , drunk of a cup tempered with the bitterness of god's wrath , and the devils malice , that he might heal even such as have drunk deepest of the sweet cup of sin. and let all such know , that in all the former discovery of this poyson , i have only aimed to cause them feel their sting , and that they might with earnest eyes behold the brasen serpent , and seriously repair to him for mercy and grace , who is perfectly able to eject even this kind , which so rarely and hardly is thrown out where once he gets possession . this seed of the woman is able to bruise this serpents head . oh that they would listen to the gracious offers of christ ! if once there be wrought in thy soul a spiritual thirst after mercy , as the thirsty land hath after rain , a longing appetite after the water that comes out of the rock , after the blood that was shed for thee ; then let him that is athirst come , let him drink of the water of life without any money ; of which if thou hast took but one true and thorow draught , thou wilt never long after thy old puddle waters of sin any more . easie will it be for thee after thou hast rasted of the bread and wine in thy father's house , ever to loath the husks and swill thou wert wont to follow after with greediness . the lord christ will bring thee into his mothers house , cause thee to drink of his spiced wine , of the new wine of the pomegranate : yea , he will bring thee into his cellar , spread his banner of love over thee , stay thee with flagons , fill thee with his love , till thou beest sick and overcome with the sweetness of his consolations . in other drink there is excess , but here can be no danger . the devil hath his invitation , come , let us drink ; and christ hath his inebriamini , be ye filled with the spirit . here is a fountain set open , and proclamation made . and if it were possible for the bruitishest drunkard in the world to know who it is that offereth , and what kind of water he offereth ; he would ask , and god would give it frankly without money ; he should drink liberally , be satisfied , and out of his belly should sally springs of the water of life , quenching and extinguishing all his inordinate longings ofter stoln water of sin and death . all this while , little hope have i to work upon many drunkards , especially by a sermon read ( of less life and force in god's ordinance , and in its own nature , then preached , ) my first drift is , to stir up the spirits of parents and masters , who in all places complain of this evil , robbing them of good servants , and dutiful children , by all care and industry to prevent it in their domestical education , by carrying a watchful and restraining hand over them . parents , if you love either soul or body , thrift or piety , look to keep them from this infection . lay all the bars of your authority , cautions , threats and charges for the avoyding of this epidemical pestilence . if any of them be bitten of this cockatrice , sleep not , rest not , till you have cured them of it ; if you love their health , husbandry , grace , their present or future lives . dead are they while they live , if they live in this sin. mothers , lay about you as bathsheba , with all entreaties , what my son , my son of my loves and delights , wine is not for you , &c. my next hope is , to arouse and awaken the vigilancy of all faithful pastors and teachers . i speak not to such stars as this dragon hath swept down from heaven with its tayl : for of such the prophets , the fathers of the primitive , yea , all ages complain of . i hate and abhor to mention this abomination : to alter the proverb , as drunk as a beggar , to a gentleman is odious ; but to a man of god , to an angel , how harsh and hellish a sound it is in a christians ears ? i speak therefore to sober watchmen , watch , and be sober , and labour to keep your charges sober and watchful , that they may be so found of him , that comes like a thief in the night . two means have you of great vertue for the quelling of this serpent , zealous preaching and praying against it . it 's an old received antidote , that mans spittle , especially fasting spittle , is mortal to serpents . saint donatus is famous in story for spitting upon a dragon , that kept an high-way , and devoured many passengers . this have i made good observation of , that where god hath raised up zealous preachers , in such towns this serpent hath no nestling ▪ no stabling or denning . if this will not do , augustine enforceth another , which i conceive god's and man's laws allow us upon the reason he gives : if paul ( saith he ) forbid to eat with such our common bread , in our own private houses , how much more the lord's body in church-assemblies : if in our times , this were strictly observed , the serpent would soon languish and vanish . in the time of an epidemical disease , such as the sweating or neezing sickness , a wise physician would leave the study of all other diseases , to find out the cure of the present raging evil. if chrysostome were now alive , the bent of all his homilies , or at least one part of them , should be spent to cry drown drunkenness , as he did swearing in antioch : never desisting to reprove it , till ( if not the fear of god , yet ) his imporunity made them weary of the sin . such anakims and zanzummims , as the spiritual sword will not work upon , i turn them over to the secular arm , with a signification of the dangerous and contagious spreading of this poyson in the veins and bowels of the common-wealth . in the church and christ his name also , intreating them to carry a more vigilant eye over the dens and burrows of this cockatrice , superfluous , blind , and clandestine ale-houses i mean , the very pest-houses of the nation ? which i could wish had all for their sign , a picture of some hideous serpent , or a pair of them , as the best hieroglyphick of the genius of the place , to warn passengers to shun and avoid the danger of them . who sees and knows not , that some one needless ale-house in a countrey-town , undoes all the rest of the houses in it , eating up the thrift and fruit of their labours ; the ill manner of sundry places , being there to meet in some one night of the week , and spend what they they have gathered and spared all the days of the same before , to the prejudice of their poor wives and children at home ; and upon the lords day ( after evening prayers ) there to quench and drown all the good lessons they have heard that day at church . if this go on , what shall become of us in time ? if woe be to single drunkards , is not a national woe to be feared and expected of a nation over-run with drunkenness ? had we no other sin reigning but this ( which cannot reign alone ) will not god justly spue us out of his mouth for this alone ? we read of whole countreys wasted , dispeopled by serpents . pliny tells us of the amyclae , lycophron of salamis ▪ herodotus of the neuri , utterly depopulate and made unhabitable by them . verily , if these cockatrices multiply and get head amongst us a while longer , as they have of late begun , where shall the people have sober servants to till their lands , or children to hold and enjoy them . they speak of drayning fens ; but if this evil be not stopped , we shall all shortly be drowned with it . i wish the magistracy , gentry , and yeomanry , would take it to serious consideration , how to deal with this serpent , before he grow too strong and fierce for them . it is past the egge already , and much at that pass , of which augustine complains of in his time , that he scarce knew what remedy to advise , but thought it required the meeting of a general council . the best course i think of , is , if the great persons would first begin through reformation in their own families , banish the spirits of their butteries , abandon that foolish and vitious custom , as ambrose and basil calls it , of drinking healths , and making that a sacrifice to god for the health of others , which is rather a sacrifice to the devil , and a bane of their own . i remember well sigismund the emperor's grave answer , wherein there concurred excellent wisdom and wit ( seldom meeting in one saying ) which he gave before the council of constance , to such as proposed a reformation of the church to begin with the franciscans and minorites . you will never do any good ( saith he ) unless you begin with the majorites first . sure , till it be out of fashion and grace in gentlemens tables , butteries and cellars , hardly ▪ shall you perswade the countrey-man to lay it down , who , as in fashions , so in vices , will ever be the ape of the gentry . if this help not , i shall then conclude it to be such an evil as is only by soveraign power , and the king's hand curable . and verily next under the word of god , which is omnipotent , how potent and wonder-working is the word of a king ? when both meet as the sun , and some good star in a benigne conjunction ; what enemy shall stand before the sword of god and gideon ? what vice so predominant which these subdue not ? if the lion roar , what beast of the forest shall not tremble and hide their head ? have we not a noble experiment hereof yet fresh in our memory , and worthy never to die , in the timely and speedy suppression of that impudent abomination of womens mannish habit , threatning the confusion of sexes , and ruine of modesty ? the same royal hand , and care the church and common-wealth implores for the vanquishing of this poyson , no less pernicious , more spreading and prevailing . take us these little foxes was wont to be the suit of the church , for they gnabble our grapes , and hurt our tender branches : but now it is become more serious . take us these serpents , lest they destroy our vines , vine-dressers , vineyards and all : this hath ever been royal game . how famous in the story of diodorus siculus , is the royal munificence of ptolomy king of egypt , for provision of nets , and maintenance of huntsmen , for the taking and destroying of serpents , noxious and noisome to his countrey . the like of philip in aristotle , and of attilius regulus in aulus gellius . the embleme mentioned at large by plutarch , engraven on hercules shield ; what is it but a symbol of the divine honor due to princes following their herculean labours , in subduing the like hidraes , too mighty for any inferior person to take in hand ? it is their honor to tread upon basilisks , and trample dragons under their feet , solomon thinks it not unworthy his pen to discourse their danger . a royal and eloquent oration is happily and worthily preserved in the large volume of ancient writings , with this title , oratio magnifici & pacifici edgari regis habita ad dunstanum archiep. episcopos , &c. the main scope whereof is , to excite the clergies care and devotion for the suppressing of this vice , for the common good . undertakers of difficult plots promise themselves speed and effect , if once they interest the king , and make him party . and what more generally beneficial can be devised or proposed then this , with more honour and less charge to be effected , if it shall please his majesty but to make trial of the strength of his temporal and spiritual arms ? for the effecting of it , if this help not , what have we else remaining , but wishes and prayers to cast out this kind withall . god help us . to him i commend the success of these labors , and the vanquishing of this cockatrice . tobacco battered , and the pipes shattered ( about their ears , that id'ly idolize so base and barbarous a weed : or , at least-wise over-love so loathsome vanity . ) collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester , gent. what-ever god created , first was good , and good for man , while man uprightly stood : but , falling angels causing man to fall , his foul contagion con-corrupted all his fellow-creatures for his sin accurst , and for his sake transformed from the first ; till god and man , man's leptie to re-cure , by death kill'd death , re-making all things pure . but to the pure , not to the still prophane , who spider-like turns blessing into bane ; usurping ( right-less , thank-less , need-less ) here , in wanton , wilful , wastful , lustful chear , earths plenteous crop , which god hath onely given unto his own ( heirs both of earth and heaven ) who only ( rightly ) may with praise and prayer , enjoy th' increase of earth , of sea , of air , fowl , fish and flesh , gems , mettals , cattel , plants , and namely ( that which now no angle wants ) indian tobacco , when due cause requires , not the dry dropsie of phantastick squires . none therefore deem that i am now to learn , ( however dim i many things discern ) reason and season to distinguish fit , th' use of a thing , from the abuse of it ; drinking , from drunking , saccharum cum sacco , and taking of , from taking all tobacco . yet out of high disdain and indignation of that stern tyrant's strangest usurpation , once demi-captive to his puffing pride , ( as millions are too-wilful foolifi'd ) needs must i band against the needless use of don tobacco , and his foul abuse ; which ( though in inde it be an herb indeed ) in europe is no better then a weed , which to their idols pagans sacrifice , and christians ( here ) do well-nigh idolize : which taking , heathens to the devils bow their bodies , christians even their souls do vow ; yet th' heathen have , with th' ill , some good withall , sith their con-native , 't is non-natural : but see the nature of abounding sin , which more abounding , punishment doth win ; for knowing servants wilful arrogance , then silly strangers savage ignorance , for what to them is meat , land med'cinable , is turn'd to us a plague intolerable . two smoky engins , in this latter age , ( satan's short circuit ; the more sharp his rage ) have been invented by too-wanton wit , or rather vented from th' infernal pit ; guns and tobacco-pipes , with fire and smoke , ( at least ) a third part of mankind to choke , ( which , happily , th ▪ apocalyps fold-told ) yet of the two , we may ( think i ) be bold in some respect , to think the last the worst , ( however , both in their effects accurst , ) for guns shoot from-ward , only at their foen , tobacco-pipes home-ward , into their own , ( when for the touch-hole firing the wrong end into our selves the poysons force we send ; ) those in the field , in brave and hostile manner , these , cowardly , under a covert banner ; those with defiance , in a threatful terror , these with affiance , in a wilful error , those , ( though loud-roaring , goaring-deep ) quick-ridding ; these , stilly stealing , longer languors breeding , those , full of pain ( perhaps ) and fell despight , these with false pleasure , and a seem-delight , ( as cats with mice , spiders with flyes ) full rife , pipe-playing , dallying and deluding life . who would not wonder in these sunny-days , ( so bright illightned with the gospel's rays ) whence so much smoke and deadly vapors come , to dim and dam so much of christendom ; but we must ponder too , these days are those , wherein the devil was to be let lose , and yawning broad-gate of that black abyss to be set ope , whose bottom boundless is , that satan , destin'd evermore to dwell in smoky fornace of that darksom cell , in smoke and darkness might inure and train his own deer minions , while they here remain ; as roguing gipfies tan their little elves , to make them tan'd and ugly like themselves . then in despight , who ever dare say nay , tobacconists keep on your course ; you may , if you continue in your smoky ure , the better far hells sulphury smoke endure ; and herein ( as in all your other evil ) grow nearer still , and liker to the devil , save that the devil ( if he could revoke ) would fly from filthy , and unhealthy smoke ; wherein ( cast out of heav'n for hellish-pride ) unwilling he , and forced , doth abide ; which herein worse than he ( the worst of ill ) you long for , lust for , lye for , die for , still ; for as the salamander lives in fire , you live in smoke , and without smoke expire . should it be question'd ( as right well it may ) whether discovery of america , that new-found world , have yielded to our old more hurt or good , till fuller answer should decide the doubt , and quite determine it , thus for the present might we answer fit ; that , thereby we have ( rightly understood ) both given and taken greater hurt then good : and that on both sides , both for christians , it had been better , and for indians , that only good men to their coast had come , or that the evil had still staid at home ; for , what our people have brought thence to us , is like the head-piece of a polypus , wherein is ( quoted by sage plutarch's quill ) a pest'lence great good , and great pest'lence ill . we had from them , first to augment our stocks , two grand diseases , scurvy and the pocks ; then two great cordials ( for a counterpoize ) gold and tobacco ; both which , many wayes , have done more mischief , then the former twain ; and all together brought more loss then gain . but true it is , we had this trash of theirs , only in barter for our broken wares ; ours for the most part carried out but sin , and , for the most part , brought but vengeance in ; their fraight was sloth , lust , avarice and drink , ( a burden able with the weight to sink the hugest carrak ; yea , those hallowed twelve spain's great apostles even to over-whelve ) they carried sloth , and brought home scurvy skin ; they carried lust , and brought home pox within : they carried avarice , and gold they got ; they carried bacchus , and tobacco brought : alas poor indians ! that , but english none , could put them down in their own trade alone ! that none but english ( more alas ! more strange ! ) could justifie their pittiful exchange . of all the plants that tellus bosom yields , in groves , glades , gardens , marshes , mountains , fields ; none so pernicious to mans life is known , as is tobacco , saving hemp alone , betwixt which two there seems great sympathy , to ruinate poor adam's progeny ; for in them both a strangling vertue note , and both of them do work upon the throat ; the one , within it ; and without the other ; and th' one prepareth work unto the tother : for there do meet ( i mean at gaile and gallows ) more of these beastly , base tobacco-fellows , then else to any prophane haunt do use , ( excepting still the play-house and the stews ) sith 't is their common lot ( so double-choaked ) just bacon-like to be hang'd up and smoked ; a destiny as proper to befall to moral swine , as to swine natural . if there be any herb in any place , most opposite to god's good herb of grace , 't is doubtless this ; and this doth plainly prove it , that , for the most , most graceless men do love it ; or rather doat most on this wither'd weed , themselves as wither'd , in all gracious deed : 't is strange to see , ( and unto me a wonder ) when the prodigious strange abuse we ponder of this unruly , rusty vegetal , from modern symmists jesu critical , ( carping at us , and casting in our dish not crimes , but crums , as eating flesh for fish ; ) w' hear in this case , no conscience-cases holier , but , like to like , the devil with the collier . for a tobacconist ( i dare aver ) is first of all a rank idolater as any of the ignatian hierachy ; next as conformed to their foppery of burning day-light , and good night at noon , setting up candles to enlight the sun ; and last the kingdom of new babylon , stands in a dark and smoky region , so full of such variety of smokes , that there-with-all , all piety it choaks . for there is first of all the smoke of ignorance , the smoke of error , smoke of arrogance , the smoke of merit super-er ' gatory , the smoke of pardons , smoke of purgatory , the smoke of censing , smoke of thurifying of images , of satans fury flying , the smoke of stews ( from smoking thence they come , as horrid hot , as torrid sodom some ) then smoke of powder-treason , pistol knives , to blow up kingdoms , and blow out kings lives : and lastly too , tobacco's smoky mists , which ( coming from iberian baalists ) no small addition of adustion fit , bring to the smoke of the unbottom'd pit yerst opened , first ( as openeth st. john ) by their abaddon and apollyon . but sith they are contented to admire what they dislike not , if they not desire ; ( for , with good reason , may we ghess that they who swallow camels , swallow gnatlings may ; ) 't is ground enough for us in this dispute , their vanities thus obvious to refute ( their vanities , mysterious mists of rome , which have so long besmoked christendom . ) and for the rest , it shall suffice to say , tobacconing is but a smoky play ; strong arguments against so weak a thing , were needless , or unsuitable , to bring , in this behalf there needs no more be done , sith of it self the same will vanish soon ; t' evaporate this smoke , it is enough , but with a breath the same aside to puffe . now , my first puff , shall but repel th' ill savour of place and persons ( of debaucht behaviour ) where 't is most frequent ; second , shew i will , how little good it doth ; third , how great ill : 't is vented most in taverns , tipling-cotts , to ruffians , roarers , tipsy-tosty-pots , whose custom is , between the pipe and pot , ( th' one cold and moist , th' other dry and hot ; ) to skirmish so ( like sword-and-dagger-fight , ) that 't is not easie to determine right , which of their weapons hath the conquest got over their wits , the pipe or else the pot ; yet 't is apparent , and by proof express , both stab and wound the brain with drunkenness ; for even the derivation of the name , seems to allude , and to include the same : tobacco , as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , one would say , to bacchus ( cup-god ) dedicated ay . and for conclusion of this point , observe the places which to these abuses serve ; how-ever of themselves noysome enough , are much more loathsome with the stench and stuff , extracted from their limbecket lips and nose , so that the houses , common haunts of those , are liker hell than heav'n , for hell hath smoke , impenitent tobacconists to choak ; though never dead , there shall they have their fill ; in heav'n is none , but light and glory still . next , multitudes them daily , hourly , drawn in this black sea of smoke , tost up and down in this vast ocean , of such latitude , that europe only cannot it include ; but out it rushes , over-runs the whole , and reaches well-nigh round , from pole to pole among the moors , turks , tartars , persians , and other ethnicks full of ignorance of god and good ; and , if we shall look home , to view ( and rew ) the state of christendom ; upon this point , we may this riddle bring ; the subject hath more subjects then the king : for don tocacco hath an ampler reign , than don philippo , the great king of spain , ( in whose dominions , for the most it grows , ) nay , shall i say ( o horror to suppose ! ) heathenish tobacco ( almost every where ) in christendom ( christ's outward kingdom here ) hath more disciples than christ hath , i fear , more suits , more service ( bodies , souls , and good ) than christ that bought us with his pretious bloud : o great tobacco , greater then great can , great turk , great tartar , or great tamerlan ! with vulturs wings thou hast ( and swifter yet then an hungarian ague , english sweat ) through all degrees flown , far , nigh , up and down , from court to cart , from count to country-clown ; not scorning scullions , coblers , colliers , jakes-farmers , fidlers , ostlers , oysterers , rogues , gipsies , players , pandars , punks , and all , what common scums in common-sewers fall ; for all as vassals at thy beck are bent , and breath by thee , as their new element : which well may prove thy monarchy the greater , yet prove not thee to be a whit the better ; but rather worse , for hells wide-open road is easiest found , and by the most still trod , which , even the heathen had the light to know , by arguments , as many times they show . here may we also gather ( for a need ) whether tobacco be a herb or weed ; and whether the excessive use be fit , or good or bad , by those that favour it ; weeds , wild and wicked , mostly entertain it ; herbs , wholsome herbs , and holy minds disdain it . if then tobacconing be good , how is 't , that lewdest , loosest , basest , foolishest ; the most unthrifty , most intemperate , most vitious , most debaucht , most desperate , pursue it most : the wisest , and the best , abhor it , shun it , flee it as the pest , or piercing poyson of a dracons whisk , or deadly eye ▪ shot of a basilisk . if wisdom baulk it , must it not be folly ? if vertue hate it , is it not unholy ? if men of worth , and minds right generous , discard it , scorn it , is 't not scandalous ? and ( to conclude ) is it not , to the devil , most pleasing ▪ pleasing so ( most ) the most evil ? my second puff , is proof , how little good this smoke hath done ( that ever hear i cou'd : ) for first , there 's none that takes tobacco most , most usually , most earnestly , can boast , that the excessive and continual use of this dry-suck-at ever did produce him any good , civil or natural , or moral good , or artificial ; unless perhaps , they will alledge , it draws away the ill , which still it self doth cause ; which course ( me-thinks ) i cannot liken better , then to a userers kindness to his debter ; who under shew of lending , still subtracts the debters own , and then his own exacts , till , at the last , he utterly confound him , or leave him worse , and weaker then he found him . next , if the custom of tobacconing yield th' users any good in any thing , either they have it , or they hope it prest , ( by proof and practice , taking still the best : ) for , none but fools will them to ought beslave , whence benefit they neither hope nor have . therefore yet farther ( as a questionist ) i must enquire of my tobacconist , why if a christian ( as some sometimes seem ) believing god , waiting all good from him ; and unto him all good again referring , why ( to eschew th' ungodly's graceless erring ) why pray they not not ? why praise they not his name for hoped good , and good had by this same ? as all men do , or ought to do for all , the gifts and goods that from his goodness fall ; is 't not , because they neithe●●ope nor have , good ( hence ) to thank god for , nor farther crave : but as they had it from the heathen first , so heathenishly they use it still accurst ; and ( as some jest of jisters ) this is more , ungodly meat , both after and before . lastly , if all delights of all mankind be vanity , vexation of the mind , all under sun , must not tobacco bee , of vanities , the vainest vanity ? if solomon , the wisest earthly prince that ever was before , or hath been since ; knowing all plants , and then perusing all , from cedar to the hysop on the — wall ; in none of all professeth , that — he sound a firm content , or consolation found : can we suppose , that any shallowing , can find much good in oft tobacconing ? my third and last puff points at the great evil , this noysome vapor works ( through wily devil ) if we may judge ; if knowledge may be had , by their effects , how things be good or bad : doubtless , th' effects of this pernitious weed be many bad , scarce any good indeed ; nor doth a man scarce any good contain , but of this evil justly may complain ; as thereby made in every part the worse , in body , soul , in credit , and in purse . a broad-side against coffee : or , the marriage of the turk . