the tryall of trauell, or, [brace] . the wonders in trauell, . the worthes of trauell, . the way to trauell in three bookes epitemizd / by baptist goodall, merchant. goodall, baptist. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the tryall of trauell, or, [brace] . the wonders in trauell, . the worthes of trauell, . the way to trauell in three bookes epitemizd / by baptist goodall, merchant. goodall, baptist. [ ] p. printed by iohn norton, and are to bee sould by iames vpton, at his shop in paules church yeard at the signe of the fox, london : . in verse. signatures: a² b-k⁴ l². title in ornamental border. includes marginal notes. formerly stc . imperfect: pages cropped and print show-through. reproduction of original in the harvard university library. includes bibliographical references. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database 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apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the tryall of travell or , . the wonders in trauell , . the worthes of trauell , . the way to trauell . in three bookes epitemizd . by baptist goodall merchant . they that trauaile downe to the sea in shipps , and passe opon the great waters , such see the workes of the lord , and his wonders in the deepe . psalme . . . ignoti nulla , cupido . london , printed by iohn norton , and are to bee sould by iames vpton , at his shop in paules church yeard at the signe of the fox , . to the thrice noble and illustrious lady : prime seate of all princely worth , great honor of trauell , patterne of piety and patience elizabeth . queene of boheme , countesse palatz of the rhine , duehesse of bauary marchionesse of morauy . these tripart tryalls of trauell are consecreated by baptist goodall : in hope of her honourable acceptance , with wishes of ioyes externall , eternall . to all the sonnes of noble trauaile whether merchant , martiall , or maryne negotiators . to you the liuely characters of my muses epitome ( as more due ) i present her : not for shelter , but suruay , her sonets are in short the trophes of your trauails : antidots against obliuion , and the aconite of skillesse censure . therein may ye reuise the wonders once viewed , the worths preconceiued , with the wayes of trauaile traced already : so doing scan how short you are of what may be ; as well as reuiue time of that hath bin . action is proper to you speculation to scollers : what they aenigmatically peruse , you personally visit , now although she can neyther much augment your notions , nor yet fortifie your iudgements by these her primortiues , so sub alternate to your sufficiencies : yet hapily in the garden of her diuersitie ▪ some flowers may selected no lesse delectable then profitable , if not serue they as s●uchions pendant in memory of more iuditious obseruations : or euer dure they as pledges of an vnlimited loue to all the noble sonnes of trauaile , such primly whose wishes drilled her out from pen to presse i am not ignorant how our crittick can cauill , therefore haue i fortified her with diuine , and morall auncient and moderne marginals , as little how our satirist in his laciuyous textures confront the like carpere vel noli nostra , vell edetua , nor how the tertullian wil puffe at her plainesse , a 〈…〉 faut point d'enseigne , alas deformityes in nature , are only ●dulterate defects obscured deceptio visus fits homespune punies , not blades who pump for their wits midd salt surges and haue ●ur●●yed more countryes thou the carier countrytownes , my 〈◊〉 ( my present wife ) is as plaine as yong nor lesse true then vncommon please shee you with her songs i am satisfied our speech by pa● death proues silence what suruiues in abscence is writing eyther after vs , or farr of , quo lic● at libris non licet ire mihi . she may speake when i cannot , where i may not . i comit her to your custody , wishing your happy progresse in trauaile , with peace foreuer . your fellow trauailer , baptist goodall . the prologue to the generall that our vnwise domesticke many discerne with the agrestick trauailes worths to learne and that both may behold as in a glasse pleasures of such who foraine parts do passe vnuailing so the vices of a crue who guesse all things by them vnseene vntrue i haue in short set downe my thoughts therin some credit to that choyce estate to winn , first from my owne li●es who a small haue seene yet better may the worths of trauaile deeme then from the house bird , and the dormouse dull so from our critick , and th' vnletterd g●ll now if as 't may be ) th' sonnes of didimus in stoicke humor daine not to beleeue vs lo th' sacred writ will vrge a credit to it no antidote but seeing else will do it diuine , and morall , modern , and the ould all in her worths v●asked with vs hould the patriarcks , princes , ptophets stories churches and worlds of more of all sorts sort with these the iewes , greeks , turks , moors , indians : and wee all ages times , and states , there to agree to christian some , to mortall trauaile all trovaile to euery mortall must befall . ci●ill alone is now our muses taske which ●he ( by zoilas leaue ) shall now vnmaske its wonder , worth , and way and plant from hence . canons dismount all homebred impudence ●…pell their false auouch , whose trembling pen like canaan spies disconsolateth men read all or none at all , do but as due thou't say though yong and short , ●hee's plaine and true . quem recitas meus est fidentine libellus at male dum recitas , incipit esse tuus , martialis . the wonders in trauaile . what time iehove had all things ready made . the sea , land , riuers , winds the sunne and shade the day and night , both foule and firmament heauen and earth form'd all to mans content , him made he then the microcosme of all , seated in costly eden , whilst his fall , makes him accursed of a lord compleats insweat of browes adindg'd his bread to eate and pilgrimewise henceforth on earth to wander , pacing about it as a crookt meander , thenearth for sin sustaines a whole delusion and nimrods plott produces tongues confusion sin , still and sorrow relatiues in vs we are to spend our dayes in trauaile thus . diuinest for sight arm'd the world with store of adhuments to trauaile long before to this end we are the windes volutions fram'd which east , west , north , and south , by man are nam'd . to this end were both seas and flouds prepar'd as is in the creations rule declar'd . and so become the tongues confusion good one aydes the other to be vnderstood . yea heerevnto was shipping preinuented , least entercourse twixt nations be preuented since man to sweate and trauailes destind heere so to consume in life day , month , and yeare . t is nothing else to trauaile but to breath trauailes ordained posterities bequeath . t is nothing more to trauaile then to liue earth cannot least reposd contentment giue nor may the wise , or great , or faire , goe free but equaly the trace of trauaile see . trauaile tripartite prime to all the rest is mortall trauaile , all thus interest . the christian and ciuill stand dependants both being on our mortall course attendants ciuill we treat of t is wee vnderstand mans state of entercourse by sea and land as they are destind heere to vndergoe , great ioue in his degree commands it soe . to tell such wonders they at sea haue seene , his greater fames forgotten to redeeme . of things vnknowne a credit to procure , and men to see his greatnesse to allure of natures rares indifferent of climes . to tell the worths , strange qualities and times . acquaint the earth with miracles vnknowne , which oney are by ciuill trauailes showne . and friendly chang of each lands fruites thus made , yea many thousands each way fed by trade . thus trauailes wonders first their maker praise , then add they store and sollace to our dayes the forme of ciuill trauailes thus prepard now shall its wonders briefly be declard not able to conceiue the cause of much her miracles in her surueyes are such each mans a wonder of himselfe alone much wonder may a man suruay at home much more in many millions disagreeing informe wits mannors , nations habitts being th' invisiue deiety hearin disclosd omnipotence in natures frame proposd to leaue sayth scripture man without excuse when faithlesly men cause his powers abuse wise dauid first at heauen , then earth admires from whence with wondering downe to sea retires such as descend to deepe ( quoth he ) such see the powers of iehova what they bee his fame is raised by euery dayes successe the rudest region will explaine no lesse when men saith he are tossed in the maine so that their soules consume in sence of paine sometime are tossed to the cloudy skies , hence in a hast hell low , her shipping flyes billowes carreyring tosse too and fro and wash her as a wherry high and low now pray they and their sorrow seekes an end past hope or helpe or harbour to defend the stormy winds are stild , the men haue hope when in a calme the ship findes larger scope the men reioyce , blesse god , and well ariue and in the midd of many perilles thriue t was sure a wonder iouas vnder went when he in trauaile crossed ioues intent the monstrous whale should harbour be to him who in his soule had harbourd so much sinne three dayes aliue transported in his chest yet all this time with life and safety blest then layd ashore , out of his mighty power whose quality is solie to deuoure aegypts red sea to admiration parts and from an ocean to drie land conuert billowes , are walles , they passe on dry foot ground when lo ! their foes the aegiptians are drownd no lesse admired was the arke of noe prepard to trauaile in earths ouerthrowe the monstrous generation , mockt his skill how ere t was formd by god almighties will all earths indeluge he and his are fownd careyring safe in shipp , all others drown'd , and by this rare inuentions h●rbinger the world doth alwayes with it selfe conferre shipping ar embasies , he get relation through farr remote twixt nation , and nation posts packing each way with intelligences garners to store mortals assure defences the wandrous arke anchours ararats mount her docke , and now the nations recounte hauing a patterne how her like to build then from a future deluge still to sheyld and i , make the waters passable they try phenicanus bowe the first in history aegypt proceedes the greeke and many omre solomon trads to opior for his ore . thus did deuine prescience ships inuent mans cheifest friend , the temples ornament our lord and his desciples once at sea great gulfts arise and tempest ouersway the shipp suckes billowes as her onely diett makes the desciples fearefull and vnquiet he wakes , they cry helpe master or wee perish . oft times thus feare by vnbeleefe is cherisht christ giues the word and bids them all be still and gladly they as soone obey his will so that the faithlesse iewes are forst to say oh what is he whom windes and seas obey . examples moue oft more then reasons good where sence and sight ar wholy vnderstood lo ! last in paull his voyage is a wonder . when sea and windes teare all their ships in sunder each boardes conuey , and safe the people land rul'd in the loue of paul by highest hand see now at sea the wonders trauail knowes where god himselfe in omnipotence showes proclames a power exceeding other places and sea aboue the land with wonder grace next acts his matchlesse mercy greater part and seeming death to long life doth conuert daily experience fortisies our faith should we surmise vnsure what scripture saith ? our eighty eight gibralter and the rest would with amazement scale our flinty brest as thus on sea ioue in high wonder passes so him in sea his creatures wonder graces witnesse the worlds of fish of various birth when waters broad doth simpathise the earth liuiathan iohes wonder as a rocke but at a ship maiestickly doth knocke his huge and massy beard whole billowes brusshes he through the ocean as a whirle winde rushes or as an earthquake makes the seas to shake deuouring shoules , and supping drie the lake his sinnes plowe way in midest of proudest waues thus neptune like he all the sea out braues puffes out a challenge , what can quele my might or who like me can on an ocean light forgetting how the sea man in meere play winnes him in sport , to throw his bulcke away and drunkard like allyes the barrell ore till he appeareth naked one the shore now gald with darts that cloudes of blood ensue and die the neerer streames another hue the slimy sea horse ; and the cowe contend better then the terre● themselues to send yet on the ice will wallouw in a rowte and both brought captiue by the seaman ●lente men monsters and the syrens rares to see yet on the waues such wonders dayly be scene in the north and southerne hottest climes chifely the former in our latter times the boulting sea hogg spouts against the storme and will attend though wild sweete musickes charme whose consorrs saluson , codd , and sturgeon bee such in our natiue soile hath primacie t is said of sages not so ould as true that althings silent shew gods powers due and that some workes of his mirit admire rather then reason how and why inquire his prouidence in heauens high influences to the other regions els are sole defences sunn , moone , and starres , aire , earth , and sea direct order , dispose , rule , alter , get , protect their dispositions haue effects in all in sea , in skie , or earth , men creatures call their constant motion diuine influx causes the sea store hath at large a share in these a second earths store , as the shapes of vs so brutes , horse , doggs ; and all sorts wonderouse yea vegetiue and minerall appeare the sword , fist , pike , cuts , tortise farr and neare all sorts by sholes in order know their like their formes so strang , men in amazement strike for note as euery clime doth various stand the obiect zones ruling the nether land so euery sea as is the climes degree differs in creatures shape and rarity all which howere to home bred men vnknowne yet are in midd of trauaile wondrous showne the rule of reason is my argument it brings in men ( things neere so strange ) consent for a relation in one body rownd twixt sea and land was in creation fownd in creatures kind though different in forme yet cannot natures liknesse be out worne this of the wonders on , and in the ocean the frutes there off are only trauailes notion see now the sea it selfe miraculouse his height exceeds earths , and is fluctuos yet giueth god sayth dauid to him bownd nor can earth by its ouerheight be drownd a miracle exceeding common since and wherin reasons proofe is impotence as is the cause of tides slux and retreate howere by luner motions made compleate this watry orbe is various euery where now red , then blacke , then yellow , greenish cleare now hot and seethes , there ice mountes her couer wonders best knowne by such as trauaile ouer fiue zones earths guards , the equinoctiall girt which vnder climes still as they are conuert two frigid , one fire hot two temporate gouernd by the high celaestiall fate the differing seas , and seasons vnder each how ere knowne part by speculationes reach yet sights the sure , and teitruth of a notion not subiect , to the pennes vnsure deuotion trauailes adiacents more miraculous inable man to presse seas reaches thus the compasse by his loadstone wonders chiefe yeilds in vnknownest pathes a knowne reliefe teaching the steareman how to runn his way and midest of rockey billowes take survay now sunn and starres are hid not to digresse in nauall calculations more or lesse in course to cape , i le , harbour , stranger nation but find the true rowmb , in winds variation in midd of misty fogges secure to runn although in darknesse and defect of sunn knowing and surely too , each cape and cliffes where slatts , sands , shoules , safe harbours rockes or riffes that ephimerian callender a wonder there astrolab , crosstaff viewd asunder whose issues and effects p●sse home conceits wherewith our seamen act admired seates the compas card , scale limbes of euery shipp that plannifp heere , and tranfames so be fit in rarest art , sunnes horall height to know and the altitude of euery starre to show northeasting , aud northweasting by a line what way is made , which way the length , the time the north starre where aboue tho pole or not skilles wherein euery home bredd proues a sott my relation hebrue , he athen greeke , yet know t is now my talke sea miracles to showe sunnes surgere gresse in euery latitude harden then heera at home ar to conclude each lands dimension length , and square and site the solar progresse , euery where his height tides in all countries by the moone to find their flux and reflux , and the depth they wind timly meridian , solles true declinations the north starres power , globes rule in nauigations the pillotts art his chanall sownds , quicke viewe lo ! from these fruits our voyages accrue amazing earth in great discoueties made inriching europ with a potent trade thus euery way at sea are wonders showne i will not name discoueries well vnknowne those new found gulphes : exacter reuolutions collumbus , drakes , or candishes conclusions vesputius norts or dauis nouigatianes for earths pacts latly rowue by many nations the thorow lights by trauell made are cleare through which our new world doth to the ould appeare amerricca her sisters three scarce knew while trauell brought them to an enter view and now acquainted both in admiration honour , and vse as briges nauigation thence to the skies high wonders travaile sees cosmographies the plott discouers theese the leuen heauens , circular effects trauail in all her wondros dessects that zodiacke , his twelue parts operation discrepant to the subdependent nation the equinoctiall change , earths axaltree embraces differently her orb ye see heere starres both fixt and motiue alter case wonderous in act according to the place the foure winds rhouts , and thirty two partitions eclipses solar , lunar ; such positions as these are plainely writ , i neede not say the worths in sight its sure , beyond denay for so much as the thing is fancies better view passesse reading , its contents are greater the heauens declare gods glory , heauens power is picturd in earths woundrous parts each houre earths miracles in trauelling are more since the almighty formd heere greater store that so the sonnes of men in admiration might passe to view from nation to nation varieties still added to desire filling the greedy stranger with admire the men , townes , frutes , riuers and brutes all change turne any way in trauaile things are strange geography treats most of arts hearin but trauaile only sweet of sence doth winn earths sipherall orbe both ile and continent according to their sits are different complexions to the climes do beare relation so is in men a diuers propagation how full of miracles is nature now which euery way such difference can allow ? mens statutes , colloures , haire much different in humours , and in manners diuers bent our northern cleare , the southern swarty browne that 's merry plaine , this cunning bent to frowne on s frolicke other sad and dull of spirit thus diuers climes their diuerse breed inheritt europe the queene though least of sisters foure greatest in fame , in arts in wits in power in wines and mines high garmany exceedes as mosco beauers , and the rich furr breeds the belgick fish , and linen , a iarring nation yet much suprasseth most in nauigation the french her wines , and silkes of itally spaines fruits , rich ores , and irons raise her high the danish tackle skinnes , and whales suplie the norway plankes , firres furies , and fishery the polish flaxes , sweadish brasse , and mast the turkey stuffes hungarian coppers cast the florence silke , beames buffe , moluccoes spice the brittish wooltrin , lead , corn , cole of price sicillian coralls sugaries candie wines zauts corrants , and the venice muskadines the chinaes gould , pearle , muske , and iuory the indian silke , and mines of ores supply behould the diuerse store each land affordes the wonders in creations due the lordes each land in worths to wonder disagreing in nature , colour , quantity and being hence may wee wondering in a higher straine on trauells stage admiring mount againe scorning the least of lying wonders tould by sicophants to obiect basenesse sould telling of foothigh pigmeyes , doggeard men blue blacke and yellow collored , cald by them out scoggin , skinke , and like to these in credit fables , ales hate , trauailes eiection merit what need fond men , the vulgar bee deluded or yet the lord of nature be abused ? his names almighty in true wondrous things and truth alone sound satisfaction bringes hee s truly great in all , abhorres all glozing dishonourd much by each false tales composing . yet wants no fame ; the little ants a wonder much more those many thousands all out number . see but some rares in fabrickes admiration duly attends on some in euery nation . that chinan wall twelue hundred miles in length their mighty citties and , vnuoted strength , those piramids of aegypt twelue miles rownd and fiftie cubitts mounted from the grownd the tower and walles of mighty babilon the capitall and ruind worths of roome the venice fabricks , cayroes circle stronge the spannish bridge admired three leagues long , as these the creatures vegetiue excell and sensitiue their alterations tell , that indian figtrees an admired thing whose touch to earth causeth a world of spring breeding a long atracke of mighty store ones brood oft carreyeth a furlong ore , those siluer sands , and peatlie vaines distilling the spanish with their matchlesse treasures filling the oliue nutmegg , and the cloues are rare and may with mirch , and lemond well compare , land creatures wonders in the ellephant he most for massy fortitude doth vaunt able to tuggship laden in a calme and fel the dragon with his massie palme carrie a fort of cannon , vnderstand yet willingly obay his guiders hand , writters admire at fieirce rhinoce rosse his horne , sayd the mightiest can tosse with glassy scales encounters greater things and to the new beholders terrour bringes poore muskcats ciuer as a rare receiued the bezar , ambir , rubies rares conceaued but the camell leopard hatches an admire in all that to the southern poles retyre . a composite , two natures mixt we see bearing to both an equall simpathy the cruell dragons ' fell deuouring iawe the serpent makes his venamous sting his lawe both lurking close in rockes of desert springs and an affrighting of the neighbour things , the crocodile whose teeth in sumder sharke making decision limit to his marke hatcht of an egge oh wonder of admire to all in trauailes in the torrids are shee men and beasts often by land deuoures more fish in sea and riuers ●ue his powers yet oft the musket meete his high attempt and with his ruine doth a hurt preuent strange armadillo armed round about scales hath as iron with , a swinish snout teeth cruell bent , yet helpe his bones to cure whose rarenesse trauailes view doth oft allure , but should i pen the tenth of all the store the things some see ; good writers record more nor paper , pen , nor skill could sure suffice let vs hearin with modesty be wise instancing truths , truth beares the only sway when worlds of extant fictions decay . our dayes are short suppose no one hath had a viewe of halfe in progresse of his trade each what it is add truely to the store of wondrouse brutes now say my muse no more , omit the lyon , beare , wolfe , vnicorne the elck , and estrich , and the hart , forlorne in wildernesses with the leopard pacing and with the tiger trauailes wonders gracing passe by the eagle , faulcon , para , kite and fly the tortoise , and the rockfish sight . and add to these as different conditions the spanish pride , and insolent ambitions french , and itallien lust , and light conceits the vnbeleeuing iewe in close deceits dane , german , pool , norwegian russe , and duch , tainted with cupping clownishnesse as much brittish how bould , how various , belly bent turkes cruell , chinenses maleuolent , rude indians , and tartarians idolizers the morish blacke barbarians bloody mizers , the west , and southerne soyles to lust runn madd the east , and north , in drunkennesse us bad . as natures ilnesse diuersly doth vent hauing in climes peculier extent , see how the habits men , and women weare , varie to admiration euery wheare . the russe his furd long coat slopt , collers beares the dane his pointed buffes , wiues wreathed haires the german iumphre huicke , crague hull , and copp the swedish mustzell , and long flemish slopp the french all puffes , naked itallian vailes the spanish bagg fleues , long sauoyan tailes the irish rugg , welch freez ; and highland trouses the brittish proteus , course norwegians couses where ere in trauell thou arriue thus see one named for worlds what various habits bee fabricke of realmes , as fashions alter much one vsed heare of wood ; bricke , with the duch. the geanovoijs guilt , leaded marble frame . venice for fite and glazing beares the name . mad rid his fiery wall , st. lawrence grace the ancient roman edifice , high race cayro and paris greatnesse , londons plenty the famous neatherlands structures no place empty antwerp , and culloyne , , temples goodly site this handfull for the heape in trauailes sighte . one passing still another in some rare wherein alone he triumphs past compare , but that the wisest god may seeme more high hee l mixe his honours with diuersitie , and time the epoch passe their fittest birth and when and where disperst to be one earth one land this graces , and another that yet the supremist worths not to relate if one way spaine passes for grapes our ile in food , and cloth we more then countervaile if india passe for ores and pearles the duch their nauies passe the indian as much , if china , sends with turkey silken store our sheep clad , and our benes feed thousands more if norway whale , ruffe furr , and swedish brasse by steetes in trafick to the westerne passe they turne gould , wine , and fruits of contentation so might i instance much in euery nation one succours other , traficke breeds affection the whole is gouernd by the high protection . for windes , seas skie , and trauell all agree to frame one earth a iust conformity that nature hots , and coulds may be suffied and euery parts commodities be prizd and all men muse to view earths aged forme triumphs in trauaile more ; as lesse out worne thousands vnseen assisting one another and the barbarian rude the christians brother this harmony in nature , and each nation hatched by trauailes howrely propagation nor warr , nor iarr , can totally mollest but some way finde they mutuall interest , ordaind to fit in all parts man entire begetting trauailes wonder , our admire , whereof howres much more might instancd bee yet i conceaue enough in what wee see the wise may by the modell iudge the masse so speed my muse to trauailes worths a pace in sea , skie , earth , fish flesh ; reason and sence lo ! wonders of diuine omnipotence some scatterd each way ; trauaile must discry and industry , and wisdome moue to try occasionall wonders these attend on time and we for them since none can pre diuine in christian trauailes , an almighty hand protects his church , and children in each land in mortall trauailes steard by force of fate men may presume but no way can rebate what strange effects they are allotted too what wonders they are destind heere to doo life t is a trauile through earths sea of woes and miracles doth christian state disclose neyther the matter of my muses songe they to diuines and moralists belong and my discourse of ciuill trauails worth after her wonders let her vtter forth prostrating so his selfe to trauailes friend so much in short of wonder makes an end . aut face , aut tace . the worthes of trauels . causes fortunne effects logitians say as subiects euer leade their adiuncts way , though trauells worths are in wonders showne yet by her rare effects shee s better knowne , iustice say sages is to giue each righte oppon its worth apparent to the sight , worth must be knowne , ere 't can be iustly prizd in ignorance it can but be surmisd . the fruits then seen pluct off the fertill tre● , can best expresse it's worthinesse to thee , commit it to the tast of any man thens no more need it's excellency to scann , pleasures , and profitts commonly are crosse and the , gaine of one is still the others losse , but if they in one subiect mett agree that neuer faild to prooue a raritie , behould heer 's both , and larglie too extended , whereby earths seede from ruine is defended . profits abayte t' allure the thrifty mind though he small pleasure in the obiect find , how trauail sutes in both is admiration mans witt , and wealth of these a first relation the wise terms witt , a siluer gliding streame the witts of nobler natures t is i meane for ther 's the cause the earthly minded lake nor will nor can of trauailes worth pertake , such wits i say still flowing from the fountaine and inbred vigour of the holy mountaine natures remaines more cleare by graces shine , both by assistance influence diuine , still throuh the nations current are more pure by sunnc●re●●ne , made actiue to endute , mans wit and fence by trauailes daily tried remaine by issue still vnputrified , o th harmony in diuerse witts accord neuer could clime all sorts comactt afford , lands must bee louing borow much of each the nearer witts perfections to reach , the god of nature calls for mutuall trade diuersicie this enter course hath made , the stoic iewe loues of the christians learne and wee in them frugallity discerne the could dull northerne practize westerne witt and they a true plaine hartednesse in it . the rudest indian manners of our planter his heathen skill became our trades aduancer , the orphean musicke with itallian dwelles the spannish linn●ing euery way excelles , the deepe giunosophist , the captiue grecian the paracelian phisicks with venetian , the expert pool , and pertian horst in warre the prying crees his iudgement of the starre in some all passe that none may be deiected but none in all that all may be respected . as arts inuentors heere and there abide that they might be to all allwayes discried when the decree aginst , lewd earth was past and god by waters ment the earth to wast he then instnicted noah first ship to build both him and his from waters force to shield the eye of man could not forsee the worth this rare art doth posterities bring forth by it earths spacious kindred comes acquainted and christian faith midd infidels is planted , but not enthusiall , but by practize skill men nauigations miracles fulfill a rarat mounts taught the phenicians how a second arke by industry to bowe , hence egipp , next it to the greeks extends who add the deckes , ones art the rest befriendes the creet , then carthage hence the roman next but prouidence assigens it to them next . and winds transport a shippe of tyre to them so are the romans made sea fairing men , become sea masters , whence our brittaine learnes belgickes french , spsnish all the art discernes behold the fabricke out of diuerse nations as this so other arts haue propagations ciprus the large , illyrians the barke rhodes formes our frigats ; nay the tackles marke beotia ores , dedalus mast and saile which bred first poets fond i carian tale . the tuscans ruder , heime and sterne invent and stearing from skild typhis first descent . lo ! now the lott is euery way disposd wee see some heere some there of artes disclosd the wise may by his matter iudge the masse and see gods goodnesse cleare as in a glasse . the issues they shall force thee to beleeue it worthy to tell , and trie true trauailes credit as noah and his suruiue by this innention and solomon at ophirs long desceusion . whence he the temple ornaments did bring gold , pearles , and iewels , worthy such a king so since the new world and the ould shake hands and freinds are found in many , forraine landes wilt man be witty , then thy daies deuote or some of those some traueld worths to note . for trauailes fruit is reapt by obsuruation and ther 's a seuerall cropp in euery nation . for all mens genius some way chiefly bends it to accomplish some way he intendes . it may he thine cannot at home be sitted some artists proue elsewhere , farr sharper witted . the handmaid trauaile brings you both as friends so now ye purchace your desired ends . thou shalt suruay behauioures of a world all in exact diuersities in rowld cull out the choice of flowers in the feilds so decke thy witts with that each climate yeilds sweet plesant sauours of their vertues loue and noysome sent of vices disaproue . so bring home haruest with the ant with thee which in thy gray haires may a sollace bee . come to the proffits next each state enioyes by iust comerce , and trauailes counterpoise how as in man each member aideth other so ouer earth each climes suports the tother earth neuer knew it selfe while trauell rose which did it selfe vnto it selfe , disclose mans mcrocosme can scarsely be accquainted but brutall be from rationall disionted . loose in himselfe himselfe his hart vnknowne though in his midest but to his god alone much more the globe , howere the globe is round thousands of angls meere vnknowne a bound . one cannot ayd another while vnseene trauaile the prospect medium betweene a tripart lamelesse long possest its forme whilst by the force of enter view outworue , in reasons order t was adiudged rownd but which wayt only t was by trauaile found , long time past assia vaunting all alone she onely she in scriptures trauaile knowne while affrica ascends on churches stage and doth it selfe for e●ropes search engage . downe to the romans yea to spaine it comes and so to brittaine hither to her homes , thus in a glory trauailes the most high o●e earth with that his arke triumphantly brittaine and thule vngill accounted last when we abroad the earth as scumm were cast while latlie lo ! as light●ing trauils flyes and then a fourth america descri●s with worldes of wealth and mines of ore repleate and all but man , wild man there vncompleate , sweet trees , raie gummes , rich ores and liluer sands in length and breadth surmounting other landes . collumbus and magellian prowdly venetrd then drake , vespuritis and our forbish enterd , peruana and the mexican are cleard but the south regiones what they are vnheard the worlds of wealth thence to our lands acc●ue and the many fertile coloines insue . in many large discoueries is declared an therefore shall in my discourse be spared . i onely aime the wealth trade bringes to tell all as one household ruld by fate to dwell . europ the chiefest right by trauell tries fixe one those indies your indicious eyes . virginia , and bermudaes , brittaine plantes and spaine in her west indian highnesse vauntes . the northerne riches ; whales and fures brings home things to our fathers , and to theirs vnknowne and we the flemish french and all crept in a part in spaines rich indian soyle to winn as lands so citties yea and men are made potent by trauile , and recourse of trade whence comes it princes scorne not merchants stile by it their cosers they with substance pile for as of warr are siluer strings the tyes so it by trade and trauaile must arise . that prowdest monarck who the whole earth claimes and would haue earth cald gods stild onely spaines may make a saint of trauaile for his ore ere those aduentures , neuer prince more poore . t was tyre , and memphis priueledge so great that holy writts their merchandize repeate the hauen low become now highlands better the i le though but a blott a whole lands greater the merchants warchouse as a princes store some states in rule are rich in venture more . some vse them as supports in a relation on to the other mutuall propagation . defensiue potence makes trade better thriue as trade preserues a potency aliue , no in stance but the netherlands , and hantz a mutuall knot , their welfares to aduance . trafickes true nerues armistically mixt and twixt marine , and land ende avoures fixt no way mechannieke for a boore to know nor mind i merchants misteries to showe yet who denies those mistery of exchange ( if able to be sounded ) shew how strange the proper subiects are themselues should know nor any else how goes it high or low . how rich to states ye nether nobles say , who her with can spaines magnitude or sway ; and countercharme his indies by your tra●le and the victorious fleets by flemings ma●●e nor dare i banke our eighty eights defence though primely due to high omnipotence , the noblemeane weare ships of victory mixt with aduentures ost tryed v●liancie . what agents he who trauaile neuer knew wanting such parts as tradings worths a true ? but by a broker in a forraine soile become meere slaue to forrainers beguile . see citties clad with shipping as a robe whose natiues send to search about the globe how fraught with riches , both of soule and minde he that perceius not this is wilfull blind sugars and wines we from caunaries haue from florence silkes , from naples satens braue . from candy currants oyle and muskadine , from indies east store of all spices fine arabian odoures , swete , and ●ubaes ore from the could russe fine furres and fishes store . from newfoundland , the norway firr and flax the swedish coppers , cordage ambers wax , the flemish hope his linen flanders say . our brittish stores wee know no more suruay the sea winde weather shippings stores and saile all iump the worthes of trauaile to availe . so that in short it serues the sones of men no more of trauails profits needfull then now forits pleasures , pleasure t is to tell . those multitude that do in trauaile dwell . both soule , and senses mutually fild a secret solace in them both distild christs crosse a modellis of what we say t is a meere trauaile passing all denay , wherein ( as paule ) the christian is assaild with many woes , to vertues lot intayld yet lo ! as he in all becomes victorious and ioyes in sorrow , by abasment glorious tramples on sin and sorrow by an ayd which makes the fell infernall curres affrayd of this to come , as man all for content poore man his curses bitter would preuent by various obiects relishing his toyle whereof he findes out some in euery soyle his sences seruants to his will desire nothing so much as noueltie require , wise solomon saw this when once he sayd my eyes with seeing is not satisfied nor tongue by taste , nor eares with hearing fild nor nose by sents , nor hands by touching stild yet is mens solace heere below quoth hee to proue what pleasure may procured bee , and as a creature consolate the mind while he in heauen comforts period find to this end weare those rares of nature framd where by creation god great power proclamd , diuersities each clime , and country spreading diuersities , of creatures diuerse breeding . that as the temple made by solomon was framd of forraine rares as well as stone from sheba some , from ophr others sent the fabricke fmisht bredd a st●ueshment . so we the temples , reasonable soule the temple it earths wonders to enrowle and view the totall , or iudge by a part each creatures rarenesse , the creators art . our passiue humors proue not halfe so well the actiue chiefly to delight excell the sight , the taste , and touch , and actions like . those at the ground of noble solace strike when hearing reading and dull absence go void of delight , or certainely to know . on others pennes or lipps t is to relie onth only organs of vncertainty when thou dost see and seeing vnderstand the various obiects in a foraine land the men in habit , and condition strange their citties sites and forme , of stru & ures change , religion differre men of sauage breed the rarity in cloth and what they feed , there speech and paradox themselues and all nothing but what thou different maist call much inward cheere the sences will surprise tast , touching smelling seeing eares and eyes t is not for vnexperience to expresse such as haue tasted will auouch nolesse . thout blesse thy god for thy religion pure and all will in thee thankfulnesse procure and much contentment in thie course of trade how ere it with a forrainer be made , when thou shalt tast from tree the forraine rare vine iuyce the mirch and such spics are viewing the cloue and cinamonds delight and worldes of such a stonishing the sight supose the pleasure , and the contentation attend the florehouses of euery nation . when thou shalt saile the course in surges high noting thy ship mount proudly to the skie then delue the deepe then tosse thee vp againe and curtey sporting with thee through the maine . by ayd of card and compasse strangly guided and by her way those labyrinths diuided . the dolphin and huge whale swim tumbling by the mariners their trickes to gore them trie these wonders shall surpasse thy admiration yet cleare thee with a world of contentation we speake as men ( conceiue vs as we say ) the soule we know suffied another way in midd of these shee s actiue by a hope surmounts wide oceans in their largest scope and by a ioy in praise of god creatour extolling thanfully his wondrs power lo landed now thou canst not turne thy head