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; at first between them happen'd a demur , yet joyn'd they were , but not without great stir ; for both so cold were , and so faintly meet , the turkish hymen in his turbant swet . coffee was cold as earth , water as thames , and stood in need of recommending flames ; for each of them steers a contrary course , and of themselves they sue out a divorce . coffee so brown as berry does appear , too swarthy for a nymph so fair , so clear : and yet his sails he did for england hoist , though cold and dry , to court the cold and moist ; if there be ought we can , as love admit ; 't is a hot love , and lasteth but a fit . for this indeed the cause is of their stay , newcastle's bowels warmer are than they . the melting nymph distills her self to do 't , whilst the slave coffee must be beaten to 't : incorporate him close as close may be , pause but a while , and he is none of he ; which for a truth , and not a story tells , no faith is to be kept with infidels . sure he suspects , and shuns her as a whore , and loves , and kills , like the venetian moor ; bold asian brat ! with speed our confines flee ; water , though common , is too good for thee . sure coffee's vext he has the breeches lost , for she 's above , and he lies undermost ; what shall i add but this ? ( and sure 't is right ) the groom is heavy , cause the bride is light . this canting coffee has his crew inricht , and both the water and the men bewitcht . a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drive on the trade ; me no good engalash ! and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick . coffee a crust is charkt into a coal , the smell and taste of the mock china bowl ; where huff and puff , they labor out their lungs , lest dives-like they should bewail their tongues . and yet they tell ye that it will not burn , though on the jury blisters you return : whose furious heat does make the water rise , and still through the alembicks of your eyes , dread and desire , ye fall to 't snap by snap , as hungry dogs do scalding porrige lap . but to cure drunkards it has got great fame ; posset or porrige , will 't not do the same ? confusion huddles all into one scene , like noah's ark , the clean and the unclean . but now , alas ! the drench has credit got , and he 's no gentleman that drinks it not ; that such a dwarf should rise to such a stature ! but custom is but a remove from nature . a little dish , and a large coffee-house , what is it , but a mountain and a mouse ? mens humana novitatis avidissima . i have heard it is good for one thing ( and that falls out too often ) when men are so drunk with wine , beer or ale , or brandy , that they are unfit to manage their imployment ; then a dish of hot coffee is a present remedy to settle their heads . no doubt , but a dish of broth , or beer , will work the same cure , if it be drank as hot . this short collection should more properly have taken place next to what was collected out of the other doctors , but it came not to my sight , till it was too late : and because it agrees with what is mentioned in the first epistle , that it is a strange way of taking tobacco , as physick , just before , and presently after meals ; i thought fit to put it in here . and if any are so wise as to be convinced by what hath been written , that immoderate smoking of tobacco is hurtful for them , they were best to leave it gradually ; for that is most safe , for such as have been accustomed long to it ; or else it is good to chew the leafe in the mouth ; or as some do , smoke a pipe with other ingredients , as rosemary , bitony , or mints : this collection was taken out of that book of dr. everard's , entituled , the vertue of tobacco . young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke , for the custome and too much use of it , brings their brains out of order , and makes them to be over-hot , so that they lose their good temper , and are beyond the bounds of their health , and that sacred anchor is lost irrecoverably . for the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture , to strengthen them , and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection . especially for those that are cholerick , whose brains cannot endure excess of heat , for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat . see gallen his comment , in lib. de vict . salub . also this smoke doth vehemently move the stomach to nauseat , and to vomit , ( as daily experience teacheth us ) namely , by cleaving to the inward parts , and so offending the peculiar juyces contain'd in the stomach , and the mesentary ; it destroys their ordinary operations . for in thrusting forth the matter from the stomach it cannot be , but also something must be cast out , wherein the force of nature resides ; and also , because when nature is doing her office , she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body , as to the circumference , but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces & spirits to the center . wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions , for she can endure nothing less then two contrary motions at the same time . wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomachs of very many men , especially if they use to take it presently after supper or dinner . and in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men , according to hippocrates his rule . . aphoris . . it is troublesome to purge those that are in good health . for frequent use of purging medicaments will soon make a man old ; for the forces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts , by an hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce . by these things mentioned , it is easie to collect , that the smoke of tobacco shortneth mens days . for being that our native heat is like to a flame , which continually feeds upon natural moisture , as a lamp lighted , drinks up the oyl by its heat ; it follows necessarily , that for want of food , life must needs fly away quickly , when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed : for with that moisture , the imbred heat fails also , and death succeeds . you understand therefore ( that are tobacconists ) that the sooty fumes of tobacco , wherein you are wallowing ( as it were ) in the deepest mire , are of great force to shorten your days . galen speaking of opening medicaments , asserts , that by the frequent use of them , the solid parts of the body are dried , and that the blood grows gross and clotted , which being burned in the reins , breed the stone . the same thing may be truly maintained concerning tobacco , which many use too frequently , and more then any do use thouse kind of opening medicaments ; for this is more hot and dry then they are , and therefore is more forcible to hurt found and well-tempered bodies . take warning therefore you that love tobacco , that you do not exceed in using too much of it , and enslave your selves to this ●uliginous smoke , by hunting after it , and making a god of it . the goods of the body , are beauty , strength , and sound health . the most grave author plutarch , commending the last as the best of all , affirmed most gravely and learnedly , that health is the most divine , and the most excellent property of the body , and a most precious thing . there is nothing in this world better ; nothing more to be desired , and nothing can be found to be more pleasant . without this ( as hippocrates saith ) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things . this is it , which in this life fills all perfection : without this no man could ever be said to be happy : this far exceeds the greatest honours , treasures , and riches . depiction of people smoking and drinking. a postscript by way of apology . honest reader , this intended porch being so impolished , and so rude a draught , i have judged it more fit to make a back-door , then a fore : neither durst i presume to set it in the forefront , for i count it but as an over-plus sheet ; however it may serve for wast paper to wrap up the learned collections , or else to light a pipe of tobacco , and will make as good smoke : it lies at thy mercy , to use or to abuse as thou pleasest . for my part , i pretend to no great learning , yet am a lover of it , and a well-wisher to it : neither am i worthy to carry the books after these learned authors , out of whose works i have made this collection ; therefore i make this humble apologetical postscript . i know for my labour of reviving this noble counterblast , &c. i can expect no better , but to be counterblasted by the black and foul mouths of many tobacconists , and common tobacco-smokers ; for endeavoring to pull down their great diana , which they labour demetrius like to cry up , because of the much gain it brings them . if i meet with reproaches and scorns , it is no more then i expected from them , and i value it not : neither is it any news or wonder ; for we live in the last dayes , and as the apostle peter fore-told many hundred years since , in pet. . . that in the last dayes should come scoffers , walking after their own lusts . to such king solomon propounds a question , which they can hardly be able to answer , in prov. . how long ye simple ones will ye love simplicity ? and ye ▪ scorners delight in scorning , and fools hate knowledge ? there have been many such in all ages of the world , as it may easily be instanced . before i conclude , i thought it not amiss , or improper , to say something briefly against excessive drinking of healths , and drunkenness , which calls to remembrance , amongst other , of his majesties noble and gracious acts , since his restuaration , wherein he hath had merciful respect to the lives , estates , souls and bodies of his good subjects , and therein gone beyond his predecessors . i shall but name to his perpetual honour these three , viz. in the first place , his act of oblivion , passing by all that was done against him or his father , excepting only those that were his royal fathers judges . in the next place , he was pleased to publish a proclamation to all his loving subjects ; against that sinful custom of drinking his health , his majesty wisely considering how apt many would be to fall into that evil extreme , doth in that proclamation , rebuke such as can express their love to him in no better way , then drinking his health . in the next place , i cannot but take notice , and mention , to his majesties renown , his late gracious declaration , for liberty and indulgence to tender consciences , that could not in all things conform to the ceremonies and discipline of the church of england , by law established : this by the way . but now to speak a little more against drinking healths , which is to our purpose in hand . there was many years since a book published , by mr. william prynne , against drinking of healths , entituled , healths sickness , but not now to be had , or seldom thought of ; he shews the greatness of that sin , and the dangerous consequence of it both to the souls and bodies of men. there is another large treatise published by mr. robert younge , entituled , the drunkard's character : also a sermon preached long since by doctor robert harris , called the drunkard's cup , out of isaiah . from the . to the . verse . and a sermon published many years since , preached at pauls-cross , by doctor abraham gibson , entituled , the lands mourning for vain swearing ; out of these words , because of oaths the land mourns . and now the land may mourn , not only for vain swearing , but for vain drinking of healths and drunkenness . after his majesties restauration , there was , i remember , a great feast , at which time there was a health drank for his majesty , and when it came to the turn of an able learned grave minister there present , he utterly disliked and refused it : answering , that he would pray for his majesties heath . and if all that are well-wishers to his majesties health , would obey his proclamation against that vice , in leaving off drinking , either of the kings health , or any others , & leave of swearing and prophaning the sabbath ; and would constantly , earnestly , and heartily pray for his majesties health , according as the apostle st. paul exhorts timothy , tim. . . that supplication and prayer be made for kings , and all that are in authority ; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty . i say , then we should be in hopes to see better times , and better trading : the generality cry out of their want of trading , and of the sins of the rulers ; but our chief work and duty is to look more narrowly at home , and to find out the plague of our own hearts . who smites upon his thigh ? who saith , what have i done ? we are apt to forget the late dreadful judgments of god ; as that of the destroying-sword , the sad destroying pestilence , when from the th of december , . to the th of december , . there died of all diseases , and of the plague ; and in one week ▪ which i find to be the greatest of all , was in september . , there died of the plague in london and liberties , of all diseases that one week . can london ever forget those sad and lamentable consuming flames , that brake forth the second of september , ? the ruinous heaps on acres within , and acres without the old line , the ghastly walls of parish-churches , and stately houses and halls , with the royal exchange , and as it was computed thirteen thousand and two hundred houses , with a vast deal of goods , houshold-stuff , and rich commodities ; and , i think , book-sellers may easily remember the many ware-houses of good books of all sorts , then turned to ashes , at st. faiths church , and in other places about the city . there was a book published by mr. thomas brooks , dedicated to sir william turner lord mayor ( who deserved much love and honour , for being so great a furtherer of building the city and royal exchange , that lay long in ruins ) entituled , london's lamentations , being a serious discourse of the late fiery dispensation , that turned our renowned city into a ruinous heap . in the second part , or application of that book , page . is shewed , that the burning of london was a national judgment , and that god in smiting london , did smite england round : and what sins bring desolating judgments upon persons and places ? intemperance and drunkenness is one sin , and that we are to see the hand of the lord in that dreadful fire , and to take heed of those sins that bring the fiery rod , with the several lessons and duties we are to learn by it . we may easily see that the lord will not suffer us to be forgetful of his great judgments , by the several fresh remembrances he hath given us , by sad fires in divers places since , in and near the city . not long after the dreadful fire , there was a merchants great house , almost finished , in mincing lane , burned and quite defaced ; after that , two great fires brake forth in southwark at several times and places : another at the savoy , which did much harm ; another at the corner of st. bartholomew lane , a herald-painter's house , mr. francis nowers himself , his child and nurse was burned . another in white-chappel , and several persons burned there . another sad fire was in or near thames street , which burned to the ground a great sugar-baker's house , with many thousand pounds worth of sugar , belonging to several partners ; it began september the second , the lords-day , . and now last whit-sunday morning , at st. katherines near tower-hill , brake forth a very grievous lamentable fire , which , as it is reported , consumed above one hundred dwelling-houses , and divers ships , and some people were burned and killed by it . after that , another great fire that consumed about a dozen houses , and part of sir paul pindar's house , without bishopsgate , i● june , . a few dayys after brake forth another fire , which burned several houses in crutched-friers . one at camomile-street : at the swan at holborn-bridge : a brick house in grub-street . we may do well to take that counsel of our saviour to the impotent man that he had cured , and had been at the pool of bethsaida , who had an infirmity thirty eight years , john . . christ bid him go and sin no more , least a worse thing befal him ; it was old mr. wheatlyes text of banbury , after it was burned : read the of leviticus , how greatly the lord threatned the people of israel , if they were disobedient to him ; he threatens great judgments , and to make their cities wast , and the land desolate ; and in the verses , , , . it is four times threatned , that he will punish them seven times more for their iniquities . god hath shot three arrows against us , and how easily can he shoot a fourth tore arrow , that of the famine , unless we turn from our sins by true repentance . it is to be feared , that after all that hath or can be said to reclaim men from their evil courses , and excesses in drinking , that they will be swayed by custome , which is a second nature ; and it will be found as difficult for them to be temperate in smoking , and drinking , and feasting , as it is for the blackmore to change his skin , or the leopard his spots . so that they will rather say , as he that being advised by his physician to leave of his evil courses , or else he would loose his sigh , answered , tum valeat lumen amicum ▪ then sarewel sweet light. to such it may be said , as solomon saith , rejoyce o young man in thy youth walk in the sight of thine eyes , and let thy heart chear thee ; but remember that for all these things god will bring thee to judgment . we all know , that sin is the fore-runner of all plagues and calamities , that ever came upon any people or nation under heaven ; it is the plague of plagues : what provoked god to drown the old world , but sin ? what caused god to rain down fire and brimstone on sodom and gomorrah , but their sins of pride , idleness , and fulness of bread ? and whilst abraham interceded for sodom , had there been but ten righteous persons found amongst them , god would have spared them for their sakes . thus i have spoken against sin in general , as that which draws down judgments upon our heads : i will only lay a few scriptures before you , touching the lord's anger against sin , which he cannot indure to behold without great indignation : for it is only sin that makes a separation between god and our souls ; and i desire the reader to turn to them at his leisure , and to make the best use and application of them , hosea . , , . isaiah . , , . isaiah . , , . genesis . . chap. . . . . . . chap. . . . . . . prov. . , . that sea-man that being ingaged in a ship , and sees it in danger to sink , or to be cast away ; is but an ill and unworthy seaman that will not put to his helping hand to save her . and are not all english-men engaged in the ship of the kingdom , or common-wealth of england ? and is it not in a storm , compassed with enemies without , and within molested and assaulted with the most dangerous enemies of all ; over-laden with our grand enemies , sins of all sorts ? is it not the part of an honest true english-man to help to save this ship , by lightening its burden , and casting these bad commodities over-board ? i mean its sins , that by so doing , we may engage god , the lord of hosts on our side , and then , si deus nobiscum ●uis contra nos : did but england's sins weigh lighter then her enemies sins , then we were more likely to be victorious and conquerors over all our forreign enemies . doth not england match any of her enemies in sins and provocations , namely drunkenness ? doth it come behind the dutch , dane , or swede , which are counted the highest drinkers in the world , of the highest form , and so for swearing most horrible oaths , and scoffing at religion and piety . within ten days since i began this collection or postscript , i was an eye and ear-witness , that a swaggering blade rapt out this oath , god damn me , about a trifle in a scoffing frolick , saying , he had got a presbyterian band on he thought . another man on whitson-eve i saw so sadly drunk , he could neither go nor stand , but sate down on a door-stone , i asked him , where he had been ? he would give no other answer but this , that he was troubled with the megromes . so i and others about him left him , and know not what became of him : these two were in the heart of the city , near the exchange . after i had seen king james his counterblast against tobacco and taken a liking to it : i did at the first intend only to get that printed alone , but afterwards meeting with these pertinent , sutable , and profitable directions , for the preservation of long life , both against tobacco , and intemperate drinking ; published in the works of that learned physician doctor maynwaring , now living : i thought it not amiss to joyn them together , and likewise to add a good old sermon at the latter end , preached , in or near the time of king james , by a ●●mous learned divine , mr. samuel ward then preacher of ipswich , printed . it is but brief , and the best i know of in print against the sin of drunkenness and health-drinking , wherein are discovered divers sad examples of many that have been notorious drinkers or drunkards , called woe to drunkards , that have kill'd themselves by drinking immoderately . in the last place i shall but commend to the reader a few good useful books , viz. mr. thomas brook's londons lamentations , also his book called precious remedies against satan's devices , and his twenty two sermons on ephes . . . of the unsearchable riches of christ , his cabinet of jewels , his closet prayer , and a profitable and very delightsome book of good counsel for all young persons , called his apples of gold for young men and women , &c. mr. thomas watson's new treatise , entituled . the mischief of sin , it brings a person low , on psal . . . mr. ralph venning's book , called sin the plague of plagues , or sinful sin the worst of evils , on rom. . . these books do set forth sin in its own proper colours ; it is compared in scripture to filthy rags , and to a menstruous cloth ; and i think it cannot be called by so bad a name as it is . also lately published mr. robert perrot's new book called englands sole , and soveraign way of being saved . mr. calamie's godly mans ark , which i think is a useful and seasonable book these stormy times : now we are pursued by enemies on all sides , outward and inward , it 's good to get into an ark , or city of refuge : these are sold at the three bibles in popes head alley , where the best and newest short-hand books , and books of divinity are to be had : also history , husbandry astronomy , mathematicks , arithmetick , law , sea , physick , the best poetry , school books &c. five books of the learned doctor maynwarings . . his preservation of health , and prolongation of life . . his treatise of the scurvy , shewing that tobacco is a procuring cause . . the rise and progress of physick historically , chronologically and philosophically illustrated , shewing , the abuse of medicines , &c. . his treatise of consumptions , demonstrating their nature and cure. . the ancient and modern practice of physick examined , stated and compared . the true elixir proprieta●i● of van helmont , paracelsus & crollius , with a book of its use and vertue , highly cominended by mr. lilly. as for other books of vain idle romances , lascivious and vitious poetry and drollery , which are worse then the smoke of tobacco , and more fit for the fire to make smoke of , then for the study ; i wish the lovers of them to take notice of this one passage about such , in mr. philip goodwin's mystery of drunkenness , printed for francis tyton ; it is in page . satan sends out his books as baits , by which many are cunningly caught , with the venome of which so many are poysoned . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e aphorism . object . answ ▪ tutela sanitatis . amurath . his counterblast to tobacco . notes for div a -e primum crater ad sitim pertinere , secundum ad hilaritatem , tertium ad voluptatem , quartum ad insaniam dixit apuleius . omne nimium naturae est inimicum . a cacotrophy , or atrophy . quicquid recipitur , recipitur per modum recipi●ntis . ax. notes for div a -e esay . esay . , . esay . . joe ▪ . . hab . james . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . basil . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a chari●o chena●hash , veche siphgnoni i●phresh ; novissimo tanquam scrpens morde●i● , & tanq●●●●● regulus punget montanus & mercerus ; tanquam haemorrhois vel dipsas , tremelius . cor. . . esay . . deut. . . by the king. a proclamation, prohibiting the planting, setting and sowing of tobacco in england and ireland, according to an act of parliament herein specified england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) by the king. a proclamation, prohibiting the planting, setting and sowing of tobacco in england and ireland, according to an act of parliament herein specified england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) printed by john bill, printer to the king's most excellent majesty, . at the king's printing-house in black-friers, london : [ ] dated at end: given at our court at whitehall, the twenty ninth day of march, in the thirteenth year of our reign, one thousand six hundred sixty one. annotation on thomason copy: "april. ". reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- law and legislation -- england -- early works to . tobacco -- law and legislation -- ireland -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr diev et mon droit honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms by the king. a proclamation , prohibiting the planting , setting and sowing of tobacco in england and ireland , according to an act of parliament herein specified . charles r. whereas by an act of parliament made in our late parliament begun and held at westminster in the county of middlesex , the five and twentieth day of april in the twelfth year of our reign , for and upon the reasons and grounds therein expressed , it was enacted by the authority of the same parliament , that no person or persons whatsoever should , or do from and after the first day of january , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred and sixty , set , plant , improve to grow , make or cure any tobacco either in seed , plant or otherwise , in or upon any ground , earth , field , or place within our kingdom of england , dominion of wales , islands of guernsey or jersey or town of berwick upon tweed ▪ or in our kingdome of ireland , under the penalty of the forfeiture of all such tobacco , or the value thereof , or of the sum of forty shillings for every rod or pole of ground so planted , set or sowen as aforesaid , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity of ground , one moyety thereof to vs our heirs and successors , and the other moyety to him or them that shall sue for the same to be recovered by bill , plaint or information in any court of record , wherein no essoign , protection or wager in law shall be allowed : and it was thereby further enacted , that all sheriffs , iustices of the peace , mayors , bailiffs , constables , and every of them , upon information or complaint made unto them or any of them , by any the officers of the customes , or by any other person or persons whatsoever , that there was any tobacco set , sown , planted , or growing within their jurisdictions or precinets contrary to the same act should within ten dayes after such information or complaint cause to be burnt , plucked up ▪ consumed ▪ or utterly destroyed all such tobacco so set ▪ sowen , planted , or growing . and it was thereby further enacted , that in case any person or persons should resist or make forcible opposition against any person or persons in the due and through execution of the same act , that every such person or persons for every such offence should forfeit the sum of five pounds to be divided and recovered in manner aforesaid ; and in case any person or persons should not pay the summs of money by them to be paid , by vertue of the same act , that in every such case distress should be made and sale thereof , returning the overplus to the owners ; and in case no distress shall be found , that then every such party should be committed to the common gaol in the county where such offence should be committed , there to remain for the space of two moneths without bail or mainprise . provided always , and it was thereby enacted , that the same act nor any thing contained therein should extend to the hindering of the planting of tobacco in any physick-garden of either vniversity ▪ or in any other private garden for physick or chirurgery , only so as the quantity so planted exceed not one half of one pole in any one place or garden , as in & by the same act it doth and may more fully appear . now to the end that all our loving subjects in all parts of our said kingdoms of england and ireland , and dominion of wales , and in the said islands of guernsey and jersey , and in our said town of berwick upon twede , may the better take notice of and more duely observe the said act , and not ignorantly offend against the same for the future , we have thought good to publish & declare the same to all our loving subjects by this our royal proclamation , and do withall likewise signifie and declare , that for the future we shall expect , and do hereby require all dutiful observance thereof , and ready conformity thereunto , and that not onely upon the pains , penalties , and forfeitures therein expressed , but also of our high indignation and displeasure , justly and deservedly to be inflicted upon all those that shall knowingly and presumptuously offend against so just aud reasonable a law. and we do hereby streightly charge and command all our iudges of assise and commissioners of oyer and terminer in their several circuits , and all our iustices of peace in their several and respective quarter-sessions , that they give the same law in charge to the several & respective iuries in their several and respective inquests before them , to the end that the offences and offenders against the same , both in the setting , planting , or sowing of tobacco , contrary to the true intent and meaning of the same act , and also all forcible opposition & resistance made or to be made against any person or persons in the due execution of the same act , may be punished according to law and the demerit of their offences in this behalf . and we do further command and require all sheriffs , iustices of the peace , mayors , bayliffs , constables , and all other our officers and ministers whatsoever whom the premisses shall or may concern , that they from time to time as occasion shall require , be diligent , circumspect , and careful in the due execution of the same act in all things according to the true intent and meaning thereof , as they will answer the contrary at their perils . given at our court at whitehall , the twenty ninth day of march , in the thirteenth year of our reign , one thousand six hundred sixty one . god save the king . london , printed by john bill , printer to the king' 's most excellent majesty , . at the king's printing-house in black-friers . the touchstone, or, trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions : with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking : likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away, and died suddenly : with king jame's [sic] opinion of tobacco, and how it came first into england : also the first original of coffee : to which is added, witty poems about tobacco and coffe [sic] : something about tobacco, written by george withers, the late famous poet ... two broad-sides against tobacco. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing j a estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the touchstone, or, trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions : with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking : likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away, and died suddenly : with king jame's [sic] opinion of tobacco, and how it came first into england : also the first original of coffee : to which is added, witty poems about tobacco and coffe [sic] : something about tobacco, written by george withers, the late famous poet ... two broad-sides against tobacco. hancock, john, fl. - . hancock, john, fl. - . james i, king of england, - . counterblaste to tobacco. . maynwaringe, everard, - ? thomson, george, fl. - . aimatiasis. selections. . ward, samuel, - . woe to drunkards. . sylvester, josuah, - . tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered. . everard, giles. de herba panacea. english. selections. . wither, george, - . [ ], p. : ill. printed and are to be sold by the several booksellers, london : . dedication signed: j.h. (i.e. john hancock). previously published under title: two broad-sides against tobacco (london : printed for john hancock, ). signatures: [a]⁴ b-k⁴. illustrations: print : woodcut ; full-page. subject: "the picture represents the tobacchonists [sic] armes, and turks coffee-house." woodcut and type flower headpieces; ornamental and criblé initials. reproduction of original in the william andrews clark memorial library, university of california, los angeles. a counterblast to tobacco (p. - ) -- dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco, collected out of his treatise of the scurvy, (p. ) -- preservation of health in the choice of drinks, and regular drinking / transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life -- another collection against tobacco-smoking / written by ... george thompson, in his book of preservation of the bloud -- woe to drunkards : a sermon / preached many years since by mr. samuel ward --tobacco battered and the pipes shattered ... / collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester, gent. -- a broad-side against coffee, or, the marriage of the turk -- collection ... taken out of that book of dr. everard's, entituled, the vertue of tobacco -- a postscript, by way of apology. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco habit -- great britain -- early works to . tobacco -- physiological effect -- early works to . tobacco -- poetry -- early works to . smoking in art -- early works to . coffee habit -- great britain -- early works to . coffee -- poetry -- early works to . alcoholism -- great britain -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the touchstone or , trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions . with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking . likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away , and died suddenly . with king jame's opinion of tobacco , and how it came first into england . also the first original of coffee . to which is added witty poems about tobacco and coffe ; something about tobacco , written by george withers , the late famous poet. the picture represents the tobacchonists armes , and turks coffee-house . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drove on the trade ; me no good engalash ? and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick london , printed and are to be sold by the several booksellers . . to all taverns , inns , victualling-houses , ale-houses , coffee-houses , strong-water-shops , tobacconists-shops , in england , scotland or ireland . gentle readers , here is presented to you a brief , learned , and a very seasonable treatise for the age we live in : it was many years since penned by king james of happy and blessed memory , entituled , a counterblast to tobacco ; it it here verbatim , faithfully transcribed out of the large and learned volume of his other works in folio , which are rare and scarce to be had for money , and of too great a price for the common sort of tobacco-smokers to purchase : it is granted , the thing may be good , and physical , and healthful , being moderately and but seldom taken ; but for men to take ten or twenty pipes in a day in all companies , morning , noon and night , before and presently after meals ; this is a strange way of taking physick . now the king understanding the evil custom of taking tobacco , or , as we now call it , smoking a pipe , was grown to a great head , he seems to be very much insensed at it , and discovers how it first came into england , and its first original ; and how that it was used much amongst the savage indians , to cure lewes venerea , a disease among them : his majesty wisely fore-seeing the evil consequences that would follow , by such immoderate sucking in the foul smoke of this indian weed , and he being the physician of the body politick , doth by many strong and excellent arguments , disswade his subjects from imitating the practise of the heathen indians , in drinking this noxious fume . it was in his time but a novelty , and practised but a little , except amongst the nobility , gentry , or great ones : but now what is more frequently used in every ale-house and coffee-house , besides great inns and taverns in london , and all the three kingdoms over . whereas if men were so wise for their own good , both in body , soul , and estate , as to handle a good book , either of divinity , or of morality , half so often as they do the pipe of smoke , it would be better for them in all respects , more precious time and money would be saved . i shall detain you no longer from a more learned epistle and treatise of the matter in hand : and as king solomon , who was the wisest of kings , saith in his book of ecclesiastes , that where the word of a king is , there is power ; so i say , if what our famous king james hath written , be not of power sufficient to divert all english men , &c. from this evil and hurtful custom ; it is here seconded , and backed home , by the words and advice of an able and learned doctor of physick now living ; it being so sutable to the purpose , was thought fit to be added to this counterblast . and that it may not be said ( as the common proverb is ) to be only one doctors opinion , i have thought fit to add another , collected out of a treatise of the bloud , written by that learned physician dr. george thompson , who agreeth with the former against smoking tobacco , as dangerous . i apprehend , that what hath been spoken against drinking tobacco , may much more be said against immoderate drinking of wine , ale , beer , or any strong liquors , and dishes of coffee , &c. thus hoping thou wilt make a good use of what is here gathered together , and offered for thy good , i rest . a well-wisher to thy health , j. h. to the reader . as every humane body ( dear country-men ) how wholsome soever , is notwithstanding subject , or at least naturally inclined to some sorts of diseases or infirmities : so is here no common-wealth , or body-politick , how well governed or peaceable soever it be , that lacks their own popular errors , and naturally inclined corruptions ; and therefore it is no wonder , although this our country and common-wealth , though peaceable , though wealthy , though long flourishing in both , be amongst the rest , subject to their own natural infirmities . we are of all nations the people most loving , and most reverently obedient to our prince ; yet we are ( as time hath often born witness ) too easie to be seduced to make rebellion upon very slight grounds . our fortunate and oft-proved valour in wars abroad , our hearty and reverent obedience to our princes at home , hath given us a long , and thrice-happy peace ; our peace hath bred wealth : and peace and wealth hath brough forth a general sluggishness , which makes us wallow in all sorts of idle delights , and soft delicacies , the first seeds of the subversion of all great monarchies . our clergy are become negligent and lasie , our nobility and gentry prodigal , and sold to their private delights ; our lawyers covetous , our common people prodigal and curious ; and generally all sorts of people more careful for their private ends , then for their mother the common-wealth . for remedy whereof , it is the king's part ( as the proper physician of his politick body ) to purge it of all those diseases , by medicines meet for the same ; as by a certain mild , and yet just form of government , to maintain the publick quietness , and prevent all occasions of commotion ; by the example of his own person and court , to make us all ashamed of our sluggish delicacy , and to stir us up to the practice again of all honest exercises , and martial shadows of war ; as likewise by his , and his courts moderateness in apparel , to make us ashamed of our prodigality : by his quick admonitions , and careful over-seeing of the clergy , to waken them up again , to be more diligent in their offices : by the sharp tryal , and severe punishment of the partial , covetous , and bribing lawyers , to reform their corruptions : and generally by the example of his own person , and by the due execution of good laws , to reform and abolish piece and piece , these old and evil-grounded abuses : for this will not be opus unius diei , but as every one of these diseases , must from the king receive the one cure proper for it ; so are there some sorts of abuses in common-wealths , that though they be of so base and contemptible a condition , as they are too low for the law to look on , and too mean for a king to interpose his authority , or bend his eye upon ; yet are they corruptions , as well as the greatest of them . so is an ant an animal as well as an elephant ; so is a wren avis , as well as a swan ; and so is a small dint of the tooth-ach a disease , as well as the fearful plague is . but for these base sorts of corruption in common-wealths ; not only the king , or any inferiour magistrate , but quilibet ê populo may serve to be a physician , by discovering and impugning the error , and by perswading reformation thereof . and surely in my opinion , there cannot be a more base , and yet hurtful corruption in a country , then is the vile use ( or rather abuse ) of taking tobacco in this kingdome , which hath moved me shortly to discover the abuses in this following little pamphlet . if any think it a light argument , so it is but a toy that is bestowed upon it . and since the subject is but of smoke , i think the sume of an idle brain , may serve for a sufficient battery against so fumous a feblean enemy . if my grounds be found true , it is all i look for ; but if they carry the force of perswasion with them , it is all i can wish , and more then i can expect . my only care is , my dear country-men may rightly conceive even by this smallest trifle , of the sincerity of my meaning in greater matters , never to spare any pains , that may tend to the procuring of your weale and prosperity . a counterblast to tobacco . that the manifold abuses of this vile custome of tobacco-taking , may the better be espied ; it is fit , that first you enter into consideration both of the first original thereof , and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this countrey ; for certainly as such customs that have their first institution , either from a godly ; necessary , or honourable ground , and are first brought in by the means of some worthy , vertuous , and great personage ; are ever , and most justly holden in great and reverent estimation and account by all wise , vertuous and temperate spirits : so should it by the contrary , justly bring a great disgrace into that sort of customs , which having their original from base corruption and barbarity , do , in like sort , make their first entry into a country , by an inconsiderate and childish affectation of novelty , as is the true case of the first invention of tobacco-taking , and of the first entry thereof amongst us . for tobacco being a common herb , which ( though under divers names ) grows almost every where , was first found out by some of the barbarous indians to be a preservative , or antidote against the pox , a filthy disease , whereunto these barbarous people are ( as all men know ) very much subject , what through the uncleanly and adust constitution of their bodies , and what through the intemperate heat of their climate . so that as from them , was first brought into christendome , that most detestable disease : so from the likewise was brought this use of tobacco , as a stinking and unsavory antidote , for so corrupted and execrable a malady ; the stinking suffumigation whereof they yet use against that disease , making so one canker or vermine to eat out another . and now , good country-men , let us ( i pray you ) consider what honour or policy can move us to imitate the barbarous and beastly manners of the wild , godless and slavish indians , especially in so vile and stinking a custome . shall we that disdain to imitate the manners of our neighbour france , ( having the stile of the great christian kingdome ) and that cannot endure the spirit of the spaniards ( their king being now comparable in largeness of dominions , to the greatest emperour of turky ; ) shall we , i say , that have been so long civil and wealthy in peace , famous and invincible in war , fortunate in both ; we that have been ever able to aid any of our neighbours ( but never deafed any of their ears with any of our supplications for assistance ; ) shall we , i say , without blushing , abase our selves so far , as to imitate these beastly indians , slaves to the spaniards , refuse to the world , and as yet aliens from the holy covenant of god ? why do we not as well imitate them in walking naked , as they do , in preferring glasses , feathers , and such toys , to gold and precious stones , as they do ? yea , why do we not deny god , and adore the devil , as they do . now to the corrupted baseness of the first use of this tobacco , doth very well agree the foolish and groundless first entry thereof into this kingdom : it is not long since the first entry of this abuse amongst us here , as this present age cannot yet very well remember , both the first author , and the form of the first introduction of it against us . it was neither brought in by king , great conqueror , nor learned doctor of physick . with the report of a great discovery for a conquest , some two or three savage men were brought in , together with this savage custome : but the pity is , the poor , wild , barbarous men died ; but that vile barbarous custome is yet alive , yea in fresh vigour , so as it seems a miracle to me , how a custome springing from so vile a ground , and brought in by a father so generally hated , should be welcomed upon so slender a warrant : for if they that first put it in practice here , had remembred for what respect it was used by them from whence it came ; i am sure they would have been loath to have taken so far the imputation of that disease upon them as they did , by using the cure thereof ; for sanis non est opus medice , and counter-poysons are never used , but where poyson is thought to proceed . but since it is true , that divers customs slightly grounded , and with no better warrant entred in a common-wealth , may yet in the use of them thereafter , prove both necessary and profitable ; it is therefore next to be examined , if there be not a ful sympathy and true proportion between the base ground and foolish entry , and the loathsome and hurtful use of this stinking antidote . i am now therefore heartily to pray you to consider , first upon what false and erroneous grounds you have first built the general good liking thereof ; and next , what sins towards god , and foolish vanities before the world , you commit in the detestable use of it . as for those deceitful grounds , that have specially moved you to take a good and great conceit thereof : i shall content my self to examine here onely four of the principals of them , two founded upon the theorick of a deceivable appearance of reason , and two of them upon the mistaken practick of general experience . first , it is thought by you a sure aphorisme in the physick ; that the brains of all men being naturally cold and wet , all dry and hot things should be good for them , of which nature this stinking suffumigation is , and therefore of good use to them . of this argument both the proposition and assumption are false , and so the conclusion cannot but be void of it self : for as to the proposition , that because the brains are cold and moist , therefore things that are hot and dry are best for them ; it is an inept consequence : for man being compounded of the four complexions ( whose fathers are the four elements ) although there be a mixture of them all , in all the parts of his body , yet must the divers parts of our microcosme , or little world within our selves , be diversly more inclined , some to one , some to another complexion , according to the diversity of their uses ; that of these discords a perfect harmony may be made up for the maintenance of the whole body . the application then of a thing of a contrary nature to any of these parts , is to interrupt them of their due function , and by consequence hurtful to the health of the whole body ; as if a man , because the liver is as the fountain of bloud , and , as it were , an oven to the stomach , would therefore apply and wear close upon his liver and stomach a cake of lead , he might within a very short time ( i hope ) be sustained very good cheap at an ordinary , besides the clearing of his conscience from that deadly fin of gluttony : and as if because the heart is full of vital spirits , and in perpetual motion ; a man would therefore lay a heavy pound stone on his breast , for staying and holding down that wanton palpitation ; i doubt not but his breast would be more bruised with the weight thereof , then the heart would be comforted with such a disagreeable and contrarious cure. and even so is it with the brains ; for if a man because the brains are cold and humide , would therefore use inwardly by smells , or outwardly by application , things of hot and dry quality ; all the gain that he could make thereof , would onely be to put himself in great forwardness for running mad , by over-watching himself ; the coldness and moisture of our brains being the onely ordinary means that procure our sleep and rest . indeed , i do not deny , that when it falls out that any of these , or any part of our body , grows to be distempered , and to tend to an extremity beyond the compass of natures temperate mixture , that in that case cures of contrary qualities to the intemperate inclination of that part being wisely prepared , and discreetly ministred , may be both necessary and helpful for strengthening and assisting nature in the expulsion of her enemies ; for this is the true definition of all profitable physick . but first , these cures ought not to be used , but where there is need of them ; the contrary whereof is daily practiced in this general use of tobacco , by all sorts and complexions of people . and next , i deny the minor of this argument , as i have already said , in regard that this tobacco is not simply of a dry and hot quality , but rather hath a certain venomous faculty joyned with the heat thereof , which makes it have an antipathy against nature , as by the hateful smell thereof doth well appear ; for the nose being the proper organ and convoy of the sence of smelling to the brains , which are the onely fountain of that sence , doth ever serve us for an infallible witness , whether that odour which we smell be healthful or hurtful to the brain , ( except when it falls out that the sence it self is corrupted and abused , through some infirmity and distemper in the brain : ) and that the suffumigation thereof cannot have a drying quality , it needs no further probation , then that it is a smoke , all smoke and vapour being of it self humide , as drawing near to the nature of the air , and easie to be resolved again into water , whereof there needs no other proof but the meteors , which being bred of nothing else but of the vapors and exhalations sucked up by the sun out of the earth , the sea and waters ; yet are the same smoky vapors turned and transformed into rains , snows , dews , hoar-frosts , and such like watry meteors ; as by the contrary , the rainy clouds are often transformed and evaporated in blustering winds . the second argument grounded on a shew of reason , is , that this filthy smoke , as well through the heat and strength thereof , as by a natural force and quality , is able and fit to purge both the head and stomach of rheumes and distillations , as experience teacheth by the spitting , and avoiding flegm , immediately after the taking of it . but the fallacy of this argument may easily appear , by my late proceeding description of the meteors ; for even as the smoky vapours sucked by the sun , and stayed in the lowest and cold region of the air , are there contracted into clouds , and turned into rain , and such other watry meteors ; so this stinking smoke being sucked up by the nose ; and imprisoned in the cold and moist brains , is by their cold and wet faculty turned and cast forth again in watry distillations , and so are you made free , and purged of nothing , but that wherewith you wilfully burdened your selves ; and therefore are you no wiser in taking tobacco for purging you of distillations , then if for preventing the cholick , you would take all kind of windy meats and drinks ; and for preventing of the stone , you would take all kind of meats and drinks that would breed gravel in the kidneys ; and then when you were forced to avoid much wind out of your stomach , and much gravel in your urine , that you should attribute the thank thereof to such nourishments as breed those within you , that behoved either to be expelled by the force of nature , or you to have burst at the broad side , as the proverb is . as for the other two reasons founded upon experience ; the first of which is , that the whole people would not have taken so general a good liking thereof , if they had not by experience found it very soveraign and good for them : for answer thereunto , how easily the minds of any people , wherewith god hath replenished this world , may be drawn to the foolish affectation of any novelty , i leave it to the discreet judgment of any man that is reasonable . do we not daily see , that a man can no sooner bring over from beyond the seas any new form of apparel , but that he cannot be thought a man of spirit , that would not presently imitate the same ; and so from hand to hand it spreads , till it be practised by all ; not for any commodity that is in it , but only because it is come to be the fashion ; for such is the force of that natural self-love in every one of us , and such is the corruption of envy bred in the breast of every one , as we cannot be content , unless we imitate every thing that our fellows do , and so prove our selves capable of every thing whereof they are capable , like apes , counterfeiting the manners of others to our own destruction . for let one or two of the greatest masters of mathematicks in any of the two famous universities , but constantly affirm any clear day , that they see some strange apparition in the skies ; they will , i warrant you , be seconded by the greatest part of the students in that profession ; so loath will they be , to be thought inferiour to their fellows either in depth of knowledge or sharpness of sight : and therefore the general good liking , and embracing of this foolish custome , doth but onely proceed from that affectation of novelty and popular error , whereof i have already spoken . and the other argument drawn from a mistaken experience , is but the more particular probation of this general , because it is alledge to be found true by proof , that by the taking of tobacco , divers , and very many , do find themselves cured of divers diseases , as on the other part no man ever received harm thereby . in this argument , there is first a great mistaking , and next a monstrous absurdity ; for is not a very great mistaking , to take non causam proeausa ; as they say in the logicks ; because peradventure when a sick man hath had his disease at the heighth , he hath at that instant taken tabacco , and afterward his disease taking the natural course of declining , and consequently the patient of recovering his health , o then the tobacco forsooth was the worker of that miracle ! beside that , it is a thing well known to all physicians , that the apprehension and conceit of the patient hath by wakening and uniting the vital spirits , and so strengthening nature , a great power and vertue to cure divers diseases : for an evident proof of mistaking in the like case , i pray what foolish boy , what silly wench , what old doting wife , or ignorant country clown , is not physician for the tooth-ach , for the cholick , and divers such common diseases ; yea , will not every man you meet withall teach you a sundry cure for the fame , and swear by that mean , either himself , or some of his nearest kindsmen and friends was cured ; and yet , i hope , no man is so foolish as to believe them : and all these toys do onely proceed from the mistaking non causam pro causa , as i have already said ; and so if a man chance to recover one of any disease after he hath taken tobacco , that must have the thanks of all : but by the contrary , if a man smoke himself to death with it ( as many have done ) o then some other disease must bear the blame for that fault ! so do old harlots thank their harlotry for their many years , that custom being healthful ( say they ) ad purgandos renes , but never have mind how many die of the pox in the flower of their youth : and so do old drunkards think they prolong their days by their swine-like diet , but never remember how many die drowned in drink before they be half old . and what greater absurdity can there be then to say , that one cure shall serve for divers , nay contrarious sorts of diseases . it is an undoubted ground among all physicians , that there is almost no sort , either of nourishment or medicine , that hath not some thing in it disagreeable to some part of mans body , because , as i have already said , the nature of the temperature of every part is so different from another , that according to the old proverb , that which is good for the head is evil for the neck and the shoulders : for even as a strong enemy that invades a town or fortress , although in his siege thereof he do belay and compass it round about , yet he makes his breach and entry at some one or few special parts thereof , which he hath tryed and found to be weakest and least able to resist : so sickness doth make her particular assault upon such part or parts of our body as are weakest and easiest to be overcome by that sort of disease which then doth assail us , although all the rest of the body , by sympathy , feel it self to be as it were belaid and besieged by the affliction of that special part , the grief and smart thereof being by the sence of feeling dispersed through all the rest of the members ; and therefore the skilful physician presses by such cures to purge and strengthen that part which is afflicted , as are onely fit for that sort of disease , and do best agree with the nature of that infirm part ; which being abused to a disease of another nature , would prove as hurtful to the one , as helpful for the other ; yea , not onely will a skilful and wary physician be careful to use no cure , but that which is fit for that sort of disease ; but he will also consider all other circumstances , and make the remedies sutable thereunto , as the temperature of the clime , where the patient is , the constitution of the planets , the time of the moon , the season of the year , the age and complexion of the patient , the present state of his body in strength or weakness : for one cure must not ever be used for the self same disease but according to the varying of any of the aforesaid circumstances , that sort of remedy must be used which is fittest for the same : where by the contrary in this case , such is the miraculous omnipotency of our strong-tasted tobacco , as it cures all sorts of diseases ( which never any drug could do before ) in all persons , and at all times . it cures all manner of distillations , either in head or stomach ( if you believe their axioms ) although in very deed is do both corrupt the brain , and , by causing over quick digestion , fill the stomach full of crudities . it cures the gout in the feet , and ( which is miraculous ) in that very instant when the smoke thereof , as light , flyes up into the head , the vertue thereof , as heavy , runs down to the little toe : it helps all sorts of agues ; it makes a man sober , that was drunk ; it refreshes a weary man , and yet makes a man hungry ; being taken when they go to bed , it makes one sleep soundly ; and yet being taken when a man is sleepy and drowsie , it will , as they say , awaken his brain , and quicken his understanding ; as for curing of the pox , it serves for that use , but among the pocky indian slaves . here in england it is refined , and will not deign to cure here any other then cleanly and gentlemanly diseases . o omnipotent power of tobacco ! and if it could by the smoke thereof chase out devils , as he smoke of tobias fish did ( which , i am sure , could smell no stronger ) it would serve for a precious relict , both for the superstitious priests , and the insolent puritans , to cast out devils withall . admitting then , and not confessing , that the use thereof were healthful for some sorts of diseases , should it be used for all sicknesses ? should it be used by all men ? should it be used at all times ? yea , should it be used by able , young , strong , healthful men ? medicine hath that vertue , that it never leaves a man in that state wherein it finds him ; it makes a sick man whole , but a whole man sick : and as medicine helps nature , being taken at time of necessity ; so being ever and continually used , it doth but weaken , weary , and wear nature . what speak i of medicine ? nay , let a man every hour of the day , or as oft as many in this country use to take tobacco ; let a man , i say , but take as oft the best sorts of nourishments , in meat and drink , that can be devised , he shall , with the continual use thereof , weaken both his head and his stomach , all his members shall become feeble , his spirits dull , and in the end , as a drowsie , lasie belly-god , he shall ●vanish in a lethargy . and from this weakness it preceeds , that many in this kingdom have had such a continual use of taking this unsavory smoke , as now they are not able to forbear the same , no more then an old drunkard can abide to be long sober , without falling into an incurable weakness , and evil constitution ; for their continual custom hath made to them habitum , alteram naturam : so to those that , from their birth , have been continually nourished upon poyson , and things venemous , wholesome meats are onely poysonable . thus having , as i trust , sufficiently answered the most principal arguments that are used in defence of this vile custome . it rests onely to inform you , what sins and vanities you commit in the filthy abuse thereof : first , are you not guilty of sinful and shameful lust , ( for lust may be as well in any of the sences as in feeling ) that although you be troubled with no disease , but in perfect health , yet can you neither be merry at an ordinary , nor lascivious in the stews , if you lack tobacco to provoke your apetite to any of those sorts of recreation ; lusting after it as the children of israel did in the wilderness after quails . secondly , it is as you use , or rather abuse it , a branch of the sin of drunkenness , which is the root of all sins ; for as the onely delight that drunkards take in wine , is in the strength of the tast , and the force of the some thereof that mounts up to the brain ; for no drunkards love any weak or sweet drink ; so are not those ( i mean the strong heat and fume ) the only qualities that make tobacco so delectable to all the lovers of it ? and as no man likes strong heady drink the first day ( because nemo repente fit turpissimus ) but by custom is piece and piece allured , while , in the end , a drunkard will have as great a thrist to be drunk , as a sober man to quench his thirst with a draught , when he hath need of it . so is not this the very case of all the great takers of tobacco , which therefore they themselves do attribute to a bewitching quality in it ? thirdly , is it not the greatest sin of all , that you , the people of all sorts of this kingdom , who are created and ordained by god , to bestow both your persons and goods for the maintainance both of the honour and safety of your king and common-wealth , should disable your selves in both ? in your persons , having by this continual vile custom brought your selves to this shameful imbecillity , that you are not able to ride or walk the journey of a jews sabbath , but you must have reeky coal brought you from the next poor house to kindle your tobacco with ; whereas he cannot be thought able for any service in the wars , that cannot endure oftentimes the want of meat , drink and sleep , much more then must he endure the want of tobacco : in the times of the many glorious and victorious battles fought by this nation , there was no word of tobacco ; but now if it were time of wars , and that you were to make some sudden cavalcado upon your enemies ; if any of you should seek leisure to stay behind his fellow for taking of tobacco , for my part , i should never be sorry for any evil chance that might befall him : to take a custome in any thing that cannot be left again , is most harmful to the people of any land. mollities and delicacy were the rack and overthrow , first of the persian , and next of the roman empire . and this very custom of taking tobacco ( whereof our present purpose is ) is even at this day accompted so effeminate among the indians themselves , as in the market they will offer no price for a slave to be sold , whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker . now how you are by this custome disabed in your goods , let the gentry of this land bear witness , some of them bestowing three , some four hundred pounds a year upon this precious stink , which , i am sure , might be bestowed upon many far better uses . i read indeed of a knavish courtier , who for abusing the favour of the emperour alexander severus , his master , by taking bribes to intercede for sundry persons in his masters ear ( for whom he never once opened his mouth ) was justly choked with smoke , with this doom , fumo pereat quifummum vendidit . but of so many smoke-buyers as are at this present in this kingdom , i never read nor heard . and for the vanities committed in this filthy custome , is it not