but cause is giuen to bee astonished to view in east the beare and lyon strong the vnicorne or elaphant , high and long , the heards of wilds ele , beeuer ernim fox such stores of treasures deluued out the rockes , those many models of ancient ruind things the rare erections of our moderne kings , thy eye will fixe thy heart one pleasures midd nor wouldest thou for a world haue any hid . but be spectatour : t was thewisests wish who spent much time although a prince in this and from the cedar to the shrub did goe the rares in stature amplier to know yet thousands haue more pleasures vnderstood who haue in larger trauailes bin improud t was that thy spirit shebaes queene thee blest when thou by hearing hadst bin now possest , and seeing of his worthy gouernement raised her strangely to astonishment , to cry thy witt o king exceeds report blessed was i to iury to resort a like the sonnes of forraine trauailes cry when they the wonders where they passe suruay t was of a truth o king of kings we said thy wonders , each way sure weare vndenayd , but now behold aboue conceit we finde fair more then could while now possesse our minde o! all thy workes great god thee each way praise both sea and thy fame to heauen raise . our factour who in youth full dayes is sene the merchants goods by enter cource to vent when seated in the clime , and mannor both now to returne to natiue soile is loth , the change of cuntries and of pleasures moue this man then there as natiue to approue full oft is seene in fortunes great preferd and die he there is famously enterrd thence if returne parts language and behauour mount him to worth respectednesse and honour he longs and 's thirsty through the midd of danger to trauaile out , remaine at home a stranger such pleasures , and comodities accrue . to men who trauaile honestly pursue . we seeastatist scarse fixe statsman bee vnlesse he forraine parts , and passage see and get more language then his mothers say . whereby he coop well for his country may , by writ , embassage , treaty or protest as by his state he then is interest . he sportes in all their rates so entertaind his princes welcome is in him proclamd , their wines , rare presents , pleasures all are his and he though great holds his most worth in this . returnd prince , people and religion loue him . and the forraine prince ( if worthy ) all approue him , thus soule and sences , both haue pleasures cropp and 's brought by trauaile to his wishes topp the valiant souldier , captaine , colonell , will not be confind to his mothers cell : but trie the fortunes forraine quarells yeild and learne what proiects there besit a feild . tryall the guards french spannish , and itallien , the foot from flanders , horse from poole and persian , triumph in sportes of leaguers fortified and haue seige , afterseige his valloures tried the persons here in famous ile nor name since shortly we shall come to persons fame , their pleasures now ingenerall i note who do them thus to traueling deuote . but know the aime of noblest youthfull men is still in forraines to accomplish them sea captaines in the ioyes of nauigation , land captiues where warr is extant in a nation . nobles at courses of greatest sport , and fame , merchants to port townes of the richest name , discouers to the farr remotest regiones the vnsetled crac-kbrane 't ansterdams religiones , the nouelest , to 'th shadow of a sieidge rome , compostella , or castillian bridge , laurettoes relicks , or ould iuryes celles , the wild and sauage wonders lapland telles , so each his humour couets to attend for trauaile euery humour can befreind , some to the east , some west , or northerue runne , others discoueries to the south vnknowne all sorts of solace trauelers attending and them with their desired ioyes befending , good propertyes in trauailes learnd are many qualities not inferiour to any , of other subiects men on earrh enioy or this our tedious pilgrimage imploy , that betters man within , without and both , expelling sickenesse , lazinesse , and sloth , subiects man both to health and happinesse , must needs be iudgd an earthly worthinesse true trauailes this it excercises men that these home oppilations choake not them clearing the stomacke by the seas purgation the mind of dumps by motiue recreation , the braine of melancholly blockishnesse the bo●y of laciuious filthinesse , if well pursued , thus worthy i conclude chearing the soule and checking sonces rude , that breeds eternall quietnesse to men , begetting vertuous faculties in them must needs be worthy in their natiue kind worth the embraces of each noble minde , lo ! trauailes this humility it causes conducting man thence to deserud applauses , ciuility breeds by experience made dilligence by true practise in each trade , pollicy by suruay of thousands acted patience by endure of griefes effected , pitty by religious obseruations curtesie from the vse of best seene nations , complement from the order of the court manners and trade where factories resort , agillity and actiuenesse by motion wisedome collecting euery way good notion , sea arts from view of practizd nauiga ion partes from the trauaile of each dayes delatian , language by trade and forayners comerce and what in briefe of worth man may rehearse , and though most misse this , t is not it but them wisdome is hid from greatest part of men . and man must practize long with patience and thanke his god for what he gathers thence . therefore i say neerlesse , these qualities will vrge the wise her worthynesse to prize , o could we but consider at the sea how in a storme the trauailer doth plea with god for mercy , ayd and preseruation expecting still a fatall invndation , his faith now conflicts with his feare therein vowing to god preserud neere more to sin but liue renewd and thankfull euermore the lord ore come with penitence deplore , soone sends a calme as wisht to cure his heart and windes and weather to desire conuert , he passes now with praises to his maker and vowes himselfe to vice and sin forsaker next course he meetes with pirates opposition and must indure a souldiers condition , the smoake and bullets smoake it many die a time to importune the god on high . if ionas house th' whales belly made him pray or the desciples when the storme oresway , or paules associates at approching night then needs the christian in his nauall fight . his faith and valour grow by vse more strong praises to god in conquest are his song so that the foe surpressed with the sight by prostrate yeildance forced is to flight the medicinall rares on earth dispersed with exceilencies not to be rehearsed besides those waters bath and spaw excelling both many noysome foule defects expelling the poets fictions of acadian welles wherein the per●urd onely dy hee telles azaniam causing hate of wines and drinke , matters for puny shallow pates to thinke such and a crue of frothy fictions vaine as sotts surmise , meere simples entertaine i hate to name , the mentions a disgrace plaine truth that claimes iustly trauailes place her worths are in true properties relation not needing any fained innouation note but the rusticke hatcht with pap at home in mothers mannors ; plow-trickes only knowne eyther in citty or with gentry plast at first how motley raw , dispisd disgract . while by the nurtures of a better breed hee s with behauiours better farr agreed iust thus t is with a new hatcht trauailer in forraine way on each file bent to erre though iudgd , at home sufficient any way come heere hee s wanting what to do or say t is with him thus i say and nothing lesse vntill he parts , and language too possesse his home bredd posture cannot act his part that 's folly heere , theers estimate an art experience it wiil worke an vniform and obseruations strangers hedge from scorne t is somes ambition they were gentile bred too little mannors taught and too much fed when such ( as oft it fales ) are disapointed and from their former golden hopes disioynted strange t is to see the shiftes they vndergoe who neere in youth desire of worth to know the trauailer ( the wise it is i meane ) though of all fortunes disposessed cleane wisely with sage , ould bias still can say yet all my wealth i beare with me away in spite of pirate soe of iosse or crosse which would a foole to desperation tosse my witts my arts and learnings and good life are to me riches , houses , children , wife , a trauailers experience as phisition is such as none , s' at home of like condition , each for raine soile still stored with some rare hauing it may be else where no compare nepenthes clearing of the broken hart euphones purging of the envenomd part , the corrall , cipres , rhewbarb , mandrakes vse the melt take it for all yeilds sugred iuyce makes weapons , phisicks needles , thridd , and line , balme , suckets parchments , sweet pursumes , and wine , cures serpents sting , both french , and stone disease , one indian tree to wonder doth all these . as places proue in nature all deliciouse so are they still in some case all propicious we see somes health at sea got by purgation some in the easterne , some the westerne nation , some in the freezing north can thriue a pace some though in scorching southerne come to grace . sorting with noble dauid in opinion that gods sole soueraine king in each dominion promotion comming not from east nor west nor man alone in north , or south are blest , but euery where cares cround with good effects as euery where the lord the iust respectes and euery soile the wisest hath a thing which will him custome , trade , and traficke bring , good propertios are alwaies worth respect , as bad deserue reiection , and neclect . in mentall matters faculties of minde some better one way , some elsewhere we find . the workes of sages : and of churches too transported euery way as still they doe so harmonize each documents perfection that trauails this way worthy al 's protection . their sayings , ours , ours theirs , both so suruiue by mutuall fauour cherished aliues next huma●●… , arts we see haue propagation by reference twixt nation and nation . how acurate some wa● mechanicks are whom christians count but brutish in compare that now the gray haires of the world appeare and age her to confused vice doth weare trauails tricks vp and keepe her still aliue noy more , shee seemes in wrincles to suruiue since lately that america so vast hath her whoel selfe to the three sisters cast and an acquaintance made by traficking makes our new planters much admire the thing each for his ends : some passe to blessed ends whose aime to heathens true conuersion tends others to liue , to labour , and remaine , transplants , from brittaine , holland , france , & spaine , the properties of traualle so imense taken in christian ; or in ciuill sence profit esteemed worthy al 's embrace pleasures and properties excell in grace the one assuring chiefly youth to trie the other midage , the iudicious eye the third to gaine euen aged do proceed vntill they run their glasse of time decreed , lo ! as the obiects thus in briefe appeare next now their subiects in their place come neare examples oft aboue all precepts sway men mind more how we doe , then how we say . t was the holy order god vsed in creation and 's worthy euery artists immitation the sky , sea land , fish , flesh , and all else framd then formd he man , and man he adam namd so we the instance framd , obiects of worth next shall in briefe traine trauailes subiects forth to name those clouds of subiects ( men i meane ) who haue had part in acting trauailes sceane is with no art , nor labour to be acted as much as need shall briefly be compacted . and by the goulden rule mete what wee say in mortall , christian or in ciuill way . so by commixion of this rule of three summe trauailes worthies so their worths to see . nor neede distinction , we of totall treate in trauaile men saith god his bread must eate iew gentle , all some way must haue a share and all haue interest in what we declare . when adam and his house had spent their dayes , in cares and trauaile wandring many wayes , now by the naked sword from edon guarded and iustice thus their treasons had rewarded , we all attainted , all his ofspring cast : yet after him in arebellion hast so that our maker missing his intent fales now of mans creation to repent , for lo ! the sonnes of god mens daughters wedd whereby a monstrous generations bred the highest angry , powrs his furie downe and ( but a remnant left ) all earth doth drowne . noah and his house now trauaile in this flood and by his arke the waters are withstood a hundred dayes and fifty straying so now all the earth beside lay drownd below . from vr to canan , abram , trauails next with heathen ills his righteous soule now vext forsakes by iouahs call his fathers land by saith obeing this diuine command , through haran , bethell , egypt terah dies at first : from hay he then for famine hies to egypt : yet at egypt cannot stay his wife abusd heere makes him furrher stray , from bethell now by his brothers quarell chast then captiued by the foure kings , and displast thence rescued by his brothers valient hand thus wanders abram out his fathers land . while aged in yeares , and iorneyes he departes to machpelah his graue : sole end of smartes . nor differs isaack from his fathers dayes but as a pilgrime downe to gerar strayes as his sonne isaack , iacob isaacks child wanders by esaw ( brothers ire ) exild . goes pilgrime wise to padan with a staffe trauailing from his natiue brothers wrath , to shechem next , whence , he to beathell goes where in a caue he takes his last repose a hundred and eighty yeares the one and fiue yeares lesse ould abram ? iacobs mone god heard in famine and a iosepth sends who father land and brethren all befriends ould iacob trauailes ) few and ills my dayes ( quoth he to pharaoh ) troblesome many wayes . he buried now ! note iosephs traualle blest who in his dayes exceeded all the rest . though in a pit him first his brothers cast there iudgd to die ; yet saud , then brought at last carried to egypt set to sale yea sould to potiphar ' o wonders to be tould by lot made ruler of his lords estate but as best meritts meet on earth most hate , his ladyes lawlesse lust procures him ire since his chast humour crost her lewd desire . hee s cast in prison yets , exalted there when by his diuination dreames were cleare . hee , next made egypts lord , weares pharaohs ring and by his trauailes blest of bondman , king his witts the seauen yeares of famine feeds supplying fathers lands and brothers needs , heere ruling fourscore yeares , much blest ; then dyed when thus in trauaile strangely dignified . as thus the father so the church did stray and 's meerly militant , as scriptures say . not chaird in roome or any where in rest . but 's millitary and in trauailes blest more then in ease , still pooles they gather mudd , and drousie sweets souest corrupt good blood . both church , and soule , and vertues mount more high as they in trauailes through temptations flie . yea man is modell of the whole we say best are the best men , most when motiones sway . earths in fancy in trauailes nursed euer the churches in the partriarks thus peseuer , come now to any growth is egyps hate ioseph now gone the blood hound of her fate the bondage noted and theit cryes come vp moises is raised to beget a hope lo ! hee at first saued among the reedes and mid wiues knife ) him there his mother feeds by pharaohs daughter fownd ) pitty preserud nurst him and so 's in pharaohs court preserd , where he in state did forty yeares abide whence in greate feare he downe to midan hied kept sheepe a while there married alterd thus the lord accommpanies him in a bush . sends him to court thence to redeme his land where hee with wonders doth before pharaoh stand turnes waters blood , brings frogs , and flies and lice murren sores thunders grashopers and nightes instead of dayes next are there males destroyd in trauails thus is moises now imployd . is pharoahs god : the socerers admiration : egyps scourge , but deliuerer of his nation bring israel safe through the sea , when foes are drownd six hundred thousand strong the church is found and is to canaan promisd traueling hauing bene foure hundred yeares flaues to that king forty yeares trauaile hath now ere they rest being in their trauailes wonderfully blest apparell weares not nor dare foe withstand pillar of fire their day stare , cloud on land forty and two great iorneyes in the wild the rocks yeild waters , are with manna fild and with all dainties still their iorneys flowe their foes the heathen haue the ouerthrowe , in view of canaan come , now moises dies and with the rule god iosua dignfies , who ierico , then ay quite ouerthrowes and flayes both prince , and people of their foes thirty and one lands they in trauaile got so now the church parts canaan by lot , triumphs in rule of iudges would ye know the case more cleare ? behold the scriptures show nor can we christians sure be ignorant of what the iewes of trauaile vse to vaunt this onely this , may serue to shadow foorth the patriarckes , churches both their trauails worth . about this time was holy iob in east in mortall trauaile oh so much opprest bereft of children goods and freinds turne foes be guirt by sathan round and round in woes yet lo ! when patience had her perfect aime hee s easd of trauaile and releast of paine . come on to ruth a woman trauailer you l finde it will that weaker sex prefer from israelles famine shee to moab goes where for a wife her wealthy boaz chose renowned hester of a captine queene though poore rema●ning as a iemm vnseene empresse of thirty two great prouinces prouing the churches fauster dame in these hamans confusion , mordecayes sole raise one woman all the churches foes ore swaies . all telling plaine gods blessings where meanes want whose loues in trauailes are the iust to plant i need not name great dauids trauelling before nor after he was anointed king , though as a flea by saule in trauaile chast sauls flaine and dauid lord of israell graet but to that antitipe of our redemption ionah from plague for sin had no exemption , cast into sea the waues deny receite the whale may swallow but he may not eate , but from his vaste chest cast him one the sand . and after three dayes postage comes to land . so now le ts hence to the churches head away behold how he in trauailes heere doth stray while he on earth our shape did vnder goe for of his life himselfe confesseth so , the foules they haue their hooles , a nest each bird but i poore i no hole to hide my head his mates to trauaile chose he trauellers ship men and fishers these our lord preferes at beathlem born hies to ierusalem , taking a iorney downe to egypt then , in feare of herods cruell bloody aime , but herod dead , retireth backe againe , to gallile : and nazaret , to teach and thence to capernauum there to preach . much cares and crosses euery way enduring yet euer teaching , doing good , and curing . and lo ! at last our lord is first betrayd next by another of his owne denayd , araind , whipt , scorned , spitted , and despisd and at golgotha after crucified . our lord and king thus trauailed below waies of earths trauailes to vs all to shew now out of sea in middest of many stormes and then on land in middest of many harmes in hunger thirst , wants , woes and trauails tryed and now with heauens high honoures dignified . to tell vs all and giue vs this to know our rest is vp aboue and not below . which apprehension moues by faith our minde to spend our trauailes heere , that rest to find . that graue forrunner of our sauiour , iohn in wandring through the wildernesses knowne hard bred with locusts , and wild hony there rough skinn , and camels haire his softest weare after all trauailes by a virgins hand is sent to heauen , the forexpected land , now paul and peter trauaile christ to preach and middst the gentils christ ascended teach in selench , cipres , lystra pergamus antioch , paphos derb , and ephesus , troas , cilicia , creet , neapolis . athens , cesarea , spain , amphipolis , macedon , tyre , samos , and milletum , phenicia , ptolomais , trogillium , these for a mapp of cuntries paul did see and lastly suffered roman tyranny . wee l close with iohn to pathmos banished so rownd about it by the spirit ledd . much wonders to him in his trauailes tould prophesies ages since each day vn fould , and hauing much foretould of church and nations with heauens description ends his relations i my relation too of persons worth who haue the way of christians life chalkt forth closing as paul these clouds of witnesses our passag cleard by worthies worlds of these let 's arme our feble ioynts with faith passe one in trauaile to that high imperiall throne , now that the matter each way plaine appeare let ciuill cases see themselues as cleare . tell of a●●illes valloures victories aeneas great sea trauails noble prize the worthy curios winning worlds of grownd and by partition sighing each his bownd , those three rare decij vowd to countries good in trauaile and feirce battaile venturd blood hectoreroy hope , renowned sce●uola high pompey braue victorious sway ) these may with fablos and marcellios ( roomes support ) and lofty scipios valours well report , much to haue done in trauaile to regaine , their countries freedome ; friends , and houses name . now should i downe to moderne times retire ? to tell the tith would illiads require , that cordeliew his trauailes in the east and edwards too thence saladine supprest wann much of that ould holy land againe wherein both trauaild vndergoing paine our blacke prince battailes in the spanish warr and conquests poicters tell his fathers share , henry of monmouth rare victorious actes our glousters , warwicks huntingtons high facts in trauaile e●ch for countrie to proceed eliza was victorious indeed . much of her father , henries fame france sayes both sure a spurr to our declining daies forhish , braue drake , and candish , hand in hand with willowbeys high ventures grast our land . but now by trippletye our peace combind elizaes second acts her part behind through paltz , then beame ( oh ! fate ) she makes retire in spire of foe with patience past admire long liue the friends of this thrise noble queene and for her branches dure they euer greene while pacient trauaile period hath , and then both shall be scene victorious to men , gracing his greatnesse whose almighty power keeps time that romish dragon to deuoure . behold next peace , and prince arrelatiues yet trauaile in her acme still suruiues , our soueraigne sent his sonne its worth to learne what he before by tryall did discerne lo ? how so high a prince passes vnknowne that trauailes fame might freelier be showne his happy crop , great cause of comfort giues in peace , and true religion brittaine liues al 's ioy , our hope true christians defence rests primely in his sacred excellence and long may hee great god our i le defend with whom ( as period trauailes worthys end . praise we the highest , cause of each good thing vniting loue , and duty to our king. hy hence in hast halfe mazd caliopea refresh thy selfe with consorts of the sea both trauailes wonders , and her worths appeare returne and make thou trauailes way as cleare thy choore's not comon ) momus if thou lowre know them the issues of a vacant howre , the sacred sonets since compild in verses no shame to him lesse worths a like rehearses . good matter graced by so sweet a forme , shall not by , time , nor enuie be outworne , the way to trauaile . lyeurgus lacedemons lord of ould when he youths rudenesse did at home behold , their wits through ease as standing pooles corupt their vertues growth , by sloth of vice ore topt , adds to his volumes of good lawes this one that heel , admitt of none to stay at home , all youth must out ) some traynd in forrayne parts others in tents in th' feilds must practize arttes , for there sayth he they 'r clearest of temptation and may in trauaile learne from euery nation . what we haue said of wonders and of worths , and of aduantage brought by trauaile forth , is modeld in this wise mans obseruation a rule well merits each mans imitation for the effects braue lacedemon grast and him among the wise of princes plact . but as a wiser solomon once sayd that 's truely worth to get it vse all ayd the foole sees , and neglects a thing of prize where as it s seene and sought of such are wise . that wisest merchant saw a pearle quoth iesus and bought with whole estate what 's prised thus t is not the bare hearing of its worths suffice but th' way to winn them layd before our eyes . of the mannor now or forme wee are to treate the goods good issue , and the bads deceyte formes of performance , bad as good we know the taske is then the better part to knew . way as an adiunct locall may be held so how attendant fitting to be teld way as the mannor , how to trauaile taken what 's worthy choice , what 's fit to be forsaken the latter part the former comprehends and first my muse the formall part intendes . t is asked how a man may best attaine when , where , and fittest way , to crosse the maine ? in course of traficke ciuill now we treate the cleargy oft the other way repeate and christian life is plentifully spread but oft where most is known worst waies are led . yet all accord by right of reason too he that neere knowes the way can neuer doo , in ciuill course then know againfull way is from the paths prescribed not to stray for note we this the bests are worst abused . trauailes the bad of all bads , badly vsed twill in a moment ruing man and state and proue of all pathes most vnfortunate . turne in a trice the ablest youth to death and as a viper sucke away his breath what mischiefes are but it illframd procures and man confounded then constraind endures , wherefore some iust proportions to be had at first twixt man and therein hee s to trade t is as the ruler stearing trauailes shipp els must the passenger suffer wracke in it some corespondence , possible relation the mouing cause of tradings propagation . t is not each boor can trauaile to auaile nor call we each slugg-ship , can hoise a sayle , nor euery place can euery man befit , nor euery one each way imploy his wit reciprocall affection must be had and mutuall betwixt'th , person and his trade . the subiects birth must sute his way he aimes birth greater aptnesse then ye thinke containes and mi-imployd beyond its reach destroyes the man imployed , and what he imployes if one vnskilld rawbred , high matters passe hee spoiles both matter : and is proud an asse for ignorance gets scorne to him of all besides the thing must wanting mannage ●ale the reasons plaine for natures inbred hue vnpotene made aboue her reach to serue struggles gainst fate ; and streames of higher straine so needs is forced maymed , backe againe , as isops frogg effuse her entrailes out coueting proudly lion like to strout . ambition cause of this aspiring sence euer in finall fales to impotence . we see our bould mechanicke vncontent in discret way , his manualles to vent will now be merchant yea pry hither too whenskill else pride procureth his vndoe our moderne merchant tosse a statists weild nor will in fashion scarce to courtier yeild . deemes hee s imployment ●it o' silly iest by the supply of forriners supprest much like that asse clad in the lions hide vncast was scornd and woried for his pride . as such vnmeete ascents proue ruinous so the most base descents befoole it thus when high borne minds debase their breed for gaine any slauish trauaile entertaine or vse in trauale an vnequall hand matters to low for such to vnderstand . distinction in maters vulgar vse , twixt personall , and casuall abuse , say sages truly merits to be made when as a vertue out extreames is had . the frowne of fate may force a iust debase in men of worth and once in mighty place our stories tell , proportion is our meate necessities are banished our treate . complect ons corespondence to our way what natiue vigoures more , or lesser sway . must be obserud ) according to the time and place imployd , and qualitie of clime . this in these paths is needfully requird else if not death , disgrace quells all desird natures and nations lump in true relation though scatterd ore the earth , haue propagation . imploy thy trauailes where these likes accord and as they inbred powers to do afford hott noble spirits actiuest are found as could with flemy sottishnesse a bound , accord thy place and person , first vnyted to tread a nation like , both be incited the russe , and norway , or could groynland trade best by the could hard phlegmaticke is made . the coulds extreames such safely entertaine and may a brother hood in dull coulds attaine is potent made to labour , tugg and toyle the best ●rchiements in a frozen soyle . for heere his coulder humours meete their like when coulds to death the cholericke shall strike or nose , toes cheeke , and hands , we see they loose see then proportion heerein is too be chose , let nobler natures places nobler trace for thers accord twixt natures place and place hott natures actiue bent and passiue too able t' inuent , and iudgements scann to doo . the could are meerly patients practizing alike it is in place in time in thing the rarest fruites i know take putrifaction the ablest parts , worst chiefely in ill action and as t was iudgd themistocles would proue worst if ill nurtured best by good improue , so may we censure of complexions power in trauaile bent to much gaine or deuoure climes their complexions haue in each degree to which in trauaile men haue simpathy the tozzid zones one sort of rule command a differents cald for in the frigidd land the obseruation trauailers daily vse makes mee no further now hearein peruse as persons thus must be the places meete so some proportion due in parts discreete twixt him now trauailes , and his way of trade for triall heereof must at home be made wherein respectiuely difference is requird according to the state of that desird some generall parts , as strength and languages according to the clime , all must haue these . particular notions as now interest if as in publike or his owne invest , i cannot stand to point at each mans way the wi●e may see the whole by what i say . and application proper to the thing can on ly sollid satisiaction bring . he must haue tongues each way bownd out to treate else shall he be a pray to mens deceit . each aiming at his properends availe and ioyes to see the sortish stranger faile . when ignorant to make his sales or buy or if abused vnderstands not why . if souldiour , merchant , greater strangers raise for what they point to he constrained paies if a mechanicke hoodwinkt walkes all mumm a meete allusion for all cheates to come . if on his way , ambitious to see rares in high way errours ignorantly shares . and what hee sees , or where , not say where now ? but what 's a guide to strangers , strangers know . chancing on sales , turnes now , knaue brokers ape for as the dauus wills 't must rise , or bate yea if more noble in a treaty sent , if ere state sent out such an imnecent . the tearmes appeare in writing , as if there a scipher sent , and no embassage weare in short send any meere vnletterd out and hee s a nose of wax made out of doubt . t is true times short and many cannot haue paris for each place , where tranaile passage craue but let vs note language collatrall mixt vnder both poles by prouidence is fixt and generall tongues for generalls lead way which generals each way specials ouer sway . ould roman latin in the westerne lands italian , spanish , french , and vs commands , ould greeke the spacious adriaticke climes hebrue the east , honourd in first of times . high dutch the danish pole , and northerne tracke so hauing one we cannot wholly lacke and by the generall language that way vsd perticulars will more easily be infusd since a propensitions causd in tongues confusion many as members haue to one head allusion then fit thy selfe such specialles to collect and lazinesse worths canker worme reiect . the many parts each state of way requires , causing succesfull progresse in desires are in such speciall mannor suting it so as no parts but such in that place fit . in all a search is easily made : let those who passe themselues it to themselues disclose . the fourth and last attending the persons grace i hould propertion ●n estate to place , assighning period to the three before the rudder steareth steadily to shore mon●es great traian tearmes trades nerues to be this we in daily course of traficke see . when language , natures worth , mens bredings faile now meanes in trauaile seeme to strike their saile . yea in the merchanicke how beit their hands seeme to supply this want in trackt of landes a small t is true accomodates his place when higher steps ascend a higher race which as it must of force in vse be had so like wise corespond the place to trade . i say no more let specials be applyed the merchants this way chiefly dignified where many lands , and rarityes are eyed . as a meere oreplus ; to the gaine of trade ; which to aduantage is in forraines made . plessures attending profits euery way , others conditions costlier are to stray . for trades encrease , and minds contents concure accomodating each by trading fuir . the fashionists expences buy his humour , the nouellists paies dearely for a rumour . the noble gallant spends , no substance gaines the aiery camelion only feeds his braines , meanes is the matter , formd by all the rest , but their effects it wanting all supprest . yet as the little puffe makes small barkes fly when greater caricks , wind bound grouling lye : so smailer meanes a m●aner way well serues , when wanting sustenance a greater sterues or comes confounded in his crossed wits , this of the foure the persons selfe befits . subiects that haue good adiuncts their attendants , well grace their owne worths , mutuall defendants . two sorts of wayes one method hath proposd what way man goes in as his cause disclosd whereto or which way and the clime , that 's next the time , and these kept trauaile's vnperplext . the way or state man passes in is tryed , and by this touchstone needfully discried . if consonant , not crosse to pious life , nor cause of countries , or religions strife . and honest iust , and voyd of fraud and guile , causing thy owne weale too , this good way stile . which foure , though foure , are linkt in vnity . and handmaids to our christan trauailes bee . for christian trauaile it all trauailes blesses , if not besure thy harboures in distresses . for us not for vs christianst ' vnderstand , as heathens do al 's good to take in hand , after we once from natiue climate goe , as if the great god did not all lands know hee sees in secret as wise dauid sayes as seend i to the heauens , heauen he suruayes decend i downe to hell he noteth me , and in the midd of darknesse he can see . yea should i say i le hence to sea al 's one . or to the outmost i le , he there 's well knowne t is therefore mee●e we christians stand in awe forming our trauailes to iehouahs law well may we then expect great happinesse and in most aduers times desire successe alas what 's earth as sea vs mortall tofses sometimes in sunny calmes and then in crosses our destinies our ships transports vs ore times trimmer of the sailes and hies to shore what men ? all men are passengers therin some trauaile in gods siruice , some in sinne gods hand it steares , yet none the hand can see , nor yet fates fleets , wherein we sayling bee some sport , some sleepe , some worke , the voyage hies youth midage , dotage , posting through he flies . our harbour earth , graues houses , welcome death , by sortowes , sicknesses , when losse of breath . thus ore earths ocean glides our fatall shipp iehouah steares , time rowes , man ends by it ; this mortall trauaile ; christian consumates and though in both we are guided by the fates yet may we guesse successe by our attempts , and by the forme of trauaile iudge euents . nor need we part , but in the whole we say . come by both christian and ciuill way . with piety our trauailes must agree , nor must our gaine religions ruin be . that proteus like , we as a feather change nor through religions as through realmes we range . loue caluin heere , there luther : bellermine and to aduantage make a stall of sinne see masse , hugg relicks , trade in images , bulles , paxes , pardons , or like trash as these . nor as the preist , and giddy braine steale ore , to serue before their state , that romish whore . and when returnd plot mischiefe day and night . to make some simple puny profelite entise alasse in shape of boy disguizd . ore to a cloyster to bee idolizd where oft her guts giue way to ore deuotion , and in rebellions rumour make comotion , our cracksculd brownist steale to amsterdam , ore to tribe of gad , their chambered cham . there cucko like our church their dam bewray professing al 's prophetical they say runn strange diuision on their iarring muse . when still the close is natiue soyles abuse . in ciuill case the mono politan aiming as atlas , trades , whole orb to spann feeding open the generall defect these wayes and more past namm meritt reiect the comon good we crossing cannot thriue , but our disgraces in our deedes suruiue nor can in iustice fraud , or false deceites proue ought but grauell in our tasted meates conueiances exceeding law neere thriue when men their common weale of weale depriue turne machiuillians by coueyance ore , of what 's in proper of their natiue store . for forreynors t is base ; a worser thing . in such as owe alleagence to their king , l'o next our trauaile must our owne good breed you l say this caueat sure is more then need t is true the other three the fourth create none benefits himselfe vndoes his state nor can it be thy gaine thy god offendes , nor when thy trauailes in vniustice endes , yet bodily some faculties weare meete mentiond before ( doubt ye looke backe and se et ) and howsoeuer matters passe relation , which out the womb of time haue propagation , yet each may view many vndone alas by rash attempts of trauaile brought to passe . somes progresse to vtopia for a toy making their mendicant pilgrimage a ioy currey from saints to relicks , vp and downe . others by plotting mischiefe seeke renowne as herostrats , or dionise seeke grace , their owne lands welfare , by their force to face riot and reuell in a lawlesse wise , as if their trickes were soly worthy prise . neclect their natiue family , and roue after some forraine whotish lawlesse loue at least wise wander in a thriftlesse kinde deprauing both the body and the minde such holy writ stiles worse then infidels , whoe 's carelesse of his houshould where he dwels and solomon tearmes a destroyers matc , the man ( more soole ) that lauishes his state but since our treaty yet some pilot wants come we to trauailes true concomitants vertues adorne the progresse of the action keeping , its body cleare from putrefaction of vices poysons fogg , obscuring earth , and none as these our late dayes equall birth . in danger desperate , and disconsolate , many such symtomes could i now relate . but see at sea their frothinesse is scourgd , and by a timely pyll there braines are purgd , turne taile to trauaile now retird to shore , loue england now so well they l out no more . others in rashnesse ( placed ) dominere , as if they lords , or denizons weare there esteeme their pride extold in al 's abuse , forgetting fooles they 'r heere with out excuse , are bandied well , informd their not at home . and th' other sweet tooth glad to picke a bone . oh sy ! that trauaile ere allowd such brats , fitter to hedge the fier with doggs , and catts . for there they still may play with mothers dugg , and pamperd , counsell with an irish rugg . prouident trauaile neuer hatch these braines , t is true she still of their abuse complaines , fond chimy cricket know that trauailes way , is danger , and aduenture : and no play . the bests are hardest euer to be gaind and with endurance must be entertaind in dye● , rest , speech , welcome , people all , make no exceptions take what lots besale . expect no sleepy sollace as at home , nature it differs in each clime is showne , expect no other but a share in crosles , as thou through trauailes desert each way passes with good lo ! bad must equaly be shard , prouide then , be thou for them both prepard , see as a second dilligence attends , the man that trauaile honestly intends . sagacity by sages termd of ould , when wits are actiue and heereby more bould timely aduantage in our way attempt and what a foe may plot that to preuent on raging seas yeald hast a storme to still , and valiently oppose a pyrates skill . if crost by strangers curtesies timely vse , whereby a foes engaged not to abuse . if trafickes commodities to cull , yeilding in sale a haruest plentifull . hower employd , for t is not to repeate , our ends to purchase and preuent deceipt neclects assaylants , do molest this care , and sottish dulnesse , in a slow prepare time crownes with lawrell gaines a quicke embrace , and dilligence will many lets displace . by temperances rule and bodyes kept , from routes of illes , in latter ages crept . comands the sences , rules by moderation , in drinke , and meate , according to the nation , and pleasures , too , for know no vice more raighnes then this intemperance in youthfull veines . incontinency issues as effect , and due reward of temperance neclect . much like the passages of drunkennesse , worthily said our brittons to possesse . as heare at home : in forraine soile men tell some place their packhouse in a frothey cell puft vpse dutch , nor failes lasciuious end , immoderate drinkings duly to attend . whereon the epicurean vaine serues constantly , let trauailes worthies worthlesse vices fly . so shun such sinnes so many still destroy . vnhappy he intemperance shall imploy . some haue i noted who haue dyet kept in eating , drinking : and pleasures sweetly slept , when others on a surgions box append , or on a doctours bill as bad attend some haue i heard of wisely note the clime , great dangers to preuent by keeping time . in rising after foggs by sunn are cleare , a death to othets who neclect it there the freezing could in russe , know how to quaile , and in the torrid cuntreyes heets assaile swellings and suddaine pa●sies ginny boyles . for diuerse illes encounter diuers soyles . men must , as masinissa keepe good dyet , else must the body languish out of quiet . luxurious sardinapals imitation , and bachus trophyes are in euery nation . couers thou now to shun these lyon clawen be temperate , and timely shun the cause . for venery is occasiond oft by drinke . then men once in , turnd prodigals , soone sinke . wherfore an opposition must be framed , whereby the lets of trauaile may be tamed , prudence of morall virtues for her grace merits her ranke in trauailes primest place , the straites of vertue so by vice beset , as we may well perceiue a world of let . where for an opposition must be framed , whereby the letts of trauaile may be tamed , prudence of morall virtues for her grace merrits her ranke in trauailes primest place by prouidence the armies sentinell . discry the things that let to trauaile well . forsee the westerne lust with chast intents , and th' drunknesse in the east alike preuents . the vices that attend in court and citty , becomming by the better view more witty . it being no lesse wit ills to escue , then that is good by science to pursue , a quality , next seruing to her worth . wherby a forme of mannage issues forth : gracing the subiect with admird affection , an industry well merits all 's amplexion pericles science praised is heerein , as did v●lisses in his homer winn . pirgoteles heare by the picture drew . to allexanders wish when none else knew good iosephs foresight in his trauailes feed , pharaohs , al , egypts , fathers , brothers need and moises science , and great weekenesse raisd , him though a man of great loue to be praisd . the churches trauaile , wants , and wichednesse , by his contriuing , purchased release . yea so hath arts by search bin brought to light , when sciences peruse proues mans delight . tiresias , and archilochus for lines , and aristotle phisickes best of those times . as bazaleel , and aholiabs skill . god those thus with his spirit did fulfill . all curious arts of sciences to know , and one the temples fabricke all to show thus prouidence is sent forth to proiect , how to supplant in trauaile each defect . this seconded by science to an action , both to the subiects trauailes satisfaction . the contraryes encountring in this season , are rashnes , and a shallow vse of reason . raigning in many a giddy straying pate , who all thinges done doth to the fancy shape , lantloping crocheits , any way is best . when once the giddy humoures preposest . little for seeing scyllaes straights ar nigh , as they in trauailes from charibdis flie for know howere our whole discourse is forth , of trauails wonder , praised way , and worth : t is not to be assumd as due to all , but only such whom god to it doth call , in honest wise , t is the appostles case , wherere mans cald , abide he in that place , conditions praisd are propper to the men , who are and rightly too instald in them . and euery man his limits due assighnd , we must dehort , not raise a stragling mind , least by refusall they with icarus , or phaeton descend to ruine thus . such haue i scene in giddinesse depart , from a good settled course t' some forraine part , squander their meanes in fruitlesse lawlesse life , vncald forsaking families and wife , yet shrouded euer in some poore pretence . of need , friends , bettering faith or conscience . some small time spending vainely , guld retire , with pouerty the fruite of rash desire . what mans to build saith iesus will not first able , or not to end bee prepossest . or who is to encounter any foe , but first his owne sufficiency will know ? and if too weake in time from both surcease , of thoughts to builde , and sue to haue a peace . for know this rashnesse founded one the send of impotencie withers out of hand such haue i seene in diet disapointed , in raging humour on the waues distoynted . cursing the climate next , the hochpoch there longing for english powder beefe , and beare one cryes his bones crach on the cabin ropes a second as forlorne now nightcome gropes a third nice youth his clothes are spoyled cryed would to god when i came downe i had dyed . of iustice worth i somewhat sayd before and only speake a distribution more comutatiues in dealing iust proportion distributiue in charities deuotion giue each his owne in way of honouring feare god aboue fitst honour then the king preserue thy credit , and thy fellowes state whose chance in trauaile is to bee thy mate do as thou woulst be done by , christ commands and deale with iustice , almes in other lands a generous and noble minde is meete that men may praise thy country when they set'● for such as thou thy land stands estimate and by the subiects men adiudge the state contraryes are that miser ●●arous who count a stranger as a dogg to v● where as the church of israells c●ld to cherish the strangers heart , and none by need to perish the prodigall one lusts will rather spend then striue the poore and needy to befriend , let none here neyther enter a mistake frugality next trauails worth i make . a sauing habit of both time ; and state , making a man thrifty and considerate . a worth if ere in any course required in this its ten times more to bee desired . preuents a famine oft of store at sea , yers mercifull when others wantings plea. attends at pinch , and in extreames befriends . when lauish prodigallity still spendes . so haue post seene souldiers vainesse payd when with the pot and pipe purse is decayd trugg towid the lumber ( foole ) for more supply , and now beginnes on lauishnesse to crye where had he i●ueld meanes and score at first good licour might serued , stead of thirst so much in short , one instance stands for all , and hence i downe to next of vertues fall : being a mind magnauimously bent , with courage eresses bitter to preuent : armd in a faith and hope in a tempration anchord firme in gods mercy past narration , to this the scriptures plentifully moue , and dayly tryals wonder or sly improue . a barr against whole billowes of temptations calling man to dispaire , in crosse of nations crosses are the godlyes lot , true churches sate the earthes sur●ayours ; euery mortals state whence comes it trauailes termd the godlies lott no perfect sollace can below be got the ciuill trauailer first ( if christion ) suffers then as a mortall , many , crosses shares . next in his place ( for no place so defended but sometimes is and shall thus bee attended ) sometime by ship wracke , then by pirates theft and then by trust of any estate bereft , now in profession , then in body beates , then in his trauailes multitudes of cares . but lo ! his courage , christian faith begets ? when any danger sea or land besets : as paul hee s bould , and fortifies the rest , being with a heart magnanimous possest . for all things worke he knowes to him for good nor can he be by hell or hagg withstood . crosse to this worth is fearefull pale distrust , not rating god as mercifull as iust . t was the disciples weakenesse ; thomas sault , and too to common still when stormes assault . or hight of a presumption in our selues that th' apprehension faith begetteth quelles . thus peeter stood , vpon his resolution , which made him fall to fearefull in conclusion . though all for sake thee lord yet will not i yet lead he first the other to denye now to a habite effable we come not to be churlish bent , or cinicksom , vneffable behauioures purchace hate and scorne of strangers in a foraine state , yet see wee some , too many too aspird into some state of trauaile as desird : stand puff , and huff , to natiues coming ore the priest forgets he was a clearke before lookes squint at strangers turnes imperious a small imployment , hoists a haman thus and higher to ! t is one of those great illes solomon sayth earth with impatience filles a seruant when he raignes , a foole in hanst : wise men on foot , and sotts on horse aduanst denyes to know , condition , or kinn , or as a iockey , euer to haue binn armes fixt agambo , and his beauer cocke is learnd in better manners by a knocks sequestred pride , attends a speedy fall , whereas the meeke are effable to all . procures of forraynes by the fact a loue , yea with the very infidels approue . those churlish nabals , doeg minded men neuer succesfull scarcely one of tenn . come thus farr through the paths of traualling , le ts in our course obserue another thing . verity to be vsed in word and deede through all the paths of trauaile we proceed . adding a credit mid the strangers towne . and purchasing a truth of much renowne . for witnesse , hand , and oth , thus bare word passes and much a christian cariage each way graces . when lying stops a strangers loue intended , and trechery when matters passe pretended . t was abners bane , yea ioabs , iudas kisse , recorded for a trechery in this . great allexanders fame allurd to trechery . by base parmeno , that i should gain say . was i parmeno , but i am my selfe , and prize sayre victory aboue all wealth . worthy fabritlus tould pirrhus though a foe , how he was moued to his ouerthrow . not ianus bifrons with a harpey smile , bent both wayes equall falsely to beguile : but ionathan like patterne true affection , merits true trauailes grace : a false reiection . seest thou a smooth salute , proffer too great beyond relation ? consure a deceipt the whistle sweetly playes the fond birds hye thus are surprizd by th'fowers fallacie . comes one to ayde thee slauishly officious . such hasty helps haue births are to pernitious the wolfe will worke the sleepe from out the bryer poore sheepe thy ruine is his next desire . thy language , and thy owen endeauours trust ; vnused armours subiect are to rust : and mens deceipt is silly ones to cheare they know experience will not brooke dec●ite findst thou a country man of base report , with him of all men neuer once resort , no iew or turke can proue more rauinous : then will a christian once appostulate thus . auoyd as death a reconsciled foe , nor euer with him confidently goe . the sore smothd vp not cured out will f●ie , and soonst infect a carelesse stander by . man of a crosse religion do not trust , he hath causion● be with thee vniust . power allowes the lawesse to offend . so doth the lyon on his pray descend . deale not in points beyond thee with a foe , better then wit abusd , is not to know . and in their i and thus falst thou in a snare , of entermedling in beliefes beware . a temporizer shunn though allied , may a viper 's in the bosome breed , and feare thy mates accompanying thee , the fox clad in the sheepeskin warning be whose vnspectednesse likenesse did deceaue and th' silly lamb downe to his den bequeath , these caueats so in short the wise may ●end , the world is now too basely ould to amend . last louely posture sages noble deeme , vrbanityes defind its an esteeme . of euery passage as its worth requires , and ioy in person as his loue desires not stoickes , surley melencholy all . much merry parts in traueling befall . wherein mens action present is at gage , and ablenesse of discourses set one stage . now stands the case and touch stone of a man. when strangers shall his worth of breeding scan behauior crownes the outer mans desire , and makes him great mens presence to aspire . when lo. the sottish ci●icke selfe deuoted . sits in his tubb , how wise so ere●noted . opon the way a scipher to the view , and passes liuing , as one dead in shewe . nones sollace , not his owne , sad humours seate , be ware thou neuer with a stoicke treate , in melancholy fancies onely ioyed , whereby loues true vrbanity is destroyd . and trauailes paths disconsolaterate made . man a meere deadman mid a liuing trade . good mirth and gladnesse grace true curtesie as do good properties good men discry . a merry consorts chariot in the way , and makes a long way short as sages say . artes acting parts , then history attending , then the merry muses with their hores descending . the wood and water nimphe bring in there shares , and time of ould it selfe a new declares , a scholer's halfe a trauailer at home . attended in his studdy though alone . yet better fitted trauailes rites to vse , then mid bookes dull acquaintance sit and muse . learnings most proper to the fortaine breed , whereby both they and these at home are fed . his protects , plots , and parts of trauelling assist the state , himselfe , his church , his king. come to the climes of sweete discourse hee 's rare , heere say and ignorance still attendants are . yets heare a moderation much expected , iests become scurrill once the meane neclected , scu●llity exposing man to hate , chiefly much vsed in a forraine state , the clownish rusticke short another way chuff as idoll wanting what to say blurts forth in a presumption homebred shame two sorts vnworthy vse of trauailes name when lo ! in true vrbanit yes no wast , offence , ill mirth , presumption or distast . apelles like i leaue vnfinisht quite the shape of trauailes sits for should i write ? the decades decour more : all worth narration so might men iudge it too prolix relation . with socrates le ts giue a iudgement now , aske if he would heracli●s writs avow ? what i haue viewd and vnderstand is good : so sure ( quoth he ) that is not vnderstood these comly habits for the rest may stand as generals may the specials command . as for the christian progresse , it s dayly taught , and blesse we him his plenty heere hath brought . a like much care for mortall trauailes taken , what 's best to be embraced ? what forsaken ? trauaile to forraine parts , i only tend , wherein the rest i briefly comprehend . circumstance sayth our lawyer alters case , our circvmstances shall be time , and place , part for the whole , though more might be proposd the whole may in his parts be full disclosd : first for the time to trauaile in most free , is as the persons interessed be : person with place and time colatertali made respectiue to the calling , cause , of trade . the sunny beames of peace most cheare the most how ere the souldier may of quarrels boast . for warrs a viper that deuoureth euer it canker like consumes , but comforts neuer , yet thens the time , the warriour trauailes forth . and now 's the season best to shew his worth . times they are as mens purposes require , and hearein euery one must backe retire , and note his owne occasion when best how should i be with each mans way possest ? yet there 's a time for all things to be donn , the wisest saith ) enuirond with the sunn a seed time , spring , a haruest , and a frost : a time to linger trauailes time to hast , a time to laugh , to morne , to sport to stay . a time to fight , to rest , to warr , to pray , a time to fish , and furr , and fir in east a time for oyle , and vintage in west , a time to care , to watch to plodd , yet then a time without time , that 's vnknowne to men , wherfore while time is present passe thy trade by this pursuite are many wise men made when as the foolish late are wanting oyle : others in fruitlesse desperation toyle . time is when stormes at sea much multiplie and hymall clowdes enuelop sunn , and skie , when art , and skill , and tryall , turne to doubt , ignorant which way now to vse the route . when deckes are clad with cloudy oceann , and dreary gusts incarcerate each man. now skill of compasse card and crostaffe , failest poore man as in a second deluge sayles , no harbour , hope , or helpe seemes to assist yet then the ship to wonder doth resist she trauiles vp towards heauen as if there , conuoy elyas fiery chariots weare : and nests in mounts billowes of neboos hight quauering as drunke thereon ; a scarring sight not now content she shifts from hill to hill . and in her progresse sore against her will. they post her downward as an arrow shot , when lo ! her next pursuer sees her not , as if to those deiected angels fled , chaced from thence , by the almightyes dread , when see no sooner ●●ovvsd in valleys deepe but at a start she monnts a gaine as steepe , no more , wife dauid limmes it more at life , ionas and worlds of try all end the strife , note only this in all these trafickes scenes time , ioynes with place , both act as primest meanes the issues serue the cause , cares are arrendants , since prouidence and wit ●eare , no defendants . for see the sea men strangely terrified , nor land , sunne , starres , or light can be discryed ▪ yet pry , and hale , and pump , and all to saue . and now the merchants bilt the saylours slaue . his life more precious makes him , pump , and pull , stormes make each filly shipper master●ull , each dye themselues their couch and goods in waues , and in this dreadfull postutes play the slaues . their prayers , and paines and teares , are multiplied , winter stormes terrours not to be descried . the vernall view fell bore as homeward chases and calmes for stormes and light for foggs replaces , thus oft at last an vnexpected rest possesseth marriners and merchants brest : crosse time growes ●ilder , mists are vanished , billowes made plaine , and rockes discouered : men are at ease , the ship now quieted , and th'hilly ocean as a sheete is spread but see ! the time , times will be wayted on , t is better therefore , ta●ry ● now at home : i meane now sol to caprecorne hath hyed , and eolns suruayes the seas in pride . when churlish neptune counter maunds our ends , herein it is my muse true time commends : the time againe is as the climate stands , since diuerse times attend on diuerse lands : for east , and north , by icy hyemes closd , trauaile these wayes is crosly now oposd : no green-land , nor a mosco voyage then presumptions eate the liues of many men : the times of passage vnder zoones obserue , be sure thy bodyes rule to it reserue such timely moderation health commands when much diseases neclects attendant stands a time most suting euery limb of trade , for true auaile by ayd of time is made one time another crossing in her state and what 's a gemm now : thens quite out of date . a time when by iuuasion and warr , that country where our course is , is at iarr : and garisons , and rutters domineere , t is no good season now to trauaile heere . for lyon like fell warr deuowres all right , and lawes , are prostrate to a vulgar might , a time for specialles , such i le not discouer , for propertyes in time surpasse each other . iarres sute ye see to somes best benefit , when , 'ts good for others peacefully to sit . peace fits republick trafick to auaile , and actuall smiles the marriner assaile , lo ! now a limb of trauailes way is this , not of true times of trauailing to misse occasions figure epitomes these things since time still flyes , and hies with swiftest whings the deed is crownd thus executed well , and now i come of places rites to tell . times howre glasse runnes , and sword deuoures on [ earth , yet each dayes dissolution is his birth : seruing attendant to the god aboue , fitnesse of time one such his grace doth loue : next to the place our trauailes must be fitted , else must the sequell shew vs shallow witted . man must each climes condition preconceaue . and different humoures there in vse perceaue . for natures wondrous fabricke sorted standes , in all the parts and paralells of landes . earths circled kernell with the heunes according : relatiue course to obiect climes affording a locall method causing to admire , whose fruits scene ; feed , the trauailers desire since discrepant subiect to the clime , in creature , feature , fruit , delight and time . expect none but colaterall relation , petwixt a diuerse people , clime , and nation : view well their wiles , the sutherne nations vse , b●nt to alure , betray , cheat , and abuse , the northerne course condition , stupid sence , for arme thy selfe to these by prouidence . the turke moore iewe , and christian haue their illes , man iudging all place one : t is that killes : men to their climes still good or worse are fitted , had not each then in sight be sharper witted ? with tom , his plow , or cow no cheats at home , but millions are intrauailes traces showne , t is requisite thou corespond the place , in all things fit , to decour trauailes grace . for first , once shipt : now 'ts good to meditate ▪ where thou art now reposd , thy dangerouse state this place requires much prayers and preparation sorted with some suruay of nauigation see to thy body seaficke keepe it warme , vitall powers opend , th' bodies most in harme . vse excercise aboue , and little sleepe , this galene houlds will thee in temper keepe . know thou a captaine heere is as a king , and please the mariners in any thing . t is they defend thee from fell waues deuoure . and hee hath now thy liberty in power . see th , master haue in seafkilles able share , and in the stearage looke one haue a care . t was palinure aeneas shipp did saue , neuer make choice then of a skillesse slaue . chanct in a storme hale tackle , and assist , two better may then one , assaultes resist : if in a fight scorne cowardise to vse , better by farr life , or a limb to loose , then be a slaue to tyranny of soe , many by try all haue anoucht it soe , but guesse the worst , t is odds that valience slaues , and thus the place well , vsd your foes are slaues . landed now 's place of thankes for gods defence , so each hast to his owne place free from hence , t were friuolous for me to scale the orbe , of locall rites each country doth afford : take compasses and mete , each man his owne , and in that place keepe compasse as is showne . earths various formes , in trauailes wonders see , then paralel and with thy owne agree . and to thy state , occasion and clime , fit vpon tryall course of place and time . and thus the mapp of trauailes way is spread the compasse in the midd ; each line is lead by point : the rhomb , thou seekest shall direct , thee by the causes to censure they effect . fates loadstone right to will of highest set , cannot we say by art of man be let . yet by our runrace ; iudge we the arriue . since cases common to their causes thriue . so had i done and set my muse at rest had she not smelt some sauours of disrest , ascending from the fogg of misty zoyle , and with a puffe or two thus endes the broyle the infidell , or home hatcht misty eye , seeing vs trauailes wonders thus descry . puffes out his froth : i neuer saw the things , and sight alone from me a credit brings . dull didimus the force of thy saluation depends not on thy view but application : blessed are they saith iesus trust vnseene whose faiths their goulden medium betweene . thus then thy soule the better parts affected why'es charity thy sences quite reiected ? a locall distance causing thy distrust , yea all eyes blinde and men but thee vniust . lo ! euery day a confirmation comes , of wonders wayting at our very homes . strange births and mereoures , deluges . and fires issues for sin of the all potents ires ; yea creatures common in our clime no rares , but wondrous to a stranger heere repaires . as is the clime : lands are miraculous , blind ignorance thee metamorphisd thus . creations worth , though gods first worke vnknowne thy sight , not reason credits what at home . elie know how ere in tales are much abuse the eye of wit will passe twixtlyes and truthes . reason , and learning prospects will discerne and the' truth amidd a world of fallace learne . well it s enough then ; now i le read and credit , so can i sit by th' fire and purchace it , the wise mans sluggard vsd indeed to say yet some more sleepe , as lyons in the way such shallow puffes are fruits of necligence , still t is enough ; is euery sotts pretence this makes thee man so vnbeleeuing bent , because come short of trauailes true intent : orlando , bevis , palmeryn and such , are by the fire side credited as much as truer trauailes ; if oppofd thou l't say a man may credit , or he may denay reeuiew the worth of trauaile and be hold ! shee triumphs midd of wonders manifould . then recollect the loosing difference , twixe passiue , and betwixt the actiue sence . had our heroickes trusted passiue sences , and made their ease and safety home pretences the wayes of trauaile neuer had bin knowne nor earth it selfe ere to it selfe bin showne : nor mutually each others rares imparted , or the rude heathen to the truth conuerted : or yet the wonders of almighty spredd but each bin blind fould by relation ledd . be ruld by me still keepe thy chimney warme , a sluggish spirit breeds but trauails harme . i le not repeate her many worths to thee , tary at home , let others goe and see , well i agree a third cryes t' trauaile due in wonders : and her worths wotthy pursue but oh ! the dangers in the way affright better then trye : i le trust what others write . t was the fond crochey t israels spies possest , sent by the church to view that land of rest the an●kims great giants guard that land and how can we these enemyes withstand ? this cowardise these saithlesse disinherits caleb and iosua prosper by faiths merits , thou readest of christ his trauailing at sea , when helpe vs lord , was the disciples plea. he checkt soone stormes as lord of sea and land nor can the proudest waue his word withstand art , thou a christian ? know gods prouidence , at sea , or land is equall strong defence , thy lot that 's to thee man predestinate nor canst ouer run or ouer stay thy fate perishes on mans lineage traueling ? another dies in bed ? why heere 's the thing . i le neuer come swearst thou where these weare lost no nor to be by sea or pirates crost and why forswearest not foole thy bed alike ? where death each day doth greater numbers , strike ? and aches , paines , yea crosses too : are more , then at the sea or of our natiue shore i had for got in trauailes wayes to tell how thou art skild in this distruct so well t is penury of faith to fortysye . and breed in thee a noble constancy thou liuest at home an vnbeleeuing course nor dost with god in priuacy conuerse prayers a stranger to thy study cases , this makes thee so prophaine in forraine places . a conscience pure is alwayes lion bould , impures to ill and desperation sould . a good man beares the record in his brest that all to him shall issue for the best . the man holy at home hee s fortified and 's , both for stormes and opposition tryed : comes and is bould gods workes at sea to see longing to know his wonders what they bee armd well by prayer , and patience for a storme , and fortified by faith can cach no harme knowes prouidence his portion hies a way . and safely can in middest of pirrils stray , counts crosses , deaths and all , like aduantagious ? and how can this man chuse but passe couragious ? thy ignorance how blesst it is , opposes . time euery day true trauailes worth discloses . se moises , ioseph , hester and the rest , in forraine trauaile wondrously blest for where meanes seemeth vacant god supplies , and in defect gods greatest honour lies , let men saith dauid tell his wonders then deliuering best : when worst to eyes of men , life is at home an ocean of crosses , amapp of cares , a labyrinth of losses , t is ●ut a change at sea , a locall shift , god cannot be preuented of his drift , thy lot is in thy forehead writ by fate it canst thou not alter , amend , abate , another mimick and a worser sayes tush trauailers can liue no other waies looke backe blinde doeg to the troupes before rings , princes , prophets , who haue trauailed more ? the wisest , richest , greatest leade the way , and well may then the meaner after stay , thinkest thou because poore in her way are blest no men but base are in her interrest ? gods no accepter of the persons grace his blessing waytes on euery lawfull place . how able meanes is to the place declard , looke backe : for now that labour shall be spard . yet know if thou hast small at home to spend , much lesse can costly traualle thee defend . thou meanst perhaps the lawlesse leagauer crue whose profits by all nationes bate accure or the land straying spendthrifts indian course , or th' bankrupt cheater bandid of the buise : or th' giddy pated criticke stird with errour , or the offendour chast with conscience terrour . the beast and noblest roades some villianes vse nor can we trauailes noble path excuse . let lawlesse strayers see in ionas mapp , and turne a straighter course for what may happ , and thy reuile experience checkes vniust and shewes thou hast to trauaile lesser trust . it may be thou and such for mentiond gulles , haue sluggishly consumd your meanes as fooles a broad at home and each way base neclect , makes mans weldoing equall in defect . sir t is confest a fift sayes many gaine , but many more by losse of it complaine . t is part amends with thomas thou beleeue . trauaile hath in it potence to releiue , yet he that credits clowds shall neuer mowe , nor the obiecting flowbacke seldome sow t is true great losses many times befall but donot greater gaines the losse recall ? let ts paralell the trafickers condition and iudge him , ( as thou vs ) without commission who more aduentures ? passes too , and fro ? to spaine ? to zant , to east and west we know mixing the gaines and losses in account ? yet do the gaines by much the losse surmount ? how comes it earth ore no degree in state proueth so wealthy , able , fortunate ? if ( as it sales by land too ) comes a crosse by stormes or pirats vnexpected losse , his comforts this t was not his owne neclect nor as a spend-thrift , lost it by defect , men subiect are their losses to repeate but not of blessings thankfully to treate hurts are in marble graud : but guifts in sande and thus misprise men the almightyes hand yea some as changlings trauaile will bely faulting it for their owne ill husbandry lo ! losses wayt one men as much at home , and crosses charge vs thicker's dayly knowne . vnkindnesses in strangers grieuie vs lesse then such who though of land , and blood oppresse : and man can trauaile harder , and content : then when his home friends eye his poore intent . a thousand honest shifts men there effect , which end in worth , successe , and good respect , which they abasht at home could neuer try or in a worse sort suffer misery . to you let me appeale who haue it proud and passe farre vnder what your births behoud in losephs bondage to endure compeld and in a willing patience mildly yeild by cruell egypt , or a turke affected , and daniell like ouer all respected . be ye in midd of bloody lyons cast , your cause ( is good ) his issue good at last . the more the perill , the more prouidence and greater glory god in mans defence . then 's only time for him to spread his power , when dangers seeme most suddaine to deuoure so haue i seene , but often heard it tould , men by the very sea stormes made more bould . and in the midd of likely losses gaine , and ( more abroad then neare home ) grace attaine . and lesser cares in forraine cases serue then where their birth more mercy did deserue , yea more abroad rich then in father land , see! trauailers help , in the almighties hand . infine a sixe sayes , what need this a doe vs now in peace to traueiling to woe ? sir we are well seated vnder mothers whinge ill neuer trauaile further then my king ! fond how sworme keepe thy chimny corner still , to win vnwilling sots t is not our will , let euery man in his condition stay . to gad is not to trauaile but to stray . the church , and euery christians militant , yea euery soyle supplies anothers want ther 's most need man of trauaile in a peace the cause of plenty ; author of increase . natiue comodius good to vtter forth causing a citty , or a countryes worth , such men whose causes sute to sit at home and the vnwilling may reside alone , traficke and peace reciprocall suruiuers still where the one , to wonder both are thriuers in warts no time for free recourse to bee this wee by tryall , and experience see , embrace thy mothers dugg in promisd peace embrace thy slothfulnesse thy shames increase till times of tryall or confusions come then runnst thou ( as a madd man ) bout thy home if not thy pride is clownish ignorance , the plow or cart thy vttermost aduance . see now my muse no more of momus crue appeare as yet thy progresse to pursue the wise can tell sots soone can cauill more ther 's worth respondence , or a rea ding ore : and man may sooner change the moorish hue then force a fooles beleefe , be 't neere so true . to the ingenious traueller i bend , thus by a short suruay the totall end his wonders great in skie , on sea , on earth hauing each day , and way , a newer birth his worth in pleasure , and true profits gaine how they both soule , and sences entertaine , his worths the persons highly dignifie , how rares declard in royall property , his way worth note , in persons fitnesse stands nature , birth , parts , and ablenesse commands the place wherein he passes , pious good , for god our state , and selfe is vnderstood . next note we vertues common worth embrace and vices ready trauaile to disgrace the circumstantiall place and time attend so did my muse against the criticke bend who with the dart of truth expelled thence . gaue cause ( least tedioue now ) wee hy vs hence . trauailes a rose , man the industrious bee wise trauailers sucke , and hiue vp swauity badd spider like suck poisons to deuoure tiauai e is as the rose : a curious flowre , none can come neere its colloures curious sents delicious rosall rites , and ornaments : the base neere lesse to uenome vertues change , and if growe worse by trauaile t is not strange , one as the bee sucks hony from this flower , the spider gale , and venome to deuoure , not that the venome in this rose doth grow for t is of natures sweets most rare we show but that the others humour poysonous conuerts these sweetes to aconita thus : in all the parts of mannage more pernitious , as is the subiect in affection vitious . well mannagd trauailes only ornament , in christian , ciuill ; and a true intent . al 's vse : the heuens , planets , and spherall pace , the soule , and sences progresse , trauailes grace . mans ages childhood , youth , and midd age hye to summ at death account of destiny which destiny in secret set by god , from all beginnings sealed by his word , proceds in progresse with vnknowne envent man cannot stop his makers iust intent : he cannot hast his fate , it keepeth pace nor stayes while periods added to the race , its trauaile mazeth all the earth to see the strange effects in destiny there be from birth to nonage , midle gray and graue which some at sea , some land all some way haue . some poore of rich , some high of low arise , thus wanders man , in him his destinyes . a sparrow cannot faile but by his fate who could ere ? once prolong ; amend abate ? true christian trauaile makes the mortall blest and him that in the two is interest , the course of ciuill trauaile was our taske , daily , diuines the other two vnmaske , the issues seene ( if worthy uiew ) t is well , many more learned the forme may happ excell , the matter founded on the rocke of truth , both recreations of my muse in youth courage then trauailes noble sonnes aduance arme and expect a mapp of crosse mischance : rockes pirates gulphs straights sirens storms & store of remoraes and monsters of the shore . behould as vertues vices are attendants ye must be both assailants and defendants : hange not on aiery hope of fate alone , prouidence only industry will owne . suppose the worst in trauaile that may come scorning those flashy preconceyts of some , who guesse all done , to doo strange things effected the goulden meane of modesty neclected when if a losse , or crosseth wart there intent the gaines dispaire the end astonishment leuell thy doubts and hopes so though all lost thy patient soule of gaine in losse may host : thus trauailes wonders worths and wayes declard and trauailes walfares as a fourth prepard , caliope by cinthius cald : flyes forth denying trauaile wellfare to his worth : since oh the times , fell mars his wellfare crosses by pirats rapins ruins murders losses mourne o my muse in secre●t and retire , till europe liue in peace , his long desire . when on his welfares thou more ●ee mayst sing , and brittaine blesse iehoue who wrought the thing . then for a fourth her wellfar●● shall ascend and untill then my tryall hath an end . si bene quid feci deo gratare datori si male quid feci noueris esse meum . olimpiad : in seriptit finis notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e geneseos . . adam primus homo damnauit seenla prima , qui facit magna & inscrutabillia absque numero eliph . oshominisubline dedit omne metam . caput . nihil in terra sine cansa sit iob. deus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 totus quodenim togitat hoc loguitur & qvod loqnitur togitat iren lib. . c , . qunti instit liber , ● : vti beneficia omnibus horis — sunt consideransa chrisostom : in mare : microcosme romans . . psalme . . qui desendunt mare in nauibus facientes operationem in aquis multis ipsi viderunt opera domini & mirab●llia sua in profundis : patientia dei ● annes dura vit cumarca si●bat . solares est quae ●omines obsentes presentes facit turp : de fit viciss quibus pusumnusetiam abcetibus alloqui august , naue primus as egypto damnus , aduenit pliny reg : , vide : mark. . . monumenta aetotum lest : l : act. : vbitung fuerit dei prouidentia ●rustrautar vniuersa contraria● august : creatura miranda . iob . corpus eius quscuta susillia compactum se squamis se prementibus 〈…〉 . cumfreta discuditrapidisque tumes●rre ventis & am circumdare litora terroe metam lib. . vtque duae dexcaelum to tidem qu si a●sira , parte secant zon● , quinta● stard en●●orillis &c. guid metam : : instrumenta naevallia mir●nda , bernar in cantic : vesputiones ano : collumbus : anno . darcus anno . in learning aduancement . magell anus : candish i am quod videtur sciri potus quam credi dicitur . gregor in euangeli . . terraemira . terra vires vrbesque gerit frugesque faerasque fluminaque hec superest caelisulgentis . imago mett : lib : . ad me undum foc●etatem home naturà ferter sua aug. de ciuitat lib. . cap. . inhil●minus i am obsequium amicos veritas obuim parit . terentius . edifficia miranda . id circo credere debemus que non vidimus vt videre me reamur quae credimus . hug : victor cap : . de fid invi● : creatura mirada . numquid ●volet r●moceros , tibi s●ruire ? aut morab●ur is ad prae sepe tuum . iob. . tot species tani tosque ortus varosqueuouatus ipsa clies apperit conficit ipsa dies . ouid : amorum . germani multos possunt suffèrre labores ó vtinam possiut tam bene ferre sitim . vt nos dulce me rum sic vos venus impia turbat ; lix ventri imposta est iulia nalla mere . vestitus varys . ciuitatum varic tas . societatùsub lata omuis cuitaest suqlata ciiucunditas . cero : de amicitia . solemaenum do videntur demerequi amiciam . siue qui auitam incundam nullo modo habere passvmu●s cicer : de amicitia . est enim iustitia vnicuique suum tribuere : cic : de officijs . ignorantiae duae filiae falsitas & dubietas , illa misereor , ista miserabillior illa peruitiotior ista molestior austin officiisvitae humana constat mutuis omnisque ratio & insti cutiovitae qumanae adiumenta desiderat cicero off . lib : . cret●nsis n●scrit peligus . 〈…〉 nibus grande leuatur onus . icarcus icarijs , nomina dedit equis . eorum filij nos dicimur quorux actiones imitamur grigeni● ezeck homi . . hec ediseas & vigilare laborare solon . equidem exempla multa docere possu●t . ouid : am● : christoprero columbo , deind ameri●oue vesputio vnde & americiae ●omen fortitur . dubartus . terra australis incogn . ta est . vt enim solitudo in odioest , ita in dulcedine & appetitio sodalitalis s●nn ep . quantum quisque sua numorum seruatin arca tantum habet & fidei . impiger mercator horrace . omnia adiues habet nam praestrantomnia numin . . marcell . martius aduerso dux strennus obv●at hosti quandr sub hac veluti palladi bella gerit . matheus leiueruill vbi : volupias nonnisi varietate confistit . et deprendi uihill esse melius quam laetari in opere sua & hane esse partem illius eclesiafies . delectant alterna magis vetitisque potiridulcius & sordent qua possunt semper haberi : pallin . ● . amor , dci beneficia omnibus horis consideranda . august . psalme . . stulta placent slultis obsonia quisque palato querit dignasuo non emnibus vita voluptas mare : paline . psalme . . nam vt quise arnant adhibent speculum , ita gesturus negotium proponat sibi illustrum virorumexempla plutarke . viri excellentis antipites varijsque casus habent admirationem , laetitium , molestiam siuero exitu notabili conclud untur expletur mens gaudio sum●o cicer : lucullo episto . . 