both great vanity and uncleanness , that at the table , a place of respect , of cleanliness , of modesty , men should not be ashamed to sit tossing of tobacco-pipes , and puffing of the smoke of tobacco one to another , making the filthy smoke and stink thereof to exhale athwart the dishes , and infect the air , when very often men that abhor it are at their repast : surely smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a dining-chamber , and yet it makes a kitchin also oftentimes in the inward parts of men , soyling and infecting them with an unctious and oylie kind of soot , as hath been found in some great tobacco-takers , that after their death were opened : and not onely meat-time , but no other time nor action is exempted from the publique use of this uncivil trick ; so as if the wives of diep list to contest with this nation for good manners , their worst manners would in all reason be found at least not so dishonest ( as ours are ) in this point , the publick use whereof at all times , and in all places , hath now so far prevailed , as divers men very sound both in judgment and complexion , have been at last forced to take it also , without desire , partly because they were ashamed to seem singular , ( like the two philosophers that were forced to duck themselves in that rain-water , and so became fools as well as the rest of the people ) and partly to be as one that was content to eat garlick ( which he did not love ) that he might not be troubled with the smell of it in the breath of his fellows . and is it not a great vanity that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now , but straight they must be in hand with tobacco : no , it is become in place of a cure , a point of good fellowship ; and he that will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows ( though by his own election he would rather smell the savor of a sink ) is accompted peevish , and no good company ; even as they do with tipling in the cold eastern-countries , yea the mistriss cannot in a more mannerly kind entertain her servant , then by giving him out of her fair hand a pipe of tobacco ; but herein is not only a great vanity , but a great contempt of god's good gifts , that the sweetness of mans breath being a good gift of god , should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking smoke , wherein i must confess it hath too strong of vertue , and so that which is an ornament of nature , and can neither by any artifice be at the first acquired , nor once lost be recovered again , shall be filthily corrupted with an incurable stink , which vile quality is as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is holden of the wholesomeness thereof , as the venome of putrifaction is contrary to the vertue preservative . moreover , which is a great iniquity , and against all humanity , the husband shall not be ashamed to reduce thereby his delicate , wholesome , and clean-complexion'd wife to that extremity , that either she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith , or else resolve to live in a perpetual stinking torment . have you not reason then to be ashamed , and to forbear this filthy novelty , so basely grounded , so foolishly received , and so grosly mistaken in the right use thereof : in your abuse thereof sinning against god , harming your selves both in persons and goods , and raking also thereby the marks and notes of vanity upon you ; by the custome thereof , making your selves to be wondered at by all forreign civil nations , and by all strangers that come among you , to be scorned and contempted ; a custome loathsome to the eye , hateful to the nose , harmful to the brain , dangerous to the lungs , and in the black stinking fume thereof , nearest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomless . dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco , collected out of his treatise of the scurvy , page . another grand procuring and promoting cause of the scurvy is , tobacco ; not taken notice of by any i meet with in print . and here we may charge much of the frequency , and the unwonted phaenomena , or symptomatical appearance of this disease , upon the late custome of taking tobacco . many wonder that the scurvy should so much abound now in most places , and become so common and obvious now to every eye , that was so rarely taken notice of in former times , notwithstanding some of its procuring causes were very antique . but we need not wonder so much , if we consider the manner of living in former ages , compared with our own ; new customes and diets beget new diseases , or modifie the old so , as they seem to be new , in their unwonted manner , or frequency of appearance . the scurvy being altered and differenced now from what it was in ancient times ; that the phaenomena or symptomes of the disease in the syndrome and concurrence , is not exact alike with the description of the ancients ; which hath caused a doubt , and it is held by some physicians , that the scurvy is a new disease : but it is the old scurvy dressed in a new garb , which by new procuring causes , and additional complications , is become more depravel , more frequent , and more enlarged : few persons but harbour this unwelcome guest . as an additional procurer of the scurvy , tobacco comes now to be examined , since whose general use the scurvy hath much increased , and is become the most epidemical . that this plant is injurious and destructive to nature , and consequently an introducer of the scurvy will appear , if we consider the effects that supervene and follow the taking of it . the consequents or effects may be divided into two sorts ; first , such as accompany or supervene the first use of it . secondly , such as follow the long and constant use of it . symptoms arising upon the first and unaccustomed use of smoking it , are vomiting , giddiness , fainting , drunkenness sleepiness , depravation of the sences , and such like as follow upon the taking of some kind of poysons . effects upon the accustomed familiar use of it , are , salivation , drawing a flux of moisture to the mouth , and drayning the body ; heat , dryness , lassitude and weariness of the spirits , a dulness and indisposition of mind after ; apt to sleep , a filthy unsavory tast in the mouth , a check to to the stomach or appetite . the latent and more secret effects wrought in the body by the constant smoking of tobacco , are ; the inducing a scorbutick disposition , and promoting it where it is already radicated . and this is procured these wayes : first , by depressing the spirits , and alienating them from their genuine propriety and purity . secondly , by vitiating the stomach , and depraving the palate . thirdly , by exhausting the dulcid good juyce of the body , leaving behind and procuring the remainder more viscous , acrid and sharpe . fourthly , by prejudicing and weakening the lungs and vital parts . that it hath a property to depress and clog the spirits , is apparent by its narcotick vertue , causing a dulness , heaviness , lassitude , and disposing to sleep after the use of it . that it alienates the spirits , is concluded from its virulent nature , and discord with our nature , and that is argued from the symptoms that attend the first use . that it is noxious to the stomach ( the first grand laboratory of the body ) is rational to assert ; for as tobacco affects the mouth with an ill stinking tast , so the stomach also goes not free , but is tainted with it , which is communicated to the food received . now considering the nature of tobacco , as it is hot and dry , acrid , salt , biting , purgative , or rather virulent , altogether medicinal , and not alimental ; and this constantly to impregnate and tincture our nutimental success with these properties and qualities , we cannot otherwise expect by length of time and daily use , but that it will shew its power and vertue to change and alter our bodies ; since it is not nutritive , but medicinal , estranged , and at a great distance from the nature of our bodies , not fit to nourish , but to alter and produce some notable effects . so great a sympathy there is between the stomach and mouth , that the one is not affected , but the other is drawn into consent ; if the stomach be foul , the mouth hath an ill relish ; and if the mouth distasts any thing , the stomach nauseates at it . now this great harmony and consent between these two , ariseth upon this accompt ; the mouth is appointed by nature the stomachs taster , to judge and discern what is fit and agreeable for the stomach to receive ; and therefore the same membrane which invests the mouth , and is the instrument of tasting , does also line the stomach , so that hereby what is pleasant and acceptable in the mouth , is gratefully received into the stomach ; now by this affinity and sympathy , you may rationally conclude , that vitiating of the tast by tobacco and tainting the mouth with its stinking scent , must of necessity communicate the same to the stomach , which takes physick every time you take tobacco , does mix with and infect the chile of the stomach , and is conveyed with it into all parts of the body ; and having so great a medicinal power , must needs alter and change the body , according to the properties it is endowed with , by the constant use , and daily reception of it . now tobacco being of an accrimonious , hot , dry , &c. nature , does pervert and change the balsamick juyces of the body into a more sharpe and fiery temper , and alienate them , whereby they are not so amicable and fit for nutrition , as many scorbutick tobacconists do evidence upon examination , and their constitution changed by the evil use of this plant ; and it is very reasonable to expect it , and impute such alterations to the use thereof , since they are the proper effects of such a cause ; the more remarkable discovery , and frequency of the scurvy , may well and justly be imputed to tobacco , since of latter years that tobacco hath been in use , and in those countries where tobacco is much taken , it doth abound most . although i discommend the use of tobacco by smoking it , as an injurious custome , yet i highly applaud it , as very medicinal , being rightly used . i remember about fifteen years since , a patient of mine in derby-shire fell into a great paroxysm of an asthma , almost to suffocation , i exhibited a dose of the sirrup of tobacco , which gave him present help , and within a few hours was relieved , that he could draw his breath with much ease and freedome : and about a year after , at maxfield in cheshire , i cured a gentlewoman of an ulcer in ano of seven years standing , chiefly with the ointment of tobacco ; and although other things were used , yet i ascribe most of the cure to that unguent . and in many other cases tobacco is of good use , which i have experienced ; but smoking of it i find to be hurtful , if it be customary . i shall not be so strict and severe against the use of it , as to forbid all persons the smoking it upon any score whatever ; for that which may be used at certain times as medicinal , upon just occasions requiring in some persons , may prove very bad and pernicious upon the constant and general use ; and this is the case of tobacco . tobacconists , whom custome hath ensnared , and brought them to delight in it , are willing to be perswaded and deluded , that it is good and wholesome , at least harmless ; the pretences which they urge in defence of it , are such as these : some plead for it , and use it after meat , as a help to digestion , and therefore take it as a good remedy against a bad stomach and weak digestion . to this i answer , they are much mistaken herein , not distinguishing between digestion , and precipitation of meat out of the stomach ; digestion is not performed but in due time , by retexture , alteration , fermentation , and volatization of meat , and till then , is not fit to pass out of the digestive-office , which requires some hours more or less , according to the nature of the food received , of facil or difficil digestion ; now that which provokes the stomach to a distribution of semi-digested chyle , and unloading it self before digestion be finished and perfected , offers great injury to the body ; and this is the case of tobacco ( by its lavative stimulating properties ) which error committed in the first digestive-office is not corrected , nor the damage recompenced by the accuteness and strong elaborations of the subsequent digestions ; and for this reason in part , the scurvy is procured hereby . some take tobacco for refreshment after labour , and divertisement of serious thoughts , being tired with business , study and musing . true it is , tobacco puts a suspension upon serious thoughts , and gives a relaxation for a time in some persons ; others contemplate , and run over their business with more delight , by the help and during the taking of a pipe : but both these persons though seemingly delighted and refreshed for a short time , yet afterwards the spirits are lassated and tired , and are more flat , dull and somnolent , when the pipe is out ; this was but a cheat , the spirits were not truly refreshed , invigorated and reinforced ; as wine does enliven and make brisk the spirits , by affording and communicating an additional supply ; but by the fume of tobacco the spirits are a little inebriated and agitated by an other motion then their own , which is a seeming refreshment , and short , not real , substantial and lasting . others plead for tobacco , and take it as a remedy against rheume , because a great dryer and exhauster of superfluous moisture . to evince the error of this opinion , consider what is the cause whereby rheumes and crude moisture in the body do abound ; and then you will plainly see , whether smoking tobacco be a proper or likely remedy to prevent or oppose it . phlegm and superfluous moisture does arise and abound in the body , from a deficiency and debility of the digestions , as also impediment or impotency of the expulsive faculty , that the remainders after digestion be not transmitted by the common ductures . now this fume of tobacco gives no roboration , adds no strength to the digestive faculties , having no symbolical qualities to comply with , and assist them , is very plain . also that separation and expulsion of superfluous moisture by this fume , is not promoted and transmitted through the more commodious ductures and passages appointed by nature for emission ; onely a salivation by the mouth is procured , which brings no advantage , but detriment ; for this flux of moisture doth not arise as critical , from the impulsion of nature , separating and protruding ; but from a promiscuous attraction of fluid moisture , ( by vertue of its acrimonious heat ) as well the landable , util succus , as the degenerated and superfluous ; so that constantly draining the body of this dulcid serosity , must cause many inconveniencies through the want of it , in as much as it is very serviceable to the body , in the integrity of its nature , but being alienated , is then reduced or vented by better means , nature concurring with the medicine : but admit this did attract only excrementitious moisture ( which it does not ) yet considering it vitiates the stomach , and impregnates the chyle , with its evil properties , 't is much better to forbear then to use it ; that benefit would not recompence this injury . and further , that which is a preventing or curative remedy of superfluous moisture , rheume , or phlegmatique matter , applies à priori to the digestions , the springs from whence such effects do arise ; not à posteriori to the producted matter , which this fume seems to pump out , but does not stop the leak , is therefore no radical medicine ; and they that smoke tobacco upon this accompt as a great dryer , and exhauster of superfluous moisture , are much deceived in the expected benefit ; it onely brings a current of moisture , which ought to be expended otherwise , but it abates nothing in the fountain or springs ; rather augments , and makes an overflow , ( for the reasons aforesaid ) as tobacconists do evidence by their much spitting . object . some may say , i never took tobacco , and yet i have the symptomes of the scurvy as bad as any that have taken it . answ . this may be so , from other great procuring causes ; and yet tobacco notwithstanding may be one great procurer in other persons . the scurvy does not require all the procuring causes to concur in its production , but sometimes one , and sometimes another is able to do it ; and although you take no tobacco , yet perhaps your parents did , or theirs ; and it is sufficient to make you fare the worse ; bad customes and abusive living extends farther then the person so offending : it is transmitted to their off-spring , as in another work i have noted in these words . but yet the crime were less , if onely to themselves the prejudice did extend , but also to posterity their diseases are propagated ; the children having impressed upon them , and radicated in the principals of their nature , the seminal power and productive vertue of inordinate and intemperate living of their genitors and progenitors , that the children may bear witness to the following age , the vice and folly of their parents and predecessors , recorded and characterised in them , &c. hereby you may understand , that evil customes ( as of smoking tobacco ) do not injure onely the person doing so , but the generation after them are prejudiced : and , here by the way , we may take notice of the many rickity children in this latter age , since the use of tobacco , which disease was not known , before the frequent use of it . tobacco does enervate and debilitate the faculties , that we may rationally expect the children from this generation to be scorbutick , rickity , and more feeble then formerly . amurath the fourth of that name , grand seignior of the turkish empire , put forth his edict againgst the smoking of tobacco , and made it a capital crime for any that should so use it ; the reason of this severe prohibition was , that it did render his people infertile : i shall not urge the inconvenience of . tobacco so far , but this i may assext , that it causeth an infirm generation , by debilitating the parents , and rendering them scorbutick , which impressions are carried in semine to their children , and makes a diseased issue . and i observed in virginia , being some time in that colony , that the planters who had lived long there , being great smokers , were of a withered decayed countenance , and very scorbutick , being exhausted by this imoderate fume ; nor are they long-lived , but do shorten their dayes by the intemperate use of tobacco and brandy . king james , that learned philosophical prince of this nation , wisely considering the nature of this plant , and having a good stoxastick head to foresee the inconveniencies that would arise to his people , by the ill custome of smoking it , he being the great physcian of the body politick , does excellently dehort his subjects ( being tender of their future welfare ) from this noxious fume , and writes an invective against it ; whose oratory and solid arguments were enough to have broken the neck of this custome , had they any regard to his kindness , or sense of their own good , and of their posterity . i might have enlarged my self upon this subject , and run over most scorbutick symptomes , shewing how they are either first procured or aggravated by this fume : but from what hath been said already , it plainly appears , that tobacco is a great procurer and promoter of the scurvy , in as much as many scorbutick symptomes are the proper effects of smoking tobacco , as lassitude , dulness , somnolency , spitting , ill tast in the mouth , &c. and although some few persons either by the strength of nature , do strongly resist the bad impressions it sets upon several parts of the body , or by the peculiarity of nature is less offensive and hurtful to some , or brings some particular benefit ( amongst its many ill properties ) that makes it seemingly good ; yet insensibly and by time it damageth all ; and those few good effects in some few persons are not of validity to give it a general approbation and use , and free it from the censure of a great procurer of the scurvy , but may be justly reckoned in that catalogue . preservation of health in the choice of drinks , and regular drinking . drink for necessity , not for bad fellowship ; especially soon after meat , which hinders the due fermentation of the stomach , and washeth down before digestion be finished : but after the first concoction , if you have a hot stomach , a dry or costive body , you may drink more freely then others : or if thirst importunes you at any time , to satisfie with a moderate draught is better then to forbear . accustom youth and strong stomachs to small drink , but stronger drink , and wine , to the infirm and aged : it chears the spirits , quickens the appetite , and helps digestion , moderately taken : but being used in excess , disturbs the course of nature , and procures many diseases : for corpulent gross and fat bodies , thin , hungry , abstersive penetrating wines are best , as white-wine , rhenish , and such like . for lean thin bodies ; black , red and yellow wines , sweet , full bodied and fragrant , are more fit and agreeable ; as malaga , muscadel , tent , alicant and such like . for drink , whether it be wholsomer warmed than cold , is much controverted ; some stifly contending for the one , and some for the other : i shall rather chuse the middle way , with limitation and distinction , then impose it upon all as a rule to be observed under the penalty of forfeiting their health , the observations of the one or the other . there are three sorts of persons , one cannot drink cold beer , the other cannot drink warm , the third , either : you that cannot drink cold beer , to you it is hurtful , cools the stomach , and checks it much : therefore keep to warm drink as a wholsome custome : you that cannot drink warm beer , that is , find no refreshment , nor thirst satified by it , you may drink it cold , nor is it injurious to you : you that are indifferent and can drink either , drink yours cold , or warmed , as the company does , since your stomach makes no choice . that warm drink is no bad custom , but agreeable to nature in the generality ; first , because it comes the nearest to the natural temper of the body , and similia similibus conservantur , every thing is preserved by its like , and destroyed by its contrary . secondly , though i do not hold it the principal agent in digestion , yet it does excite , is auxiliary , and a necessary concomitant of a good digestion , ut signum & causa . thirdly , omne frigus per se , & proviribus destruit ; cold in its own nature , and according to the graduation of its power , extinguisheth natural heat , and is destructive ; but per accidens , and as it is in gradu remisso , it may contemperate , allay , and refresh , where heat abounds , and is exalted . therefore as there is variety of palates and stomachs liking and agreeing best with such kind of meats and drinks , which to others are utterly disgustful , disagreeing and injurious , though good in themselves : so is it in drink warmed or cold ; what one finds a benefit in , the other receives a prejudice ; at least does not find that satisfaction and refreshment , under such a qualification ; because of the various natures , particular appetitions , and idiosyncratical properties of several bodies , one thing will not agree with all : therefore he that cannot drink warm , let him take it cold , and it is well to him ; but he that drinks it warm , does better . and this is to be understood in winter , when the extremity of cold hath congelated and fixed the spirits of the liquor in a torpid inactivity ; which by a gentle warmth are unfettered , volatile and brisk ; whereby the drink is more agreeable and grateful to the stomachs fermenting heat being so prepared , then to be made so by it . there are three sorts of drinkers : one drinks to satisfie nature , and to support his body ; without which he cannot well subsist , and requires it as recessary to his being . another drinks a degree beyond this man , and takes a larger dose , with this intention , to exhilarate and chear his mind , to banish cares and trouble , and help him to sleep the better ; and these two are lawful drinkers . a third drinks neither for the good of the body , or the mind , but to stupifie and drown both ; by exceeding the former bounds , and running into excess , frustrating those ends for which drink was appointed by nature ; converting this support of life and health , making it a procurer of sickness and untimely death . many such there are , who drink not to satifie nature , but force it down many times contrary to natural inclination ; and when there is a reluctancy against it : as drunkards , that pour in liquor , not for love of the drink , or that nature requires it by thirst , but onely to maintain the mad frollick , and keep the company from breaking up . some to excuse this intemperance , hold it as good physick to be drunk once a moneth , and plead for that liberty as a wholsome custome , and quote the authority of a famous physician for it . whether this opinion be allowable , and to be admitted in the due regiment for preservation of health , is fit to be examined . it is a canon established upon good reason ; that every thing exceeding its just bounds , and golden mediocrity , is hurtful to nature . the best of things are not excepted in this general rule ; but are restrained and limited here to a due proportion . the supports of life may prove the procurers of death , if not qualified and made wholsome by this corrective . meat and drink is no longer sustenance , but a load and overcharge , if they exceed the quantum due to each particular person ; and then they are not , what they are properly in themselves , and by the appointment of nature , the preservatives of life and health ; but the causes of sickness , and consequently of death . drink was not appointed man , to discompose and disorder him in all his faculties , but to supply , nourish , and strengthen them . drink exceeding its measure , is no longer a refreshment , to irrigate and water the thirsty body , but makes an inundation to drown and suffocate the vital powers . it puts a man out of the state of health , and represents him in such a degenerate condition both in respect of body and mind , that we may look upon the man , as going out of the world , because he is already gone out of himself , and strangely metamorphosed from what he was . i never knew sickness or a disease , to be good preventing physick ; and to be drunk , is no other then an unsound state , and the whole body out of frame by this great change . what difference is there between sickness and drunkenness ? truly i cannot distinguish them otherwise then as genus and species : drunkenness being a raging disease , denominated and distinguished from other sicknesses , by its procatarctick or procuring cause , drink . that drunkenness is a disease or sickness , will appear in that it hath all the requisites to constitute a disease , and is far distant from a state of health : for as health is the free and regular discharge of all the functions of the body and mind ; and sickness , when the functions are not performed , or weakly and depravedly : then ebriety may properly be said to be a disease or sickness , because it hath the symptoms and diagnostick signs , of an acute and great disease : for , during the time of drunkenness , and some time after , few of the faculties perform rightly , but very depravedly and preternatually : if we examine the intellectual faculties , we shall find the reason gone , the memory lost or much abated , and the will strangely perverted : if we look into the sensitive faculties , they are disordered , and their functions impedited , or performed very deficiently : the eyes do not see well , nor the ears hear well , nor the palate remifh , &c. the speech faulters and is imperfect ; the stomach perhaps vomits or nauseates ; his legs fail : indeed if we look through the whole man , we shall see all the faculties depraved , and their functions either not executed , or very disorderly and with much deficiency . now according to these symptoms in other sicknesses , we judge a man not likely to live long ; and that it is very hard he should recover ; the danger is so great from the many threatning symptoms that attend this sickness , and prognosticate a bad event : here is nothing appears salutary ; but from head to foot , the disease is prevalent in every part ; which being collated , the syndrom is lethal , and judgment to be given so . surely then drunkenness is a very great disease for the time , but because it is not usually mortal , nor lasts long ; therefore it it slighted , and look't upon as a trivial matter that will cure it self . but now the question may be asked ; why is not drunkenness usually mortal ? since the same signs in other diseases are accounted mortal , and the event proves if so . to which i answer ; all the hopes we have that a man drunk should live , is ; first , from common experience that it is not deadly : secondly , from the nature of the primitive or procuring cause , strong drink or wine ; which although it rage , and strangely discompose the man for a time , yet it lasts not long , nor is mortal . the inebriating spirits of the liquor , flowing in so fast , and joyning with the spirits of mans body , make so high a tide , that overflows all the banks and bounds of order : for , the spirits of mans body , those agents in each faculty , act smoothly , regularly and constantly , with a moderate supply ; but being overcharged , and forced out of their natural course , and exercise of their duty , by the large addition of furious spirits ; spurs the functions into strange disorders , as if nature were conflicting with death and dissolution ; but yet it proves not mortal . and this , first , because these adventitious spirits are amicable and friendly to our bodies in their own nature , and therefore not so deadly injurious , as that which is not so familiar or noxious . secondly , because they are very volatile , light , and active ; nature therefore does much sooner recover her self , transpires and sends forth the overplus received ; then if the morbifick matter were more ponderous and fixed ; the gravamen from thence would be much worse and longer in removing : as an over-charge of meat , bread , fruit , or such like substances not spirituous ; but dull and heavy ( comparativè ) is of more difficult digestion , and layes a greater and more dangerous load upon the faculties , having not such volatile brisk spirits to assist nature , nor of so liquid a fine substance , of quicker and easier digestion : so that the symptoms from thence are much more dangerous , then those peracute distempers arising from liquors . so likewise those bad symptoms in other diseases are more to be feared and accounted mortal ( then the like arising from drunkenness ) because those perhaps depend upon malignant causes ; or such as by time are radicated in the body ; or from the defection of some principal part : but the storm and discomposure arising from drunkenness , as it is suddenly raised , so commonly it soon falls , depending upon benign causes , and a spiritucus matter , that layes not so great an oppression ; but inebriates the spirits , that they act very disorderly and unwontedly ; or by the soporiferous vertue , stupefies them for a time , untill they recover their agility again . but all this while , i do not see , that to be drunk once a moneth , should prove good physick : all i think that can be said in this behalf , is ; that by overcharging the stomach , vomiting is procured ; and so carries off something that was lodged there , which might breed diseases . this is a bad excuse for good fellows , and a poor plea for drunkenness : for the gaining of one supposed benefit ( which might be obtained otherwise ) you introduce twenty inconveniences by it . i do not like the preventing of one disease that may be , by procuring of one at the present certainly , and many hereafter most probably : and if the disease feared , or may be , could be prevented no otherwise , but by this drunken means ; then that might tollerate and allow it : but there are other wayes better and safer to cleanse the body either upwards or downwards , then by overcharging with strong drink , and making the man to unman himself ; the evil consequents of which are many , the benefit hoped for , but pretended ; or if any , but very small and inconsiderable . and although , as i said before , the drunken fit is not mortal , and the danger perhaps not great for the present ; yet those drunken bouts being repeated ; the relicts do accumulate , debilitate nature , and lay the foundation of many chronick diseases . nor can it be expected otherwise ; but you may justly conclude from the manifest irregular actions which appear to us externally , that the functions within also , and their motions are strangely disordered : for , the outward madness and unwonted actions , proceed from the internal impulses , and disordered motions of the faculties : which general disturbance and discomposure ( being frequent ) must needs subvert the oeconomy and government of humance nature ; and consequently ruine the fabrick of mans body . the ill effects , and more eminent products of ebriety , are ; first , a changing of the natural tone of the stomach , and alienating the digestive faculty ; that instead of a good transmutation of food , a degenerate chyle is produced . common experience tells , that after a drunken debauch , the stomach loseth its appetite , and acuteness of digestion ; as belching , thirst , disrelish , nauseating , do certainly testifie : yet to support nature , and continue the custom of eating , some-food is received ; but we cannot expect from such a stomach that a good digestion should follow : and it is some dayes before the stomach recover its eucrasy , and perform its office well : and if these miscarriages happen but seldom , the injury is the less , and sooner recompenced ; but by the frequent repetition of these ruinous practices , the stomach is overthrown and alienated from its integrity . secondly , an unwholsome corpulency and cachectick plenitude of body does follow : or a degenerate macilency , and a decayed consumptive constitution . great drinkers that continue it long , few of them escape , but fall into one of these conditions and habit of body : for , if the stomach discharge not its office aright ; the subsequent digestions will also be defective . so great a consent and dependance is there upon the stomach ; that other parts cannot perform their duty , if this leading principal part be perverted and debauched : nor can it be expected otherwise ; for , from this laboratory and prime office of digestion , all the parts must receive their supply ; which being not suteable , but depraved , are drawn into debauchery also , and a degenerate state ; and the whole body fed with a vitious alimentary succus . now that different products or habits of body should arise from the same kind of debauchery , happens upon this score . as there are different properties and conditions of bodies ; so the result from the same procuring causes shall be much different and various : one puffs up , fills , and grows hydropical ; another pines away , and falls consumptive , from excess in drinking ; and this proceeds from the different disposition of parts : for , in some persons , although the stomach be vitiated , yet the strength of the subsequent digestions is so great , from the integrity and vigor of those parts destinated to such offices ; that they act strenuously , though their object matter be transmitted to them imperfect and degenerate ; and therefore do keep the body plump and full , although the juyces be foul , and of a depraved nature . others è contra , whose parts are not so firm and vigorous ; that will not act upon any score , but with their proper object ; does not endeavour a transmutation of such aliene matter , but receiving it with a nice reluctance , transmits it to be evacuated and sent forth by the next convenient ducture , or emunctory : and from hence the body is frustrated of nutrition , and falls away : so that the pouring in of much liquor ( although it be good in sua natura ) does not beget much aliment , but washeth through the body , and is not assimilated . but here some may object and think ; that washing of the body through with good liquor , should cleanse the body , and make it fit for nourishment , and be like good physick for a foul body . but the effect proves the contrary ; and it is but reason it should be so : for , suppose the liquor ( whether wine , or other ) be pure and good ; yet when the spirit is drawn off from it , the remainder is but dead , flat , thick , and a muddy flegm . as we find in the destillation of wine , or other liquors ; so it is in mans body : the spirit is drawn off first , and all the parts of mans body are ready receivers , and do imbibe that limpid congenerous enlivener , freely and readily : but the remainder , of greatest proportion ; that heavy , dull , phlegmy part , and of a narcotick quality ; lies long fluctuating upon the digestions , and passeth but slowly ; turns sowr , and vitiates the crases of the parts : so that this great inundation , and supposed washing of the body , does but drown the faculties , stupefie or choak the spirits , and defile all the parts ; not purifie and cleanse . and although the more subtile and thinner portion , passeth away in some persons pretty freely by vrine ; yet the grosser and worse part stayes behind , and clogs in the percolation . a third injury , and common , manifest prejudice from intemperate drinking , is ; an imbecillity of the nerves ; which is procured from the disorderly motions of the animal spirits ; being impulsed and agitated preternaturally by the inebriating spirits of strong liquors : which vibration being frequent , begets a habit , and causeth a trepidation of members . transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life . that it may not be said to be onely one doctors opinion , here is added another collection against tobacco-smoking , written by the learned doctor george thompson , in his book of preservation of the bloud . a bove all , i much condemn the common abuse of tobacco ; out of which , no other symptomes , than a scorbutical venome is accidentally sucked . agreeable to which judgment of mine , is that of the legitimate artist doctor maynwaring , who marks where tobacco is much taken , the scurvy doth most abound : i wish those who are too forward to condemn chymical preparations , ordered by true philosophers , would reflect upon themselves and others , as yet ignorant of pyrotomy , how that they are too forward in rushing into this science ; indirectly making use of a retort with a receiver , i mean a pipe , and the mouth for the reduction of this plant into salt and sulphur , proving not a little injurious to them . if they were conscious how subtil an enemy it is , how hardly to be dealt withall , in a moderate sense ; how insinuating , tempting , deluding ; how disagreeing to nature , as is manifest at first taking it , pretending an evacuation onely of a superfluous moisture , when it also generates the same ; how it wrongs the ventricle ; by reason of a continuity of its membrane , with that of the mouth ; how it taints the nutricious juyce ; how it dozes the brain , impairing its faculties , especially the memory : they would quickly commit this herb to the hand of those that know what belongs to the right management and improvement thereof . i confess it hath a dowry bestowed upon it , which may make it very acceptable to all ingenious artists , for inward and outward uses ; yet as the matter is handled indiscreetly , i know nothing introduced into this nation hath discovered it self more apparently hurtful , in aggravating and graduating this scorbutical evil among us then tobacco . i am not ignorant what some object , that there are those who taking an extraordinary quantity of tobacco , have lived a to great age , as sixty or seventy years . . that multitudes not taking this fume , are yet notwithstanding over run with the scurvy . . that some have protested , they have received certain benefit by this plant , when other remedies prescribed by able physitians have been invalid to relieve them . . that there are places where man , woman and child , take in this smoke , none of these sad effects appearing . as to the first , i answer , one swallow makes no summer ; i reckon this among raro contingentia : i have known one very intemperate in dier , live to the fore-mentioned age ; but doubtless had he regulated himself according to the rules of mediocrity , he might have doubled that age . innate strength of body doth carry a man sometimes through that , without any great damage , which destroys another . . i do not affirm , that this vegetable is the sole co-adjuvant cause of the scurvy , it being certain there are many promoters thereof . besides , yet granted that your great compotators , ventricolae , gormandizers , who have as the grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , lazy panches , little else to do but to take tobacco , to pass away the time ; filling pipe after pipe , as fast as possible they can exhaust it , are commonly incident to this feral malady . hereupon this very same specifick disease may be diffused and communicated to others , by expiration or ffluvium , sent out of a body infected therewith ; so that it seems rare to me , that the wife should be exempted from this cacoettick sickness , if the husband be afflicted therewith ; or the husband be free , if the wife be vexed : doubtless some peoples breath doth exceedingly taint the air , to the great annoyance of others . . i condemn not medicinal appropriation and application of this drug , for i knòw it to be of excellent vertue : there is great difference , inter dictum secundum quid & dictum simpliciter , between the censure of any thing as absolutely evil , and the indirect practise of it : moreover , what is one man's meat , may be anothers poyson . . the generality of smoking it in some places , without those ill effects we find , doth not at all frustrate my assertion : for i have observed a more moderate course of life in diet , the goodness of the air , with an hereditary custome , hath in great measure ballanced the nocument or inconveniences , which otherwise they would have contracted by excess thereof ; neither are these numerous tobacconists acquitted from this evil , as it appears by those frequent eruptions in the skin , whereby a greater mischief is prevented within , they being only efflorescences of a scorbutical pravity . there are , as i apprehend , two principal reasons to be given , why this weed hath captivated so many thousands in such sort , that they become meer slaves to it . one is , the seeming delight it affords in the present taking thereof , inducing a pleasing bewitching melancholy , exceedingly affecting their fancies , so that they could wish with him in the poet , hic furor , ô superi , sit mihi perpetuus , o that i might alwayes thus melancholize ; not considering though the prologue be chearful , the epilogue is often sad ; though the spirits are as it were titillated , and charmed into a sweet complacency for a short space ; yet afterward a dulness , gloominess , seizes upon them ; indeed , how can it be otherwise , seeing they are but forcibly lulled into this secure placid condition , by that which is as far remote from the vitals , as the beams of the sun are from a black cloud . i find in this smoke , a stinking , retunding , condensing opiatelike sulphur , and an acrid salt , profligating , extimulating , so that by the bridling much of the one , and the excessive spurring of the other ; the spirits , like a free metalsome horse , are quite tired out at last : it is impossible that the frequent insinuations of this subtil fume , making shew of affinity , but quite of another tribe with the animals , should not at length ( let a body be never so strong , and custom how ever prevalent ) either pervert or subvert his well constituted frame . another reason ( observable only by those that are true gnosticks of themselves ) why tobacco is so highly set by , and hath so many followers ; is its meretricious kisses , given to those that embrace it : oftentimes secretly wounding them mortally , yet are they not throughly sensible who gave them the stroke . i have taken notice of very temperate persons in other things , who , for diversion , have indulged their genious , ad hilaritatem , continuing for urbanitysake in company they liked , longer then ordinary , have so closely pursued this pernicious art of sucking in the smoke of this herb , that never any chymist was more solicitous , in greater hast to fetch his matters over the helm by distillation : behold what the event was ! the next morning i have heard complaints come from them , that their brains were something stupid , dozed , their stomach nauseous , being thirsty , also feaverish : all this they attribute to their transgressing limits of sobriety in drinking , or to the sophisticated adulterated liquors , not finding the least fault with the extravagant use of tobacco , which above all did them the most hurt privately : something i can speak experimentally to this purpose , for having been wedded to it many years past , supposing i had got an antidote against hypochondriack melancholy with an apophlegmatism , to discharge crude matter ; i applauded it in all company , without advertency at that time , how false and treacherous it was , which afterward perceiving , i withdrew my self from the use thereof by degrees , at length was altogether divorced from it . praevisa spicula levius feriunt ; could we see the poysoned arrows that are shot from this plant , questionless we would indeavour to avoid them , that they might less intoxicate us . latet anguis in herba ; we are suddenly surprized by this serpentine plant , before we are aware ; thus that which we take for an antidote , becomes meer poyson to us , supplanting and clancularly confounding the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or good government of this republick , consisting in the strength and goodness of a seminal archeus , vigorous ferments , the just constitution and harmony of every part . needs must then indigestions , crudities , degeneration and illegitimation of the nutricious juyce follow , promoting causes and products of the great poyson of the scurvy . my advice therefore to any immoderate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a fumesucker , is , that he would , as he tenders the salvation of body and soul , wean himself by degrees from excess herein ; if so , doubtless he will find if the scurvy infest him much , an abatement of the tedious symptoms therefore . such as are so accustomed to tobacco , that they cannot forbear it , let what can be said against it ; so that neither the good and solid perswasions of a great , wise , and learned king , nor the wholsome and rational arguments of two able and skilful physicians , will be of force to prevail with them : my advice to such is , while they take it , to meditate on this poem following , by which they may be able to make this double spiritual use of it , viz. i. to see the vanity of the world. ii. the mortality of mankind . which , i think , is the best use can be made of it and the pipe , &c. the indian weed withered quite , green at noon , cut down at night ; shews thy decay , all flesh is hay : thus think , then drink tobacco . the pipe that is so lilly-white , shews thee to be a mortal wight , and even such gone with a touch : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the smoke ascends on high , think thou behold'st the vanity of worldly stuff , gone with a puff : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the pipe grows foul within , think on thy souldefil'd with sin , and then the fire it doth require : thus think , then drink tobacco . the ashes that are left behind may serve to put thee still in mind , that unto dust return thou must : thus think , then drink tobacco . answered by george withers thus , thus think , drink no tobacco . woe to drunkards : a sermon preached many years since by mr. samuel ward , preacher of ipswich . prov . . verse , . to whom is woe ? to whom is sorrow ? to whom is strife ? &c. in the end it will bite like a serpent , and sting like a cockatrice . seer , art thou also blind ? watchman , art thou also drunk , or asleep ? or hath a spirit of slumber put out thine eyes ? up to thy watch-tower , what descriest thou ? ah lord ! what end or number is there of the vanities which mine eyes are weary of beholding ? but what seest thou ? i see men walking like the tops of trees shaken with the wind , like masts of ships reeling on the tempestuous seas . drunkenness , i mean , that hateful night-bird ; which was wont to wait for the twilight , to seek nooks and corners , to avoid the howting and wonderment of boys and girls ; now as if it were some eaglet to dare the sun-light , to fly abroad at high noon in every street , in open markets and fairs , without fear or shame , without controul or punishment , to the disgrace of the nation , the out-facing of magistracy and ministry , the utter undoing ( without timely prevention ) of health and wealth , piety and vertue , town and countrey , church and common-wealth . and doest thou like a dumb dog hold thy peace at these things , dost thou with solomon's sluggard fold thine hands in thy bosome , and give thy self to ease and drowsmess , while the envious man causeth the noisomest and baseth of weeds to over-run the choisest eden of god ? up and arise , lift up thy voice , spare not , and cry aloud ? what shall i cry ? cry , woe and woe again unto the crown of pride , the drunkards of ephraim . take up a parable , and tell them how it stingeth like the cockatrice ; declare unto them the deadly poyson of this odious sin . shew them also the soveragin antidote and cure of it , in the cup that was drunk off by him , that was able to overcome it : cause them to behold the brasen serpent , and be healed . and what though some of these deaf adders will not be charmed nor cured , yea though few or none of this swinish herd of habitual drunkards , accustomed to wallow in their mire ; yea , deeply and irrecoverably plunged by legions of devils into the dead sea of their filthiness ; what if not one of them will be washed , and made clean , but turn again to their vomit , and trample the pearls of all admonition under feet ; yea , turn again , and rend their reprovers with scoffs and scorns , making jests and songs on their alebench : yet may some young ones be deterred , and some novices reclaimed , some parents and magistrates awakened to prevent and suppress the spreading of this gangrene : and god have his work in such as belong to his grace . and what is impossible to the work of his grace ? go to then now ye drunkards , listen not what i , or any ordinary hedge-priest ( as you style us ) but that most wise and experienced royal preacher hath to say unto you . and because you are a dull and thick eared generation , he first deals with you by way of question , a figure of force and impression . to whom is woe ? &c. you use to say , woe be to hypocrites . it 's true , woe be to such and all other witting and willing sinners ; but there are no kind-of offenders on whom woe doth so palpably inevitably attend as to you drunkards . you promise your selves mirth , pleasure , and jollity in your cups ; but for one drop of your mad mirth , be sure of gallons , and tuns of woe , gall , wormwood , and bitterness here and hereafter . other sinners shall taste of the cup , but you shall drink off the dregs of god's wrath and displeasure . to whom is strife : you talk of good fellowship and friendship , but wine is a rager and tumultuous make-bate , and sets you a quarreling , and medling . when wit 's out of the head and strength out of the body , it thrusts even cowards and dastards , unfenced and unarmed , into needless frayes and combats . and then to whom are wounds , broken heads , blue eyes , maimed limbs ? you have a drunken by-word , drunkards take no harm ; but how many are the mishaps and untimely misfortunes that betide such , which though they feel not in drink , they carry as marks and brands to their grave . you pretend you drink healths , and for health ; but to whom are all kind of diseases , infirmities , deformities , pearled faces , palsies , dropfies , head-aches ? if not to drunkards . upon these premises , he forcibly infers his sober and serious advise . look upon these woful effects and evils of drunkenness , and look not upon the wine ; look upon the blue . wounds , upon the red eyes it causeth , and look not on the red colour when it sparkleth in the cup. if there were no worse then these , yet would no wise man be overtaken with wine : as if he should say , what see you in the cup or drink , that countervaileth these dreggs that lie in the bottom . behold , this is the sugar , you are to look for , and the tang it leaves behind . woe and alas , sorrow and strife , shame , poverty and diseases ; these are enough to make it odious , but that which followeth withall , will make it hideous and fearful . for solomon duely considering that he speaks to men past shame and grace , senseless of blowes , and therefore much more of reasons and words , insisteth not upon these party woes ; which they , bewitched and besotted with the love of wine , will easily over-see and over-leap : but sets before their eyes the direful end and fruit , the black and poyfonful tail of this sin . in the end it stingeth like the serpent , it biteth like the cockatrice , ( or adder ) faith our new translation . all interpreters agree , that he means some most virulent serpent , whose poyson is present and deadly . all the woes he hath mentioned before , were but as the sting of some emmet , waspe , or nettle , in comparison of this cockatrice which is even unto death ; death speedy , death painful , and woful death , and that as naturally and inevitably , as opium procureth sleep , as hellebore purgeth , or any poyson killeth . three forked is this sting , and three fold is the death it procureth to all that are strung therewith . the first is , the death of grace ; the second is , of the body : the third is , of soul and body eternal . all sin is the poyson wherewithall the old serpent and red dragon envenomes the soul of man , but no sin ( except it be that which is unto death ) so mortal as this , which though not ever unpardonably , yet for the most part is also irrecoverably and inevitably unto death . seest thou one bitten with any other snake , there is hope and help : as the father said of his son , when he had information of his gaming , of his prodigality , yea , of his whoring : but when he heard that he was poysoned with drunkenness , he gave him for dead , his case for desperate and forlorn . age and experience often cures the other ; but this encreaseth with years , and parteth not till death . whoring is a deep ditch , yet some few shall a man see return and lay hold on the wayes of life , one of a thousand , but scarce one drunkard of ten thousand . one ambrose mentions , and one have i known ; and but one of all that ever i knew or heard of . often have i been asked , and often have i enquired , but never could meet with an instance , save one or two at the most . i speak of drunkards , not of one drunken ; of such who rarely and casually have noah-like been surprised , over-taken at unawares : but if once a custome , ever necessity . wine takes away the heart , and spoils the brain , overthrows the faculties and organs of repentance and resolution . and is it not just with god , that he who will put out his natural light , should have his spiritual extinguished ? he that will deprive himself of reason , should lose also the guide and pilot of reason , god's spirit and grace : he that will wittingly and willingly make himself an habitation of unclean spirits , should not dispossess them at his own pleasure ? most aptly therefore is it translated by tremelius hamorrbois , which gesner confounds with the dipsas , or thirsty serpent , whose poyson breedeth such thirst , drought , and inflamation ; like that of ratsbane , that they never leave drinking , till they burst and die withall . would it not grieve and pitty and christian-soul , to see a towardly hopeful young man , well natured , well nurtured , stung with this cockatrice , bewailing his own case , crying out against the baseness of the sin , inveighing against-company , melting under the perswasions of friends ; yea , protesting against all enticements , vow , covenant , and seriously indent with himself and his friends for the relinquishing of it : and yet if he meet with a companion that holds but up his finger , he follows him as a fool to the stocks , and as an oxe to the slaughter-house , having no power to withstand the temptation ; but in he goes with him to the tipling-house , not considering that the chambers are the chambers of death , and the guests , the guests of death ; and there he continues as one bewitched , or conjured in a spell ; out of which he returns not , till he hath emptied his purse of money , his head of reason , and his heart of all his former seeming grace . there his eyes behold the strange woman , his heart speaketh perverse things , becoming heartless , as one ( saith solomon ) in the heart of the sea , resolving to continue , and return to his vomit , whatsoever it cost him , to make it his daily work . i was sick , and knew it not : i was struck , and felt it not ; when i awake , i will seek it still . and why indeed ( without a miracle ) should any expect that one stung with this viper should shake it off , and ever recover of it again . yea , so far are they from recovering themselves , that they infect and become contagious and pestilent to all they come near . the dragon infusing his venome , and assimulating his elses to himself in no sin so much as in this , that it becomes as good as meat and drink to them , to spend their wit and money to compass ale-house after ale-house ; yea , town after town , to transform others with their circean-cups , till they have made them bruits and swine , worse then themselves . the adulterer and usurer desire to enjoy their sin alone ; but the chiefest pastime of a drunkard is to heat and overcome others with wine , that he may discover their nakedness and glory in their foyl and folly . in a word , excess of wine , and the spirit of grace are opposites ; the former expels the latter out of the heart , as smoke doth bees out of the hive : and makes the man a meer slave and prey to satan and his snares ; when , by this poyson , he hath put out his eyes , and spoyled him of his strength , he useth him as the philistins did sampson , leads him in a string whither he pleaseth , like a very drudge , scorn , and make-sport to himself and his imps ; makes him grind in the mill of all kind of sins and vices . and that i take to be the reason why drunkenness is not specially prohibited in any one of the ten commandments , because it is not the single breach of any one , but in effect the violation of all and every one : it is no one sin , but all sins , because it is the in-let and sluce to all other sins . the devil having moistened , and steeped him in his liquor ; shapes him like soft clay , into what mould he pleaseth : having shaken off his rudder and pilot , dashes his soul upon what rocks , sands , and syrts he listeth , and that with as much ease as a man may push down his body with the least thrust of his hand or finger . he that in his right wits , and sober mood , seems religious , modest , chast , courteous , secret ; in his drunken fits , swears , blasphemes , rages , strikes , talks filthily , blabs all secrets , commits folly , knows no difference of persons or sexes , becomes wholly at satans command , as a dead organ , to be enacted at his will and pleasure . oh that god would be pleased to open the eyes of some drunkard , to see what a dunghill and carrion his soul becomes , and how loathsome effects follow upon thy spiritual death , and sting of this cockatrice , which is the fountain of the other two following , temporal and eternal death ! and well may it be , that some such as are altogether fearless and careless of the former death , will yet tremble , and be moved with that which i shall in the second place tell them . among all other sins that are , none brings forth bodily death so frequently as this , none so ordinarily slays in the act of sin as this . and what can be more horrible then to die in the act of a sin , without the act of repentance ? i pronounce no definitive sentence of damnation upon any particular so dying , but what door of hope or comfort is left to their friends behind of their salvation ? the whore-master he hopes to have a space and time to repent in age , though sometimes it pleaseth god that death strikes cozbi and zimri napping , as the devil is said to slay one of the popes in the instant of his adultery , and carry him quick to hell. the swearer and blasphemer hath commonly space , though seldom grace , to repent and amend : and some rare examples stories afford , of some taken with oaths and blasphemies in their mouths . the thief and oppossor may live , and repent , and make restitution , as zacheus : though i have seen one slain right-out with the timber he stole half an hour before ; and heard of one that having stoln a sheep , and laying it down upon a stone to rest him , was grin'd and hang'd with the strugling of it about his neck . but these are extraordinary and rare cases : god sometimes practising marshal-law , and doing present execution , left fools shall say in their hearts , there were no god , or judgment : but conniving and deferring the most , that men might expect a judge coming , and a solemn day of judgment to come . but this sin of drunkenness is so odious to him , that he makes it self justice , judge and executioner , slaying the ungodly with misfortune , bringing them to untimely shameful ends , in brutish and beastial manner , often in their own vomit and ordure ; sending them sottish , sleeping , and senseless to hell , not leaving them either time , or reason , or grace to repent , and cry so much as lord have mercy upon us . were there ( as in some cities of italy ) an office kept , or a record and register by every coroner in shires and counties , of such dismal