〈…〉 venustas in mari ●span quid babies laus est omnesque vi●e partes bonaesunt me●rodorus qualis qu●que aerbor tales solet dere fructus . quallitates des ; iderande virtutem veram qui possidet ille beatus ille satis felix permitat cetera diuis marcell . siqua amisis●● vitae gaudia negotiatio est parua amitere vt maiora lucrerir : chrisost : rom. ad pop : antis : mercator facturus iter terretur & alt● : pectore d●● gemitus , metu ens scopulos●reta ventos . sicredire dignum est , ouid. colligitac ponit temere & mulatur in horrace imberhis iunen is tandem custode remote gaudet equis canibusque & aprici gramine campivtilium tardax prouisor noratrus in arte p●etic● . omnia me a mecum porto cic : som : sc : hipocrates . pectoribus mores tot sunt quot in orbe figurae : qui sapit innumeris moribus aptus crit ouid : amor. flumina pauc● vides magnis de fontibusor ta plurima collectis multip licantur aquis ibid. barbaro & indianor peritia , non intendunt qua a nobis di●●ntur gen●ilia sed quae aguntur 〈◊〉 ●om . . ad pop : autio . eorum fily dicimur quorum actus nos immitamur grigen : ineze genes . , s●nce the fall , we trauaile all . ca. . genes . . caput . . . . genes . . . hic enimnos diuersorium comorandi , non habitandi habebus . cic●● sence●● gennes . vt hoc ag●mn●● in deum offendere ? ●enres . hic eclesiamillitans illie triumphans . exodus . . exo. , , , , . vide ●t israelitarum vita deseribitur quinque libris moyst iosue iudicu●r , & regum . caput , . deutronom . exod. , &c. iosuah : . caput . . iob : , , . &c caput . . . ruth . hestre , . . vide litincra daiud a regum . priads . cunterlij . ionah . . math. , . esay . . iohn ma●●● . . omnis christi actio , nostra est instructio august math. . math. , . math , , ● ▪ hebrewes . . caput . . . : baptistae vita . luc. . actor , . . . cor. . . tim. . . apocahp . ▪ , vide policron graston . fortitudo parentum filliorum segnitia narrat . erat fide nobilis quae omnibus ornatibus ornamonto sine quauil tam ornatam quod ornare queatnin . salui . ep . . netantiuiri laudes minere oratione m●a potus quam exornarem , culpetur sane in genium non voluntas chris : de sacr liber : . 〈…〉 parent animos , compraendunt plurima paucis : aures delectant , pristina comemorant iohn sab comentar in arist : & hoc . quaese scopulosis ardua clmis , in longum prorum pit iter riget . aspera prim● ingressus . hes●ed liber . . quod bene fit his fit . ●ustitia in sevirtutes continet omnes . pythagorus . naturam expelolac furcalicet vsque recurret haman vid woolsey . &c. exemp , phaettonis proprietatum equabilitas requiritur . preda suis tanibus non minus ille fuit metam : lib. . numquid amore 〈…〉 as in russy a groynland &c. qualitatum proportio . in vitium ducit culpae fuga sicaret arte . horatiua . recte collata retina expectant predam● - ignorantia confusionis mater non . potos , sotos , deuotes . hisp : pro. non satest bene ali quul sacere visietiam fiatvenuste . i anuo lingnarunt gramatica . equabilitas infortune bonis . qvantum quisque sua , &c , quam fausta● habet regma pecunia sortes vtque sit hec seltx quamque beata vide ibid. aruillarj vbij via in qu● . non nobis solum natisumus sed liberis , sed a micis & patriae . cicero : de offi . ●t quis non causas mille doloris babet . ouid amor . vns hore zey● royta●n skepke royt : all zij●gh diewills ver ●i moyt in hettzee van tribulation icke zal vster ckene met in i●● gration . heylichey● ni●t in de sc●ii● . our 〈…〉 transporters . ex malo dogn●te pra●usque moribus dig●oscuntur lupi . melancton . spend●brists sollace . our crack braines come bome by weeping crosse qui populari inititur aur a domini in luto extruitur . mach. . princip . orst : west : thys : best . dilligentia-sagacitas . nil tam d●fficile quod non solertia vincat . temperantia , modum vocoid non dolorem afferens pythagoras . moderation praised . quis secum preit ? ebri●tas , sopor , otia , lux us qui comites ? rixa , bella , odiae opprobium . marulus● lecheritanians . prud niia est habitus agendi orta human ● b●na v●ra cum 〈◊〉 . 〈…〉 vt corpus absque ●ceulis , ita & vir●r n●gotio im-prouidens by●n opitime crede i●uat rerum pru dentia cunctos , ledtiur aduersoqui necligit vndique fate-hesiod . note . landloper . giddy pate-nunquam tefall aut animi sub vulpe latentes impia sub dulci melle venena latent augustin . iustitia in se vir●●tes ●●ntinel omnes . de iustitia vni●uique quod suum distribure cic , do : offe : frugalitas cla●is conse ruandi quod est maphae : note . magnanimitas ▪ si fortuna . sonat caveto ●o'li , cum fortuna tona tonat : ca●e to mergi cato , gratia bene ordinas quae dedit creatio bernardus in tract : degr● : lib : : note ! effabilit as quid . haman . ixion ! phaeton ! icarus ! primus mali m●tor cachedra pestilent a superhia , augustin ambitis secretum virus . pe●tis occulta doliartifex mater hipocrests liuori● parens vitior un● origo tinea sanctitatis cordium excatrix . &c : bernard : in ser q●adragess - note ! beware of machi uillian fawning , & simplician slaues . n●te ; west 〈◊〉 ende 〈…〉 . voorzich ●ich in al. keert meni g●en val vibanitas quid . non volo tescu● ram , sed fi pot●s este facetus ● ▪ alling . merus stoicus merus a sinus . comes secund●● in via pro vebi culoest . horat : in su : lib : : hl● is zo ment acht viuat , valeat vincat carolus met ghemat men gaet verr . beati pacifici . math : . elt hefi ze●n tij● omnia tempus habent , & suit spatijs transe vnt vniuersa sub caelo ecles . . . naufragium , occursus pirat arnm . pall. psal . . ionas . - acts. . ziet opt eynde . apres lapluye vientle beane temps . est modus in rebussunt certi denique fines . temporibus modicina valent data tempore prosunt & data non apto tempore vinanocent . ouid : art am : temporiserua , neere stauentis phooilides . fronte capillata postest occasio calua natura gaet voor lecre . wat noodich is moet vergaen extreman●cent virtus medio , ziet menkan godt niet bedrieghen gratiarum enim cessat de cursus vbi recursus non fuerit . bern : serm : . obiectio : . defoliuge breue sort nce . 〈…〉 . obiectio . . quisqxt habet mores ita iudicat itaq fatur : m : palling . licet acrioraqua legas , altius tamen in animo sedent quae vult us , habitus ; & gestus dicentis ad figit . pliny . epistola : : lib : . obiectio . . omnibus sane factis in est periculum neque quis nouit quo apulsurus esta : negotii principio solon ibi fides nullum habet meritum , vbi ratio buma nahabet experimentum . gregor : in euan ● . oivitae secur a vbi est conscien●●a pura . romans . . caelum non animum mutant qui transemare currunt . posse pati facileest tibi ni patientia desit . ouid : amor , iazillan gebuz basimah , turk . procua . obiectio . . exemplis flectite quoque posse puto amorum ; oune saurit faired'une buse unespre ●ier . acarion crowe neuer good bawke . obiectio quinta : angli●ano , 〈…〉 de : 〈…〉 de . impig●r extremos currit mercator ad indos : per mar● pau periem vitans horat : note apapret virtue in prosperis ; at emin et aduersie bern : cant . : dan : lib : obiecti● . fac quod fecit . iaia ost west thuys best . none hac●t ca●ll●rs a bo● entend●urilnef●ut que demye parol carpere vell noli nostra , vel edetua martiall . recollectio . generalis att male dum recitas incipit esse tuus martiall : dat rosa mell apibus qua sugit aranea virus granger . exemplo tanginen propriore potes ouid : amor : diuersorium enim hic commorandinon habit andi habemus . cic : desen●●●nt trauails welfare to be added . veritas ●●e and 〈◊〉 ille quidem dus gratus est eu : coginat● hoc sunt : omnia sue 〈…〉 rerum se 〈…〉 ad usus hefio●●● . ep : eronn . ephilegu● ●ax pocali patriaeque ●alus , & gloria regni , carol●● . the present surveigh of london and englands state containing a topographicall description of all the particular forts, redoubts, breast-works, and trenches newly erected round about the citie on both sides of the river, with the severall fortifications thereof. and a perfect relation of some fatall accidents, and other disasters, which fell out in the city and countrey, during the authors abode there. intermingled also with certaine severall observations worthie of light and memorie. by william lithgow. lithgow, william, - ? this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing l ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing l estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the present surveigh of london and englands state containing a topographicall description of all the particular forts, redoubts, breast-works, and trenches newly erected round about the citie on both sides of the river, with the severall fortifications thereof. and a perfect relation of some fatall accidents, and other disasters, which fell out in the city and countrey, during the authors abode there. intermingled also with certaine severall observations worthie of light and memorie. by william lithgow. lithgow, william, - ? [ ] p. printed by j.o., london : . signatures: a-c⁴. imperfect; pages stained with some loss of text. reproduction of the original in the aberdeen university library. eng travelers' writings, english -- early works to . a r (wing l ). civilwar no the present surveigh of london and englands state. containing a topographicall description of all the particular forts, redoubts, breast-wor lithgow, william c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john latta sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the present svrveigh of london and englands state . containing a topographicall description of all the particular forts , redoubts , breast-works , and trenches newly erected round about the citie on both sides of the river , with the severall fortifications thereof . and a perfect relation of some fatall accidents , and other disasters , which fell out in the city and countrey , during the authors abode there . intermingled also with certaine severall observations worthie of light and memorie . by william lithgow . london , printed by i. o. . the present surveigh of london , and englands state . after long fourtie yeares wandring since my first launching abroad to surveigh the spacious bounds and tertiat face of the ancient world ; besides my daily fastidious and now frequent p●edestriat progresses at home , and in neighbour regions about ; and being fallen in the rotten bosome of declyning age , the sun being set on the winter day of mine elabourat time , and that time past three score years : yet now i say for diverse serious respects ▪ in this instant year , . april . it was my resolution to imbarke at preston pannes with sundrie passengers bound for london : where weighing ankers , and hoysing saile , with roome winds and fair weather , we coasted along the brittannian shoare . in all which deserted way betweene forth and gravesend wee found onely three ships , two scots-men and a noruegian , and one of the royall whelps lying at anker in aermouth road , which made the sea resemble a wildernesse , and the devasted shoare the comfortlesse sight of a desolate land . where never heretofore ( winter excepted ) these tritonian bounds were seen ( reciprocally taken ) without saile , recoursing that sandie and shelfy marine but the estate and affaires of this world are ever ranging , ever changing , never constant ; which made solon tell craesus that man should never reckon on the felicity of this life , because there might be a mutability of fortune ere death . the like may i now say of deplorable germanie , lately the mother soyle of europe , yea , and the glorie of the whole universe , that never in these dayes of antiquitie could chaldea , chelfania , assyria , and mesopotamia , the foure principall pastures for the first creation , compare with that almost invincible empyre for princes , potentates , nobilitie , imperiall cities , gentrie , merchants , and rich bowres ; no , no , for it was the superabounding fulnesse of men , money and might ; and indeed nothing inferior ( the fall of adam reserved ) to the first orientall paradise . and yet when the fulnesse of their pride , luxurie , gluttonie , and libidinous lusts , were sprung on high , and crying for heavens all-commanding judgements , how soon with the sword , plague , and famine , were they thrown down upon the desperat rocks of grievous desolation . and who can tell ( it is now begun ) how soon the like punishment may fall upon this i le , the south part whereof being loaden with self love , vain glorie , the fatnesse of vices , ambitious pride , and a contemptible disdain of all nations , themselves excepted . so that their backs and bellies , like unto castor and pollux are become the loadstone of their flattering follies and pampering pleasures : that without some condigne correction they might easily ( in a manner ) forget the creatour , and so the creature : spain in this chastisement may second germany , france may resemble spaine ; and i fear ere long ( which god evert ) england shall be left the last mourner of all ; bearing now ( as it were ) almost the very effigie of the distracted and combustible kingdomes in this europian tierce , upon the shoulders of her declining fortune . but now reverting to my purpose , the first news i heard at my disbarking , was the down-casting of the golden crosse in cheapside , to the which with speed i approached , where i saw divers imagious relicts tumbling down in the bottomlesse pit of oblivion : upon the sequell day , may , . it was razed to the ground , and the foundation thereof made levell with the street , which was not done by tumult , but by order of parliament . and now i will neither commend nor condemne the fact , but this far i dare say , whilst it stood , it was a monumentall ornament worthie of a royall citie , and the beautifull object of admiration to all spectatours and strangers . but indeed some idolatrous papists made it ( in going by ) the sanctuarie of their superstition , making homage to it , and crossing their now crossed breasts , have left the golden crosse to fall down like dagon at the feet of a happie begun reformation . so the third day thereafter , they caused take downe all the new and old crosses standing on churches , and steeple tops ; and notwithstanding whereof , i still carry six crosses on my arme , and the seventh crosse still followeth mee against my will , which the world may help , and i cannot prevent . next upon weddinsday ensuing may . by order of parliament , i saw at noone day two great heaps of books burned , both where the golden crosse formerly stood , and before the royall exchange : which books had been compyled by the popish prelaticall faction , for tollerating on the sabboth day , sportings , pastimes , prophane playes , and so consequently all sorts of labour , ( as the papists do at this day in the popes own patrimoniall lands ) prohibiting afternoone sermons , and commanding the erection of altars and homages therto ; which was done for the introduction of the masse , and other infinite pendicles of poperie . and now truely i never saw london these fourtie yeares past so populous as now it is ▪ only there is a general muttering that money is hard to come by , and that is , because all kinde of trades and trading begin to decay , and they who have money keep it close , for common imployments are lately metamorphosed in flying collours , toucking of drummes , inveloping scarffs , and pandedalian feathers , wherein they have more pleasure than profite : and yet it best agrees with the peoples nature , who delight mainly in publick showes and frivole ostentations . indeed for victuals they have abundance , and plenty of all things , and at an easie rate , and want for nothing as yet save onely peace . but it may truly be feared , that if these their generall combustions draw to a winter leaguer , that both the city and kingdome shall smart for it : and why ? because both the great armies , and also the pettie armies in every county do so sack and spoil the grounds of horses , bestiall , grasse , corne , and haye , a●● also pitifully plunder the people of moneys , victuals , and domestick furniture , that the continuing of it in a short time shall ruine all . and now to begin with the cities insides , before i come to its outsides , and fortifications , i found the river from ratcliffe upwards , full of merchant ships , and they lying two and two , and side to side , with a pretty distance from couple to couple , resembled as though they had been to make a sea fight : but indeed they ly at their guard and are well provided . the first lamentation their tongues offered me here was the dearth and scarcity of coals , & notwithstanding of the daily relief they get from scotland yet they are loath to part with money , and in a wringing way , and grudging at their infranchized lot , heavily bewaile the losse of their advantagious tyne . i confesse their weekly taxes are great levyed to maintain the parliaments armie , besides many other burthens that daily depend upon their purses : and for all this ( besids the monthly contributions of the nine circumjacent counties ) the armies pay fals daily short , and they can neither march nor fight for lack of moneyes , the want whereof being the main and chiefest cause of their slow proceedings . which weekly collections , according to that multipotent place , and the country about is truely supposed to amount ( per annum ) to three millions of money . but how it is disposed , either by the hands of corruption , or if reserved policy for future respects bee the maine restraint , i cease to discerne it , though many thousands daily gape for it . vvhich makes me call to minde , that when the last constantine lost constantinople , mahomet the second , the great turke found such store of gold and silver amongst the inhabitants , that he sighing , said , o! if the christians had been as bountifull for their own defensive safety ▪ as they had substance to do it , all the power of the scythian ottomans had never been able to have dantoned their might . so peradventure the like ( as god forbid ) may be said of london if it should fall out so ; then would these rotten money-mongers lurking within her bowels bee left the miserable ●nd mourning spectators ( as the greeks were ) upon their own idolatrized coyne . for the long delicacie of doting peace and pleasure so effeminates the world , that they beginne to spurne at trouble before distresse appear , which sensualitie begets , and disdainfull pride would contemne , and yet cannot prevent what the heavens determine . now for a generall view , the citie hath many courts du guard with new barrocaded posts , and they strongly girded with great chaines of yron ; and all the opening passages at street ends for the fields and road wayes are in like manner made defensive , and strictly watched : the sides of the river , as at billinsgate , and other places have also courts du guard , and they nightly guarded with companies of the traind bands : which number being of six old regiments , and they six thousand men , are now doubled with six new regiments , which maketh up twelve thousands in all . beyond the river in the borrough of southwark is the self same discipline observed , and all under the command of the citie . so is westminster , the strand , and all the liberties thereof , now taken in under the custodie of london : and their traind bands there , i mean of westminster are not be trusted with neither parliament nor citie ; so that the quotidian guard of the parliament come daily out of london : where they are placed in two courts of guard , the one before the hall in the palace court near to the water staires , the other court du guard standeth in the parliament yard , where the peers ascend and descend from the upper house . both houses of peeres and commons having double centinels with picke and musquet at the entrie of their sitting places , remaine there ay as long as the parliamentariat bodies remaine : the number of the upper-house amounteth to twenty six noblemen , besides eight others at sea and land service , the lower house by a just computation of the clark and given to me in print , amount to two hundred and twelve knights , and commissioners , besides the deserted persons of both houses , and some of them lately returned . and what shall i say , i found the street-enravelld court before white hall gate , guarded also with a court du guard , a noveltie beyond novelties , and what was more rarer , i found the g●●●●● growing deep in the royall courts of the kings house , which i●●deed was a lamentable sight . and in that sight i rancountere● there abouts with george withers my fellow poet , and once my fellow-prisoner , where digesting some discourses ( for he is now a captain of a horse troupe ) he told me that he had been plundered at michalmes last by some of the kings forces in surray , for there he hath a wife and residence , where being civilizd , his poetick mansion met with uncivill fellowes , i would say malignants . and here i may not forget the false and lying aspersions laid upon scotland lately by two english authors , the one work , named the plain english , where his perjuriat falshood averres , that 〈◊〉 hold and enjoy our present peace and safety , of some of their peeres in england ; when contrariwise they hold their parliament and present libertie of scotland , and our invincible armie which procured it . the other worke intituled , the subjects liberty , will have scotland at the first but a dukedoome and in subjection to england ; see how these damnable villaines can coine & invent ( an they please ) such base absurdities , and yet go free unpunished and why ? because they have from ancient and preteriat times , a generall and natural malignitie against our nation , which neither can nor will be extermined till the day of doome ; for it runneth in a successive line , as the conduit from the fountaine ingorgeth the pond . i would speak more freely here , and that justly , but that i do not love to be accounted for a malignant , whilst there are too many already of that sycophantick kinde in both kingdomes ; and so i proceed in a fair way . the daily musters and showes of all sorts of londoners here , were wondrous commendable in marching to the fields and out-works ; ( as merchants , silk-men , macers , shopkeepers , &c. ) with great alacritie , carrying on their shoulders yron mattocks , and wooden shovels , with roaring drummes , flying collours , and gurded swords ; most companies being also interlarded with ladies , women , and girles : two and two carrying baskets for to advance the labour , where divers wrought till they fell sick of their pains . all the trades and whole inhabitants ( the i●sey courts excepted ) within the city , liberties , suburbs , and circumjacent dependencies went day about to all quarters for the erection of their forts and trenches : and this hath continued these foure months past , the half of which time i was a spectator to their laborious toyle , as after you shall hear . the greatest company which i observed to march out , according to their turnes were the taylours , carrying fourtie six collours , and seconded with eight thousand lusty men : the next in greatnesse of number , were the watermen , amounting to seven thousand tuggers , carrying thirty seven collours : the shoe-makers were five thousand and oddes carrying twenty nine collors ; and indeed the gentle craft could never heretofore have mustered so many here since crispus and crispianus , the two supposed princes , their patrones , forsook the trade . neither in this catologue dare i forget the porters that marched forth one day toward tayburne fields , carrying twentie three collours , being three thousand white shirts : and ( verbi gratia ) upon that same day , a thousand oyster wives advanced from billinsgate through cheapside to crabtree field all alone , with drummes and flying collours , and in a civil manner , their goddess bellona leading them in a martiall way . the next day following may , the feltmakers , fishmongers , and coupers , marched three severall wayes to three sundrie fields , carrying twenty four collours , had their number amounted to three thousand and odds . and now to shun prolixitie , let the ingenious reader judge , what number of numbers would these sequel trades be , as goldsmiths , ferriers , bakers , bruers , butchers , cooks , candlemakers , smiths , cutlers , carpenters , shipwrights , joyners , boxmakers , wheelewrights , turners , carmers , and foure thousand weavers , braziers , dyers , imbrouderers , horologiers , watchmakers , engravers , tinkers , haberdashers , feathermakers , clothiers , tanners , curriers , glovers , spurriers , painters , printers , stationers , bookbinders , gunmakers , glaziers , masons , tecturers , brickmakers , plumbers , vpholsters , combemakers , girdlers , coblers , chimney-sweepers , jackfarmers , with many moe that i can not recollect . which indeed ( as they are of a marvellous great number ) so it was a delicat observation , to consider and remarke the indefatigable multitude and strength of the city , never heretofore practised nor exercised . the computation whereof may sincirly amount to an hundred thousand able men , not reckoning any above fifty years of age , although the latter number would far exceed the former . and now closing this preceeding passage , behold the superstitious holy dayes in the city , and countrey , are not as hitherto abolished ; neither have they a seeming purpose to abandon them , because they are the baits of prophane pleasures , and vitious wantonnesse , which their gadding inclinations love rather to follow than forsake . neither is their service book exterminated , but in an ambiguous way some churches professing it , and other some disallowing it ; i will not here expostulate between the mean and the manner , but surely there is a great wisedome visibly seene in the generall councell , that will not enforce a sudden alteration upon the people , till weightier matters be first settled , lest the one half should devoure the other , and the common estate of the common-weal be miserably ramversed , for as the italian saith , china piano ua sano , so say we , that soft fire makes sweet malt : even so the prudent proceeding of provident policie must with a multitude dallie , as the fisherman doth with a hooked salmond , le ts him strugle in the streame a while , and then softly steales him to the land , where he is catchd and dispatchd . and now the nature of man would ever either hear or see novelties , and here a speciall one ; the tower of london from long antiquitie , wont ever to guard the city as the eagle keeps her yong ones from the griffon ) but now the citie guards day and night the tower , lest bishop laud , and bishop wren should leap out through the iron windowes to swim on thames , and that euripus to swallow them down , which should be a great pitie , if the popes indulgences could prevent it : and now i recall at my first coming here , it was agitate in parliament , to send these two ghostly fathers to new england , that the great ocean before their arrivall there , might purget hem ( like to purgatorie ) of all the corruptions and perfidious knaveries they had done in england , with many others these twenty five yeares : this resolution was relented , which many a heart lamented : but it may be against the next spring , they will either make saile or hing . the citie now hath fourteen horse troupes , that scoute the high wayes , both day and night , and ride the round nightly twice about the foot squadrons , where so their centinels are set at watch , and themselves to stand on guard , for this is the militarie way of mars . and now coming to my maine purpose , i wish the reader hold but conceive , as my pen shal let him see , the fairest encompassed city in all europe , which my pedestriall march in twelve hours time painfully performed . and thus , three dayes before my departure thence , i approached to make the toure round about , and descending to the lower end of wappine , there i beganne my circuit . then here close by the houses and the river thames , i found a seven angled fort , erected of turffe , sand , watles , and earthen worke , ( as all the rest are composed of the like ) having aine port holes , and as many cannons ; and neare the top round about pallosaded with sharpe wooden stakes sixt in the bulwarkes right out , and a foot distant from another , which are defensive for suddain scalets , and single ditchd below , with a court du guard within . advancing thence along the trench dyke ( for all the trenches are deep ditched about ) vvhich runneth through wappine fields , to the further end of whitechappell , a great vvay vvithout aldgate , and on the road vvay to essex , i savv a nine angled fort , only pallosaded and single ditched , and planted vvith seven pieces of brazen ordonance , and a court du guard , composd of timber , and thatch'd vvith tyle stone , as all the rest are : vvhere tovvards myle-end green i beheld there tvvo pertie forts or redoubts , each of them vvith three ports and they cannoned , stand vvithin an intrenched closure , having five courts du guard , that secure the passage vvay : from white chappell fort northvvestvvard , i trenched along the trenches to shoarditch fort , standing mainly quadrangled , single pallosaded , and single ditched , carrying on three corners of the four , eight demicanons and a royall court du guard within : and without which and at kingsland ( being the old post way for scotland ) there stands two earthen rampires , with two courts du guard . thence returned ; i followed along the champaine breastworkes to hogston , where i found a quadrat fort , well pallosaded and planted with five cannons at the two field corners : the strength is double ditched , and betweene the two it is strongly barrocaded , with wooden stakes , everie stake neare the top being fenced with three iron hookes of a span long . thence i marched through fineberry fields along the trench ( enclosing there moorefields ) and came to mount-milhill , fort , ( for all the forts about are blank and blanke in sight of other ) where being arryved i found it standing on the high way near to the red bull : this is a large and singular fortification , having a fort above and within a fort , the lowest consisting of five angles , two whereof towards the fields , are each of them thrice ported , having as many great cannon , with a flanking piece from a hid corner : the upper fort standing circular is furnished with eleven pieces of cannon reall , which command all the rest , and upon the bosome top of all standeth a windmill . the lower bulwarks , are first pallosaded round about , and near their tops , and then in the middle flank between the two ditches strongly barrocaded , beside two countercarps , and three redoubts of lesser importance , yet all defensive . this is one of the chief forts about the city and first erected . thence footing along the trench dyke ( which is three yards thick , and on the ditch side twice as high ) i courted islington , at the lower end whereof i found a strong and large strength , called waterfield fort , having within two utter workes a circularie mount , stored with nine great pieces of artillerie , and on the point of a countercarp three pieces more : there i saw the longest court du guard ) being longer then two ordinarie churches ) that i have seen as yet . a little further ( about ten paire buts ) i appoached to islington hill , where there is erected a most rare & admirable fortification , called strawes fort , but now fort royall . it hath eight angles , and a spacious interlarding distance , between each of the cornerd bulwarks : this fort is marvellous perspicuous and prospective both for city and countrey , commanding all the other inferiour fortifications , near and about that part of the enclining grounds . the northeast cornerd bulwark is double altified above the rest of the vvorke , carrying on the tvvo sides thereof six cannon royall ; and the tvvo south and west corners are mutually charged on each of them , with two half culverins of brasse ; and the east promontoriat corner adorned with three whole cannon . the altified bulvvark is tvvice pallosaded , and at the root of the vvork ansvverable to the top of the inmost ditch , it is strongly barrocaded ; the middle place betvveen the two ditches is enravelled all about vvith lovv vvooden stakes , and long pikes of throvvne pointed iron , and vvithout all vvhich vvorks there is a breastvvork cast up , and made defensive either for the first assault , or for the second invasion . descending thence to holburne fields i accoasted a strength , named , pinder of wakfields fort , being onely quadrangled , pallosaded , and single ditched , and enstalled vvith five great ordonance and a court du guard . abandoning the place and shoaring along the trench a little further to longfield , i presently rancountred vvith north hampton fort , consisting of tvvo divided quadrangled bulvvarks , and each of them garnished vvith foure demiculverins of brasse ; the interveening distance fortified , the tvvo former bodies are pallosaded , double ditched , and the middle division vvherof , barrocaded vvith stakes a yard high , and each of them hooked with three counterthwarting pikes of iron : whence conducted along with the trenches through s. geilles fields , i arryved at crabtree fort , in crabtree fields , standing in a quadrangle , and loaden with six culverines of brasse , placed on the two field corners , defying the malignants or what assailants may there encroach : the fort is pallosaded above , doubleditched below , and barrocaded in the middle division , with thick standing stakes and they conterbanded with thwarting iron pyks and a stately court duguard within : leaving this and marching along the circulary line , it grieved me to see so many rich grounds of grasse utterly spoyled with 〈◊〉 erection of these works , insomuch that horse and cattell certaynels will come short of their food there for seven years and the owners thereof must fall pitty fully short of their yearly profits , for where trouble is , then cometh misery having left the aforsaid fort , i saluted the banqueting house fortresse , composed of two forts upon tayburne way and maribone fields : here i found both the forts answerable to other , the way only divyding them , and they both , pallosaded , double ditchd , and barrocaded with iron pyks ; the one cled with eight demicanon , and the other fensed with foure semiculverines of iron ; both wondrous defensible . a little advanced from this tayburnian passage , i insulted upon sergeants fort , composed mainly of foure angles , a court du guard five piece of ordonance and fortifyed in all things , just like to the former : departing thence , i shortly encroached upon head park-corner fort , which is a maine great strength , having one fort above , and within another , and the third fort closing the road way standeth breasting the other two : the upmost inveloped fort , overtopping the other two ; is garnishd with eight cannon reall and on the inferiour bulwark northward , being a second part of the forts maine body , there bee intrusted there five brazen half-cannons more ; and before it towards the fields a breasting countercarp : the third dependant fort standeth enstald with six demie culverines , amounting to ninteen of all : this great fortification , is but only pallosaded and single ditched , yet wonderfull strong and of great bounds : all the three having seventeen angles . and this this is the west most fortification enclosing the park , the fields , the large mansion , and other enlargements belonging to s. james his liberty . thence drayning along a devalling trench through milkfield toward tuttle fields , i rancontred with two half moon workes ; some ten paire buttes distant , both of them pallosaded , barrocaded with irne picks , and each of them planted with three demie cannon of brasse : both these works stand sighting chelsay : whence breasting along the breastworkes i happily imbraced tutlefield fort , my familiar ground of old acquaintance . this fortresse is composed of nyne angles being pallosaded , and only double ditched , and surcharged at the fouth and west corners with six pieces of ordonance and a court du guard . here is an end of midlesex labour : from which posternall place , i courted the river syde , and crossed over to lambethin surray : in the head of which town westward , and close by the river , i visited the nyne-elmes for t , composed of foure angles , five ports , and five demiculverines being slenderly pallosaded and single ditched , for this fort and tuttle fort stand opposite to other , the river only dividing them . whence following my circulary progresse i enhaunced my desired view of fauxhall fort , which indeed is a delicate large and defensive work being twice pallosaded ▪ once ditched , and bearing the burthen of fourteen culverines . and hence transported amaine with a greedy desire to surveigh s. georges fields , i found half way hither a singular countercarp , and fortified , besides workmanship , with three half culverines ; and then i arryved at the fort royall in georges field : which indeed of all the works i have as yet made mention of , this is the only rarest and fairest , and contryved and reared after the moderne modell of an impregnant citadale : having foure large bulwarks , every one counterbanding another from flank to flank , and the foure interveining quarters are also interlaced with spacious and defensible midworks : the maine bosome of which , with the incumbent insides of the foure promontories , may easily containe three thousand men the foure corners being destinated for twenty foure cannon reall . the exteriour works are not as yet accomplished ( although fast advancing ) but certainly they will bee perfyted after the londonian forts as i have newly rehearsed ; neither are the trenches done which are drawn a long thence to the top of southwark called nevington fort : the which is composed of two flanking redoubts , divyding nine pieces of ordonance between them , having two courts du-guard , and backed with two countercarps , infringing the road way passenger , till a condigne tryall of what are you what carry you and from whence came you bee demanded ; hence i continued my purpose to the top of kentstreet and found there only a circulary rampire of smal importance fensed with a single ditch between two ditches , and enstald with five piece of ordonance , and so is the other at the back of redre●● but more defensible then the other : yet they are both to be interlarded with redoubts , & countercarps , in the intrenched grounds . so here at redreiff-fort , just opposite to wapine for t , i finished the pilgrimagious toyle of a wearisome dayes journey , the circuit whereof on both sides the river amounteth to eighteen kentishmyles . from which i may say , that london was never truly london till now , for now she sits like a noble lady upon a royall thron , securing all her encroaching pendicles under the wings of a motherly protection ; yet these limites were never heretofore granted till the parliament for their better safety , confirmed this construction ; that ( grand-cayro excepted ) i have not seen a larger inveloped compasse within the whole universe . by which computation i apprehend that this circuit comprehends above five hundred thousand dwelling houses , and in them large three millions of soules , that me thinkes he were a happy prince , that could bee but only king of such a city , as london now sits intrenched though hee had no moe provinces besides . and now the maine number of all these circulating fortresses ( besides redoubtes , countercarps and halfmoon-workes along the trenches ) amount to twenty foure forts in all ; & upon them planted and resetled two hundred and twelve pieces of cannon , which indeed is a mighty and tremenduous sight , where vulcan and bellona mean to make a bloody match if the esurious assailants should come in a tragicall inconsiderable way , to surpryse the virginitie of these new and now almost finished fortifications . which indeed have been verie chargeable to the city , and daily will bee more , for all the port holes are soled and syded with timber , the plat formes where the cannons ly , are laid with strong oaken planks ; all the ordonance are mounted upon new wheeles , besides the pallosading and barrocading of them without , with yron workes , and other engynes . and now sorest in the daily maintaining of commanders and forces into them , with ammunition and all things necessarie both for the forts and souldiers . but it is no matter , let guilth'all pay for all , for there lyeth the treasure and weekly collections of the citie , which amounteth to twelve thousand pound sterling a week , besides the countrey about : and moreover , the customes , the royall rents , the episcopall revenues , the plundring of malignants , and all lye there : where there are sitting a daily committee appointed by the parliament and city , who have the disposing of all , as they think sitting ▪ notwithstanding they must returne their accounts to both the houses . and now in discoursing of these forts , i have beene somewhat prolixious , not usuall in my former styles , but done of purpose , that the reader may conceive by paper , which i have known by occular experience , and so i proceed . now to observe in these following consequences my former condition , i will bee as indifferent as these relenting times may suffer me ; and thus i begin : the chiefest conflicts and accidents , which actually fell out in my being here , were onely three ▪ the first was the intaking of redding by generall essex , and that repulsing skirmish fought at cussan bridge , the royall patriot of the countrey being there in person : for surrendring of which towne , colonell fielding then governour thereof , was lately condemned by a councell of war held at oxford , to bee shot dead at a post . the second accidentall blow may . was that conflict in cornwall , where sir ralph hapton prevailed against some of the earle of stamfords forces , he being for the time in exceter , and had left five traind bands of that county , to second his intrenched brigad , which when hampton fell on , they fled , and left stamfords forces to finde the sweet and smart of life and death from the adversarie , some taken , and some dispatchd , and yet stamford was equall with that defeat the day following . hapton was and is for his majestie , and lord stamford for the parliament . the third and most remarkable of all , was that prevalent victorie , may . which the lord fairfax son obtained at wakfield in yorkshyre , against colonell gowring and his forces , being a part of the queenes armie led under generall king , a conjunc● with the l newcastle , where fairfax put to flight and rout the whole brigad , taking colonel gowring prisoner with twenty five pryme officers , and fifteene hundred common souldiers , so that none escaped save some fevv horse troupes , and a fevv of them slain : for the vvhich auspicuous happinesse , there vvas solemne thanks given to god through all the churches in london may being sunday , and this gratefull celebration was ordered by the parliament to be done . colonel gowring , and a lieutenant colonell , with some serjant majors and speciall captaines , were sent to sir iohn hottam governnour of hull to be enterained there as captives , because they love powder so well , there is a great magazin standing there , where i leave them to smart , till they finde a better heart : but by your leave , gowring was once taken afore by the parliaments forces , and thereafter swore at his enlargement never to carry armes any more against them ; but now what the councell of war will modifie i know not , let mercy or the martial law decyde it . neither will i meddle here with that promiscuous battell fought at edgehill or keynton , where both the armies left other without either flight or following : nor will i report of that unhappy busines of brandford ( though in the end it proved happie for london ) because they do carry a reflection to a greater eminency , than my pen dare to contend with . and indeed all the counties of england ( except the five confederat counties , and kent that are ( and many moe ) for the great councell ) are in a combustion , some for the papists , some for the parliament , and all for the king : but understand me better , and be not misled , take not this generall uproare ( as i may say ) to bee between our gracious king and his loving subjects ; no , no , the quarrell dependeth only and absolutely betweene the papists and protestants ; for either must the gospel prevail with us , else their idolatrie shall overtrample all ; and therefore looke to it who may , for here is the main matter . and yet observe more , policie was wont to depend upon prudencie and providence , vertue being the sole foundation of both : but now it dependeth upon perjury and falshood , perfidious dissimulation being the ground-worke of its deceitfulnesse ; and a sophisticall habit , the sycophantick boldnesse of its brazen face : great god amend it , else speedilie mend it , for this distracted ile is over burdened with the filthie contagion of its forsworne falsities ; and honesty and honour miserably misregarded . neither may i forget that hard and unkindly usage that some of my country gallants have got there , being about an hundred and fifty of them ; all officers and souldiers of fortune ; and all and most of them being enroll'd , some have attended ten months , some longer , some lesser time , and yet can neither get imployment , pay , nor passe from the parliament , to their great undoing and losse of time . but indeed at their first going to the field ( not they ) but some other speciall commanders were held in great estimation , but as soone as the english begun to learn the militarie art of discipline from our scots cavaliers , they begun to contemne them , and wring them out piece and piece from their imployments and charge . i will not herein particularize any more , ( although duety commandeth me ) least i be found refractary , to that quiet & happy looked for association . but indeed their contemptible ambition , cannot away with our generous countrey-men any longer , than they have reacquisted their owne ends . and now some of their flattering ruffians , begin to direct their souldiers with lectorall lessons , as doting phormio , would have taught hanniball to fight , & forgetting the true discipline , would put all upon ignorant practise . so now i call to minde about whitsontide last , there was such an exclamation against the scots for a weeks time as was pittyfull to hear , tearming us ( commonly and disdainfully ) false scots : with many other incompatible execrations ; and those their calumnies and despight arose from an imployment sent from chester to york , the effect wee know , the event is not finished , but this i may say since that imploring missive was published here in print , the name of a scot is growne so odious amongst londoners , as the name of satan is to the soule of a sainct . yet they are still longing and praying for our help . but wishing and woulding ( we say ) makes poore housholding : nay , their tongues challenge our assistance by way of obligation , affirming that we first begun it and therefore should help to end it ; to whom i often answered , that this combustion came first from them , and now it is returned again in their own bosome . and scotland hath done for them ( said i ) which they could not do for themselves which you all acknowledge and yet are ingratefull ; and besides the great summes of moneys resting indebted by their publict faith to our nation , for that friendly aide , yet our kingdome keeps now an army in ireland to danton these bloudy rebels , set against your peace , and our profession ; and as yet they have received no acknowledgement from your parliament therefore ; and said i cast away your ceremonies your holy daies , superstitious rites , your romish letanie , your dregs of popery , and upbraiding of our cavaliers , and then will scotland prove a true sister to england ; which if not , why should they go fight to maintaine your fopperies , many such expostulations had i with hundreds of them . the recitation whereof to avoide prolixitie i purposly omit . and notwithstanding whereof , yet the groaning and mourning people crave commisseration , for even now they are begun to collect a severall domestick contribution through london , and the now enclosed circumjacent parts thereof , for the regaining of coale again winter , and thus , every house according to the chaulders they spend lesse or more yearly shall presently advance as much money ( to set forth a present navy and forces for recovering of newcastle ) viz. twenty shillings sterling for the chaulder , and are to receive the coales ( when they get them ) at the same rate , which will draw to a marveilous masse of money since the meanest house will spend three or foure chaulder a year . so is there amongst the adventurers here , for the relief of jreland another colection presently in hand and for defraying the charges of the scottish army there . and many like burthens have the people lying upon their necks , besides the hebdomadall and domesticall pay of essex army . the continuance of which , will utterly undo the poorer sort , and make the rich to grumble . and i may not thrust in oblivion here , the great sea navy weekly maintained by the parliament and people , round about the coasts of england and jreland , though to small purpose , yet to an infinite deale of charges , which indeed the commons must bear , the parliament command , and the shoare loytering lubbards consume . but now to returne to both armies at this instant june . . they are lying within foure myles of other , and near to oxford , where selected troup partyes on both sides , now and then are snarling at other like unto hircanian wolves , but seldome byte , unles it be with a flying farewell . the parliaments army is thousand strong , and daily grow stronger and stronger , both out of kent , the city , and the confederat countyes : the kings army , but rather the papists and malignants forces , are nowayes answerable to their adversaries number , neither for pay , nor power . but i must confesse , they are both grievous plunderers of the commons wheresoever they come . although the parliaments army be daily and orderly payed ; which the other is not . and it is daily expected they shall shortly either fight or flee , or else do both ; where after which wee hope the papists shall seize upon the mountaines of wales for their refuge : for if it draw , ( as it is very likely ) to a locall and lingring war , the whole kingdome shall be utterly spoyled , and undone before the next approaching yeare . as for their captives on both sides they are many , and left misregarded , neither will they interchange quality for quality with other , and our countreymen sir william ballantine , and colonell cocheran with divers others ly incarcerated in windsore castle , under the parliaments reverence ; so are also colonell connesby , sir villiam crofts englishmen and many other cavaleirs enthralld at bristoll under the same reverence and condition ; besides canterburryes house in lambeth now filld full of the like stuffe , and honest doctor lichton appointed for their keeper ; which country-man of ours , was pittifully disfigured and demayned by the villanous tyrannicall despight of william laud , who shortly is to undergo his tryals for his former treason , as the parliament have newly declared . observe here gods providence , how lichton , being but lately released from long imprisonment , is now put in lauds house , and cruell laud expuls'd from his princely mansion is now lying fast prisoner in the towre ; being both physicians , lauds charge should have been for the soul , but indeed lichton is a honester physitian for the body , and a better christian which crowneth all . and to engrosse here further discourse , colonell bruce is newly committed to prison , by the parliament , and his goods that were imbarked for scotland , are disbarked again and retained for the parliaments use , till further tryall be had of his negotiating in jreland these certaine yeares past , with the meer and barbarous jrish , and upon what authority he went there so often . about this time , june . colonell hurry made a start to oxford , having just reason , considering diverse affronts he had received , and could not be righted neither by committees nor martiall law , which here i forbear to particularize . but we expect ere long he shall deservingly repay all : and why ? because there is nought can kill merit sooner than ingratitude , nor enforce a noble disposition to be longer indebted to a misregarding friend , than a just revenge commands expedition . and let me tell you that now presently the sea here and there is spotted with dunkirker frigots under the collour of irish rogues , and fammouth in cornewall is become the mother harlot of these bastard-begotten brigants , being the chief place of their receptance and refuge . i will not touch here the condition nor manner how , because understanding may conceive it . and now the convention of some sound and learned divines , is presently in hand , who were summond hither by parliamentall power to sit and meet in westminster palace for reforming of religion , and in abolishing the former fopperies thereof ; and they are to continue there , during the indurance of parliament ; being to be assisted with some nobles , and members of the house of commons , for the better performance of their burdenable taske , where i leave them to a happie conclusion . neither may i here obumbrate the memorie of this late designe , framed for the overthrow of parliament and london : the discoverie and deliverie whereof was wonderfull , and yet the purpose far more cruel if it had taken effect : i will not further insist herein , since the oracle of the lower house hath twice already most largely manifested the same , both under print and power . but this much i may avouch , that if that unnatural attempt had prevailed , then & there , had i doubtles suffered with the rest : for now as i live to malaga a living martyre , so then they had sacrifized me with london a dying martyre . yea , and the like designe , and that same time , was contrived against bristol , whereupon there were two of the villaines hanged for their paines . there vvas a solemne thanksgiving to god through london , june and the countrey about for that happie day of their deliverance , and fourty six of their adversaries taken , and under tryall of the martiall law . and although every man wisheth and speaketh as he affects , yet have i indifferently ( like to the passenger sayling betvveene scylla and charibdis ) carryed my selfe to neither hand , but in a just vvay keeping a right course , least i should have offended the truth , and so have slaine the honesty of my good intention . for although it is impossible to give all parties content , yet i had rather please many as to offend any . and novv to close , almighty god preserve aright , and sanctifie the royall heart of our dread leige and governour : and novv good lord , either in thy mercy convert the papists , else in thy furie confound them , and turne their bloudy svvords back in their ovvn bosomes , that their devilish designes may never hence forth prevaile any more against thy saints and choicelings ; and send us and all true beleevers , the life and light of peace and truth . amen . finis . quo vadis? a iust censure of travell as it is commonly vndertaken by the gentlemen of our nation. by ios. hall d. of diuinitie. hall, joseph, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) quo vadis? a iust censure of travell as it is commonly vndertaken by the gentlemen of our nation. by ios. hall d. of diuinitie. hall, joseph, - . [ ], p. printed by edward griffin for nathaniel butter, london : . in this edition there are numbered pages. a variant of stc a, an edition with h. fetherstone's name in the imprint. imperfect; tightly bound affecting text. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - ali jakobson sampled and proofread - ali jakobson text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion quo vadis ? a ivst censvre of travell as it is commonly vndertaken by the gentlemen of our nation . by ios . hall d. of diuinitie . london , printed by edward griffin for nathaniel butter . . to the right honorable , my singular good lord , edward lord denny , baron of waltham . right honorable , i feuer any men had reason to bee in loue with the face of a forraine entertainment , those are they , which were admitted to the attendance of the truly generous and honorable , lord hay , your most noble sonne , in his late embassage to france ; in which number my vnworthinesse was allowed to make o●e ; who ca● therefore well witnesse , that no man could either recei●e more honour from a strange countrey , or doe more honour to his owne . what wanted there that might make men confesse themselues more welcome then strangers ? neither doubt i but that after many ages , france it selfe will wonder at the bountifull express●ons of her own● fauours . but whiles others were ●nioying the noble courtesies of the time , my thoughts entertained themselues with searching into the proofe of that ordinary trauell , wherewith i saw men comm●nly affected ; which , i must needs confesse , the more i saw , the lesse i liked . neither is it in the power of any forraine munificence , to make mee thinke ours any where so well● as at home . earthly commodities are no part of my thought : i looked ( as i ought ) at the soule ; which i ●ell saw , vses not only to gather 〈◊〉 mosse in this rolling , but suffers the best graces it bath , ●o molder away insensibly in such vnnecessary agitation . i haue now beene twise abroad : both times ( as thinking my selfe worthy of nothing but neglect ) i bent my eyes vpon others , to see what they did , what they got : my inquirie found our spirituall losse so palpable , that now at last my heart could not chuse but breake forth at my hand , and tell my countrymen of the dangerous issue of their curiositie . i meddle not with the common iourneyes to the miner all waters of the spa ; to which many sicke soules are beholden for a good excuse : who whiles they pretend the medicinall vse of that spring , can freely quaffe of the puddle of popish superstition ; poisoning the better part , in stead of helping the worse . these i leaue to the best physician , authoritie ; which if it may please to vndertake the cure , may perhaps saue as many english soules from infection , as that water cures bodies of diseases . i deale only with those , that professe to seeke the glory of a perfect breeding , and the perfection of that , which we call ciuilitie , in trauell : of which sort i haue ( not without indignation ) seene too many lose their hopes , and themselues in the way ; returning as empty of grace , and other vertues , as full of words , vanitie , mis-dispositions . i dedicate this poore discourse to your lo : as ( besides my daily renued obligations ) congratulating to you the sweet libertie and happy vse of your home ; who like a fixed starre may well ouer-looke these planets , and by your constant settlednesse , giue that aime to inferiour eies , which shall be in vaine expected from a wandring light . the god of beauen , to whose glorie i haue intended this weake labour , giue it fauor in the ●ight of his church , and returne it backe ; but with this good newes that any one of the son● of iaphet , is hereby perswaded to dwell euer in the tents of sem : vnto that diuine protection , i humbly betake your lo : iustly vowing my selfe your lo : humbly deuoted in a●l faithfull and christian obseruance , ios . hall . qvo vadis ? sect. . it is an ouer-rigorous construction of the workes of god , that in moting our iland with the ocean he ment to shut vs vp from other regions ; for god himselfe that made the sea , was the author of nauigation , and hath therein taught vs to set vp a wooden bridge , that may reach to the very antipodes themselues : this were to seeke discontentment in the bounty of god , who hath placed vs apart , for the singularity of our happinesse , not for restraint . there are two occasions wherein trauell may passe , matter of trafique , and matter of state. some commodities god hath confined to some countries , vpon others hee hath with a full hand powred those benefits , which hee hath but sprinkled vpon some . his wise prouidence hath made one countrey the granary , another the celler , another the orchard , another the arsenall of their neighbours , yea of the remotest parts . the earth is the lords which he meant not to keepe in his hands , but to giue ; and hee which hath giuen no man his faculties and graces for himselfe , nor put light into the sun , moone , stars for their owne vse , hath stored no parcell of earth with a purpose of priuate reseruation . salomon would neuer haue sent his nauie for apes and peacockes , but yet held gold and timber for the building of gods house , and his own , worthy of a whole three yeares voyage : the sea and earth are the great cofers of god ; the discoueries of nauigation are the keyes , which whosoeuer hath receiued , may know that he is freely allowed to vnlocke these chests of nature , without any neede to picke the wards : wise salomons comparison is reciprocall . a ship of merchants that fetches her wares from farre is the good hus-wife of the common-wealth , and if she were so in those blind voyages of antiquity , which neuer saw needle nor card , how much more thrifty must shee needes be in so many helpes both of nature and art ? either indies may be searched for those treasures , which god hath laid vp in them for their fardistant owners ; onely let our merchants take heed , least they go so farre , that they leaue god behinde them ; that whiles they buy all other things good cheape , they make not an ill match for their soules , least they end their prosperous aduentures in the shipwracke of a good conscience . sect. . and for matter of policy , nothing can be more plaine then that our correspondence with other nations cannot possibly be held vp , without intelligence of their estate , of their proceedings ; the neglect whereof were no other then to prostrate our selues to the mercie of an hollow friendship , and to stand still , and willingly lie open whiles wee are plaide vpon by the wit of vntrusty neighbourhood . th●se eyes and eares of state are necessarie to the well-being of the head ; in which number i doe not include those priuate inter-lopers of intelligence , that lie abroad only to feed some vaine cameleons at home with the aire of newes , for no other purpose , saue idle discourse ; but only those profitable agents , whose industrie either fitteth them abroad for publike imployment , or imployeth them after due maturitie , in the fit seruices of the common-wealth : neither my censure nor my direction reaches to either of these occasions . it is the trauell of curiosity wherwith my quarrell shall bee maintained ; the inconueniences whereof my owne senses haue so sufficiently witnessed , that if the wise parents of our gentry could haue borrowed mine eyes for the time , they wou●d euer learne to keepe their sonnes at home , and not wil●ully beate themselues with the ●taffe of their age : vpon them let my pen turne a little , as those that are more then accessaries to this both priuate and publike mischiefe . sect. . it is the affectation of too-early ripenesse that makes them prodgall of their childrens safety an● hopes ; for , that they may be wi●● betimes , they send them foo●● to the world in the minority bo● of age and iudgement , like as fon● mothers vse to send forth the● daughters on frosting , early in col● mornings ( though into the mi● of a vaporous and foggy ayre ) an● whiles they striue for a colo● loose their health ; if they were n● blinded with ouer-weening a● desire , they could not but see 〈◊〉 their vnsetlednesse carries in it manifest perill of mi●-carriag● grant that no danger were thre●ned by the place , experience gi● vs , that a weake-limde childe if 〈◊〉 be suffered to vse his legges too soone , too mu●h , lames himselfe for euer ; bu● if hee wa●ke in vneuen ground , he is no le●se subiect to maimes , then crookednesse . do they not see how easily a young twig is bowed any way● do they not see that the mid-wi●● and the nurse are wont to frame the gristly head of the infant to any fa●hion ? may not any thing be written vpon a blanke ? and if they make choice of this age , because it is most docible , and for that they would take the day before them , why doe they not consider that it ●s therefore more docible of e●ill ; ●ince wickednesse is both more 〈◊〉 and more plausible then ●ertue , especially when it meetes with an vntutored iudge ; and ●inc●●here is so much inequality of ●he ●umber of both , that it is not ●ore hard to finde vertue , then to misse vice . heare this then , yee carelesse ostriches , that leaue your egges in the open sand for the sun to hatch , without the feare of any hoo●e that may crush them in peec●s , haue your stomackes resolued to digest the hard newes of the ruine of your children ? doe ye professe anmity to your owne loynes ? then turne them ( as ye doe ) loose to these dangers , ere they c●n resist , ere they can discerne ; but if ye had rather they should liue and grow , bestow vpon them the kindly heat of your be●t plumes , and shelter them with your owne brest and wings , till nature haue opened a seasonable way to their owne abilities . se●● . . yea let it be my iust complaint in this place , that in the very transplantation of our sonnes to the sa●er soile of our owne vniuersities , and innes of court , nothing is more preiudiciall then speede . perfection is the childe of time ; neither was there euer any thing excellent , that required not meet leisure : but besides , how commonly is it seene , that those which had wont to swimme onely with bladders , sinke when they come first to trust their owne armes ? these lap-wings that goe from vnder the wing of their damme with their shell on their heads , run wilde . if tutors be neuer so carefull of their early charge , much must be left to their owne disposition ; which if it leade them not to good , not only the hopes of their youth , but the proofe of their age lies bleeding . it is true , that as the french lawyers say merily of the normans , which by a speciall priuiledge are reputed of full age at . yeeres , whereas the other french stay for their fiue and twentieth , that malitia supplet aetatem ; so may i say of the younglings of our time , that precocitie of vnderstanding supplieth age and stature : but as it is commonly seene , that those blossomes which ouer-runne the spring , and will be looking forth vpon a february-sunne , are nipped soone after with an aprill-frost , when they should come to the knitting : so is it no lesse ordinary that these rathe-ripe wits preuent their owne perfection , and after a vaine wonder of their haste , end either in shame , or obscuritie . and as it thus falles out euen in our vniuersities ( the most absolute and famous seminaries of the world ) where the tutors eye supplies the parents ; so must it needs much more , in th●se free and honourable innes ( as they are called , for their libertie , colledges for their vse ) of our english gentry , wherein each one is his owne master in respect of his priuate studie and gouernment : where there are many pots boiling , there cannot but bee much scumme . the concourse of a populous citie affords many brokers of villanie , which liue vpon the spoiles of young hopes , whose very acquaintance is destruction . how can these nouices , that are turned loose into the maine , ere they know either coast , or compasse , auoid these rockes and shelues , vpon which both their estates and soules are miserably wracked ? how commonly doe they learne to roare in stead of pleading , and in stead of knowing the lawes , learne how to conternne them ? we see , and rue this mischiefe , and yet i know not how carelesse we are in preuenting it . how much more desperate must it then needs be to send forth our children into those places which are professedly infectious , whose very goodnesse is either impietie , or superstition ? if wee desired to haue sonnes poisoned with mis-be●eefe , what could wee doe otherwise ? or what else doe those parents , which haue bequeathed their children to antichristianisme ? our late iourney into france informed me of some ordinary factors of rome , whose trade is the transporting and placing of our popish nouices beyond the seas ; one whereof ( whose name i noted ) hath beene obserued to carry ouer sixe seuerall charges in one ye●re . are wee so foolish to goe their way , whiles wee intend a contrary period ? doe wee send our sonnes to learne to be chaste in the midst of sodome ? the world is wide and open ; but our ordinary trauell is southward , into the iawes of danger : for so farre hath satans policie preuailed , that those parts which are only thought worth our viewing , are most contagious ; and will not part with either pleasure , or information , without some tang of wickednesse . what can wee pleade for our confidence , but that there is an houshold of righteous lot in the midst of that impure citie ; that there are houses in this lericho , which haue scarlet threeds shining in their windowes ; that in the most corrupted aire of poperie , some well reformed christians draw their breath , and sweeten it with their respiration . blessed bee god , that hath reared vp the towers of his sion , in the midst of babylon . wee must acknowledge , not without much gratulation to the gospell of christ , that in the very hottest climates of opposition , it findes many clients , but more friends ; and in those places , where author●tie hath plea●ed to giue more aire to the truth , would haue had many more , if the retormed part had happily continued that correspond●nce in some circumstances wi●h the romane church , which the church of englan● hath hitherto maintained . god is my record how ●r●e my heart is both from pa●●●alitic , and pr●iudi●e . mine eyes and eares can witnesse with wha● approo●e and applause diuer● of the catholiques royall ( as they are termed ) entertained the new-tran●lated liturgie o● our church , as maruelling to see such order and regular deuotion in them , whom they were taught to condemne for hereticall . whose allowances i w●ll saw , might with a little helpe , haue beene raised higher , from the practise of our church , to some points of our iudgement . but if true religion were in those parts yet better attended , and our young traueller could finde mo●e abettors , and examples of pie●ie , on whom wee might relie , yet how safe can it bee to trust young eyes with the view and censure of truth or ●alshood in religion ? especially when truth brings nothing to this barre , but extreme simplicitie , and contrarily , ●alshood , a gaw dy magnificence , and proud maiestie of pompous ceremonies , wherewith the hearts of children and fooles are easily taken . that curtizan of rome ( according to the mann●r of that profession ) sets out her selfe to sale in the most tempting fashion ; here want no colours , no per●umes , no wanton dre●ses ; whereas the poore spouse of christ can on●y say of her selfe , i am blacke , but comely . when on the one side they shall see such rich shrines , garish altars , stately processions , when they shall see a pope adored of emperours , cardinals preferd to kings , confessors made saints , little children made angels , in a word nothing not outwardly glorious : on the other side , a seruice without welt or guard , whose maiestie is all in the heart , none in the face , how easily may they incline to the conceit of that parisian dame , who seeing the procession of s. genoueifue goe by the streets , could say , ( o que belle , &c. ) how fine a religion is ours in comparison of the hugenots ? whereto must bee added , that ( supposing they doe not carry with them , but rather goe to fetch the language of the place ) some long time needs be spent , ere they can receiue any helpe to their deuotion ; whiles in the meane season , their vnthriuing intermi●●ion is assailed with a thousand suggestions : and who sees not that this lucrum cessans ( as the ciuil●ans terme it ) offers an open aduantage to a bu●●e aduersarie ? sect. . in a word , it hath beene the old praise of early rising , that it makes a man healthfull , holy , and rich ; whereof the first respects the body , the second the soule , the third the estate : all fals out contrary in an early trauell . for health : the wise prouidence of god hath so contriued his earth , and vs , that he ha●h fitted our bodies to our clime , and the natiue sustenance of the place vnto our bodies . the apparant difference of diet ( and of drinkes especially ) falling into so tender age , must needs cause a iarre in the constitution ; which cannot in all likelihood , but send forth distemper into the whole course of the ensuing life . the streame runnes like the fountaine , and speeds well , if at last , by many changes of soile it can leaue an ill qualitie behinde it : besides that the mis-gouernance of diet , whereto their libertie layes them open in the weaknesse of their pupillage , cannot but bee extremely preiudiciall . in this point let experience be consulted with ; her vnpartiall sentence shall easily tell vs , how few young trauellers haue brought home , sound and strong , and ( in a word ) english bodies . as for holinesse , we lose our labour , if this discourse proue not that it hath none so great enemie as timely trauell ; at once doe wee hazard to abandon god and our home : set an empty pitcher to the fire , it crackes presently , whereas the full will abide boiling . it was the younger sonne in the gospell , who therefore turnes vnthrift , because he got his portion too soone into his hands , and wandred into a farre countrey . the eye of the parent , and the ferule of the master , is all too little to bring our sonnes to good . where then there is neither restraint of euill , nor helps to grace , how should their condition bee other than hopelesse ? the soile doth much in many plants : the persian hyos●yamus if it be translated to egypt , proues deadly ; if to ierusalem , safe and wholesome : neither is it otherwise with some dispositions , which may iustly curse the place , as accessory to their vndoing . lastly , for riches , not of the purse , ( which is not here thought of ) but of the mind , what can bee expected from that age , which is not capable of obseruation , carele●●e of reposition ? whereof the one gets , the other keepes the treasure of our vnderstanding . what is this age fit to looke after but butterflies , or birds nests , or perhaps the gay coat of a courtier ? and if remarkable considerations be put into it by others , they are as some loose pearles , which for want of filing vpon a string , shake out of our pockets ; so as all the wealth of a young traueller is only in his tongue , wherein he exceeds his mothers parrat at home , both for that hee can speake more , and knowes that he speaketh . sect. . and in truth , it is not onely in trauell , wherein wee may iustly complaine of the inconuenience of haste , but ( that wee may looke● a little aside ) in all the important businesses of our life ; especially in marriages and professions ; the ordinary haste in the one ( before the face can descry the sex ) fils the world full of beggerie and impotence ; and no lesse haste in the other , fils it as full of ignorance and imperfection . for on the one side , where the vigour of nature wants , what can be propagated but infirmity , or how can hee skill to liue that wants experience ? on the other , what plenty of water can there be , where the leade of the cisterne is put all into the pipes ? where those that should be gathering knowledge for themselues , spend it ( like vnthrifty heires ) vpon others , as fast as they get it . i am deceiued , if i haue not touched one of the maine grounds of that vniuersall decay of arts and men , wherewith the world is commonly checked : they must bee mightier and wiser , that know to redresse it . sect. . but let vs giue our traueller ( that which parents seldome care to giue ) maturity of age ; let him be as ripe as time can make him ; what is the best aduantage which his absence can promise vs : let vs lay the benefits of trauell in the one sca●e , the inconueniences on the other , whethersoeuer ouer-waighes , shall sway downe the beame of our iudgement . the priuate contentment of a mans owne heart in the view o● forraine things , is but a better name of an humorous curio●ity . if a man yeelde to runne after his appetite and his eye , he shall neuer know where to re●t , and after many idle excursions , ●hal lie downe weary , but vnsa●is●ied . for , giue me a man that hath seene ●udasses lanterne at s. dennises , the ephe●ian ●iana in the louure , the great vessell at heydelberg , the amphitheater at ●ismes , the ruines and halfe-lettred monuments of the seuen hilles , and a thousand such rarities ; what peace hath his heart aboue those , that sit at home , and contemne these toyes ? and what if that mans fancie shall call him to the stables of the great mogol , or to the solemnities of mecha , or to the librarie of the moun●aine of the moone , will hee be so farre the drudge or lacquay of his owne imagination , as to vndertake ●his pilgrimage ? or where will he stay at last , vpon his returne ? if he haue smelt the ill-sented cities of france , or haue seene faire florence , rich venice , proud genua , luca the industrious : if then his thoughts shall tempt him to see the rich gluttons house in ierusalem , or inuite him to asmere , or bengala , must he goe ? and if hee can denie and chide his owne vnprofitable desires at the last , why began hee no sooner ? that could not be forborne too early , which at last we● repent to haue done : he therefore that trauels onely to please his fantasie , is like some woman with childe , that longs for that peece which she sees vpon anothers trencher , and swounds if she miss● it ; or some squire of dames , tha● doats vpon euery beautie , and is euery day loue-sicke anew : these humours are fitter for controlment , than obseruation . sect. . it is an higher facultie that trauell professeth to aduance , the supreme power of our vnderstanding , which if from hence it may be manifestly improued , he should not bee worthy to tread vpon the earth , that would not emulate drake , and candish , in compassing it : but ( set aside the studie of ciuill law , which indeed findes bett●r helpes abroad ) all sciences ( the word may seeme proud , but is true ) may be both more fitly wooed , and more surely wonne within our foure seas : for what learning is that , which the seas , or alpes , or pyrenees haue ingrossed from vs ? what profession either liberall , or manuary , wherein the greatest masters haue not beene at least equalled by our hom●-bred ilanders ? what hath this , or the former age knowne more eminent for learning , then some of ours , whi●h haue neuer trod on any but th●ir owne earth ? and ( as good market-men by one handfull iudge of● all the whole sacke ) why may we● not finde cause to thinke so of the rest , if they would not be wanting to themselues ? i am sure the vni uersities of our iland know no matches in all the world ; vnto whose per●e●tion ( that as they exceed others , so they may no lesse exceed themselues ) nothing wanteth , but seuere execution of the wise and carefull lawes of our ancestors , and restraint o● that libertie , which is the common disease of the time . and why should not the childe thriue as well with the mothers milke , as with a strangers ? whether it be the enuie , or the pusillanimitie of vs english , wee are still ready to vnder-value our owne , and admire forrainers ; whiles other nations haue applauded no professors more then those which they haue borrowed from vs ; neither haue wee beene so vnwise , as to lend forth our best : our neighbours ( which should be our corriuals in this praise ) shall be our iudges , if those f●w of our writers , which could be drawne forth into the publike light , haue not set copies to the rest of the world , not without iust admiration . and how many starres haue wee of no lesse magnitude , that will not be seene ? blessed be god ( who hath made this word as true , as it is great ) no nation vnder heauen so aboundeth with all varietie of learning , as this iland . from the head of gods anointed doth this sweet perfume distill to the vtmost skirts of this our region . knowledge did neuer sit crowned in the throne of maiestie , and wanted either respect , or attendance . the double praise which was of old giuen to two great nations , that italie could not be put down for armes , nor greece for learning , is happily met in one iland . those therefore that crosse the seas to fill their braine , doe but trauell northward for heat , and seeke that candle which they carry in their hand . sect. . yea so farre is our ordinary trauell from perfecting the intellectiue powers of our gentry , that it rather robs them of the very desire of perfection . for what discouragements shall they finde from the loue of studies , in those parts which are most sough● to for ciuilitie ? who k●ow●● not that they are growne to that height of debauch●ment , as to hold learning a shame to nobilitie ; esteeming it as a fit gard for the l●ng robe only , too base for their tiss●es ? an opinion so sauouring of proud ignorance , and ignorant looseness● , tha● i cannot honour it with a confutation . who would