events which god hath avenged this sin withall , what a volume would it have made within these few years in this our nation ? how terrible a threater of god's judgments against drunkards , such as might make their hearts to bleed and relent , if not their ears to tingle , to hear of a taste of some few such noted and remarkable examples of god's justice , as have come within the compass of mine own notice , and certain knowledge ; i think i should offend to conceal them from the world , whom they may happily keep from being the like to others , themselves . an ale-wife in kesgrave , near to ipswich , who would needs force three serving-men ( that had been drinking in her house , and were taking their leaves ) to stay and drink the three ou ts first , that is , wit out of the head , money out of the purse , ale out of the pot ; as she was coming towards them with the pot in her hand , was suddenly taken speechless and sick , her tongue swoln in her mouth , never recovered speech , the third day after died . this sir anthony felton , the next gentleman and justice , with divers others eve-witnesses of her in sickness related to me ; whereupon i went to the house with two or three witnesses , and inquired the truth of it . two servants of a brewer in ipswich , drinking for a rumpe of a turkie , strugling in their drink for it , fell into a scading caldron backwards : whereof the one died presently , the other lingringly and painfully since my coming to ipswich . anno . a miller in bromeswell , coming home drunk from woodbridge ( as he oft did ) would needs go and swim in the milpond : his wife and servants knowing he could not swim , disswaded him , once by intreaty got him out of the water , but in he would needs go again , and there was drowned : i was at the house to inquire of this , and found it to be true . in barnewell , near to cambridge , one at the sign of the plough , a lusty young man , with two of his neighbours , and one woman in their company , agreed to drink a barrel of strong beer ; they drank up the vessel , three of them dyed within twenty four hours , the fourth hardly escaped after great sickness . this i have under a justice of peace his hand near dwelling , besides the common same . a butcher in hastingfield hearing the minister inveigh against drunkenness , being at his cups in the ale-house , fell a jesting and scoffing at the minister and his sermons : and as he was drinking , the drink , or something in the cup , quackled him , stuck so in his throat , that he could get it neither up nor down , but strangled him presently . at tillingham in dengy hundred in essex , three young men meeting to drink strong waters , fell by degrees to half pints : one fell dead in the room , and the other prevented by company coming in , escaped not without much sickness . at bungey in norfolk , three coming out of an ale-house in a very dark evening , swore , they thought it was not darker in hell it self : one of them fell off the bridge into the water , and was drowned ; the second fell off his horse , the third sleeping on the ground by the rivers-side , was frozen to death : this have i often heard , but have no certain ground for the truth of it it . a bayliff of hadly , upon the lords-day , being drunk at melford , would needs get upon his mare , to ride through the street , affirming ( as the report goes ) that his mare would carry him to the devil ; his mare casts him off , and broke his neck instantly . reported by sundry sufficient witnesses . company drinking in an ale-house at harwith in the night , over against one master russels , and by him out of his window once or twice willed to depart ; at length he came down , and took one of them , and made as if he would carry him to prison , who drawing his knife , fled from him , and was three days after taken out of the sea with the knife in his hand . related to me by master russel himself , mayor of the town . at tenby in pembrokeshire , a drunkard being exceeding drunk , broke himself all to pieces off an high and steep rock , in a most fearful manner ; and yet the occasion and circumstances of his fall were so ridiculous , as i think not fit to relate , lest , in so serious a judgment , i should move laughter to the reader . a glasier in chancery-lane in london , noted formerly for profession , fell to a common course of drinking , whereof being oft by his wife and many christian friends admonished , yet presuming much of god's mercy to himself , continued therein , till , upon a time , having surcharged his stomach with drink , he fell a vomiting , broke a vein , lay two days in extreme pain of body , and distress of mind , till in the end recovering a little comfort , he died : both these examples related to me by a gentleman of worth upon his own knowledge . four sundry instances of drunkards wallowing and tumbling in their drink , slain by carts ; i forbear to mention , because such examples are so common and ordinary . a yeoman's son in northamptonshire , who being drunk at wellingborough on a market-day , would needs ride his horse in a bravery over the plowed-lands , fell from his horse , and brake his neck : reported to me by a kinsman of his own . a knight notoriously given to drunkenness , carrying sometime payls of drink into the open field , to make people drunk withall ; being upon a time drinking with company , a woman comes in , delivering him a ring with this posie , drink and die ; saying to him , this is for you ; which he took and wore , and within a week after came to his end by drinking : reported by sundry , and justified by a minister dwelling within a mile of the place . two examples have i known of children that murthered their own mothers in drink ; and one notorious drunkard that attempted to kill his father ; of which being hindred , he fired his barn , and was afterward executed : one of these formerly in print . at a tavern in breadstreet in london , certain gentlemen drinking healths to their lords , on whom they had dependance ; one desperate wretch steps to the tables end , lays hold on a pottle-pot full of canary-sack , swears a deep oath ; what will none here drink a health to my noble lord and master ? and so setting the pottle-pot to his mouth , drinks it off to the bottom ; was not able to rise up , or to speak when he had done , but fell into a deep snoaring sleep , and being removed , laid aside , and covered by one of the servants of the house , attending the time of the drinking , was within the space of two hours irrecoverably dead : witnessed at the time of the printing hereof by the same servant that stood by him in the act , and helpt to remove him . in dengy hundred , near mauldon , about the beginning of his majesties reign , there fell out an extraordinary judgment upon five or six that plotted a solemn drinking at one of their houses , laid in beer for the once , drunk healths in a strange manner , and died thereof within a few weeks , some sooner , and some later : witnessed to me by one that was with one of them on his death-bed , to demand a debt , and often spoken of by master heydon , late preacher of mauldon , in the hearing of many : the particular circumstances were exceeding remarkable , but having not sufficient proof for the particulars , i will not report them . one of aylesham in norfolk , a notorious drunkard , drowned in a shallow brook of water , with his horse by him . whilest this was at the presse , a man eighty five years old , or thereabout , in suffolk , overtaken with wine , ( though never in all his life before , as he himself said a little before his fall , seeming to bewail his present condition , and others that knew him so say of him ) yet going down a pair of stairs ( against the perswasion of a woman sitting by him in his chamber ) fell , and was so dangerously hurt , as he died soon after , not being able to speak from the time of his fall to his death . the names of the parties thus punished , i forbear for the kindreds sake yet living . if conscionable ministers of all places of the land would give notice of such judgments , as come within the compass of their certain knowledge , it might be a great means to suppress this sin , which reigns every where to the scandal of our nation , and high displeasure of almighty god. these may suffice for a tast of god's judgments : easie were it to abound in sundry particular casualties , and fearful examples of this nature . drunkard , that which hath befaln any one of these , may befal thee , if thou wilt dally with this cockatrice ; what ever leagues thou makest with death , and dispensations thou givest thy self from the like . some of these were young , some were rich , some thought themselves as wise thou ; none of them ever looked for such ignominious ends , more then thou , who ever thou art : if thou hatest such ends , god give thee grace to decline such courses . if thou beeft yet insensate with wine , void of wit and fear , i know not what further to mind thee of , but of that third , and worst sting of all the rest , which will ever be gnawing , and never dying : which if thou wilt not fear here ; sure thou art to feel there , when the red dragon hath gotten thee into his den , and shalt fill thy soul with the gall of scorpions , where thou shalt yell and howl for a drop of water to cool thy tongue withall , and shalt be denied so small a refreshing , and have no other liquor to allay thy thirst , but that which the lake of brimstone shall afford thee . and that worthily , for that thou wouldest incur the wrath of the lamb for so base and sordid a sin as drunkenness , of which thou mayest think as venially and slightly as thou wilt . but paul that knew the danger of it , gives thee fair warning , and bids thee not deceive thy self , expresly and by name mentioning it among the mortal sins , excluding from the kingdom of heaven . and the prophet esay tells thee , that for it hell hath enlarged it self , opened its mouth wide , and without measure ; and therefore shall the multitude and their pomp , and the jollyest among them descend into it . consider this , you that are strong to pour in drink , that love to drink sorrow and care away : and be you well assured , that there you shall drink enough for all , having for every drop of your former bousings , vials , yea , whole seas of god's wrath , never to be exhaust . now then i appeal from your selves in drink , to your selves in your sober fits . reason a little the case , and tell me calmly , would you for your own , or any mans pleasure , to gratifie friend or companion , if you knew there had been a toad in the wine-pot ( as twice i have known happened to the death of drinkers ) or did you think that some caesar borgia , or brasutus had tempered the cup ; or did you see but a spider in the glass , would you , or durst you carouse it off ? and are you so simple to fear the poyson that can kill the body , and not that which killeth the soul and body ever ; yea , for ever and ever , and if it were possible for more then for ever , for evermore ? oh thou vain fellow , what tellest thou me of friendship , or good fellowship , wilt thou account him thy friend , or good fellow , that draws thee into his company , that he may poyson thee ? and never thinks he hath given thee right entertainment , or shewed thee kindness enough , till he hath killed thy soul with his kindness , and with beer made thy body a carkass fit for the biere , a laughing and loathing-stock , not to boys and girls alone , but to men and angels . why rather sayest thou not to such , what have i to do with you , ye sons of belial , ye poysonful generation of vipers , that hunt for the precious life of a man ? oh but there are few good wits , or great spirits now a-days , but will pot it a little for company . what hear i ? oh base and low-spirited times , if that were true ! if we were faln into such lees of time foretold of by seneca , in which all were so drowned in the dregs of vices , that it should be vertue and honour to bear most drink . but thanks be to god , who hath reserved many thousands of men , and without all comparison more witty and valorous then such pot-wits , and spirits of the buttery , who never bared their knees to drink health , nor ever needed to whet their wits with wine ; or arm their courage with pot-harness . and if it were so , yet if no such wits or spirits shall ever enter into heaven without repentance , let my spirit never come and enter into their paradise ; ever abhor to partake of their bruitish pleasures , lest i partake of their endless woes . if young cyrus could refuse to drink wine , and tell aftyages , he thought it to be poyson ; for he saw it metamorphose men into beasts and carcases : what would he have said , if he had known that which we may know , that the wine of drunkards is the wine of sodom and gomorrah ; their grapes , the grapes of gall ; their clusters , the clusters of bitterness , the juyce of dragons , and the venome of asps . in which words , moses is a full commentary upon solomon , largely expressing that he speaks here more briefly , it stings like the serpent , and bites like the cockatrice : to the which i may not unfitly add that of pauls , and think i ought to write of such with more passion and compassion , then he did of the christians in his time , which sure were not such monsters as ours in the shapes of christians , whose god is their belly , ( whom they serve with drink-offerings ) whose glory is their shame , and whose end is damnation . what then , take we pleasure in thundering out hell against drunkards ? is there nothing but death and damnation to drunkards ? nothing else to them , so continuing , so dying . but what is there no help nor hope , no amulet , antidote or triacle , are there no presidents found of recovery ? ambrose , i temember , tells of one , that having been a spectacle of drunkenness , proved after his conversion a pattern of sobriety . and i my self must confess , that one have i known yet living , who having drunk out his bodily eyes , had his spiritual eyes opened , proved diligent in hearing and practising . though the pit be deep , miry and narrow , like that dungeon into which jeremy was put ; yet if it please god to let down the cords of his divine mercy , and cause the party to lay hold thereon , it is possible they may escape the snares of death . there is even for the most debauched drunkard that ever was , a soveraign medicine , a rich triacle , of force enough to cure and recover his disease , to obtain his pardon , and to furnish him with strength to overcome this deadly poyson , fatal to the most : and though we may well say of it , as men out of experience do of quartane agues , that it is the disgrace of all moral physick , of all reproofs , counsels and admonitions ; yet is there a salve for this sore ; there came one from heaven that trode the winepress of his fathers fierceness , drunk of a cup tempered with the bitterness of god's wrath , and the devils malice , that he might heal even such as have drunk deepest of the sweet cup of sin. and let all such know , that in all the former discovery of this poyson , i have only aimed to cause them feel their sting , and that they might with earnest eyes behold the brasen serpent , and seriously repair to him for mercy and grace , who is perfectly able to eject even this kind , which so rarely and hardly is thrown out where once he gets possession . this seed of the woman is able to bruise this serpents head . oh that they would listen to the gracious offers of christ ! if once there be wrought in thy soul a spiritual thirst after mercy , as the thirsty land hath after rain , a longing appetite after the water that comes out of the rock , after the blood that was shed for thee ; then let him that is athirst come , let him drink of the water of life without any money ; of which if thou hast took but one true and thorow draught , thou wilt never long after thy old puddle waters of sin any more . easie will it be for thee after thou hast tasted of the bread and wine in thy father's house , ever to loath the husks and swill thou wert wont to follow after with greediness . the lord christ will bring thee into his mothers house , cause thee to drink of his spiced wine , of the new wine of the pomegranate : yea , he will bring thee into his cellar , spread his banner of love over thee , stay thee with flagons , fill thee with his love , till thou beest sick and overcome with the sweetness of his consolations . in other drink there is excess , but here can be no danger . the devil hath his invitation , come , let us drink ; and christ hath his inebriamini , beye filled with the spirit . here is a fountain set open , and proclamation made . and if it were possible for the bruitishest drunkard in the world to know who it is that offereth , and what kind of water he offereth ; he would ask , and god would give it frankly without money ; he should drink liberally , be satisfied , and out of his belly should sally springs of the water of life , quenching and extinguishing all his inordinate longings ofter stoln water of sin and death . all this while , little hope have i to work upon many drunkards , especially by a sermon read ( of less life and force in god's ordinance , and in its own nature , then preached , ) my first drift is , to stir up the spirits of parents and masters , who in all places complain of this evil , robbing them of good servants , and dutiful children , by all care and industry to prevent it in their domestical education , by carrying a watchful and restraining hand over them . parents , if you love either soul or body , thrift or piety , look to keep them from this infection . lay all the bars of your authority , cautions , threats and charges for the avoyding of this epidemical pestilence . if any of them be bitten of this cockatrice , sleep not , rest not , till you have cured them of it ; if you love their health , husbandry , grace , their present or future lives . dead are they while they live , if they live in this sin. mothers , lay about you as bathsheba , with all entreaties , what my son , my son of my loves and delights , wine is not for you , &c. my next hope is , to arouse and awaken the vigilancy of all faithful pastors and teachers . i speak not to such stars as this dragon hath swept down from heaven with its tayl : for of such the prophets , the fathers of the primitive , yea , all ages complain of . i hate and abhor to mention this abomination : to alter the proverb , as drunk as a beggar , to a gentleman is odious ; but to a man of god , to an angel , how harsh and hellish a sound it is in a christians ears ? i speak therefore to sober watchmen , watch , and be sober , and labour to keep your charges sober and watchful , that they may be so found of him , that comes like a thief in the night . two means have you of great vertue for the quelling of this serpent , zealous preaching and praying against it . it 's an old received antidote , that mans spittle , especially fasting spittle , is mortal to serpents . saint donatus is famous in story for spitting upon a dragon , that kept an high-way , and devoured many passengers . this have i made good observation of , that where god hath raised up zealous preachers , in such towns this serpent hath no nestling , no stabling or denning . if this will not do , augustine enforceth another , which i conceive god's and man's laws allow us upon the reason he gives : if paul ( saith he ) forbid to eat with such our common bread , in our own private houses , how much more the lord's body in church-assemblies : if in our times , this were strictly observed , the serpent would soon languish and vanish . in the time of an epidemical disease , such as the sweating or neezing sickness , a wise physician would leave the study of all other diseases , to find out the cure of the present raging evil. if chrysostome were now alive , the bent of all his homilies , or at least one part of them , should be spent to cry drown drunkenness , as he did swearing in antioch : never desisting to reprove it , till ( if not the fear of god , yet ) his imporunity made them weary of the fin . such anakims and zanzummims , as the spiritual sword will not work upon , i turn them over to the secular arm , with a signification of the dangerous and contagious spreading of this poyson in the veins and bowels of the common-wealth . in the church and christ his name also , intreating them to carry a more vigilant eye over the dens and burrows of this cockatrice , superfluous , blind , and clandestiné ale-houses i mean , the very pest-houses of the nation ? which i could wish had all for their fign , a picture of some hideous serpent , or a pair of them , as the best hieroglyphick of the genius of the place , to warn passengers to shun and avoid the danger of them . who sees and knows not , that some one needless ale-house in a countrey-town , un does all the rest of the houses in it , eating up the thrift and fruit of their labours ; the ill manner of sundry places , being there to meet in some one night of the week , and spend what they they have gathered and spared all the days of the same before , to the prejudice of their poor wives and children at home ; and upon the lords day ( after evening prayers ) there to quench and drown all the good lessons they have heard that day at church . if this go on , what shall become of us in time ? if woe be to single drunkards , is not a national woe to be feared and expected of a nation over-run with drunkenness ? had we no other sin reigning but this ( which cannot reign alone ) will not god justly spue us out of his mouth for this alone ? we read of whole countreys wasted , dispeopled by serpents . pliny tells us of the amyclae , lycophron of salamis ; herodotus of the neuri , utterly depopulate and made unhabitable by them . verily , if these cockatrices multiply and get head amongst us a while longer , as they have of late begun , where snall the people have sober servants to till their lands , or children to hold and enjoy them . they speak of drayning fens ; but if this evil be not stopped , we shall all shortly be drowned with it . i wish the magistracy , gentry , and yeomanry , would take it to serious consideration , how to deal with this serpent , before he grow too strong and fierce for them . it is past the egge already , and much at that pass , of which augustine complains of in his time , that he scarce knew what remedy to advise , but thought it required the meeting of a general council . the best course i think of , is , if the great persons would first begin through reformation in their own families , banish the spirits of their butteries , abandon that foolish and vitious custom , as ambrose and basil calls it , of drinking healths , and making that a sacrifice to god for the health of others , which is rather a sacrifice to the devil , and a bane of their own . i remember well sigismund the emperor's grave answer , wherein there concurred excellent wisdom and wit ( seldom meeting in one saying ) which he gave before the council of constance , to such as proposed a reformation of the church to begin with the franciseans and minorites . you will never do any good ( saith he ) unless you begin with the majorites first . sure , till it be out of fashion and grace in gentlemens tables , butteries and cellars , hardly shall you perswade the countrey-man to lay it down , who , as in fashions , so in vices , will ever be the ape of the gentry . if this help not , i shall then conclude it to be such an evil as is only by soveraign power , and the king's hand curable . and verily next under the word of god , which is omnipotent , how potent and wonder-working is the word of a king ? when both meet as the sun , and some good star in a benigne conjunction ; what enemy shall stand before the sword of god and gideon ? what vice so predominant which these subdue not ? if the lion roar , what beast of the forest shall not tremble and hide their head ? have we not a noble experiment hereof yet fresh in our memory , and worthy never to die , in the timely and speedy suppression of that impudent abomination of womens mannish habit , threatning the confusion of sexes , and ruine of modesty ? the same royal hand , and care the church and common-wealth implores for the vanquishing of this poyson , no less pernicious , more spreading and prevailing . take us these little foxes was wont to be the suit of the church , for they gnabble our grapes , and hurt our tender branches : but now it is become more serious . take us these serpents , lest they destroy our vines , vine-dressers , vineyards and all : this hath ever been royal game . how famous in the story of diodorus siculus , is the royal munificence of ptolomy king of egypt for provision of nets , and maintenance of huntsmen , for the taking and destroying of serpents , noxious and noisome to his countrey . the like of philip in aristotle , and of attilius regulus in aulus gellius . the embleme mentioned at large by plutarch , engraven on hercules shield ; what is it but a symbol of the divine honor due to princes following their herculean labours , in subduing the like hidraes , too mighty for any inferior person to take in hand ? it is their honor to tread upon basilisks , and trample dragons under their feet , solomon thinks it not unworthy his pen to discourse their danger . a royal and eloquent oration is happily and worthily preserved in the large volume of ancient writings , with this title , oratio magnifici & pacifici edgari regis habita ad dunstanum archiep. episcopos , &c. the main scope whereof is , to excite the clergies care and devotion for the suppressing of this vice , for the common good . undertakers of difficult plots promise themselves speed and effect , if once they interest the king , and make him party . and what more generally beneficial can be devised or proposed then this , with more honour and less charge to be effected , if it shall please his majesty but to make trial of the strength of his temporal and spiritual arms ? for the effecting of it , if this help not , what have we else remaining , but wishes and prayers to cast out this kind withall . god help us . to him i commend the success of these labors , and the vanquishing of this cockatrice . tobacco battered , and the pipes shattered ( about their ears , that id'ly idolize so base and barbarous a weed : or , at least-wise over-love so loathsome vanity . ) collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester , gent. what-ever god created , first was good , and good for man , while man uprightly stood : but , falling angels causing man to fall , his foul contagion con-corrupted all his fellow-creatures for his sin accurst , and for his sake transformed from the first ; till god and man , man's leprie to re-cure , by death kill'd death , re-making all things pure . but to the pure , not to the still prophane , who spider-like turns blessing into bane ; usurping ( right-less , thank-less , need-less ) here , in wanton , wilful , wastful , lustful chear , earths plenteous crop , which god hath onely given unto his own ( heirs both of earth and heaven ) who only ( rightly ) may with praise and prayer , enjoy th' increase of earth , of sea , of air , fowl , fish and flesh , gems , mettals , cattel , plants , and namely ( that which now no angle wants ) indian tobacco , when due cause requires , not the dry dropsie of phantastick squires . none therefore deem that i am now to learn , ( however dim i many things discern ) reason and season to distinguish fit , th' use of a thing , from the abuse of it ; drinking , from drunking , saccharum cum sacco , and taking of , from taking all tobacco . yet out of high disdain and indignation of that stern tyrant's strangest usurpation , once demi-captive to his puffing pride , ( as millions are too-wilful foolifi'd ) needs must i band against the needless use of don tobacco , and his foul abuse ; which ( though in inde it be an herb indeed ) in europe is no better then a weed , which to their idols pagans sacrifice , and christians ( here ) do well-nigh idolize : which taking , heathens to the devils bow their bodies , christians even their souls do vow ; yet th' heathen have , with th' ill , some good withall , sith their con-native , 't is non-natural : but see the nature of abounding sin , which more abounding , punishment doth win ; for knowing servants wilful arrogance , then silly strangers savage ignorance , for what to them is meat , and med'cinable , is turn'd tous a plague intolerable . two smoky engins , in this latter age , ( satan's short circuit ; the more sharp his rage ) have been invented by too-wanton wit , or rather vented from th' infernal pit ; guns and tobacco-pipes , with fire and smoke , ( at least ) a third part of mankind to choke , ( which , happily , th' apocalyps fold-told ) yet of the two , we may ( think i ) be bold in some respect , to think the last the worst , ( however , both in their effects accurst , ) for guns shoot from-ward , only at their foen , tobacco-pipes home-ward , into their own , ( when for the touch-hole firing the wrong end into our selves the poysons force we send ; ) those in the field , in brave and hostile manner , these , cowardly , under a covert banner ; those with defiance , in a threatful terror , these with affiance , in a wilful error , those , ( though loud-roaring , goaring-deep ) quick-ridding ; these , stilly stealing , longer languors breeding , those , full of pain ( perhaps ) and fell despight , these with false pleasure , and a seem-delight , ( as cats with mice , spiders with flyes ) full rife , pipe-playing , dallying and deluding life . who would not wonder in these sunny-days , ( so bright illightned with the gofpel's rays ) whence so much smoke and deadly vapors come , to dim and dam so much of christendom ; but we must ponder too , these days are those , wherein the devil was to be let lose , and yawning broad-gate of that black abyss to be set ope , whose bottom boundless is , that satan , destin'd evermore to dwell in smoky fornace of that darksom cell , in smoke and darkness might inure and train his own deer minions , while they here remain ; as roguing gipsies tan their little elves , to make them tan'd and ugly like themselves . then in despight , who ever dare say nay , tobacconists keep on your course ; you may , if you continue in your smoky ure , the better far hells sulphury smoke endure ; and herein ( as in all your other evil ) grow nearer still , and liker to the devil , save that the devil ( if he could revoke ) would fly from filthy , and unhealthy smoke ; wherein ( cast out of heav'n for hellish-pride ) unwilling he , and forced , doth abide ; which herein worse than he ( the worst of ill ) you long for , lust for , lye for , die for , still ; for as the salamander lives in fire , you live in smoke , and without smoke expire . should it be question'd ( as right well it may ) whether discovery of america , that new-found world , have yielded to our old more hurt or good , till fuller answer should decide the doubt , and quite determine it , thus for the present might we answer fit ; that , thereby we have ( rightly understood ) both given and taken greater hurt then good : and that on both sides , both for christians , it had been better , and for indians , that only good men to their coast had come , or that the evil had still staid at home ; for , what our people have