thinke that the reasonable soule of men , not professedly barbarous , should bee capable of such a monster ? what is learning , but reason improued ? and can reason so farre degenerate , as to hate and contemne it selfe ? were these men made onely for a sword , or a dogge , or an horse ? onely for sport , or execution ? i know not wherein lewi● the eleuenth shewed himselfe vnwitty , but in the charge which hee gaue to his sonne , to learne no more latine , but , qui nescit dissimulare , nescit viuere : and would this alone teach him to rule well ? doth the art of arts ( such is the gouernment of men ) require no grounds but dissimulation , or ignorance ? euen to the feeding of hogges , or sheepe , there is more and better skill necessary . how v●like is this to a successor of charles the great , whose word it had wont to be , that he had rather abound in knowledge , then wealth ? in the court of our king henry the eight , a certaine great peere ( of this diet ) could say , it was enough for noblemens sonnes to winde their horne , and carry their hauke faire ; that studie was for the children of a meaner ranke : to whom pace iustly replied , that then noblemen must bee content that their children many winde their hornes , and carry their haukes , while meaner mens sons doe weild the affaires of state. certainly it is a blinde and lame gouernment that lackes learning ; whose subiects , what are they else , but as limmes of a body whose head wanteth senses , which must needs therefore faile of either motion , or safetie ? from hence it is , that so few of the forraine noblesse are studious , in comparison of ours ; ( in which regard i am not ashamed to recant that which my vnexperience hath ( out of heare-say ) written in praise of the frenc● education ) and those few that haue stolne the turning ouer of bookes , hide their skill , left they should be made to blush at their vertue . what braue trophees and rich monuments hath the pen of our gracious soueraigne raised of himselfe vnto all posterities ? when ignorance and malice haue shot their bolt , the glory of his great wisdome , and knowledge , shall more fill the mouthes and affect the hearts of all succeeding ages , then of his greatnesse . paul the fift , and his greatest chaplaines , bellarmine and perron , haue felt the weight of his hand ; whereas the great king that stiles himselfe catholike , when he comes to passe his censorious edict vpon cardinall baronius ( who in the eleuenth tome of his historie seemed too busie in fastening the title of the kingdome of sicilie vpon the pope ) professeth to ground his intelligence of this wrong only vpon others eyes ; as if a booke ( though of a cardinall ) were too meane an obiect for the view of maiesty : and as all subordinate greatnes flowes from the head , so doe commonly also the dispositions . neither haue the doctours of the romish church ( vpon whom the implicit faith of the laitie is suspended ) found it any ill policie , to cherish this dislike of bookishnesse in the great ; for , whiles the candle is out , it is safe for them to play their trickes in the darke : and if the assyrians be once blinded , how easily may they bee led into the midst of any samar●a ? if the light of knowledge might freely ●hine to the world , poperie would soone bee ashamed of it selfe , and vanish amongst the workes of darknesse . now how well these examples , and this conuersation , shall whet the appetite vnto good studies , it cannot be hard to iudge . sect. . but perhaps it is not the learning of the schoole , but of the state , wherein our traueller hopes for perfection : the site and forme of cities , the fashions of gouernment , the manners of people , the raising and rate of forraine reuenues , the deportment of courts , the menaging both of warre and peace , is that wherein his owne eye shall be his best intelligencer ; the knowledge whereo● shall w●ll requite his labour , whether for discourse or for vse . what if i say , that ( saue the soothing vp of our fancy in all this ) these lessons may bee as well taken out at home : i haue knowen some that haue trauelled no further then their owne closet , which could both teach and correct the greatest traueller , after all his tedious and costly pererrations , what doe wee but lose the benefit of so many iournals , maps , hystoricall descriptions , relations , if we cannot with these helps , trauell by our owne fire-side ? hee that trauels into forraine countries , talkes perhaps with a peasant , or a pilgrim , or a citizen , or a courtier ; and must needs take such information as partiall rumour , or weake coniecture can giue him ; but hee that trauels into learned and credible authors , talkes with them who haue spent themselues in bolting out the truth of all passages ; and who hauing made their labours publike , would haue beene like to heare of it , if they had mis-reported : the ordinary traueller propounds some prime cities to himselfe , and thither hee walkes right forward , if he meet with ought that is memorable in the way , hee takes it vp ; but how many thousand matters of note fall beside him , on either hand ; of the knowledge whereof he is not guilty ; whereas ●ome graue and painefull author hath collected into one view , whatsoeuer his country affords worthy of marke ; hauing measured many a fowle step for that , which we may see dry-shod ; and worne out many yeeres in the search of that , which one houre shall make no lesse ours , then it was his owne . to which must be added , that our vnperfit acquaintance may not hope to finde so perfect information on the sudden , as a naturall inhabitant may get , by the disquisition of his whole life : let an italian or french passenger walk through this our iland , what can his table-bookes carry home , in comparison of the learned britaine of our camden , or the accurate tables of speed ? or if one of ours should ( as too many doe ) passe the alpes , what pittances can his wilde iourney obserue , in comparison of the itenerary of fr. schottus and capugnanus : or he that would discourse of the royalties of the french lillies , how can hee bee so furnished by flying report , as by the elaborate gatherings of cassaneus , or of degrassalius ; what should i bee infinite ? this age is so full of light , that there is no one country of the habitable world , whose beames are not crossed and interchanged with other ; knowledge of all affaires , is like musicke in the streets , whereof those may partake , which pay nothing ; wee doe not lie more open to one common snnne , then to the eyes and pens of our neighbours ; euen china itselfe , and iaponia , and those other remotest isles , & continents ( which haue taken the strictest order for closenesse ) haue receiued such discoueries , as would rather satisfie a reader , then prouoke him to amend them . a good booke is at once the best companion , and guide , and way , and end of our iourney ; necessity droue our forefathers out of doores , which else in those misty times had seene no light , we may with more ease , and no lesse profit sit still , and inherit , and enioy the labours of them , & our elder brethen , who haue purchased our knowledge with much hazard , time , toile , expence ; and haue beene liberall of their bloud ( some of them ) to leaue vs rich . sect. . as for that verball discourse , wherein i see some place the felicity of their trauell ( thinking it the onely grace , to tell wonders to a ring of admiring ignorants ) it is easie to answer ; that table-talk is the least care of a wise man ; who like a deepe streame desires rather to runne silent ; and as himselfe is seldome transported with wonder , so doth he not affect it in others ; reducing all to vse , rather then admiration , and more desiring to benefit , then astonish the hearer ; withall , that the same means which enable vs to know , d● at o●ce furnish vs with matter of dis●ourse , & for the forme of our expression , if it proceede not from that naturall dexterity which we carry with vs , in vaine shall wee hope to bring it home ; the change of language is rather an hinderance to our former readinesse ; and if some haue fetcht new noses , and lips , and eares from italy ( by the helpe of tagliacotius , & his schollers ) neuer any brought a new tongue from thence . ●o conclude , if a man would giue himselfe leaue to bee thus vaine and free , like a mill without a scluse , let him but trauell through the world of bookes , & he shall easily be able to out-talke that tongue , whose feet haue walkt the furthest ; what ●ath any eye seene , or imagination deuised , which the pen hath not dared to write ? out of our bookes can we tell the stories of the monocelli , who lying vpon their backes , shelter themselues from the sunne with the shadow of their one only foot . we can tell of those cheape-dieted men , that liue about the head of ganges , without mea● , without mouthes , feeding onely vpon aire at their nosthrils . or of those headlesse easterne people , that haue their eyes in their breasts ( a mis-conceit arising from their fashion of attire , which i haue sometimes seene ) : or of those coromand●e , of whom pliny speaks , that couer their whole body with their eares : or of the persecutors of s. thoma● of canterbury , whose posteritie ( if wee beleeue the con●ident writings of degra●●alius ) are borne with long and hairie tailes , souping after them ; which ( i imagine ) gaue occasion to that prouerbiall iest , wherewith our mirth vses to vpbraid the kentish : or of am●zons , or pygme●s , or satyres , or the samarcaudean lambe , which growing out of the earth by the nauell , grazeth so ●ar●e as that natural●●●ther will reach : or of the bird ruc , or ten thousand such miracles , whether of nature , or euent● little neede wee to stirre our feet to lea●●e to tell either loud lies , or large ●ruth● . wee haue heard a bird in a cage ●ing more change of ●otes , then others haue done i● the wilde libertie of the wood● and as for the present occurrences of ●he time , the world about vs is so full of presses , that it may , and ●s grow●e so good a fellow , that it will , impart what it knowes to all the neighbours : whose relations , if sometimes o●ey swarue from truth , we may well consider , what varietie of report euery accident will y●●ld ; and ●hat therefore our eares abroad are no whit more credible , then our eyes at home . yea rather , as tully could say , that at antium he could heare the newes of rome , better then at rome ; so may wee oft-times better heare and see the newes of france , or spaine , vpon our exchange , then in their paris , or madrill : since ( what libertie soeuer tongues may take to themselues ) a discreet man will be ashamed to subscribe his name to that , whereof hee may bee afterwards conuinced . sect. . since therefore trauell cannot out-bid vs in these highest commodities , which concerne the wealth of the minde ; all the aduantage it can afford vs , must bee in those mixt abilities , wherein our bodies are the greatest partners , as dancing , ●encing , musicke , vaulting , horsemanship ; the only professions of the mis-named academies of other nations . who can denie that such like exercises are fit for young gentlemen , not onely for their present recreation , but much more for the preparing of them to more serious action ? yet must these learne to know their places : what are they else but the varnish of that picture of gentry , whose substance consists in the lines and colours of true vertue ? but the lace or facing of a rich garment ? but the hang-byes of that royall court which the soule keeps in a generous heart ? he that holds gentilitie accomplished with these ( though laudable ) qualities , partakes more of his horse , then his horse can possibly of him . this skill then is worthy of our purchase , yet may not bee bought too deare ; and perhaps need not bee fetch 't so farre . neither my profession , nor my experience will allow mee to● hold comparisons in this kinde ; but i haue beene heartened by no meane masters of these arts , to say that our nation hath yeelded some in all these faculties , which need not stoope vnto the proudest ●orrainer : ours haue no fault but one , that they are our owne ; and what h●●h their countrey offended , if their art offend not ? it is an humorous giddinesse to measure the goodn●●●e of any thing by the distance of miles , and where there is equalitie of worth , to neglect the neerest . i slander our nation if it bee not sicke of this disease , in the course of all sciences . and if neerenesse and presence bee the cause of our dislike , why doe wee not hate our selues , which are euer in our owne bosomes ? why doe we not hate this fastidious curiositie , which is too close to vs ? perhaps perfection in these qualities is thinner sowne amongst vs , then some other-where ; so as our iland for want of worke , and incouragement , affords not such multitude of masters : but how can wee complaine of rarenesse , since if our age yeeld vs but one excellent in each kinde , it is more then wee are willing to vse ? and if the fault were not in our selues , one candle may light a thousand . to instance in the best : the horse is a noble cr●ature , which as it is the str●ngth and pride of france , so wins the hearts and heeles of that nation : the generalitie of their skill is nothing to a stranger ; each pri●ate mans cunning rests in himselfe ; it is only the teacher , whose abilitie may concerne vs. and whereas there is a double kinde of menage ( as i haue heard ) one for seruice , the other for pleasure ; in the first our masters thinke they cannot yeeld vnto the best ; in the latter , if they grant themselues exceeded , how many men haue taught their dogge the same trickes , with no lesse contentment ? in both , we haue the written directions of their greatest artists ; who ( for the perpetuitie of their owne honour ) failed not to say their best . and if these dead masters suffice not , wee haue had , wee may haue the best of their liuing : the conscience of a mans excellencie will abide no limits , but spurres him forth to winne admiration abroad ; and if therewithall he can finde aduancement of profit , how willingly doth hee change his home ? wee haue had experience of this in higher professions , much more in these vnder foot . one obscure towne of holland in our memory , had by this meanes drawne together at once the greatest lights of evrope , and made it selfe then no lesse renowned for professors , then it is now infamous for schisme . feare of enuy forbids me to name those amongst vs , which haue honoured this iland in the choice of their abode . where art is encouraged , it will soone rise high , and go farre , and not suffer a channell of the sea to stay it from the presence of a more bountifull patronage . sect. . but let vs grant these faculties so fixed vpon any nation , that all our water must necessarily bee fetcht at their well ; and adde vnto these a few wa●te complements , and mimicall courtesies , which must needs bee put into the match of our ordinary trauell : and now let vs sit downe , and see what wee paid for this stocke , and count our winnings : what must our com●pleat traueller stake downe for this goodly furniture o● his gentry ? if not losse , danger ; danger of the best part , if not all ; a double danger ; of corruption of religion , and deprauation of manners ; both capitall : and can we thinke these endowments so precious , that they should bee worth fetching vpon such an hazard ? will any man ( not desperate ) runne into an infected house , to rifle for a rich suit ? will any man put his finger into a fiery crucible , to pull out gold ? it is wittily taken of chrysostome , when our sauiour said , ne exeat is in eremum ; that he sayes not , goe forth into the desert and see , but beleeue not ; but giues an absolute prohibition of going forth at al● , that they might be out of the danger of misbeleefe . tush , idle and melancholicke feares , say some of our gallants ; wherefore serues discretion , but to seuer good from ill ? how ●asily may a wise man pull a rose , and not pricke his hand ? how freely may he dip in this streame , and not be drowned ? little doe these peremptory re●oluers know , either the in●inuatiue power of euill , or the treachery of their owne heart in receiuing it , or the importunitie of deceiuers in obtruding it : they are the worse for their trauell , and perceiue it not . an egge couered with salt , as our ph●losophers teach vs , hath the m●at of it consumed , whiles the shell is whole : many a one receiues poison , and knowes not when hee tooke it . no ma● proues extremely euill on the sudden . through many insensible declinations doe wee ●all from vertue ; and at the first are so gently seazed by vice , that wee cannot beleeue our accusers . it is mischiefe enough , if they can bee drawne to a lesse dislike of ill ; which now by long acquaintance is growne so ●amiliar to their eyes , that they cannot thinke it so loathsome , as at the first view . the societie of wilfull idolaters will now downe with them , not without ease ; and good meanings beginne to bee allowed for the clokes of grosse superstition . from thence they grow to a fauourable construction of the mis-opinions of the aduerse part , and can complaine of the wrongfull aggrauations of some contentious spirits : and from thence ( yet lower ) to an indifferent conceit of some more politike positions , and practises o● the romanists . neither is ther● their rest . hereupon ensues an allowance of some of their do●trines , that are more plausible , and lesse important , and withall a censure of vs that are gone too farre from rome . now the mariage of ecclesiasticall persons begins to mislike them : the daily and frequent consignation with the crosse is not to no purpose : the retired life of the religious ( abandoning the world forsooth ) sauours of much mortification ; and confession giues no small ease and contentment to the soule . and now by degrees , poperie beginnes to be no ill religion : if there cannot be a false fire of mis-deuotion kindled in them , it is enough , if they can be cooled in their loue of truth ; which how commonly it fals out amongst vs , i had rather experience should speake , then my selfe . some there are that by a spirituall antiperistasis haue growne hotter in their zeale , by being encompassed with the outward cold of irreligion , and errour , who as they owe not this grace to themselues , so they are more for wonder then imitation . if daniel found a guard in the lions denne , shall another put himselfe thither for ●helter ? and if peter walkt vpon the pauement of the water , did the rest of the disciples step forth and follow him ? that valiant champion of christ ( since wee are fallen vpon his name ) who durst draw his sword vpon a whole troupe , after all the protestations of his inseparablenesse from his master , was yet infected with the aire of the high-priests hall : and whiles hee but warmed himselfe at that fire , cooled in his respect to his sauiour . although perhaps this contagion working ( as it commonly doth ) remissely , causeth not any sudden alteration in our traueller , but ( as wee say of comets and eclipses ) hath his effect when the cause is forgotten . neither is there any one more apparant ground of that luke-warme indifferencie , which is fallen vpon our times , then the ill vse of our wandrings : for our trauellers being the middle-ranke of men , and therefore either followers of the great , or commanders of the meaner sort , cannot want conuenience of diffusing this temper of ease , vnto both . sect. . all this mischiefe is yet hid with a formall profession , so as euery eye cannot finde it : in others it dares boldly breake ●orth to an open reuolt . how many in our memory , whiles with dina● they haue gone fo●th to gaze , haue lo●● their ●pirituall chastitie , and therewith both the church , and themselues ? how many ( like vnto the brooke ●●dron ) run from ●ierus●lem through the vale of ●●hos●p●●t , and end their course in the dead sea ? a popish writer of our nation ( as himselfe thought ) not vnlearned , complaining of the obstinacie of vs heretickes , despaires of preuailing , because hee findes it to be long agoe fore-prophecied of vs in the booke of the chronicles , at illi protestantes audire noluerunt . it is well that protestants were yet heard of in the old testament , as well as i●suites ; whose name , one of their owne by good hap hath found , numb● . . like as erasmus found friers in s. pauls time , inter falsos fratres . but it were better , if this mans word were as true , as it is idle . some of ours haue heard to their cost , whose losse ioyned with the griefe of the church , and dishonour of the gospell , wee haue sufficiently lamented . how many haue wee knowne strucken with these asps , which haue died sle●ping ? and in truth , whosoeuer shall consider this open freedome of the meanes of seducement , must needs wonder that wee haue lost no more ; especially if he be acquainted with those two maine helpes of our aduersaries , importunitie and plausibilitie . neuer any pharisee was so eager to make a proselyte , as our late factors of rome : and if they bee so hot set vpon this seruice , as to compasse sea and land to winne one of vs , shall wee be so madde as to passe both their sea and land , to cast our selues into the mouth of danger ? no man setteth foot vpon their coast , which may not presently sing with the psalmist , they come about mee like bees . it fares with them as with those which are infected with the pestilence , who ( they say ) are carried with an itching desire of tainting others . when they haue all done , this they haue gained , that if satan were not more busie and vehement then they , they could gaine nothing . but in the meane time there is nothing wherein i wi●h we would emulate them , but in this heat of diligence , and viol●nt ambition of winning . pyr●●us did not more en●ie the valour of those old roman souldiers , which hee read in their wounds , and dead faces , then we doe the bus●e audacitie of these new . the world could not stand before vs , if our truth might bee but as hotly followed , as their falshood . oh that our god , whose cause wee maintaine , would enkindle our hearts with the fire of holy zeale , but so much as satan hath inflamed theirs with the fire of ●urie and faction . oh that hee would shake vs out of this dull ●ase , and quicken our slacke spirits vnto his owne worke . arise , o north , and come , o south , and blow vpon our garden , that the spices thereof may flow forth . these suters will take no deniall , but are ready ( as the fashion was to doe with rich matches ) to carry away mens soules whether they will or no. wee see the proofe of their importunitie at home : no bulwarkes of lawes , no barres of iustice ( though made of three trees ) can keepe our rebanished fugitiues from returning from intermedling . how haue their actions said in the hearing of the world , that since heauen will not heare them , they will tr●e what hell can doe ? and if they dare bee so busie in our owne homes , where they would seeme somewhat awed with the danger of iustice ; what ( thinke wee ) will they not dare to doe in their owne territories , where they haue not free scope only , but assistance , but incouragement ? neuer generation was so forward as the iesuiticall , for captation of willes amongst their owne , or of soules amongst strangers . what state is not haunted with these ill spirits ? yea what house ? yea what soule ? not a princes counsell-table , not a ladies chamber can be free from their shamelesse insinuations . it was not for nothing , that their great patron philip the second king of spaine , called them clerigos negotiadores ; and that marcus antonius columna generall of the nauie to pius quintus , in the battell of lepanto , and viceroy of sicilie , could say to father don alonso , a famous ●esuite , affecting to be of the counsell of his conscience , voi altri padri di ●h●su ●auete la mente al cielo , le mani al mondo , l' anima al diauolo . sect. . yet were there the lesse perill of their vehemence , if it were onely rude and boisterous ( as in some other sects ) that so ( as it is in canon●shot ) it might be more easily shun'd , then re●●sted : but here , the skill of doing mis●hiefe contends with the power ; their mis-zealous passions hide themselues in a pleasing sweetnesse , and they are more beholden to policie , then strength . what gentleman of any note can crosse our seas , whose name is not landed in their bookes before hand , in preuention of his person , whom now arriued , if they finde vntractable through too much preiudice , they labour ●irst to temper with the plausible con●●rsation of some smooth catholike of his owne nation : the name of his country is warrant enough for his in●inuation . not a word yet may be spoken of religion ; as if that were no part of the errand . so haue wee seene an ha●ke cast off at an heron shaw , to looke and flie a quite other way , and after many carelesse and ouerly fetches , to towre vp vnto the pr●y intended . there is nothing wherein this faire companion shall not apply himselfe to his welcome countriman . at last , when hee hath possest himselfe of the heart of his new acquaintance , and got himselfe the reputation of a sweet ingenuitie , and delightfull sociablenesse ; hee findes opportunities to bestow some wittie scoffes vpon those parts of our religion , which lie most open to aduantage . and now it is time to inuite him ( after other rarities ) to see the monasterie of our english benedictines , or ( if elsewhere ) those english colledges , which the deuout beneficence of our well-meaning neighbours ( with no other intention then some couetous farmers lay faltca●s in their doue-cotes ) haue bountifully erected . there , it is a wonder if our traueller meet not with some one , that shall claime kindred or country of him in a more intire fashion . the societie welcomes him with more then ordinary courtesie : neither can hee refuse ( except hee will be vnciuill ) to be their guest . he cannot mislike the loue of his countrimen , hee cannot fault their carriage . and now that they haue mollified the stiffenesse of his preiudice , and with much tempering fitted him for their mold , he is a taske meet for one of their best workmen ; who willingly vndertaking it , hath learned to handle him so sweetly , as if he would haue him thinke it a pleasure to bee seduced . doe yee thinke this doctor will begin first with the infallibilitie of their great master , and perswade him that a necromancer , an hereticke , an atheist , cannot erre in peters chaire ? or tell him that hee may buy off his sinnes as familiarly as he may buy wares in the market ? or teach him that a man may and must both make and eat his god to his breakfast ? this hard meat is for stronger mawes . hee knowes how first to begin with the spoone , and to offer nothing to a weake stomacke , but discourse of easie digestion : as first , that a ca●holike so l●uing and dying ( by our confession ) may be saued : that there is but one church , as but one christ ; and that out of this arke , there is no way but drowning : that this one church is more likely to bee found in all the world , then in a corner ; in all ages , then in the last century of yeeres ; in vnitie , then in diuision . and now comes in the glorious bragge of the roman vniuersalitie , their inviolate antiquitie , their recorded successions , their harmonious vnitie , their confessed magnificence : that theirs is the mother church , as to the rest of christendome , so especially to the english : how well a monarchie ( the best forme of gouernment ) beseemes the church : how vnlikely it is that christ would leaue his spouse in the confusion of many heads , or of none . and now , what are wee but a ragge torne from their cote ? and where was our religion before luther lay with bora ? and what miserable subdiuisions are there in our protestancie ? and what a gleaning are we to the haruest of christendome ? w●th infinite suggestions of this nature ; able ( as they are plausibly vrg●d ) to shake an vngrounded iudgement : which i● they haue so farre preuailed , as that the hearer will abide himselfe hood-winkt with this vaile of the church , how easily shall time lead him into those hatefuller absardities ? sect. . in all which proceedings , these impostors haue a double aduantage : first , that they deliuer the opinion of their church with such mitigation and fauour , as those that care to please , not to enforme : forming the voyce of the church to the liking of the hearer , not the iudg●ment of the hearer to the voyce of the church : wherein it is not hard to obserue , that popery spoken and written are two things ; in discourse , nothing is more ordinary then to disclaime some of their receiued positions , to blanch others . it is the malice of an aduersary that mis-reports them ; they doe not hold that images should bee adored ; that the wood of the crosse should be worshipped with the very same deuotion that is due to christ himselfe ; that the church is the iudge of gods writings ; that panl the fift cannot erre ; that a man may merit of his maker , much lesse supererogate ; that a mouse may runne away with that which either is , or was god almighty ; that it is lawfull to kill an hereticall king , and all other those monsters of opinion , which their most classicke authors haue both hatched and shamelesly thrust into the light of the world . they defie those ridiculous legends which we father vpon their church ; and how much doe they scorne s. francis his bird , or his wolfe , or his wounds , or his apostles of assise . pope ioane was but a fancy : neuer pope was an hereticke . if now wee cry out of impudence , and call their allowed writers to witnesse . lo , euen they also are forged by vs , & are taught to play booty on our side . thus resolued to out-face all euidence , they make faire weather of their fowlest opinions , and inueigh against nothing so much as the spightfulnesse of our slanders . it is not possible that any wise stranger should be in loue with the face of their church , if he might see her in her owne likenesse , and therfore they haue cunningly masked one part of it , and painted another , so as those features of hers which are vgly and offensiue , shall not appeare to any but her owne eyes . and because bookes are dangerous blabs , and will be telling the generations to come , how strangely that face is altered with age and art , therefore their tongues are clipped also , and made to speake none but her owne words . out of this licence , and hope to winne , they can fit their dishes to euery palate , and are so sawcy , as to make the church belye it selfe . hence it was that a spanish father could teach , that it is not of the necessity of faith , to beleeue that the present pope is the vicar of christ , and the successor of peter . that hostius the ●esuite could say , that the pope abused his keyes , and the authority of the church , in receiuing henry the fourth . that another of his fellowes in a discourse with a french bishop , could disparage the decision of his holines in comparison of a generall counsel . that men●s the reader of diuinity at valledolid following salas the iesuite , could affirme the lawfulnes of the mariage of religious persons vpon a doubtful reuelation . that more then one of that order , haue dared to broach confession by letters , against the of clement bull the . and if these men be no sparing of their contradictions to that vice-god of theirs , whose vassals they are by peculiar profession , how much more boldly will they swim against the streame of any common opinion , that may concerne the body of that head ? sect. . their second aduantage is , that they regard not with what vntruths they make good th●ir owne assertions ; it is all one with what morter or rubbish they build vp a side . from hence flow the confifident reports , both of their miracles to conuince vs , and their slanders to disgrace vs. father hayndius , a iesuite of . yeeres standing , amongst fifty two complaints , which ( out of an honest remorse ) he put vp against his owne society , to their generall aquauiua , findes this not the least , that his fellowes s●amed not to seeke the honour of their order , by cogging of miracles . what packets flie about daily of their indian wonders ? euen card. bellarmine can abide to come in as an auoucher of these couzenages ; who dares auerre that his fellow xauier had not only healed the deafe , dumb and blinde , but raised the dead ; whiles his brother acosta after many yeeres spent in those parts can pull him by the sleeue , and tell him in his eare , so lowd that all the world may heare him , prodigia nulla producimus , neque verò est opus . of the same stamp are the daily-renued miracles , reuelations , vi●ions , wherewith any mans eares must needes bee beaten amongst them : africke was at the best but barren of nouelties , in comparison of rome ; and yet the world is incredulous , if it will not suffer it selfe gulled with these holy frauds . and no fewer are those lewd calumniations ( the stuffe of all their inuectiues ) whereby they labour to make vs loathsome to the world : our persons , our doctrines are loaded with reproaches ; neither matters it how iust they are , but how spightfull ; what other measure can be expected of vs , when their best friends haue thus ( vpon some priuate dislikes ) smarted from them . their owne holy fathers , clement the eight , and sixtus quintus , and with them ( the honour of the iesuiticall order ) cardinall tollet , can all shew bloudy wales in their backes , from their lashes . their late patron of famous memory , whose heart they well-merited , and keep it ( as their deere relique ) enshrined in their la-flesche , was after his death in their pulpits proclaimed tyran and worse : no maruell then if after the virulent declamations of our gifford ( their gabriel ) and the malicious suggestions of others of that viperous brood , we haue much adoe to perswade our neighbors , that we haue any churc●●s , baptisme , liturgy , religion . i appeale then to all eyes and eares , how easie it is for a man that will take leaue to himselfe , of making what truth he lists , and defending them by what vutruths he pleaseth , to lead a credulous hea●t whither he pleaseth . sect. . but if the power of falsified reason preuaile not , these desperate factors of rome ( as i haue beene informed ) haue learned out of their acquaintance in the court of the prince of darknesse , to imploy stronger aid . on some of their hands , i feare , magicall delusions and deuillish incantations shall not want , rather then they will want a client . neither can this feeme strange to any , that knowes how familiarly the roman church professes the solemne practise of coniuration ; in such a fashion , as it doth more then trouble the best casuists , to set downe a perfect difference betwixt their sacred magicke , & the diabolicall . from hence perhaps haue proceeded those miraculous apparitions ( if at least they were any other but fancie , or fraud ) wherewith some of our death-sicke gentlemen amongst them , haue beene frighted into catholikes . a famous diuine of france , second to none for learning , or fidelitie , told me this one● amongst other instances , of his owne experience , which hee yet liues to iustifie : a gentleman of the religion , whose wife was popishly deuoted , lying vpon the bed of his sicknesse , in expectation of death , sends for this diuine , his pastor ; the sicke mans wife sends for a iesuite ; both meet at the beds side ; each perswades him to his owne part ; both pleade for their religion at this barre , before these iudges : after two houres disputation , not only the gentleman was cheerefully confirmed in that iudgement which hee had embraced , but his wife also , out of the euidence of truth , began to incline to him , and it : the iesuite departed discontent ; yet within some few houres after , returning ( when the coast was clearer ) intreats some priuate conference with the gentlewoman ; with whom walking in her garden , hee did vehemently expostulate , mixing therewithall his strongest perswa●●ons ; at last to shut vp his discourse , he importun'd her with many obsecrations , that she would vou●hsafe to receiue from his hands a little boxe which he there offred her , and for his sake weare it about her continually : shee condescended . no sooner had shee taken it , then shee fell to so great a detestation of her husband , that shee could by no meanes bee drawne into his presence , and within two dayes a●ter , in this estate shee died . an act more worthy the sword of iustice , then the penne of an aduersarie . these courses are as secret as wicked : not daring therefore peremptorily to accuse , i had rather leaue these practises to further inquirie . sure i am that by their tongues satan labours to inchant the world , and hath strongly deluded too many soules . and are wee weary of ours , that wee dare tempt god , and offer our selues as challengers to this spirituall danger ? the iesuites , amongst much change of houses , haue two famous for the accordance of their names ; one called the bow , at nola ; the other the arrow , ( la flesche ) in france : though this latter were more worthy of the name of a whole quiuer , containing not fewer then eight hundred shafts of all sizes . their apostate ferrier ( if i shall not honour him too much ) plaid vpon them in this distich : arcum nola dedit , dedit ill is alma sagittam gallia ; quis funem , quem meruere , dabit ? nola the bow , and france the shaft did bring : but who shall helpe them to an hempen string ? this prouision is for the care of christian prouinces : but in the meane time , what madnesse is it in vs , not only to giue aime to these rouing flights , but to offer our selues to bee their standing butt , that they may take their full aime and hit vs leuell at pleasure . doe wee not heare some of their owne fellow-catholikes in the midst of their awfullest senate , the parliament of paris , pleading vehemently against these factious spirits , and crying out passionately of that danger ( which will follow vpon their admission ) hoth of lewd manners , and false doctrine , and doe we in greater opposition feare neither ? and especially from english iesuites ? some countries yeeld more venomous vipers then others ; ours the worst . i would it were not too easie to obserue , that as our english papists are commonly more iesuitish , so our english iesuites are more furious , then their fellowes . euen those of the hottest climates cannot match them in fiery dispositions . and doe we put our selues out of our comfortable sunne-shine , into the midst of the flame of these noted incendiaries ? doe wee take pleasure to make th●m rich with the spoile of our soules , and because they will not come fast enough to fetch these boo●ies , doe we g●e to carry them vnto their pillage ? sect. . the danger is in the men more then in their cause ; and if this great curtizan of the world had not so cunning pandars , i should wonder how shee should get any but foolish customers . th● searcher of all hearts ( before whose tribunall i shal once come to giue an account of this censure ) knowes i speake it not maliciously ; him i call to witnesse that i could not find any true life of religion amongst those that would bee catholikes . i meddle not with the errours of speculations , or schole-points ; wherein their iudgement palpably offendeth , i speake of the liuely practise of piety ; what haue they amongst them but a very out-side of christianity , a meere formality of deuotion ; looke into their churches ; there their poore ignorant laity hope to present their best seruices to god ; and yet alas they say they know not what , they heare they know not what , they doe they they know not what ; returning empty of all hearty edification , and onely full of confused intentions ; and are taught to thinke this sacrifice of fooles meritorious . looke vpon their chemarim the sacred actors in this religious scene , what shall you see but idle apishnesse in their solemnest worke , and either mockery , or slubbering ? looke into their religious houses ; what shall you see but a trade of careles and lazie holinesse ; houres obserued● , because they must , not because they would . what doe they but lull piety a sleepe with their heartlesse and sleepy vespers ? look into the priuate closets of their deuout ignorants , what difference shall you see betwixt the image and the suppliant ? if they can heare their beades knacke vpon each other , they are not bid to care for hearing their prayers reflect vpon heauen : shortly in all that belongs to god , the worke done sufficeth , yea meriteth ; and what neede the heart bee wrought vpon for a taske of the hand ? looke into the melancholike cels of some austere recluses ; there you may finde perhaps an hairecloth , or a a whip , or an heardle ; but shew me true mortification , the power of spirituall renouation of the soule ? how should that bee found there when as that sauing faith ( which is the onely purger of the heart ) is barred out as presumptuous : and no guest of that kinde allowed , but the same which is common to diuels . what papist in all chistendome hath euer beene heard to pray daily with his family ; or to sing , but a psalme at home ? looke into the vniuersall course of the catholike life ; there shall you find t●e decalogue professedly broken , besides the ordinary practise of idolatry ; and frequence of oathes ; who euer saw gods day duely kept in any city , village , houshold vnder the iurisdiction of rom● ? euery obscure holy-day takes the wall of it , and thrusts it into the channell . who sees not obedience to authority so sleighted , that it stands onely to the mercy of humane dispensation ; and in the rest of gods lawes , who sees not how fowle sinnes passe for veniall ? and how easily veniall sinnes passe their satisfaction : for which , a crosse , or a drop of holy-water is sufficient amends . who sees not how no place can bee left for truth , where there is full roome giuen to equiuocation . all this , though it bee harsh to the conscionable man , yet is no lesse pleasing to the carnall . the way of outward fashionablenesse in religion , and inward libertie of heart cannot but seeme faire to nature ; and especially when it hath so powerfull angariation . it is a wonder if but one halfe of christendome bee thus won to walke in it . those which are either vngrounded in the principles of religion , or the vnconscionable in the practise , are fit to trauell into the●e miserable errours , but though israel play the harlot , yet let not iudah sinne . come yee not to gilgal ; neither goe yee vp to bethauen . sect. . from the danger of corruption iudgement . let vs turne our eyes to the deprauation of manners ; which not seldome goes before : apples therefore fall from the tree because they are worme-eaten , they are not worme-eaten because they fall ; and , as vsually followes , satan like the rauen first seizes vpon the eye of vnderstanding , and then preyes freely vpon the other carcase . wee may be bad enough at home , certainly wee are the worse for our neighbours . old rome was not more iealous of the grecian and african manners , then wee haue reason to be of the roman . it were well if wee knew our owne fashions , better if wee could keepe them . what mischiefe haue wee amongst vs that we haue not borrowed ? to begin●● at our skinne ; who knowes not whence wee had the varietie of our vaine disguises ? as if wee had not wit enough to bee foolish , vnlesse wee were taught it . these dresses being constant in their mutabilitie , shew vs our masters . what is it that wee haue not learned of our neighbours , saue only to be proud good cheape ? whom would it not vexe to see how that other sexe hath learned to make antiks and monsters of themselues ? whence came their hips to the shoulders , and their breasts to the nauell ; but the one from some ill-shap't dames of france , the other from the worse minded curtizans of italie ? whence else learned they to daube these mudde-walles with apothecaries morter ; and those high washes , which are so cunningly lickt on , that the wet napkin of phryne should be deceiued ? whence the frisled and poudred bushes of their borrowed excrements ? as if they were ashamed of the head of gods making , and proud of the tire-womans ? where learned wee that deuillish art and practise of duell , wherein men seeke honour in bloud , and are taught the ambition of being glorious butchers of men ? where had we that luxurious delicacie in our feasts , in which the nose is no lesse pleased , then the palate ; and the eye no lesse then either ? wherein the piles of dishes make barricades against the appetite , and with a pleasing encombrance trouble an hungry guest ? where those formes of ceremonious quaffing , in which men haue learned to make gods of others , and beasts of themselues ; and lose their reason whiles they pretend to doe reason ? where the lawlesnesse ( mis-called freedome ) of a wilde tongue , that runs , with reynes in the necke , through the bed-chambers of princes , their closets , their counsell-tables , and spares not the very cabinet of their breasts , much lesse can bee barr'd out of the most retired secrecie of inferiour greatnesse ? where the change of noble attendance , and hospitalitie , into foure wheeles , and some few butterflies ? where the art of dishonestie in practicall machiauelisme , in false equiuocations ? where the slight account of that filthinesse , which is but condemned as veniall , and tolerated as not vnnecessary ? where the skill of ciuill and honorable hypocrisie , in those formall complements , which doe neither expect beleefe from others , nor carry any from our selues ? where that vnnaturall villanie , which though it were burnt with fire and brimstone from heauen , and the ashes of it drowned in the dead sea , yet hath made shift to reuine , and cals for new vengeance vpon the actors ? where that close atheisme , which secretly laughes god in the face , and thinkes it weaknesse to beleeue , wisdome to professe any religion ? where the bloudy and tragicall science of king-killing ; the new diuinitie of disobedience and rebellion ; with too many other euils , wherewith forraine conuersation hath indangered the infection of our peace . loe here , deare countrimen , the fruit of your idle gaddings : better perhaps might bee had ; but hee was neuer acquainted at home , that knowes not our nature to bee like vnto fire , which if there bee any infection in the roome , drawes it straight to it selfe : or like vnto ●et , which omitting all precious obiects , gathers vp strawes and dust . ilanders haue beene euer in an ill name . wherefore ? saue only for the confluence of forrainers , which neuer come without the fraight of their nationall wickednesse . the experience whereof , hath moued some witty nations , both ancient and present , to shut themselues vp within their owne bounds , and to barre the entercourse of strangers , as those that thought best to content themselues with their owne faults . a corrupt disposition , out of a naturall fertilitie , can both beget and conceiue euill alone ; but if it bee seconded by examples , by precepts , by incouragements , the ocean it selfe hath not so much spawne , as it : in all which regards , he hath escaped well , that returnes but what hee carried ; but hee is worthy of memorie , that returnes either more good , or lesse euill . some haue come home perhaps more sparing , others more suttle , others more outwardly courteous , others more capricious , some more tongue-free , few euer better . and if themselues bee not sensible of their alterations , yet their country and the church of god feeles and rues them . sect. . let mee theref●re haue leaue to close this discourse with a double sute , one to our gentry ; the other to supream authority ; both which shall come from the bottome of an heart vnfainedly sacrificed to the common good ; neither speak i words , but my very soule vnto both . to the former my suit is , that they would bee happy at home : god hath giuen vs a world of our owne , wherein there is nothing wanting to earthly contentment . whither goe yee then , worthy country-men , or what feeke yee ? heere growes that wealth , which yee go but to spend abroad ; heere is that sweet peace which the rest of the world admires and enuies : heere is that gracious and well-tempered gouernment , which no nation vnder heauen may dare once offer to parallell : here all liberall arts raigne and triumph : and for pleasure , either our earth , or our sea yeelds vs all those dainties , which their natiue regions enioy but single . lastly , heere heauen stands open , which to many other parts is barred on the out-side with ignorance or mis-beleefe . and shall our wantonnes contemn all this bounty of god , & carry vs to seek that , which we shall find no where but behind vs , but within vs ? shall the affectation of some friuolous toyes draw vs away from the fruition of those solid comforts , which are offred vs within our owne doores ? how many of ours , whom their iust offence hath cast out of the bosome of their country , compare their exile with death , and can scarce abide to bid that breath welcome , which they are forced to draw in a forraine aire ; and though freedome of conscience entertaine them neuer so liberally abroad , yet resolue either to liue or die at home ; and doe wee suffer our folly to banish vs from those contentments , which they are glad to redeeme with the hazard of their blood ? are we so little in our owne books that wee can bee content to purchase out-landish supers●uities with the mis-carriage of our soules , with the danger of mis-carriage , with the likely-hood of danger ? are we so foolish , that whiles we may sweetely enjoy the settled estate of our primogeniture , wee will needes bring vpon our selues the curse of reuben , to run abroad like water ; whose quality it is , not ea●ily to be kept within the proper bounds ? yea the curse of cain , to put our selues from the ●ide of eden into the land of nod , that is , of demigration ? none of the least imprecations , which dauid makes against gods enemies , is , make them vnto like a wheele , o lord : motion is euer accompanied with vnquietnesse ; and both argues , and causes imperfection , whereas the happy estate of heauen is described by rest ; whose glorious spheres in the meane time , doe so perpe●ually moue , that they are neuer remoued from their places . it is not the least part either of wisdome , or happinesse , to know when wee are well . shall we● not be shamelesly vnthankfull , if we cannot sing the note of that great chorister of god , my lot is fallen to mee in a good ground ? hath not the munificence of god made this iland as it were an abridgement of his whole earth , in which he hath contriued ( though in a lesser letter ) all the maine and materiall commodities of the greater world , and doe wee make a prison where god meant a paradise ? enioy therefore ( happy countrimen ) enioy freely god and your selues ; enrich your selues with your owne min●s , improue those blessed opportunities which god hath giuen you , to your mutuall aduantage ; and care not to be like any but your selues . sect. . and if at any time these vnworthy papers may fall betwixt the hands of my soueraigne master , or any of his graue and honorable ministers of state , let the meanenesse of so weake and obscure solicitors presume to commend this matter to their deepest consideration ; and out of an honest zeale of the common safetie , sue to them for a more strict restraint of that dangerous libertie , whereof too many are bold to carue themselues . who can bee ignorant of those wise and wholesome lawes , which are enacted already to this purpose ? or of those carefull and iust cautions , wherewith the licences of trauell are euer limited ? but what are wee the better for gods owne lawes , without execution ? or what are limits vnto the lawlesse ? good lawes are the hedges of the common-wealth : iust dispensations are as gates , or stiles in the hedge . if euery stragler may at pleasure cast open a gap in this fence of the state , what are we the better for this quickset , then if wee lay open to the common ? who sees not how familiarly our young recusants , immediately vpon their disclosing , are sent ouer for their full hatching and making ? italie , spaine , artois , and now of late france it selfe , prouides nests , and perches , and mewes for these birds , with the same confidence , wherewith wee breede our owne at home ; which , when they are once well acquainted with the roman lure , are sent backe againe , fit for the prey . and as for those of our owne feather : whereas the libertie of their trauell is bounded chiefly with this double charge ; one , that they haue no conuersation or conference with iesuites , or other dangerous persons ; the other , that they passe not into the dominions of the kings enemies ; both these are so ●ommonly neglected , as if they were intended only for a verball formalitie , yea as if the prohibition meant to teach men what they should doe . euery of our nouices hath learned to make no difference of men ; and dare breathe in the poisonous aire of italie it selfe , and touch the very pommell of the chaire of pestilence . it is this licentious freedome ( which wee mis-call open-hearted ingenuitie ) that vndoes vs. doe wee not see the wary closenesse of our aduersaries , which will not so much as abide one of our books ( a mute solicitor ) to harbour in any of their coasts ? how many of the italian or spanish noblesse haue wee knowne allowed to venture their education in our courts or vniuersities ? doe they lie thus at the locke , and doe wee open our breast , and display our armes , and bid an enemie strike vs where hee list ? since then wee haue no more wit , or care , then ●o bee willingly guiltie of our owne shame , oh that the hands of supreme authoritie would be pleased to locke vs within our owne doores , and to keepe the keyes at their owne girdle . and ( to speake truth ) to what purpose are those strait and capitall inhibitions of the returne of our factious fugitiues into th●s kingdome , if whiles the wicket is shut vpon them , that they should not come to vs , the posterne be open to vs , that we may goe to them ? as all intercourse is perillous , so that is most , which is by our owne prouocation . here yet they dare but lurke in secret , and take only some sudden snatches at a weake prey , like vnto euening-wolues , that neuer walke forth but vnder the cloake of the night ; but in their owne territories , they can shew the sunne their spoiles , and thinke this act worthy of garlands and trophees . here we haue mastiues to secure our flockes : there the prey goes stragling alone to the mouth of their dennes , without protection , without assistance , and offers to be deuoured . ye whom the choice of god hath made the great shepheards of his people , whose charge it is to feed them by gouernment , suffer not their simplicitie to betray their liues vnto the fangs of these cruell beasts ; but chase them home rather , from the wilfull search of their owne perdition , and shut them vp together in your strong and spacious folds , that they may be at once safe , and yee glorious . sect. . lastly , for those , whom necessary occasions draw forth of their owne coasts ( that wee may haue done with those , which like foolish papists goe on pilgrimage to see another blocke better dressed then that at home ) let mee say to them , as simeon that propheticall monke said to the pillers which hee whipped before the earth-quake , stand fast , for yee shall be shaken . and therefore , as the crane , when shee is to flie against an high winde , doth ballace her selfe with stones in her bill , that shee may cut the aire with more steddinesse ; so let them carefully fore-instruct , and poise themselues with the sound knowledge of the principles of religion , that they may not bee carried about with euery winde of doctrine . whereto if they adde but those lessons , which they are taught by the state , in their letters of passage , there may be hope , they shall bring backe the same soules they carried . it was at least an inclination to a fall , that eue tooke boldnesse to hold chat with the serpent . and as subtill lawyers desire no more aduantage in the quarrell , which they would picke at conueyances , then many words , so neither doe our aduersaries . whiles our eares are open , and our tongues free , they will hope well of our very denials . errour is cra●tie , and out of the power of his rhetoricall insinuations , oft-times carries away probabilitie from truth . i remember in that famous embassie of the three philosophers , which athens sent to rome , critolaus , diogenes , and carneades , there falling out many occasions of discourse , wise cato perswaded the senate to a speedie dismission of those ( otherwise welcome ) guests ; because ( said hee ) whiles carneades disputes , scarce any man can di●cerne which is the truth . there is more danger of these spirituall sophisters , by how much the businesse is more important , and their subtiltie greater . let our passenger therefore ( as that wise grecian serued his fellowes ) stop vp his eares with waxe against these syrens . our sauiour would not giue satan audience euen whiles hee spake true ; because hee knew that truth was but to countenance errour . there is euer true corne strowed vnder a pit-fall : those cares are full and weightie , which wee dresse with lime to deceiue the poore birds in a snow . no fisher lets downe an emptie hooke , but clothed with a proper and pleasing bait . these impostors haue no other errand , but deceit . if he loue himselfe , let him bee afraid of their fauours , and thinke their frownes safer then their smiles . and if at any time ( as no flie is more importunate ) they thrust themselues into his conuersation , let him ( as those which must necessarily passe by a carrion in the way ) hold his breath , and hasten to be out of their aire . and if they yet follow him in his flight , let him turne backe to them with the angels farewell , increpet te dominus . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e edicto del ●ey d●n phelipped● espana co●tra el tr●ct ad● della mon●r●●ia d● s●cil●a e●xerid● por cesar baronio cardenal , on el t●mo vndecim● de 〈◊〉 annales eccl●si●stic●s . ●●bert p●int● in his pre●ace to the t●stimonies for the r●all presence . chron. . 〈◊〉 ●n i●s●am , l. ● . c. 〈◊〉 q. . gret●er . contra le●●●eum , c. ● . & . v r● ai● quida● 〈◊〉 iesu●ta●●n s●cris l●●●ris ●●p●riri . exemplar . epist . scriptae ad d●minum paulinum quondam datarium sub ciementis ● beat● m●mori● ponti●●cat● . ibid. ibid. lib. . de salut . ind. c. . &c. examplar . ●pi●t . supr . cit . at etiam nu●● non animaduertimus quod lati●● sermonis ob●●n●● impurissimè gallici inuentutis mores ingenuos foedant , bonarum literarum praete●t ●pessimas edocent artes , dum ingenia excolunt , animas perdunt , &c. oratio ad curiam parlamenti super henrici magni parricidali n●ce . certaine wholesome obseruations and rules fo [sic] inne-keepers, and also for their guests meet to be fixed vpon the wall of euery chamber in the house, but meant more especially for the good of mr. henry hunter and his wife, of smithfield, his louing brother and sister, and of the guests which vse their house. t. w. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc . estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) certaine wholesome obseruations and rules fo [sic] inne-keepers, and also for their guests meet to be fixed vpon the wall of euery chamber in the house, but meant more especially for the good of mr. henry hunter and his wife, of smithfield, his louing brother and sister, and of the guests which vse their house. t. w. sheet ([ ] p.). j. beale?, [london : ca. ] imprint information from stc ( nd ed.). reproduction of original in: society of antiquaries. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel etiquette -- england -- early works to . hospitality -- early works to . broadsides -- london (england) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion ¶ certaine wholesome obseruations and rules fo jnne-keepers , and also for their guests , meet to be fixed vpon the wall of euery chamber in the house ; but meant more specially for the good of mr. henry hunter and his wife , of smithfield , his louing brother and sister , and of the guests which vse their house . . we reade of inkeepers that they were of ancient time , as in ios . . iudg. . verse . . . . our sauiour in the gospel commends the vse of innes . luke . ver . . and brought to an inne . . yea christ himselfe by his owne presence did sanctifie the vse of innes by eating his passeouer there . mat. . . . in acts . there is expresse mention of an inne with approbation and liking . they came to meet vs at the market of appius , and at the three tauerns . common experience sheweth all men what vse there is of innes for case of trauailers , that their bodies which are the members of christ , and temples of the holy ghost appointed to a glorious resurrection , may be refreshed after wearisome labour . it must not be accounted a small matter to affoord house roome , lodging , rest and food to the comforts of gods children . rules for innekeepers . . though your house ( as an inne ) bee open for all men to come vnto , yet account honest men your best guests : euer hold their company better then their roomes . amongst honest men , let such as be religious withal , be most welcome . the feet of the saints are blessed , and often leaue blessings behind them , as we read of ioseph . gen. . . . . of religious and godly men let faithfull ministers haue heartiest intertainement . the feet of such as bring glad tidings of peace and good things , oh how beautiful are they . rom. . such as receiue a prophet in the name of a prophet shal haue a prophets reward . mat. . be not so glad of your gain ▪ as that you may pleasure such . because your guests be gods children , and their bodies the members of christ , let their vsage for meat , lodging , diet , and sleepe bee such as becomes such ; worthy personages , as bee heires with god , euen fellow heires ▪ with christ . rom. . . in seruing and louing your guests , remember you do serue and loue god , who takes all as done to himselfe , which for his sake is done to his . mat. . . . . . content your selues with an honest gaine , so vsing your guests as they may haue an appetite to returne to you when they are gone from you . make choice of good seruants , such as know god and make conscience of their waies : for these are likeliest to be true , faithfull , diligent , and cheerefull in their seruice ; also such will best please your best guests , and will not iustly offend your worst . moreouer , god will cause your busines to prosper best in the hands of such . . giue your seruants no euill example in word or deed , beare not with their lying , deceit , swearing , prophaning of the sabbath , or wantonnes . cause them to keepe the lords day holy , going to the church by turnes : examine them how they profit by sermons ; loue such seruants best , as most loue gods word . rules for guests . . vse an inne not as your owne house , but as an inne ; not to dwell in but to rest for such time as ye haue iust and needfull occasion and then to returne to your owne families . . remember ye are in the world as in an inne to tarry for a short space ; and then to be gone hence . . at night when ye come to your inne thanke god for your preseruation : next morning pray for a good iourney . . eat and drinke for necessity and strength , and not for lust . . at table let your talke be powdred with the salt of heauenly wisedome , as your meat is seasoned with material and earthly salt . . aboue all abhorre all oathes , cursing and blasphemy , for god will not hold him guiltlesse which taketh his name in vaine . finis . t. w. an essay of the meanes hovv to make our trauailes, into forraine countries, the more profitable and honourable palmer, thomas, sir, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an essay of the meanes hovv to make our trauailes, into forraine countries, the more profitable and honourable palmer, thomas, sir, - . zwinger, theodor, - . methodus apodemica. [ ], , [ ] p., [ ] folded tables imprinted, by h[umphrey] l[ownes] for mathew lownes, at london : . dedication signed: tho. pal., i.e. sir thomas palmer. an imitation of: zwinger, theodor. methodus apodemica. printer's name from stc. the folded tables contain abstracts of the contents. running title reads: the trauailer. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an essay of the meanes hovv to make our trauailes , into forraine countries , the more profitable and honourable . veritas tva et vsqve ad nvbes printer's or publisher's device at london imprinted , by h. l. for mathew lownes . . to the reader . hauing framed this discourse long since for mine owne aduertisement , what might and ought to be done by trauaile ; and now considering the manifould errors and misprisions , that the greater sort of such as trauaile into forraine countries , haue heretofore committed ( because these dayes wherein we now liue are no lesse disordered , then when pilgrimages were on foote ) and how few haue arriued vnto that perfectiō which was requirable , for the wāt of a guide or counsellor , to aduise & aduertise them of the fairer and more readie way , to make their trauailes somewhat more profitable and honorable : i haue been encouraged ( worthy reader ) vpō the vertue of the yonger sort of such noble gentlemen as intend so recōmendable a course , to prepare and addresse the same , by way of essay ; the rather also for that , in other languages , i haue suruayed some of like proiect , for other nations , who i am sure stand not more in neede then wee in this state doe . protesting ( as in the inferiornesse of the stile may well appeare , that neither vanitie of glorie , nor selfe presumption ( being of many the most vnworthie to haue enterprised this taske ) nor other priuate respect then dutie to my good friends ( that haue requested this at my hands ) and zeale to my louing countriemen , hath made me publish it . for , considering of all voluntarie commendable actions , that of trauailing into forraine states ( vndertaken and performed regularly ) is the most behoueable & to be regarded in this common-weale , both for the publike and priuate good thereof , singularly also for that the same is not vndergone with ordinarie charge , care , hazard , or taking of paines , but of most vncertaine issue and commoditie to trauailers : it seemeth vnto mee ( vertuous reader ) a faire dutie ( where other worthie men haue beene so long silent , in giuing a perfect rule for trauailing , as it is in vse at this day ) to begin the hewing out of one , that by some master workeman , it may hereafter be better planted , formed , and tried . moreouer , i thought good , for the informatiō of some readers , to vncouer my intent in sundrie points therin cōtained . and first , that wheras diuers other sortes of trauailers are mentioned thē those generall voluntaries , ( for whom this discourse was framed ) they are honoris gratia , & obiter salutati ; and rather by way of order , then worthie to receiue direction , mentioned . secondly , that whereas by the found of some words , some people and nations may thinke they be taxed in certaine points , notwithstanding therein i may say , nihil iam quod non prius ab omnibus dictum fuit : yet i trust , the honest reader will perceiue may meaning to bend rather to the rectifying , then preiudicing of any . thirdly , where any point is obserued by way of secreat or policie , that no other construction be made thereof , then the literall , to ensample and aduance knowledge . fourthly , that considering for the priuate respect of the most vnexpert , more minute subdiuisions and points are cōtained , then per aduenture will rellish with the taste of some ; that such will take for their better stomacke the benefit of those marginall notes , which for their sakes i haue set downe . lastly , seeing not only we here in england may , as all other nations in the world doe , account it a shame that there should be so many and such fugitiues ( vnworthie of the honourable name of trauailers ) as this land hath affourde hertofore , who haue not afterwards made conscience of their owne wayes nor of others , but like the most pernitious haue communicated with all euill and mischiefe in their trauailes , to subiect their own countrie , princes , state , parents , friends and all that is held deare in this life ; let me discouer so much of my secretest affections vnto thee ( discreet reader ) that the preuenting hereof , was one of the first motiues to vndertake this worke . and so i heartily pray to god to make thee happie in all vertue and godlinesse , and to set to thy helping hand , as much as in thee lyeth , to encounter that imputation to our countrie : leauing vnto thy discreete iudgement , moreouer , these tables which are here abstracted for the ease and aide of mens memories . and so i bid thee farwell . from wingham , the first of iulie . . tho. pal. to the most excellent , illustrious , and vertuous prince , henrie , eldest sonne to our soueraigne lord the king , and heire apparant to the kingdomes of great britaine , &c. ( * ⁎ * ) considering with what libertie and applause , princes , in times past , vndertook voluntarie trauaile & aduentures into forraine parts : and how of latter dayes those illustrious stemmes of noblenesse ( i know not now by what custome restrained of that recreation and renowne ) haue notwithstanding improued their pretious times at home vnto no lesse rent of commoditie & commendablenes , by suffering themselues to be trayned vp and delighted in the faculties and knowledge of diuine and humane things : i haue presumed ( most excellent and gratious prince ) humbly to prefer , vnto your rare protectiō and view , this essay , of the means how to make the trauailes of other men ( who for the good of this kingdom wherein they liue so happily , their better seruice to his maiestie , and making of themselues more compleat in all things , haue faire libertie & desire to aduenture trauaile ) somewhat more profitable and honorable , not only before trauaile , but in the interim of trauaile , and after their returnes . first , because your highnesse is ( in all happie possibilitie ) to be a most noble iudge of all mens deserts in this point , rather then to make experience your selfe therin , vnlesse in martial causes : wherin i know not whether i may account your royall auncestors ( princes of this state ) to bee more happie alwaies in their good successe , or in the faithfulnesse of their voluntarie great traines . secondly , for that the people of great britaine ( of all other famous and glorious nations separated from the maine continent of the world ) are by so much the more interessed to become trauailers , by how much the necessitie of euerie seuerall estate of men doth require that , for their better aduancement . lastly , in regard this subiect hath not worne an english habite hertofore , ( from the custom dew to princes in the novelty of things ) i thought it my dutie ( vnder the compasse of my obligation and seruice vnto your highnesse ) to make a present hereof ( although but meanly apparelled and suited ) and in most humble wise to beseech the greatnesse of your excellencie , to fauour & patronize the same . which gratiousnes i must euer acknowledge ( sir ) to proceede from the cleare fountain of your generous , ingenuous , and princely disposition vnto all bountie , goodnesse and vertue : and the world alreadie knowes , that your singular towardlines , to euerie good & perfect thing , is such , that neither can it or is likely to be paralleled of any in the world ( so long as your highnesse continews in these religious vertuous & studious paths , which god graunt ) nor circumscribed within the kings most ample kingdomes , and states , but is knowen , feared , or admired in forrain parts . the which as it is a most soueraine and inexpressible blessing vnto all , of these his maiesties dominions : so , vnto mee , it shal be the onely studie & care to make expressiō of all dutifull alleageance : and in the meane seafō to pray vnto god cōtinually for your highnesse , to continue for euer in health , felicitie and euerlasting glorie , and rest during life your highnes most humble and deuoted seruant , thomas palmer . trauailing is either , regular : of regular trauailers some be . nonuoluntaries , sent out by the prince , & imployed in matters of . peace , . honorable . ambassadors . commissioners . messengers , to know well . from whom they are sent . . to whom they are sent . . to be perfect in their businesse . . themselues that are sent . . the countreys from whom , and to whom . . to practise . eloquence to obtaine . . prudence in accusing , excusing , demanding , denying , propounding , answering &c. . liberalitie . . honestie . humanitie , and ciuilitie . . faithfulnesse , care , and . obseruation . . not honorable : . posts are recommendable for speede and faithfulnesse . . intelligencers . base , . honest : . to be expert in the tongues . . to resemble all gestures and behauiours . . to be well furnished of all necessaries . . to be secret aboue ordinarie . . to be able to endure all things . . to keepe themselues from being knowen for intelligencers . . warre . . chieftaines and cōmanders , . to be alwayes prouident and faithfull . . neuer to exceede commission . . to make diligent and true relation . . common souldiers , . to be obseruant to the discipline . . to make account of his armes . . neuer to mutinie . . inuoluntaries , . banished persons . by the course of the law. . by the displeasure of the king : . not to murmure for their banishment . . to depart the land within the time limited . . not to trauaile into the countrey that is enemie to their prince , or to god. . alwayes to discouer fruits of allegeance to their prince and countrey . , persecuted for a good conscience , must obserue these things : . before trauaile , . to be sure that no licencious affect moue them . . to be assured that they flie for the trueths sake , and that they imbrace the right religion . to know that they cannot get a toleration of that right religion , nor to haue libertie of conscience . . to sue for licence of the magistrate . . to resolue to goe into that countrey where the word of god is preached : or into a free estate and neuter . , in trauaile , . to serue god sincerely . . to obey the lawes of that countrey . . not contending for this or that discipline . . not to liue idlely or in excesse . . not to intermeddle with the politick gouernment or state. . neuer treacherous to their owne prince or state. , being returned from trauaile , . no busie bodies , schismatickes , or mouers of sedition . . to liue a quiet , peaceable and godly life . , voluntaries . , irregular . * page i. b. the rest of the first part , abstracted . voluntary regular trauailers are considered , , as they are moued accidētally : , principally , that afterwards they may leade a more quiet and contented life , to the glory of god. , secondarily , regarding ends , , publicke : which doe consider , what persons are inhibited trauaile : , such as nature , , infants . , decrepite persons . , such as imperfectiō , , fooles . , madmen . , lunaticke . , such as the sexe , women . , what times to trauaile in are , not fitte : when , our countrey , is ingaged with ciuill warres : or , , the same expecteth forraine warres . , fitte : , when one may reape most profit in shortest time , for that hee aimeth at . , when the countrey , into which wee would trauaile , holdeth not ours in iealousie . , what age is most meete to trauaile in : , not the nonage . , not old age . , but the middle age . , priuate . , as they consist essentially : . nobles , , generall : of whom , looke in the second part. * , special : , diuines , , in what cases they may not trauaile . . if there bee preaching of the gospel in their countrey . , if licence can not bee obtained of the state. , if godly and learned professors liue in the state. , for what pretences they may trauaile , hauing obtained licence . . to a generall councell approoued by the state. , to a famous librarie . , to haue conference with such and such famous learned men . , to haue conference with such and such linguists , that are famous for the hebrew , and greeke tongues . , ciuilians , , to be well grounded in religion , and stedfast in the same . , to be studious in their obseruations . , to take degrees . , souldiers , , contemplatiue , , actiue are to note these things , , before trauaile , , to be expert in the mathematickes . , to remoue discōtentednes . , to be assured that they may be spared . . to accustome themselues to hardnesse . , to serue where the prince most fauoureth . , to serue in those warres , where a man may soonest proue a good souldier . , in trauaile , , to make diligent obseruation of all things . , to bee studious in obseruing the discipline . , rather to put vp iniuries , than to offer any . , neither to serue vnder infidels , nor against professors of the gospel , or in an vniust war. , to vse the warre as no profession , but to liue in peace the better afterwards . , physicians , . to make diligent obseruation of all common and accidentall things . , to be aswell expert as learned . , to be carefull to transplant what may profit their countrey . , commons , , merchants , , venturers , , of companies , , to know by what commodities their countrey may be benefited . , not to transport things prohibited , or to bring in vaine and hurtfull matters . , to conceale the secrets of their princes state , and to obserue of other nations what is meete . , men of warre , , not to transgresse their commission . , to obserue diligently for nauigation . , to make faithfull relation of things needefull . , machanickes . * the first part. trauailing is equiuocable , regular or irregular . of irregular trauelling , most men finde by experience what it is . the regular is an honorable or honest action of men ( and in speciall cases of women ) into forreine countries and states , chiefly for a publike good to that countrie of which such are , and also for a priuate benefit and necessitie in cases necessarie and of commendablenesse . in like sort there are deriued , from this action of trauelling , two orders of trauellers , regular , and irregular . the regular are threefould ; non voluntarie , inuoluntarie , or voluntarie . of whome foure things may bee considered . first what ought to be the moouing causes of mens trauell . secondly , what courses such as are iustly mooued must vndertake before trauell , if they will benefit their countrie , or themselues . thirdly , how they ought to spend their times in the interim of trauell . lastly , what commendable carriages and behauiour such are to expresse at their returnes , to the further honour of themselues , good of the state , and glorie of god. the first of these according to the ancient diuision of causes hath fowre head mouers ; but it may be impertinent to intreat of aboue two , at this present , namely of the efficient and finall . for , the formall esteemed causes ( which are pedestriall , equestriall , or nauticall ) stand either at the disposition of the efficient ; or pretend perfection and vse from the finall . in like manner the materiall causes which pertaine either to the bodie or the minde , though in subiect they differ not alwayes , yet in consideration of the places and the things in them contained , being obiects to be respected , may either depende vpon the pleasure of the efficient , or from the finall draw their motion and contentation . there are only three iust efficients ( next vnder god , which is the efficient of all good things in a secret manner ) that ought to stirre vp men to trauell from their countrie ( which as a parent tyeth all in duetie to respect it before sorteine parts : and wherein euerie one ought to leade his life godly and soberly , to aduance the common-weale thereof . ) those are first the pleasure of the prince , or state , or law vnder which men liue . the second in number , though in order preferable aboue all things in the world , is the maintenance and exercise of true religion and godlinesse . the third is a godly thought to do good in the church and common-weale , grounded either vpon probable reason , or vndertaken for priuate necessitie and respect . seeing the two former belong either to non voluntarie or inuoluntarie trauellers , it shall bee the more sparingly discoursed of them ; in regarde the voluntarie are the the true subiects of our point in hand . the persons , first occasioned to trauell by the princes or states fauour , are either men of peace , or men of warre . those of peace are either honorable or not , according to the circumstances of places , persons and times to whom and in what times they are sent . the honourable be either embassadors , commissioners , or messengers with or without credence . the not honorable be postes and such like currers necessarie in states to aduertise princes speedily concerning their mindes , or such as goe vnder the name of intelligencers . as cōcerning the honourable , though the prouidence of euerie prince state make election of meete personages to vndergoe such charge as is committed vnto them ; and are euer well instructed concerning principall matters and momentall : yet for other mens obseruations , there are fiue circumstāces required of these principall trauellers , to bee considered . first , from whom such are sent . secondly , to whome and to what gouernement . thirdly , what is their embassage in speciall . fourthly , what they themselues are , so chosen to vndergoe the office of embassadors , of commissioners or messengers . and fiftly , that the states of those coūtries & fashiō of the people , as welfrom whence as vnto which they are sent , be pondered at the time of their legation : which shal enable thē the more to be answerable in all