brought thence to us , is like the head-piece of a polypus , wherein is ( quoted by sage plutarch's quill ) a pest'lence great good , and great pest'lence ill . we had from them , first to augment our stocks , two grand diseases , scurvy and the pocks ; then two great cordials ( for a counterpoize ) gold and tobacco ; both which , many wayes , have done more mischief , then the former twain ; and all together-brought more loss then gain . but true it is , we had this trash of theirs , only in barter for our broken wares ; ours for the most part carried out but sin , and , for the most part , brought but vengeance in ; their fraight was sloth , lust , avarice and drink , ( a burden able with the weight to sink the hugest carrak ; yea , those hallowed twelve spain's great apostles-even to over-whelve ) they carried sloth , and brought home scurvy skin ; they carried lust , and brought home pox within : they carried avarice , and gold they got ; they carried bacchus , and tobacco brought : alas poor indians ! that , but english none , could put them down in their own trade alone ! that none but english ( more alas ! more strange ! ) could justifie their pittiful exchange . of all the plants that tellus bosom yields , in groves , glades , gardens , marshes , mountains , fields : none so pernicious to mans life is known , as is tobacco , saving hemp alone , betwixt which two there seems great sympathy , to ruinate poor adam's progeny ; for in them both a strangling vertue note , and both of them do work upon the throat ; the one , within it ; and without the other ; and th' one prepareth work unto the tother : for there do meet ( i mean at gaile and gallows ) more of these beastly , base tobacco-fellows , then else to any prophane haunt do use , ( excepting still the play-house and the stews ) sith 't is their common lot ( so double-choaked ) just bacon-like to be hang'd up and smoked ; a destiny as proper to befall to moral swine , as to swine natural . if there be any herb in any place , most opposite to god's good herb of grace , 't is doubtless this ; and this doth plainly prove it , that , for the most , most graceless men do love it ; or rather doat most on this wither'd weed , themselves as wither'd , in all gracious deed : 't is strange to see , ( and unto me a wonder ) when the prodigious strànge abuse we ponder of this unruly , rusty vegetal , from modern symmists jesu critical , ( carping at us , and casting in our dish not crimes , but crums , as eating flesh for fish ; ) w' hear in this case , no conscience-cases holier , but , like to like , the devil with the collier . for a tobacconist ( i dare aver ) is first of all a rank idolater as any of the ignatian hierachy ; next as conformed to their foppery of burning day-light , and good night at noon , setting up candles to enlight the sun ; and last the kingdom of new babylon , stands in a dark and smoky region , so full of such variety of smokes , that there-with-all , all piety it choaks . for there is first of all the smoke of ignorance , the smoke of error , smoke of arrogance , the smoke of merit super-er'gatory , the smoke of pardons , smoke of purgatory , the smoke of censing , smoke of thurifying of images , of satans fury flying , the smoke of stews ( from smoking thence they come , as horrid hot , as torrid sodom some ) then smoke of powder-treason , pistol knives , to blow up kingdoms , and blow out kings lives : and lastly too , tobacco's smoky mists , which ( coming from iberian baalists ) no small addition of adustion fit , bring to the smoke of the unbottom'd pit yerst opened , first ( as openeth st. john ) by their abaddon and apollyon . but sith they are contented to admire what they dislike not , if they not desire ; ( for , with good reason , may we ghess that they who swallow camels , swallow gnatlings may ; ) 't is ground enough for us in this dispute , their vanities thus obvious to refute ( their vanities , mysterious mists of rome , which have so long besmoked christendom . ) and for the rest , it shall suffice to say , tobacconing is but a smoky play ; strong arguments against so weak a thing , were needless , or unsuitable , to bring ; in this behalf there needs no more be done , sith of it self the same will vanish soon ; t' evaporate this smoke , it is enough , but with a breath the same aside to puffe . now , my first puff , shall but repel th' ill savour of place and persons ( of debaucht behaviour ) where 't is most frequent ; second , shew i will , how little good it doth ; third , how great ill : 't is vented most in taverns , tipling-cotts , to ruffians , roarers , tipsy-tosty-pots , whose custom is , between the pipe and pot , ( th' one cold and moist , th' other dry and hot ; ) to skirmish so ( like sword-and-dagger-fight , ) that 't is not easie to determine right , which of their weapons hath the conquest got over their wits , the pipe or else the pot ; yet 't is apparent , and by proof express , both stab and wound the brain with drunkenness ; for even the derivation of the name , seems to allude , and to include the same : tobacco , as Τω Βακχω , one would say , to bacchus ( cup-god ) dedicated ay . and for conclusion of this point , observe the places which to these abuses serve ; how-ever of themselves noysome enough , are much more loathsome with the stench and stuff , extracted from their limbeckt lips and nose , so that the houses , common haunts of those , are liker hell than heav'n , for hell hath smoke , impenitent tobacconists to choak ; though never dead , there shall they have their fill ; in heav'n is none , but light and glory still . next , multitudes them daily , hourly , drawn in this black sea of smoke , tost up and down in this vast ocean , of such latitude , that europe only cannot it include ; but out it rushes , over-runs the whole , and reaches well-nigh round , from pole to pole among the moors , turks , tartars , persians , and other ethnicks full of ignorance of god and good ; and , if we shall look home , to view ( and rew ) the state of christendom ; upon this point , we may this riddle bring ; the subject hath more subjects then the king : for don tocacco hath an ampler reign , than don philippo , the great king of spain , ( in whose dominions , for the most it grows , ) nay , shall i say ( o horror to suppose ! ) heathenish tobacco ( almost every where ) in christendom ( christ's outward kingdom here ) hath more disciples than christ hath , i fear , more suits , more service ( bodies , souls , and good ) than christ that bought us with his pretious bloud : o great tobacco , greater then great can , great turk , great tartar , or great tamerlan ! with vulturs wings thou hast ( and swifter yet then an hungarian ague , english sweat ) through all degrees flown , far , nigh , up and down , from court to cart , from count to country-clown ; not scorning scullions , coblers , colliers , jakes-farmers , fidlers , ostlers , oysterers , rogues , gipsies , players , pandars , punks , and all , what common scums in common-sewers fall ; for all as vassals at thy beck are bent , and breath by thee , as their new element : which well may prove thy monarchy the greater , yet prove not thee to be a whit the better ; but rather worse , for hells wide-open road is easiest found , and by the most still trod , which , even the heathen had the light to know , by arguments , as many times they show . here may we also gather ( for a need ) whether tobacco be a herb or weed ; and whether the excessive use be fit , or good or bad , by those that favour it ; weeds , wild and wicked , mostly entertain it ; herbs , wholsome herbs , and holy minds disdain it . if then tobacconing be good , how is 't , that lewdest , loosest , basest , foolishest ; the most unthrifty , most intemperate , most vitious , most debaucht , most desperate , pursue it most : the wisest , and the best , abhor it , shun it , flee it as the pest , or piercing poyson of a dracons whisk , or deadly eye-shot of a basilisk if wisdom baulk it , must it not be folly ? if vertue hate it , is it not unholy ? if men of worth , and minds right generous , discard it , scorn it , is 't not scandalous ? and ( to conclude ) is it not , to the devil , most pleasing , pleasing so ( most ) the most evil ? my second puff , is proof , how little good this smoke hath done ( that ever hear i cou'd : ) for first , there 's none that takes tobacco most , most usually , most earnestly , can boast , that the excessive and continual use of this dry-suck-at ever did produce him any good , civil or natural , or moral good , or artificial ; unless perhaps , they will alledge , it draws away the ill , which still it self doth cause ; which course ( me-thinks ) i cannot liken better , then to a userers kindness to his debter ; who under shew of lending , still subtracts the debters own , and then his own exacts , till , at the last , he utterly confound him , or leave him worse , and weaker then he found him . next , if the custom of tobacconing yield th' users any good in any thing , either they have it , or they hope it prest , ( by proof and practice , taking still the best : ) for , none but fools will them to ought beslave , whence benefit they neither hope nor have . therefore yet farther ( as a questionist ) i must enquire of my tobacconist , why if a christian ( as some sometimes seem ) believing god , waiting all good from him ; and unto him all good again referring , why ( to eschew th' ungodly's graceless erring ) why pray they not not ? why praise they not his name for hoped good , and good had by this same ? as all men do , or ought to do for all , the gifts and goods that from his goodness fall ; is 't not , because they neither hope nor have , good ( hence ) to thank god for , nor farther crave : but as they had it from the heathen first , so heathenishly they use it still accurst ; and ( as some jest of jisters ) this is more , ungodly meat , both after and before . lastly , if all delights of all mankind be vanity , vexation of the mind , all under sun , must not tobacco bee , of vanities , the vainest vanity ? if solomon , the wisest earthly prince that ever was before , or hath been since ; knowing all plants , and then perusing all , from cedar to the hysop on the — wall ; in none of all professeth , that — he sound a firm content , or consolation found : can we suppose , that any shallowing , can find much good in oft tobacconing ? my third and last puff points at the great evil , this noysome vapor works ( through wily devil ) if we may judge ; if knowledge may be had , by their effects , how things be good or bad : doubtless , th' effects of this pernitious weed be many bad , scarce any good indeed ; nor doth a man scarce any good contain , but of this evil justly may complain ; as thereby made in every part the worse , in body , soul , in credit , and in purse . a broad-side against coffee : or , the marriage of the turk . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; at first between them happen'd a demur , yet joyn'd they were , but not without great stir ; for both so cold were , and so faintly meet , the turkish hymen in his turbant swet . coffee was cold as earth , water as thames , and stood in need of recommending flames ; for each of them steers a contrary course , and of themselves they sue out a divorce . coffee so brown as berry does appear , too swarthy for a nymph so fair , so clear : and yet his sails he did for england hoist , though cold and dry , to court the cold and moist ; if there be ought we can , as love admit ; 't is a hot love , and lasteth but a fit . for this indeed the cause is of their stay , new castle's bowels warmer are than they . the melting nymph distills her self to do 't , whilst the slave coffee must be beaten to 't : incorporate him close as close may be , pause but a while , and he is none of he ; which for a truth , and not a story tells , no faith is to be kept with infidels . sure he suspects , and shuns her as a whore , and loves , and kills , like the venetian moor ; bold asian brat ! with speed our consines flee ; water , though common , is too good for thee . sure coffee's vext he has the breeches lost , for she 's above , and he lies undermost ; what shall i add but this ? ( and sure 't is right ) the groom is heavy , ' cause the bride is light . this canting coffe has his crew inricht , and both the water and the men bewitcht . a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drive on the trade ; me no good engalash ! and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick . coffee a crust is charkt into a coal , the smell and taste of the mock china bowl ; where huff and puff , they labor out their lungs , lest dives-like they should bewail their tongues . and yet they tell ye that it will not burn , though on the jury blisters you return : whose furious heat does make the water rise , and still through the alembicks of your eyes , dread and desire , ye fall to 't snap by snap , as hungry dogs do scalding porrige lap . but to cure drunkards it has got great fame ; posset or porrige , will 't not do the same ? confusion huddles all into one scene , like noah's ark , the clean and the unclean . but now , alas ! the drench has credit got , and he 's no gentleman that drinks it not ; that such a dwarf should rise to such a stature ! but custom is but a remove from nature . a little dish , and a large coffee-house , what is it , but a mountain and a mouse ? mens humana novitatis avidissima . i have heard it is good for one thing ( and that falls out too often ) when men are so drunk with wine , beer or ale , or brandy , that they are unfit to manage their imployment ; then a dish of hot coffee is a present remedy to settle their heads . no doubt , but a dish of broth , or beer , will work the same cure , if it be drank as hot . this short collection should more properly have taken place next to what was collected out of the other doctors , but it came not to my sight , till it was too late : and because it agrees with what is mentioned in the first epistle , that it is a strange way of taking tobacco , as physick , just before , and presently after meals ; i thought fit to put it in here . and if any are so wise as to be convinced by what hath been written , that immoderate smoking of tobacco is hurtful for them , they were best to leave it gradnally ; for that is most safe , for such as have been accustomed long to it ; or else it is good to chew the leafe in the mouth ; or as some do , smoke a pipe with other ingredients , as rosemary , bitony , or mints : this collection was taken out of that book of dr. everard's , entituled , the vertue of tobacco . young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke , for the custome and too much use of it , brings their brains out of order , and makes them to be over-hot , so that they lose their good temper , and are beyond the bounds of their health , and that sacred anchor is lost irrecoverably . for the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture , to strengthen them , and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection . especially for those that are cholerick , whose brains cannot endure excess of heat , for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat . see gallen his comment , in lib. de vict . salub . also this smoke doth vehemently move the stomach to nauseat , and to vomit , ( as daily experience teacheth us ) namely , by cleaving to the inward parts , and so offending the peculiar juyces contain'd in the stomach , and the mesentary ; it destroys their ordinary operations . for in thrusting forth the matter from the stomach it cannot be , but also something must be cast out , wherein the force of nature resides ; and also , because when nature is doing her office , she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body , as to the circumference , but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces & spirits to the center . wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions , for she can endure nothing less then two contrary motions at the same time . wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomachs of very many men , especially if they use to take it presently after supper or dinner . and in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men , according to hippocrates his rule . . aphoris . . it is troublesome to purge those that are in good health . for frequent use of purging medicaments will soon make a man old ; for the sorces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts , by an hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce . by these things mentioned , it is easie to collect , that the smoke of tobacco shortneth mens days . for being that our native heat is like to a flame , which continually feeds upon natural moisture , as a lamp lighted , drinks up the oyl by its heat ; it follows necessarily , that for want of food , life must needs fly away quickly , when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed : for with that moisture , the imbred heat fails also , and death succeeds . you understand therefore ( that are tobacconists ) that the sooty fumes of tobacco , wherein you are wallowing ( as it were ) in the deepest mire , are of great force to shorten your days . galen speaking of opening medicaments , asserts , that by the frequent use of them , the solid parts of the body are dried , and that the blood grows gross and clotted , which being burned in the reins , breed the stone . the same thing may be truly maintained concerning tobacco , which many use too frequently , and more then any do use those kind of opening medicaments ; for this is more hot and dry then they are , and therefore is more forcible to hurt sound and well-tempered bodies . take warning therefore you that love tobacco , that you do not exceed in using too much of it , and enslave your selves to this fuliginous smoke , by hunting after it , and making a god of it . the goods of the body , are beauty , strength , and sound health . the most grave author plutarch , commending the last as the best of all , affirmed most gravely and learnedly , that health is the most divine , and the most excellent property of the body , and a most precious thing . there is nothing in this world better ; nothing more to be desired , and nothing can be found to be more pleasant . without this ( as hippocrates faith ) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things . this is it , which in this life fills all perfection : without this no man could ever be said to be happy : this far exceeds the greatest honours , treasures , and riches . tobacconist's arms in a turkish coffee house a postscript by way of apology . honest reader , this intended porch being so impolished , and so rude a draught , i have judged it more fit to make a back-door , then a fore : neither durst i presume to set it in the forefront , for i count it but as an over-plus sheet ; however it may serve for wast paper to wrap up the learned collections , or else to light a pipe of tobacco , and will make as good smoke : it lies at thy mercy , to use or to abuse as thou pleasest . for my part , i pretend to no great learning , yet am a lover of it , and a well-wisher to it : neither am i worthy to carry the books after these learned authors , out of whose works i have made this collection ; therefore i make this humble apologetical postscript . i know for my labour of reviving this noble counterblast , &c. i can expect no better , but to be counterblasted by the black and foul mouths of many tobacconists , and common tobacco-smokers ; for endeavoring to pull down their great diana , which they labour demetrius like to cry up , because of the much gain it brings them . if i meet with reproaches and scorns , it is no more then i expected from them , and i value it not : neither is it any news or wonder ; for we live in the last dayes , and as the apostle peter fore-told many hundred years since , in pet. . . that in the last dayes should come scoffers , walking after their own lusts . to such king solomon propounds a , question , which they can hardly be able to answer , in prov. . how long ye simple ones will ye love sumplicity ? and ye scorners delight in scorning , and fools hate knowledge ? there have been many such in all age , of the world , as it may easily be instanced . before i conclude , i thought it not amiss , or improper , to say something briefly against excessive drinking of healths , and drunkenness , which calls to remembrance , amongst other , of his majesties noble and gracious acts , since his restuaration , wherein he hath had merciful respect to the lives , estates , souls and bodies of his good subjects , and therein gone beyond his predecessors . i shall but name to his perpetual honour these three , viz. in the first place , his act of oblivion , passing by all that was done against him or his father , excepting only those that were his royal fathers judges . in the next place , he was pleased to publish a proclamation to all his loving subjects , against that sinful custom of drinking his health , his majesty wisely considering how apt many would be to fall into that evil extreme , doth in that proclamation , rebuke such as can express their love him in no better way , then drinking his health . in the next place , i cannot but take notice , and mention , to his majesties renown , his late gracious declaration , for liberty and indulgence to tender consciences , that could not in all things conform to the ceremonies and discipline of the church of england , by law established : this by the way . but now to speak a little more against drinking healths , which is to our purpose in hand . there was many years since a book published , by mr. william prynne , against drinking of healths , entituled , healths sickness , but not now to be had , or seldom thought of ; he shews the greatness of that sin , and the dangerous consequence of it both to the souls and bodies of men. there is another large treatise published by mr. robert younge , entituled , the drunkard's character : also a sermon preached long since by doctor robert harris , called the drunkard's cup , out of isaiah . from the . to the . verse . and a sermon published many years since , preached at pauls cross , by doctor abraham gibson , entituled , the lands mourning for vain swearing ; out of these words , because of oaths the land mourns . and now the land may mourn , not only for vain swearing , but for vain drinking of healths and drunkenness . after his majesties restauration , there was , i remember , a great feast , at which time there was a health drank for his majesty , and when it came to the turn of an able learned grave minister there present , he utterly disliked and refused it : answering , that he would pray for his majesties heath . and if all that are well-wishers to his majesties health , would obey his proclamation against that vice , in leaving off drinking , either of the kings health , or any others , & leave of swearing and prophaning the sabbath ; and would constantly , earnestly , and heartily pray for his majesties health , according as the apostle st. paul exhorts timothy , tim. . . that supplication and prayer be made for kings , and all that are in authority ; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty . i say , then we should be in hopes to see better times , and better trading : the generality cry out of their want of trading , and of the sins of the rulers ; but our chief work and duty is to look more narrowly at home , and to find out the plague of our own hearts . who smites upon his thigh ? who saith , what have i done ? we are apt to forget the late dreadful judgments of god ; as that of the destroying-sword , the sad destroying pestilence , when from the th of december , , to the th of december , . there died of all diseases , and of the plague ; and in one week , which i find to be the greatest of all , was in september . , there died of the plague in london and liberties , of all diseases that one week . can london ever forget those sad and lamentable consuming flames , that brake forth the second of september , ? the ruinous heaps on acres within , and acres without the old line , the ghastly walls of parish-churches , and stately houses and halls , with the royal exchange , and as it was computed thirteen thousand and two hundred houses , with a vast deal of goods , houshold-stuff , and rich commodities ; and , i think , book-sellers may easily remember the many ware-houses of good books of all sorts , then turned to ashes , at st. faiths church , and in other places about the city . there was a book published by mr. thomas brooks , dedicated to sir william turner lord mayor ( who deserved much love and honour , for being so great a furtherer of building the city and royal exchange , that lay long in ruins ) entituled , london's lamentations , being a serious discourse of the late fiery dispensation , that turned our renowned city into a ruinous heap . in the second part , or application of that book , page . is shewed , that the burning of london was a national judgment , and that god in smiting london , did smite england round : and what sins bring desolating judgments upon persons and places ? intemperance and drunkenness is one sin , and that we are to see the hand of the lord in that dreadful fire , and to take heed of those sins that bring the fiery rod , with the several lessons and duties we are to learn by it . we may easily see that the lord will not suffer us to be forgetful of his great judgments , by the several fresh remembrances he hath given us , by sad fires in divers places since , in and near the city . not long after the dreadful fire , there was a merchants great house , almost finished , in mincing lane , burned and quite defaced ; after that , two great fires brake forth in southwark at several times and places : another at the savoy , which did much harm ; another at the corner of st. bartholomew lane , a herald painter's house , mr. francis nowers himself , his child and nurse was burned . another in white-chappel , and several persons burned there . another sad fire was in or near thames street , which burned to the ground a great sugar-baker's house , with many thousand pounds worth of sugar , belonging to several partners ; it began september the second , the lords-day , . and now last whit-sunday morning , at st. katherines near tower-hill , brake forth a very grievous lamentable fire , which , as it is reported , consumed above one hundred dwelling-houses , and divers ships , and some people were burned and killed by it . after that , another great fire that consumed about a dozen houses , and part of sir paul pindar's house , without bishopsgate , in june , . a few dayys after brake forth another fire , which burned several houses in crutched friers . one at camomile-street : at the swan at holborn-bridge : a brick house in grub-street . we may do well to take that counsel of our saviour to the impotent man that he had cured , and had been at the pool of bothsaida , who had an infirmity thirty eight years , john . . christ bid him go and sin no more , least a worse thing befal him ; it was old mr. wheatlyes text of banbury , after it was burned : read the . of leviticus , how greatly the lord threatned the people of israel , if they were disobedient to him ; he threatens great judgments , and to make their cities wast , and the land desolate ; and in the verses , , , . it is four times threatned , that he will punish them seven times more for their iniquities . god hath shot three arrows against us , and how easily can he shoot a fourth sore arrow , that of the famine , unless we turn from our sins by true repentance . it is to be feared , that after all that hath or can be said to reclaim men from their evil courses , and excesses in drinking , that they will be swayed by custome , which is a second nature ; and it will be found as difficult for them to be temperate in smoking , and drinking , and feasting , as it is for the blackmore to change his skin , or the leopard his spots . so that they will rather say , as he that being advised by his physician to leave of his evil courses , or else he would loose his sight , answered , tum valeat lumen amicum , then farewel sweet light. to such it may be said , as solomon saith , rejoyce o young man in thy youth , walk in the sight of thine eyes , and let thy heart chear thee ; but remember that for all these things god will bring thee to judgment . we all know , that sin is the fore-runner of all plagues and calamities , that ever came upon any people or nation under heaven ; it is the plague of plagues : what provoked god to drown the old world , but sin ? what caused god to rain down fire and brimstone on sodom and gomorrah , but their sins of pride , idleness , and fulness of bread ? and whilst abraham interceded for sodom , had there been but ten righteous persons found amongst them , god would have spared them for their sakes . thus i have spoken against sin in general , as that which draws down judgments upon our heads : i will only lay a few scriptures before you , touching the lord's anger against sin , which he cannot indure to behold without great indignation : for it is only sin that makes a separation between god and our souls ; and i desire the reader to turn to them at his leisure , and to make the best use and application of them , hosea . , , . isaiah . , , . isaiah . , , . genesis . . chap . . . . . . chap. . . . . . . prov. . . . that sea-man that being ingaged in a ship , and sees it in danger to sink or to be cast away ; is but an ill and unworthy sea-man that will not put to his helping hand to save her . and are not all english-men engaged in the ship of the kingdom , or common-wealth of england ? and is it not in a storm , compassed with enemies without , and within molested and assaulted with the most dangerous enemies of all ; over-laden with our grand enemies , sins of all sorts ? is it not the part of an honest true english-man to help to save this ship , by lightening its burden , and casting these bad commodities over-board ? i mean its sins , that by so doing , we may engage god , the lord of hosts on our side , and then , si deus nobiscum cuis contranos : did but england's sins weigh lighter then her enemies sins , then we were more likely to be victorious and conquerors over all our forreign enemies . doth not england match any of her enemies in sins and provocations , namely drunkenness ? doth it come behind the dutch , dane , or swede , which are counted the highest drinkers in the world , of the highest form , and so for swearing most horrible oaths , and scoffing at religion and piety . within ten days since i began this collection or postscript i was an eye and ear-witness , that a swaggering blade rapt out this oath , god damn me , about a trifle in a scoffing frolick , saying , he had got a presbyterian band on he thought . another man on whitson-eve i saw so sadly drunk , he could neither go nor stand , but sate down on a door-stone , i asked him , where he had been ? he would give no other answer but this , that he was troubled with the megromes . so i and others about him left him , and know not what became of him : these two were in the heart of the city , near the exchange . after i had seen king james his counterblast against tobacco , and taken a liking to it : i did at the first intend only to get that printed alone , but afterwards meeting with these pertinent , sutable , and profitable directions , for the preservation of long , life , both against tobacco , and intemperate drinking ; published in the works of that learned physician doctor maynwaring , now living : i thought it not amiss to joyn them together , and likewise to add a good old sermon at the latter end , preached , in or near the time of king james , by a famous learned divine , mr. samuel ward then preacher of ipswich , printed . it is but brief , and the best i know of in print against the sin of drunkenness and health-drinking , wherein are discovered divers sad examples of many that have been notorious drinkers or drunkards , called woe to drunkards , that have kill'd themselves by drinking immoderately . in the last place i shall but commend to the reader a few good useful books , viz. mr thomas brook's londons lamentations , also his book called precious remedies against satan's devices , and his twenty two sermons on ephes . . . of the unsearchable riches of christ , his cabinet of jewels , his closet prayer , and a profitable and very delightsome book of good counsel for all young persons , called his apples of gold for young men and women &c. mr. thomas watson's new treatise , entituled , the mischief of sin , it brings a person low , on psal . . . mr. ralph venning's book , called sin the plague of plagues , or sinful sin the worst of evils , on rom. . . these books do set forth sin in its own proper colours ; it is compared in scripture to filthy rags , and to a menstruous cloth ; and i think it cannot be called by so bad a name as it is . also lately published mr. robert perrot's new book called englands sole , and soveraign way of being saved . mr. calamie's godly mans ark , which i think is a useful and seasonable book these stormy times : now we are pursued by enemies on all sides , outward and inward , it 's good to get into an ark , or city of refuge : these are sold at the three bibles in popes head alley , where the best and newest short-hand books , and books of divinity are to be had : also history , husbandry astronomy , mathematicks , arithmetick , law , sea , physick , the best poetry , school books , &c. five books of the learned doctor maynwarings . . his preservation of health , and prolongation of life . . his treatise of the sourvy , shewing , that tobacco is a procuring cause . . the rise and progress of physick historically , chromologically and philosophically illustrated , shewing , the abuse of medicines &c. . his treatise of consumptions , demonstrating their nature and cure. . the ancient and modern practice of physick examined , stated and compared . the true elixir proprietatis of van helmont , paracelsus & crollius , with a book of its use and vertue , highly commended by mr. lilly. as for other books of vain idle romances , lascivious and vitious poetry and drollery , which are worse then the smoke of tobacco , and more fit for the fire to make smoke of , then for the study ; i wish the lovers of them to take notice of this one passage about such , in mr. philip goodwin's mystery of drunkenness , printed for francis tyton ; it is in page . satan sends out his books as baits , by which many are cunningly caught , with the venome of which so many are poysoned . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e aphorism . tutela sanitatis . amurath his counter blast to tobacco . ' primum crater ad sitim pertinere , secundum ad hilaritatem , tertium ad voluptatem , quartum ad insaniam dixit apuleius . omne nimiun naturae est inimicum . a cacotrophy , or atrophy . quicquid recipitur , recipitur per modum recipientis . ax. notes for div a -e esay . esay . , . esay . . joel . . hab . james . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . basil . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a charito & tanquam chena hash , veche siphgnoni iaphresh ; novissimo tanquam serpens mordebis , regulas punget montinur & mercerus ; tanquam haemorihois vel dissas , tremelius . cor. . . esay . . deut. . . nepenthes, or the vertues of tabacco by william barclay mr. of art, and doctor of physicke barclay, william, ?- ? approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) nepenthes, or the vertues of tabacco by william barclay mr. of art, and doctor of physicke barclay, william, ?- ? [ ] p. printed by andro hart, and are to be sold at his shop on the north side of the high street, a litle beneath the crosse, edinburgh : anno dom. . signatures: a-b (-b ). reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title 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(qc) and xml conversion nepenthes , or the vertves of tabacco by william barclay mr. of art , and doctor of physicke . edinbvrgh , printed by andro hart , and are to be sold at his shop on the north side of the high street , a litle beneath the crosse. anno dom. . a merie epistle of the author to the printer good master hart , i haue sent you here a parasiticall pamphlet , which , i am sure , will bee as farre ben at euery banket as gnatho himselfe or pseudolus . it will be a meet piece for tipplers at tavernes , and for pedlers to helpe away with their rotten tabacco . so that by this worke , i feare i shall be better loued amongst fine scoalers then famous schollers . but if i find fauour in this essay , i shal send you shortly godwilling a scholasticall subiect , and a curious litle worke : fit onely for those which aspire to the top of pindus . the one wil bring to your shop the common sort of people , the other the most learned , i deliuer this scottish broode vnto you , peraes & libram , make it your owne if you thinke it worthie , and esteeme me so long as i liue also your owne from my heart w. barclay doct. med. to the right worshipfvll patricke barclay sonne and heire to sr. patricke barclay of tolly knight william barclay his vncle d. m. wisheth health and happinesse . verie worshipfull and my deare nephew , i cannot but i must summond you , the processe beeing in matter of tabacco , as a witnesse to testifie the worth thereof , and since you are charged , the custome requireth that you haue a just copie of the libell , which i present heere vnto you , not so much that you may depose what you know of the vertues thereof , as that you may learne by this discourse to continue with discretion in the practise of this precious plant , to the ende you may eschew by precepts of art the dulefull heritage of a naturall and paternall disease , and that you may blisse the house of your natiuitie with a long , holie and wholesome life , and that house feele some consolation by the counsell and care of him who beeing a bough of that old and vnfading tree , shal endeuoure to bring foorth such fruit as may both profite and pleasure all the branches and buddes thereof , and you before all as the principall stocke , which i wish may liue longer then many long liuing oakes , to the ornament of our race and the comfort of your most affectionat and most seruiable vncle w. barclay doctor of medicine . nepenthes , or the vertves of tabacco by william barclay d. of medicine and master of art . hercvles to obey the commandement and will of ivno , busied himselfe to overthrow the most famous monsters of his time , his armes were a bagge and a club . a most worthie ladie , and , if i durst say so , the very ivno of our ile hath commanded me to destroy some monstruous diseases , so that to imitate the most chiualrous chiftan of the worlde , i haue armed my selfe with a boxe for his bagge , and a pipe for his club : a boxe to conserue my tabacco , and a pipe to vse it , by those two godwilling , to ouercome many maladies . if the hostes of such diseases doe not betray my endeuoures to their hating and hated guests by not vsing or abusing my weapons . but before i enter in the list , i must whet as it were my wits with these two points , first why doe i treat of a matter so often handled by so many , so odious to princes , so pernicious to sundrie , and so costly to all ? secondly why doe i as another clodivs reueale mysteria bonae deae , and prophane the secrets of physicke ? i answere that a good matter is not the worse to be maintained by many : and plus vident oculi quam oculus . as concerning the hatred of princes , one mans meate is another mans poyson . the wine prince of liquors hateth vehemently colworts , and yet beere , aile , sider water , oyle , honey , & all other liquors doe well agree with colworts . the king of france drinketh neuer orleans wine notwithstanding his subjects do loue it well . i know sundrie men that haue such antipathie with butter that they dare not smell it . it hath beene pernicious to sundrie i grant it , so hath wine , so hath bread , so hath gold , so hath land , and what so wholsome thing is that cannot be turned to abuse ? if it be costly vse the lesse of it . what ? is not rheubarbe coastly ? is not muske coastly ? is not ambergreese coastly ? as touching the second point of my reuealing this secret of physicke , i answere , i meane but to reforme the harme which proceedeth of the abuse , and to shew to my countrey men that i am more willing to pleasure them then to profite my selfe , neither did i sweare to conceale that point when in a robe of purpure i wedded the metamorphosed daphn● . it resteth now to vnfold what moued me to entitule this treatise nepenthes , because it hath certaine mellifluous delicacie , which deliteth the senses , & spirits of man with a mindful obliuion , insomuch that it maketh & induceth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the forgetting of all sorrowes & miseries . and there is such hostilitie betwene it & melancholie , that it is the only medicament in the world ordained by nature to entertaine good companie : insomuch that it worketh neuer so well , as when a it is giuen from man to man , as a pledge of friendshippe and amitie the countrey which god hath honoured and blessed with this happie and holy herbe , doth call it in their natiue language petum , the spaniards , who haue giuen it the right of naturalitie , in their soyle terme it tabacco , the frenchmen which haue receiued it in their countrey as in a colonie call it nicotian , in this our ile of brittaine , as in all other maritime parts , we vse the spanish name of tabacco . but esteeming it worthie of a more loftie name , i haue chosen for gossip the faire and famous helena , and giuen to her the honour to name this most profitable plant nepenthes . albeit this herbe disdaines not to be nourished in many gardens in spaine , in italie , in france , flanders , germanie and brittaine , yet neuerthelesse only that which is fostred in india , and brought home by mariners and traffiquers is to be vsed , as after you shall heare the reason is . non omnis fert omnia tell us . but auarice and greedines of gaine haue moued the marchants to apparell some european plants with indian coats , and to enstall them in ●●ops as righteous & legittime tabacco . some others haue tabacco from florida indeede , but because either it is exhausted of spiritualitie , or the radicall humor is spent , and wasted , or it hath gotten moysture by the way , or it hath bene dried for expedition in the sunne , or caried too negligently , they sophisticate and farde the same in sundrie sortes with blacke spice , galanga , aqua vitae , spanish wine , anise seedes , oyle of spicke and such like . so that the most fine , best , and purest is that which is brought to europe in leaues , and not rolled in puddings , as the english nauigators first brought home . the finest tabacco is that which pearceth quickly the odorat with a sharpe aromaticke smell , and tickleth the tongue with acrimonie , not vnpleasant to the taste , from whence that which draweth most water is most vertuous , whether the substance of it be chewed in the mouth , or the smoake of it receiued . skillie tasters of wine , bacchus butlers , know the wine odore ▪ fapore colore . so they which traffique dayly with tabacco doe know it by these same three senses . in a goose there is nothing which doth not serue either for meat or medicine , ●o not so much as the doung : but in tabacco there is nothing which is not medicin , the root , the stalke , the leaues , the seeds , the smoake , the ashes , & to be more particular , tabacco may serue for the vse of man either greene or dry , of greene tabacco may be made syrups , waters , oyles , vnguents , plasters , or the leafe of it selfe , may bee vsed mortified at the fire to cure the asthma , or shortnesse of breath , dissolue obstructions , heale the olde cough , burning vlcers , wounds , migraim , colicke , suffocation of the mother : and many other diseases , yea almost all diseases . if the romanes durst haue wanted so many yeares the helpe of physick , vsing for all diseases only colwoorts . truelie i think the romans might want now all physitians eternally , if they knew the vertue of tabacco , seeing the spring of al their diseases is defluxiōs & cathars for which the only antidot is tabacco . i intreat here the lector of this treatise , to haue me excused if i do not set down in special the forme and maner to prepare such remedies of green tabacco , as i haue mentioned , for i wold wish to do with tabacco as aristoteles did with his physicks , for he wrot to his scholler alexander , that he had published & not published his physicall philosophie : so i must assay to say , that i haue revealed and not reuealed the quintessence of tabacco . as concerning the dry tabacco , it may be vsed in infusion , in decoction , in substance , in smoke , in salt . touching the infusion & decoction , because they are as dangerous & more , than elleborus albus , or antimonium , i will forbeare to particularize , remitting the practise of that part to the presence of some prudent physician , except it be in some desperat case of vnknown poyson . as for tabacco in substance holdē in the mouth , as an apophlegmatisme , or medicin to draw fleame out of the head by the mouth , i avow it to be one of the best & surest remedies in the world against paralisie , epilepsie or apoplexie , that is , the falling ill , & vertigo idiopathica , the passion of dizzines in the head by wind , that euer was found out . these are foure of the most incurable diseases that besiege the braine of man : for vnderstanding of the which cure i must remember the lector , that since the dayes of hippocrates , and in his dayes there haue bene inuented fiue sundrie sorts of vacuations to voyde this our body of filthy corruption wherof it is the continual harbinger , that is , phelebotomie , vmitiō purging by the stool , by vrins , & by sweating . now in the latter dayes hath beene inuented a sixt way or maner of purging , which is also by the mouth , not vomiting , but spitting : the onely medicament which was wont to procure such spitting , or slavering , was hydrargyrum , quicke-siluer : but now of newe is found out this diuine tabacco , which if it be rightly vsed , is a soueraigne helpe , and a present purgation , and approoued preseruatiue against the foresaid diseases , as also against arthritis , the gowt , lithiasis , the stone in reines or bledder , and hydropisie . but because it is said that tabacco and hydrargyrum , worke both after one sort , it shall not be amisse to speake somewhat of the one and the other : first , there is no vegetall in the world , hath such affinitie with any minerall , as hath tabacco with mercure , or quicke-siluer , for as mercure purgeth , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aboue and vnder , being taken at the mouth , so doth tabacco , and as mercure being applyed exteriourlie , purgeth all the body by slauering , so doeth tabacco being holden in the mouth . as the best physicians , philosophers and alchimists that euer were , can not agree vpon the qualities , neither first nor second of mercure , some say it is both hote and colde , both drye and moist , that it can binde and loose , that it can rarifie and thicken , and in a word , that it is a protheus , or a magician . so tabacco is hote , because it hath acrimonie , it is cold because it is narcoticke and stupefactiue , it maketh drunken , and refresheth , it maketh hungrie and filleth , it maketh thirstie , and quencheth thirst : finallie to bring man to health , it changeth as many formes as iuppiter doeth shapes to conuey himselfe to his mistresse : this difference onely there is , that mercure being applyed to any part of the body , prouoketh spitting : but tabacco purgeth by slauer onelie , being taken in the mouth in substance or in smoake . the alchimists vaunt that they are able to drawe out of euery thing mercure , sulphure and salt , but truelie out of nothing can they be sooner or better separated , then out of tabacco : i thinke that i durst be bold to say , that tabacco is the mercure of vegetals , and mercure is the tabacco of minerals . now to returne to our purpose , to wit , to the cure and preseruation of an armie of maladies , tabacco must be vsed after this maner . take of leafe tabacco as much as being folded together , may make a round ball of such bignesse that it may fill the patients mouth , and inclyne his face downward towards the ground , keeping the mouth open , not mouing any whit with his tongue , except now and then to waken the medicament , there shall flow such a flood of water from his brain and his stomacke , and from all the parts of his body that it shall be a wonder . this he must do fasting in the morning , and if it be for preseruation , and the bodie very cacochyme , or full of euil humours , he must take it once a weeke , otherwise once a month : but if it bee to cure the epilepsie or hydropisie once euery day . thus haue i vsed tabacco my selfe , and thus vsed tabacco iean greis a venerable old man at nantes in the french britain , who liued whill he was six score yeares of age , and who was known for the only refuge of the poore afflicted souldiers of venus when they were wounded with the french pickes , i should haue said pockes . thus much for the vse of tabacco in substance . as concerning the smoke , it may be taken more frequently , & for the said effects , but alwayes fasting , & with emptie stomack , not as the english abusers do , which make a smoke-boxe of their skull , more fit to be caried vnder his arme that selleth at paris dunoir a noircir to blacke mens shooes , then to carie the braine of him that can not walke , can not ryde except the tabacco pype be in his mouth , i chanced in company on a tyme with an english merchant in normandie betweene rowen and new-hauen . this fellow was a merrie man , but at euery house he must haue a cole to kindle his tabacco : the frenchmen wondered , and i laughed at his intemperancie . but there is one william anslop an honest man dwelling in bishops-gate street , hard within the gate that selleth the best tabacco in england , and vseth it most discreetly . because the matter of smoake taking is controuerted and disputed , i will first decide this question of smoake before i enter to shewe the commoditie which proceedeth of it . suffumigation or receauing of smoake , is not a newe inuented remedie , it is an old and well approoued forme of medicine in many diseases , hippocrates in his booke of the diseases of women teacheth many kindes of smoake which women should receaue and specially of many vnsauourie and stinking things at the nose and the mouth , to represse and thrust back the mother in the suffocation , a fearefull and dangerous disease . the most expert physitians in our dayes admit with one consent the smoake of tussilago to be receiued at the mouth , by those which are ptisicke , or asthmaticke or haue the cough of cold . gordon a learned olde physitian , the vade mecum of practitians , ordaineth trochisques of ambergreis , muske , and other ingredients to be vsed after the forme as we take the smoake of tabacco for the epilepsie . in the booke called aphorismi tonsorum , or schola salerni , there is a suffumigation made of leek seeds , and white insquiā seeds for the tooth ache to be receiued at the mouth . leonardo fioravanti an italian practitian commendeth for deafenesse a suffumigation made with cinaber , frankincense and myrrhe , to bee taken at the mouth . consider now good lector , and repeat againe , shall hippocrates permit the smoake of stinking feathers , and of old rotten shooes from a coablers dunghill ? shall other physitians permit the smoke of tussilago ? shal gordon prescribe the aromatical smoke of musk & ambre ? shal schola salerni permit insquiam to bee incensed in the mouth which is a venemous plant , shall fioravanti command the smoke of cinabre , which is a present poyson to infect the braine ? and shall wee onely banish the poore tabacco which hath more vertue for all these foresaide diseases , then each of the forenamed things hath for their seuerall sores . if the mother vexe and torment a woman , the smoake of tabacco either aboue or vnder , shal ease her more , then feathers or lether . if thou be ptisicke , if thou be asthmaticke , if thou be vrged to cogh through defluxion , the smoake of tabacco is better then tussilago : if the rage of toothache excarnificate the goomes , tabacco is better then insquiam : if there be sounding in the eares , it is fitter thē cinabre . i ad further , that amongst so many thousands which vse & abuse tabacco at al occasions without obseruation of any physicall precept , there are very sew found that can ascribe their death to tabacco : so that if tabacco were vsed physically and with discretion there were no medicament in the worlde comparable to it . now to returne from whence i did digresse to shew the commodities of tabacco , i lay here as a ground to build vpon , that by reason of the situation of mans head , which is aboue al the other members of the body , the most parte of diseases flow from the head , as from a fountain , so that tabacco going immediatly to the brain , it not only augmenteth and refresheth the animall spirites , but drieth the sourse of innumerable diseases , and fortifieth the braine . so that there is no man but may receiue commoditie by the vse of tabacco , except only those which haue their braine dry & hot , which is a temperament vnnaturall to the braine , yea and a dangerous disease , and the next degree to reauing to furie , to madnesse . i know that euery one will be curious to aske me how he shall know a hote & dry braine . galen in his book which he calleth ars parva , declareth at large the signes of all intemperies , yet to satisfie the mindes o● curious lectors , it is euident that his braine 〈◊〉 hot & dry who sleepeth very litle or nothing who reaueth waking , and formeth monstruous dreames sleeping , and whose nose distilleth nothing . it were a world of worke to specifie in particular all the diseases , and symptomes that are helped or preuented by tabacco , but i will only set downe those which i know either by mine own experience , or by the faithfull reporte of learned physicians or of credible patients . i will begin at the epilepsie which is called by hippocrates morbus sacer , the falling sicknes , and this plant is called by some nations herba sacra : then after legittime preparation , & such diet as a skilful physician shal prescribe , let the patient be purged with the infusion of tabacco in hidromel , in the strained liquor of this infusion dissolue foure graines of the salt made of tabacco and giue it to the patient to drinke : herafter , hauing a cauter in his neck , he shal take euery day the smoke of a pipe of fine tabacco fasting in the morning , & once euery third day hee shall hold in his mouth the apophlegmatisme of tabacco in substance . now because this disease hath some occult venome and maligne qualitie , the olde physicians by long experience haue found out some things which helpe this disease by an indeclarable vertue , and for this cause he shall take the smoake of this confected tabacco euery day . take ambregreese , the seede of peonie , and stirax , of every one halfe an ounce , of muske twentie graines , of lignum aloes the weight of three crownes , of magisterium cranii humani an ounce , of the sowing thereof , halfe an ounce , of fine tabacco as much as of them all , make of all these a grosse powder , and take the smoake of it euery morning , and thus the epilepticke shall attaine to his health rather then by the galls of dogs & superstitious characters vsed by a number of ignorant deboshed vagabondes and montebanckes . the hydropisie is one of the ordinarie customers that commeth to craue health at the shop of tabacco , and specially if it bee holden in the patients mouth in substance , or if hee take now and then of the salt thereof , and euery day a pipe or two . the arthritis or gowt , & grauell are preuented prettily , because the antecedent cause is taken away : it preserueth from the toothach : it cureth the migraim , the colicke , the cogh , the cold : it stayeth growing fatte : it is the antidote of hypochondriacke melancholie , it prepareth the stomacke for meat : it maketh a clear voice , it maketh a sweet breath , it cleareth the sight , it opneth the eares , it putteth away the punaise , & openeth the passage of the nose , it is the nourse of the lights , it comforteth nerues , and taken in sirupe there is no obstruction that can abide it : it is present reliefe against the most part of poysons : and in few words it is the princesse of physical plants . to conclude this discourse i must excuse here my plainnesse and simplicitie with this caveat to the curious lector , that albeit the neuer too much commended tabacco bee of sufficiencie to cure many diseases : yet it is not of efficacie in al persons , in all seasons , in al temperaments , but it must bee vsed by the direction of some expert and prudent physician . there was on a time a diseased gentleman , who for to recouer his health sent for a physician , the which vsing prudently & artificially his cure , the gentle man became wel , & because he was subject to that disease often in the yeare , hee remarked well how the physician had prepared his potion , what herbes hee had decocted , what simples hee had infused , what electuaries hee had dissolued , howe much of euery one , how long they seethed , or steeped , at what a clocke he did minister it , how long hee fasted therafter , & at the next assault of the sicknesse hee tooke the same potion , obseruing all circumstances , but was nothing the better : he sent againe for master doctor , and inquired what the matter should be , seeing he was diseased with the same maladie , hee had taken the same potion , he vsed it very rightly with all the circumstances and obseruations , he had not omitted one jote , no said the physician you lacked a principal point , a very necessarie circumstance & an essentiall cause , that is , you receiued not the potion from the hand of a physician : for if the patient , as experience teacheth beginneth to feele the first hope of his health at the arriuall of his physician : how much more shall he be alleuated when he giueth him out of his owne hand the cuppe which conteineth the couenant of his restitution , the earnest of his wellfare , and the weapon to destroy his disease . happy were the land that had no need of physicians , happy the lande which hauing neede of them hath of the best sorte , and happie were the physicians whose lote were to come in the lande where the law of good king revther were curiously keeped , that no man vnder paine of death should exercise physicke that could not shew a publicke testimonie of his lawfull calling . but i must say of physicke as a holy father saide of the holie scripture , hanc delirus senex , hanc garrula anus , hanc sophista verbosus putteth in practise , and is not punished . god saue the countrey from diseases , and god saue the diseased from such doctors finis . to the fauourable lector health . there were some pages which i thought not meet to leaue emptie , good lector , either for thy sake , or for tabaccoes sake , or for mine owne sake : for thy sake , because i wearie not to talke with thee : for tabaccoes sake , because the worth of it deserueth some verses : for mine owne sake , because i neuer hauing sleeped in parnassus , but beeing a valley poete , i persuade my selfe that my verse , shall be read more for the merites of the maetter , then for the value of the work●man . therefore i addresse my selfe first to gaze against a craig , from whence some musicall influence may bed●w my braine . vt sic repente poeta prodeam . to his good and olde friend , m. alexander craig , craig if thou knowes the vertues of this plant , why dost thou dye thy quill in inke of blame ? if thou knowes not , for to supplie thy want , why followes thou the voice of faining fame ? is it not slander to this plant and thee , to speake of it so poeticallie ? to his good cousing m. iohn hay , of ranasse . hanibal had a house in bythinie , builded after his craftie owne conceat , on euery side a doore was priuilie , for to preserue his life and staggering state , but when the romanes came for to defait the onelie one of whom they stood in doubt , hanibal would not fight against his fate , knowing the doores were known and siegde about , good cousing hay , the soule is hanibal , the house with many doores it is the head , death and disease as romanes siege them all to suffocat the life without remead : except diuine tabacco make defence , keepe open doores , & raise the siege from thenc● to the abusers of tabacco . why do you thus abuse this heauenlie plant the hope of health , the fewell of our life ? why doe you waste it without feare of want , since fine and true tabacco is not ryfe ? olde euclio w●nt foull water for to spair , and stop the bellowes not to waste the air. to my lord the bishop of murray . the statelie rich late conquered indian plaines , foster a plant , the princes of all plants . which portugall after perill and paines , to europe broght , as it most iustlie vants : this plant at home the people and priests assure , of his goodwill , whom they as god adore , both here and there it worketh wondrous cure , and hath such heauenlie vertue hid in store . a stranger plant shipwracked in our coast , is come to help this cold phlegmatick soyle , yet can not liue for calumnie and boast , in danger daylie of some greater broyle : my lord this sacred herb which neuer offend●t is forcde to craue your fauour to defend it . to the most accomplished , and true philoclea of this yle , l. e. l. l. f. some do this plant with odious crymes disgrace , and call the poore tabacco homicid , they say that it , o what a monstrous cace ! forestals the life , and kils man in the seed , it smoaketh , blacketh , burneth all the braine , it dryes the moisture treasure of the life , it cureth not , but stupifies the pain , it cuts our dayes before atropus knife . good ladie looke not to these rauing speiches , you know by proof that all these blames are lies , forged by scuruie leud vnlearned leiches . as time hath taught and practise that all tryes . tabacco neither altereth health nor hew , ten thousand thousands know that it is true . to his very worshipfull , an● deare cousing , the laird of boine . the gut which vulcan forged in his yre , to punish those which follow venus way , can finde nothing to quench that flaming fyre , so fit as fine tabacco sundrie say , for proofe of which great pillar of my kin tell what thou knowest : for to conceale were sin