points of cōsequencie ; that the prince sending may be cōpleatly serued & honored ; that the state or prince , to whome , may accordingly admire and haue the embassage and them in recommendation , that the embassage may take best effect . and lastly , that no reproche chance vnto them either concerning their traines or themselues , but contrariwise commendation & reward . moreouer it is required of such that they be eloquent , to obtaine and efect that which they plead for in negotiations : prudent in accusing , excusing , demanding , denying , and such like politicke affaires : liberall , honest , humane , popular , but with respect , ciuile in words and ceremonies , faithfull aboue all , carefull to dispatch affaires , and painefull to ripen and prepare them , and lastly obseruant in forreine affaires to get intelligēce . these may be sufficient at this present . as touching the not honorable , though wee might be also silent & passe thē ouer for the reasō aforesaid , yet let these things be remembred . first , that postes , whether mediatly , or immediatly , be speedy and faithful to put in execution things committed to their charge . secondly , as concerning intelligencers and referendaries , being persons of notable esteeme to support the policie of the estate by the knowledge of the secrets of forreine powers and daily occurrences that chaunce in them . wherby princes may shew all offices vnto their friends and confederates , and be sufficiently armed with knowledge to resist the malice of their enemies or encounter such as are held in iealousie . these are sent out by the mediation of the councell in most states , or by some of the principall . of these intelligencers it is required , first before their vndergoing so dangerous an actiō , to speak singularly the tongues , that may stand them in stead in that countrey out of which they must gather intelligence , and to imitate the common gestures and behauiour of those nations , to cloke their purposes the more artificially . also to bee well accōmodated of things needefull for their enterprises : the which being variable and changeable according to the alteration of states and times haue no certaine rules . only this , that such may safest trauell vnder the shewes of those people which that state wherein such must trauel to get intelligence hath the least ielousie of , and are in good friendshippe . lastly , to keepe the order and manner of their enterprise so secret , as that those which send out such shall not know the plot of all things if so be the same be deuised by the intelligencers themselues , which is euer least dangerous . moreouer it is required of such to enure themselues to endure the accidentes of sea or land ; as stormes , heate , colde , excesse of meates and drinkes , sickenesse , much riotte of speech , simplicitie and such like . and in a word whether abroad , or at home , let such be carefull they be not discouered for intelligencers or had in ouermuch iealousie , but so warily demeane themselues that they may aswell secure their own persons as benefite the state by their intelligence . there is an other kinde of intelligencers , ( but base in respect of the former , by reason they assume a libertie to say what they list ) who are inquisitors or diuers into the behauiours and affections of men belonging to a state , the carriages of whom are verie insupportable ; oftentimes exercising any libertie and licentiousnesse to prie into the hearts of men to know how such stand affected . but being also necessarie euils in a state , i would counsaile such as vnhappily shall haue to deale with this packe of muches not so fauourablie to suffer them to raile vpon the nobilitie of this land and discouer faults in the state , to blaspheme and dishonor the maiestie of god and of their prince but rather to coniure such so , as neuer afterwardes they shall delight in that humorous-carnall-tempting and diuellish profession . the other sort , which likewise by the princes or states fauour are made trauellers , are men of warre or souldiers , seruing on the land or sea ; whether these be sent to serue vnder other princes or haue authority committed vnto them to make warre themselues . now considering these are either commanders or common souldiers , there ought to be a distinct consideration . as touching the first , though wee might considerately enough leaue them out heere , being men of action and experiēce , yet we obserue three general offices of these : first , ere they vndertake their iournie , to be accōmodated with euerie thing necessarie , both for men , munitiō , victuals and monie , which being the sinewes of euerie enterprise shall preuaile greatly . and in case that any be sent to serue vnder other princes , it is a thing most requirable , for the honour of their prince and country and of themselues , to be much curious that euerie souldier be seemely apparelled , and orderly sorted with men and armes , and other things necessarie , and to be faithfull vnto their soueraigne . secondly , let euery one take heede hee goe not beyond his commission , but rather in case of his absolute authoritie streighten his owne power , neuer presuming vpon the fauour of the prince or state that sendeth such an one foorth . for though the same sometimes may sort to a happie end , yet the encroching on the prerogatiue royall is reprouable , and without reward , though so aduantagious for ones prince , and countrie . and as it is the cheefest point of a commaunder to obserue good discipline to aduance euerie enterprise and designe ▪ so especially in case of seruing vnder forreine princes and powers , let such be blamelesse and irreproueable : accomplishing moreouer with resolution and discretion whatsoeuer is committed to the charge of such , nothing attempting vpon discretion without commaundement of the prince himselfe vnder whom such serue . and that such be not lauish in rewarding with honour , or too seuere in punishing offenders beyond the discipline then exercised . the third and last consisteth in the making true and diligent relation of euerie accident , vnto the prince to whome such belong . vvee shall not neede to dilate on these , they are so common . nowe as concerning the common souldier in this place of non voluntarie trauellers , let it only be exacted of him , to be obedient to the discipline prescribed vnto him , to esteeme of his armes as the cognisance of a souldier ; and neuer to be tainted with mutinie or murmuring : for such do debarre themselues euermore afterwarde of bearing armes , or of the reputation of souldiers , though such may pretend great cause . of other things let it be sought for in the voluntarie trauellers . it nowe remaines wee touch vpon those that inuoluntarily are made trauailers , by the displeasure conceaued by the prince , and by offence committed against the law . those that haue trespassed against the lawe , although in other states in times past they were great personages , as others that lay open to such punishments , yet here in england are men of no accompt or reckening : such as being incorrigible persons , good for nothing , euill members , are for euer made proscripts , and turned from the tuition of their naturall friends and countrie , to liue as runnagates in the wide world . but as concerning such as stand banished by displeasure and prerogatiue royal of the prince , they are of two sorts . the first of such are onely for breach of lawes in court banished from the court , and confined to approche no neerer than so many miles , for a certaine space : these are not to our purpose . the other is of such as the prince vppon iust indignation banisheth the land for a time certaine or not ; wherby such are forced to trauell , and are of the gentrie or nobilitie alwayes , of whom the prince hath a greater respect , then of the commons that sustaine all punishments in their times according to the lawes . of whome these offices are exacted ; first , not to make shew of discontentednesse other then sorrow for the offence done . secondly , to depart the land , within the time limited . thirdly , not to trauaile into their princes enemies coūtries , or into the coūtries of miscreants & infidels , there to make their aboade ; ( for the one is a breach of religion , the other of allegeaunce and duetie to their prince , soueraigne and countrie : which yet remaine to such so , during life ) either for that they may obtaine fauour to be recalled , or by decease of the prince that banished them in speciall cases of displeasure be freed to returne from banishment : the benefite whereof they may peraduenture lose if such shal be obserued to spend their times in the enemies countrie or keepe much familiaritie with them . so is it to those that trauaile to pagans and infidels , who although they may be friends with their prince , yet the office of banished trauellers carrying the badge of gods displeasure also vpon them may not doe euerie thing that the policie of an estate shall permit : but in particular let them carrie themselues so , as god their high prince , who hath a more speciall hand ouer such then ordinarie may be serued also and appeased by obeysance to his word , which restraineth all from voluntary fellowshippe with vnbeleeuers and vngodly persons ; much more to haue such a communitie with them as being left to their choice they seeke rather after such then the godly , & as it were indenizen themselues into their life , religion and conuersation . lastly , that wheresoeuer these shall remaine , let them carrie themselues so discreetly during their perigrination , that they may procure themselues to regaine their princes fauour to restore them . and also when such shall so fortunately be recalled , to behaue themselues like newe creatures and subiects , abandoning all reprouable actions that draw downe sodainely gods displeasure , & consequently the like or greater iudgements . thus briefly may we conclude the first ranke of regular and lawfull trauailers . the second followeth . which are also of the crue of inuoluntaries : being moued to traueil for the maintenance only and preseruation of their religion , which vppon assured grounds they know to be the true and only sauing profession whereby they serue god aright according to his word , and prepare themselues for a more diuine & excellent mansion then can be found or conceipted heere on earth : the which thing may , of all other things in the world held in estimation , prescribe against and free them from the opposition of lawes humane , and their allegeance ; in such sort that whether men trauell without commission or licence of the prince and state to whom they belong , or whether contrarie to the expresse cōmandemēt of the state , their callings are iustifiable & honorable without the titles of fugitiues or rebels ; so such demeane themselues , in sort according to godlines , & as good subiects , before they put themselues to trauel , & during their perigrination . for if it be generally held that faith is to be perswaded not compelled ; & that no man hath power of religiō , seeing that it proceedes from the minde and will , the libertie whereof resteth in the hands of god only , to dispose of : then of all men those are most free that ground their religion vpō the word of god , which only is able to enfranchise and giue an assured hope of standing , vnto the sincere professors thereof ; making mens actions holy and warrantable euerie where . hence , the subiects of a nation that persecuteth the gospell of christ , & establisheth lawes derogatorie from the true worship of god cōmanded onely in the holy scriptures , haue their supersedeas authenticall . for which cause hath god , least his seruants should make shipwracke of their faith and conscience , whom he hath not fitted to be martyrs , made a way in the hearts of princes that they may trauell into other nations peaceably , and there abide till the lord shall remooue the rodde of persecution from his church . of which wee haue singular testimonies both in the dayes of queene marie ; and contrariewise in the blessed reigne of queene elizabeth : who granted to seuerall nations within her dominions freely to exercise their religion , and that in distinct formes , in their seuerall tongues , for the better entertainement of their consciences . nowe to auoyde the inconueniences of this libertie , that many vpon blinde zeale and offended consciences may pretend ; such trauailers must obserue these rules following , or the like . first , that all subiects before they enterprise trauaile in this kind are to consider with themselues , whether there be not some other licentious affectes that spurre them forward . for , though men vpon other grounds of affectes haue libertie to trauaile by licence or flight , yet is their iournying altogether displeasing to god and disparageable with men : much more in the case of religiō . for it is made changeable and turneth soone into hypocrisie . secondly , such are to ponder well whether the religiō , which they professe and would gladly exercise , be that which by christ was instituted and by his prophets and apostles ; contained in the canonicall scriptures : wherein all ceremoniall and olde blind sacrificing worshippe , all humane traditions that consent not with the faith and to edification ; all idolatrie and politicall gouernement that derogateth from gods glorie , is forbiden , as thinges damnable . from hence are all perigrinations and pilgrimages to any place for the performance of vowes , or sacrificings for sinnes , impious and vaine . thirdly , howbeit , for the nourishment of that true and righte religion , men maye bee iustly mooued to trauaile , yet it is the office of all so trauailing to weighe and consider with themselues , first , whether the same bee not professed alreadie in their countrie , or libertie permitted for such to exercise the same . for , if there be an exercise thereof there , or a toleratiō though in a priuate sort , a subiect only for this ought not to trauell nor forsake his owne land , countrie , parents , brethren , and that church whereof he is a member , for any other vaine perswasion or fancie ▪ fourthly , if so be ther be neither publike exercise not priuate toleration ; and in case ther bee lawes prohibitiue for trauelling , it is the dutie of euerie subiect to mooue the prince or magistrare , to whom authoritie is comitted , to grant licence : the which if it can not bee obtained it is better to venture flight and shunne persecution then to abide it ; vnlesse such an one can find in his hart the motions of strength and courage to suffer persecution for the truth of the gospell , without wauering . yet of the two it is better to flie from persecution , then being come into it , to saint , & so leaue their hope & faith in ieopardie . lastly , let not such stand indifferent whether they goe , so they may be prouided for : for if there be any choice , the best is euermore to be elected . and therfore considering in outward shew that is best where the gospell is flourishing , yet in other cases dāgerous ; i presuppose three kind of places to trauaile into for this kinde of people , and only one free from danger . the first , a state which is enemie to their countrie . the second , a state neerely linked in many respects to their countrie . the third , a state , which is indifferent : i meane such a state as is neither fast friend , nor apparant enimie . to peece out our discouse about these it is needelesse , being apparant vnto all men , that the newter or free state is least dāgerous to be trauailed into for this kind of people . their offices now in trauaile offer themselues . first , considering they are now become separates from the world , their courses must be so much the more spirituall , that the prouident hand of god may not be remooued from them , and that hee may receaue them as members of his church into fauour againe . wherefore let them serue god truely in those places wherein they shall be dispersed ; that they may cause euerie nation fearing god to tender their estates and to relieue their necessities . secondly , let them demeane themselues euerie one according to his estate and abilitie answerable to the lawes & customes of those places wherein they shall happily abide , that no hatred or mislike befall on such . and in case the number of those shall be so great as to make a congregatiō by themselues , hauing humbly obtained the same of the prince or magistrate in a place conuenient , it behoueth such a congregation to institute that order of discipline which may best sort with the magistrats pleasure : that no iarres or dissension arise therein : or other policie be established then that which consenteth with other godly churches , vnlesse it shall be left vnto their owne election to sample their discipline after the most reformed and esteemed churches : about which if controuersie arise , let the appointment thereof be referred to the magistrate or prince of the state. and in case the same be thus once considerately established , wherein no iust offence to any may arise ( though in euerie politicke bodie there are some weake members that are scandaled at things indifferent ) the same ought to bee continued without alteration ; least dissension and displeasure creep in , a thing most displeasing in the church of god ; and to strangers , in a strange nation most dangerous . but in case the numbers of such be so small , and the place will not permit a distinct church , then ought such to be conformable vnto the discipline of that place , auoyding also all publike and priuate mislike of the discipline , or gouernement there vsed . a●d though that state retaine in their policie many things , which were better left out , then commaunded , yet strangers are to followe the doctrine and not externall things , as ceremonies and orders . for , the intermeddling therewith sauoureth not of christianitie and knowledge . thirdly , in case such be depriued of maintenance , or if the custome of that place wherein they liue doe accompt it requisite , let euerie one in his calling bend himselfe to some honest science or mechanicall trade , that they may not only get their liuings honestly , but may bee also reputed good members of that common weale . moreouer , if wealth abound , let not such spend that lauishly , wantonly , or carelesly . for that benefiteth not any ; much lesse strangers , in a strange nation , especiall the religious , the same being a scandall to their profession . so in matters and affaires of the ciuill state , let them not entermeddle nor be curious searchers into the secrets therof . for , being placed in a state only for zeale of religion , they must giue continuall shew of vertue , and shunne euerie thing that may breed iealousie ; least that state into which they are receiued hold them rather for spies , then for religious professors . neither let such bee noted for fayneants and idle persons : for such corrupt an estate . and let them bee euer kinde and respectiue to the people with whome they are suffered to liue amongst ; rather sufferers of iniuries then offerers of any wrong to them ; neuer accepting duello , but by the permission of the magistrate for capitall wrong . lastly , that thorough no perswasion of their friends at home , or of enemies abroad , or of their owne tempting affections , they goe about treacherously , or rebelliously , to practise or rise against their natiue soueraigne , in any sort , howe vniust or vngodly soeuer their prince be : but rather seeke vnto god to turne his heart , and to giue a peaceable returne home vnto them . the last point we will briefly handle concerning their offices when they happily shal be recalled , or permitted to returne , in two obseruations . first , that howsoeuer the state stands affected , it being permitted to them to haue libertie of conscience and priuate exercise of religion , not to attempt or consent vnto any commotion , insurrection , or any such treasonable action , but to carry loyall hearts towards the prince and state , not once publikely speaking or writing against the ecclesiastical policie , nor be strict and ouer-precise in things externall and indifferent : but carrie respect vnto the times , and late standing of things ; vsing all things to the glorie of god without offence or breach of conscience . and considering that there is of most things a ciuill and superfluous vse , let such retaine the ciuill , and construe euerie thing rather to the best and to edification , then to preiudice the conscience of one another , leauing the superstitious vseage to those that vppon good knowledge doe vse thē . that other is the sociable & peaceable carriage of euerie one to his neighbour , seeking al occasiōs to encrease loue and mutu●l societie . as concerning other things required in trauellers , let it be sough for in the voluntarie trauellers which now offer themselues to be discoursed on , being the proper subiect of our point in hand . before wee enter into the listes of this matter , there are some things considerable : for there be some that go vnder the name of voluntarie trauellers moued out of their parents pleasure and will. the callings of which may seeme equally lawfull no doubte , so their parents performe their offices and haue them well guided & instructed , in the interim of their iourny ( for trauell to some bodies are as new birthes ; that beare them , of dull mindes and sowre , good quicke and sweete conuersing spirits and inclinations : yea amendeth many imperfections of nature ) ; so as the lawfulnesse of the parents ende and purpose haue a lawfull pretence also . thus may the efficient and finall causes come foule one of another : for the clearing of which confusion , i iudge it needefull to consider a few words of the endes in generall ; that when the particular kindes of trauailers shall be mentioned , their endes by implication may appeare . of endes lawfull , there are two heades : one prime and principal ; the other congruent and secondarie . the prime is diuine and spirituall , that afterwards we may leade a more quiet , contented and peaceable life , to the honor and glorie of god , with knowledge and vnderstanding . and this no doubt ought to bee the first marke , for euerie man to shoote at in this life , that by doing the reuealed will of god , euerie one may seek vnto himselfe the assurance of heauenly happinesse , which is incomprehensible and eternall . that other , congruent and secondarie , is agreeable also and fitting the calling of euerie particular ; being of two sorts : publike or priuate . the publike is most honorable , and should stirre vp euerie man with delight to vndertake trauaile for the good of ones countrie . neither is the priuate discommendable , considering it giueth satisfaction or at the least sufficiencie to liue well and happily according to the humor of the world , whereby it may be apparant that the motiues and ends of some are all one . moreouer , seeing it may be doubted whether all persons may be included vnder the third ranke of regular trauellers : and also whether all times be fitting for these to vndertake trauaile : and lastly , whether euery age be congruent with these : let vs in order cleare these three points . to the first , i obserue three opposers : to wit nature , which prohibiteth infants and decrepit persons , whose defect of vnderstanding and doting age pleadeth insufficiencie . imperfection , others as fooles , madde men and furious persons whose disabilities of minde are such as no hope can be expected for the one or other . lastly , the sex in most countries prohibiteth women , who are rather for the house then the fielde ; and to remaine at home , then trauaile into other nations , but in speciall cases . as touching the second , what times are fittest for the voluntarie trauellers to goe in , we must obserue a duple season , either of their owne countrie or of those whereinto they would trauaile . touching the first , let none trauaile at those times when their countrey is engaged with ciuill , or expecteth warres . for , to leaue the same in time of necessitie , were vnnaturall and dangerous : in the one case it being disparageable , to leaue the countrie when enemies inuade the same ; in the other case it may proue perilous to such , many sundrie wayes . and therfore that time is best , whē ones countrie is in peace and tranquilitie . touching the second , that the seasons also of such countries where into such trauaile ought to be regarded , it belongeth to euery particular to make obseruance , when he may reape most profit thereby in the shortest time : namely the souldier when there are warres : the ciuilian or lawyer , when great matters are debated in parliaments , vniuersities or disputations , concerning points of equitie , prerogatiue , iurisdiction and such like : the diuine , when any generall or nationall councel is heald touching their profession : the mechanicke , when such and such artes and trades doe singularly florish &c. yet euerie man so trauailing must take heede , how he goe into a countrie that is iealous of his prince , and subiects ; which chaunceth euermore when princes are enimies or when they haue intestine warres and factions that vse any policie to aduantage their partie . now the third and last is , whether any age be congruent for these voluntaries . this is a harde thing to resolue vpon ; for there may be reasons on both sides , that commend youth , and other reasons that preferre the middle age . but seeing the reasons for youth profit but in speciall cases and but few persons : i rather insist vpon the middle age . for , the nonage of men is vncapable either to apprehend or comprehend things important , for the state of which they are , or for thēselues : or else transported with many turbulent affections that hinder their quiet ingenious vnderstādings , and rather gather corruption thē commendablenesse , which ouerwaigh such good parts as they happily in longe time with paines haue collected . wherefore the divine plato by implication forbade men to trauell in this kind till they came to fortie yeares of age . but our age and climate now perfecteth sooner : and therefore wee will take the meaning of his wordes , which implyeth thus much ; that age to be fittest for trauaile in which a man in shortest time may make most profitte , and bee in least daunger to be corrupted , by his owne swaying affections , or by the stie perswasions of others : the which chāceth in our climate after twentie fiue yeres in most bodies ; and therefore the phylosopher addeth , such might trauell till yeares . by which words i collect two things : one , that men shold not make too short a returne , and so be little bettred by their trauaile . the other that when men grow aged and declining , trauailing shold be left off ( considering that age is laboursom enough without trauaile , and it argueth incōsideratnes ) but in speciall cases . so as the middle age frō thirtie or therabouts vnto fortie is the most gathering , for such as will be publike members of a common-weale , to learne obserue and collect so many things as are requireable in all worthy and compleat trauailers . nowe to our point in hand : the persons thus voluntarily prest out are either of the nobilitie or of the commons . the nobilitie are either general or speciall . the nobilitie general are such as haue no profession singular : the speciall are such as before trauel make some professiō wherof i cōceaue fower distinct kinds : diuines , souldiers , ciuill lawers , physitiās ; of which we will cōsider after we haue grated vpō the cōmons : who are either mechanicks or marchants . the marchants are of two sorts here meant , such as are knowen to the state , and such as goe vnder the name of warre , vnknown to the state otherwise then by letters of marke and permission : who are chiefly to take heed they transgresse not the boundes of their commission . and therefore before they trauaile by sea , let them learne well , who may be made prises ▪ and what ; east the state be troubled for the abuse of such , and they themselues shent and lose their voiage . moreouer , let them be carefull to set downe in their seuerall sea charts , euerie thing of speciall note ; as countries , hauens , creekes , iles , rockes , gulfes , shooles , sands , shelues and such like : whereby others after them may make vse thereof , to the profit of the common-weale . and when these shall returne , to make a true relation ( if they be demaunded ) of euerie accident during their voyage , and of such aduertisements as may stand the sate in vse , of which they are . but those other knowen marchants , for that their trauailes are knowen to be profitable , and of honest esteeme , they haue speciall priuiledges which to no other voluntarie trauailer chanceth ; namely to passe and repasse with safe conduct , themselues and their substances , vnlesse in times of warre , &c. in regarde whereof they are tyed vnto these duties ; first , first , by a prudent , deligent , and faithfull care to obserue by what things the state may be most benefited ; and to haue perseuerance where such marchandize that the state most vseth and desireth may be had with greatest ease , least charge , and without inconuenience to his countrey : where there may be a likelihoode of continuance without mislike of their princes , whose affaires are much managed by marchants . and though the disposition of these things belongs to the prince , yet the disquisition appertaineth to the calling of marchants ; who , when they haue excogitated a thing to the benefit of the state by marchandize or new trades , referre the discussion to the counsaile of the prince whether the same be aduantagious or no. secondly , let them in any case not transport any thing prohibited ; or vnto their countries enemies , nor suffer their factors to send ouer such as may be displeasing or vnprofitable to their prince , lawes , or countrie . thirdly , let all of this kinde conceale the secrets and outward state of their countrie with faithfulnesse and respect : and be verie circumspect to prie into the secrets of other countries where they come , least they be held for spies and no marchants ; a thing most dangerous to those people . lastly , forasmuch as most of this kinde of trauailers are of singular iudgement and vnderstanding , to make prudent obseruation of things beneficiall to the state : let thē if so they be demanded relate how things stand abroad , and in case they know any thing of moment the concealement whereof may incommodate the state , it is their duetie to discouer the same when they retourne , with the greatest secrecie and speed vnto such as are knowne to bee priuie councellers , and to none other . for , oftentimes passing thorough many mouthes , the importances of good newes and intelligence are much impaired . the other sort of the commons , to witte , mechanickes ( whose trauaile may also accommodate an estate with many things to set the poorer sort to worke and as it were plant in their countrie the cōmodities & peculiar trades of other nations ) now resteth to behādled . the chiefe trades wherof are by marchāts brought for the most part into states , and by them ordered till long vse disperse thē throughout , to the benefit generall . now , in regard with vs there are many artes , not in that perfection as in other coūtries , or such as the rarer sort of those be , which are set vp and vpheld by strangers to the preiudice of the realme ( yet not so much as in case there were none at all ) it is a thing verie requisite for these kind of trauellers and for the state , in case they cannot be attained vnto at home . moreouer we see in other countries few , apprentises , aboue three yeares for one trade ; which giueth much encouragement to such as couet the same . and there is nothing more beneficiall for a state to vphold the same then the vsing of these occupations and trades which set many hands to worke and haue many dependants . wherefore in times past there were reckoned but vii . mechanicke artes , because a state could not want either , and in regard they are the generall heads vpon which all other depend . hence in our state husbandrie and clothing are the nerues of the weale publike , the failing whereof must needs turne the cote of the state. insomuch as it is a hard matter to discerne whether woll or corne accōmodate this state more : though expresly tillage carrie the greater sway then breeding of sheepe and grasing . but to our purpose . let such trauailers first , hauing libertie to trauaile , suruey the best places , where those arts are to be learned ; as in germanie all manner of formers , potters or figulists are to be found in perfection . in italy architecture , limming , painting , engrauing , imagerie , textorie , and weauing , and artes ingenious may be learned . so according to euerie countries seuerall commodities seuerall and peculiar artes do flourish . lastly , let them spend their times so diligently as commoditie and estimation be their reward . the nobilitie as was said were generall or speciall . the special were of fower sorts , diuines , souldiers , ciuil lawyers , & physiciās : which are so called special trauailers not in regard such be more excellent or honorable thē others , but for that such prescribe vnto thē a speciall thing to be attaind vnto as wel for perfectiō as satisfactiō . of these in order . first , the diuines be such as make profession of diuinitie outwardly in the state , wherby they may be imployed in the ministrie and seruice of god. and although all men must account it a chiefe honour vnto them contemplatiuely to make profession thereof : yet such may not trauaile but in speciall cases as before hath been alleadged , on the pretence of knowledge ; the same being to be attained vnto within their own countrie : wheras the outward professors , that haue the calling of ministers , haue in some cases better warrant . howbeit , by our pofitiue law clearkes are forbid to trauaile , for this pretence . for in case such may be satisfied and endoctrined in the points they doubt of within their owne princes dominions , of godly and learned professors , i see not how their trauailes can be lawfull . but in case where the gospel and truth is not preached , i iudge it a most happy thing for any whosoeuer to serch the word in other nations : but not without licence of the state. for no man ought to dispose of himselfe so , as his prince should lose the benefit of his person , the which is dispensable in the case of god onely and in case of persecution , wherein god is interessed . moreouer , it is from the office of ministers that haue the cure of soules , to goe into voluntarie trauaile , for any ordinarie pretense , and leaue the same without a right good shepheard ; and in many cases not then , though he leaue in his roome a carefull pastor . for , this function and vocation is more to be respected then others , it being singularly dedicated to the seruice of god. then of such diuines as may trauaile we obserue foure pretenses : two generall , and two speciall . the generall are either of a generall councell or nationall : or of some famous librarie . but in case such councels bee not compounded of worthie and knowen men , of learning and iudgement & approued by the state whereof men are , the profit will be so little as the pretence must cease . so is it of the other generall pretence , namely the view of some famous librarie , which containeth such famous printed bookes or manuscripts as faithfully discusse of points not yet concluded , nor to bee had and procured other where . for , in case by transscripts or any assured collections men may attaine vnto the pith of those points , this pretense should also cease . the two pretences are either to haue conference with such famous men , whose learning may satisfie & endoctrine ; or else with those naturall iewes and grecians whose learning may for the furtherāce of those diuine tongues giue much helpe to the vnderstanding of the scriptures . yet if so the gospell flourish already , in their owne countrie , and that there be learned men to bee reuerenced , in all things to be doubted of ; if such choose rather to trauaile then to conferre , and aske to be resolued of those their countriemen , the pretence of them must also cease . for , it is a contempt to the church whereof they are members , to trauaile for instruction , when men may be well instructed at home without inconuenience , especially where there are vniuersities , & publike professors of thē . it is needlesse to prescribe rules for these in trauailing : for the most are sage and prudent men ; and therefore we will passe to the second sort : to weet ciuilians . ciuile lawyers haue a lawfull pretence , so be it the ciuile law be in request in the state whereof such are , and cannot be attained in so singular a manner , as in those vniuersities that wholly consist therof , and where that law flowrisheth most . and although the law may in some sort , by reading and conference in the vniuersities , be for theorie and iudgement sufficiently gotten in ones owne countrie , yet the liuely expression and elocution thereof i iudge in other nations for the common vse may adorne counsaile in the best manner . wherefore as it is the office of diuines aboue all things to take heed in their trauaile they be not corrupted with false doctrine , wherwith other people of other nations striue to tempt schollers at this day : so let it be the first office of these ciuilians ( men for the most part indued with great vnderstanding & faculties ) to be well grounded in their religion before , and consequently faithfull , secret & honest to their coūtrie , hauing a vigdant eye , that they be not misseled by the subtilties of other nations , & many of their vnsound positiōs in their law canon , frō the sinceritie of their religiō & the gospell : the which shall adorne them when they returne , more then all their learning and obseruations . for , by how much men of wit and vnderstanding stand firme in the truth , & puritie of religion , by so much shal their learnings and honesties be had in recommendation , with whom they conuerse afterwards ; the same in trauailers voluntarie being a rare matter . moreouer , let them be careful to make obseruance for the rights , customes , statutes , ordinances , proclamations , decrees , particular lawes and priuiledges , liberties & prerogatiues of places and persons where happily they shal come . lastly , whensoeuer they trauaile into forreine states where there are vniuersities and where there are degrees to be taken , let them labour to attaine to the same . for , to men of desert it is reputed a dishonor , to returne without them , in case they freely may be attained vnto . for , otherwise the pretence of their trauaile wil in the mindes of men cease , the degree being the crowne of their vocatiō , which to professors is most necessarie . for other things we referre them to such obseruations as to the generall voluntaries are prescribed , afterwards . the souldiers follow . the profession of these voluntarie trauailers is armes and warrefare , athing much approued of euerie common weale . and although none should so binde himself to that vocation , as all his life time to liue by the same , but rather in peace and tranquillitie afterwardes , yet the pretence of young men & of able bodies , to endure hardnesse for the aduancement of their countries weale and discipline , is honorable , carying a more sensible le liking of the state thē the former two . and although , by reading , conference and such like consideratiōs vpon other mens experiences , many are made good theoristes & counsellers in warre to direct orderly & warily before battel or skirmish , yet no man can be a compleat soldier without 〈…〉 tion , & almost continuall exercise in armes . for w 〈…〉 encounters chance , self-eye-seeing experience shal be a readier preuentresse of accidēts & infinite occurrences that chance , to assure the victorie . yet are there thus two compleate kinds of soldiers in their seuerall kindes ; such as be experienced themselues & men of action : and those whose singular contemplation on the experiences of others , are able in meete time to giue good direction and counsaile . for , as there are some whose experience only haue made them learned to encounter actions and accidēts , & in the incountring are right circumspect and valorous , yet can not such in counsaile giue the best direction , for the generall encountering of inconueniences : so there are others on the contrarie , whose prudent care to prouide for euerie occurrence ; that to the vnderstanding at first and before action is represented , is such as if euerie thing should fall out according to their deliberation , no doubt would assure victorie : but , comming to ioyne , faile on the sodaine what to resolue of . but when the spectacles of the one are ioyned with the eyes of the other , in that souldier doubtlesse compleatnesse and perfection dwelleth . for , as glasses artificiall , concording with the nature of each sight , aide and preserue much the sight of euerie eye ; so arte ioyned with experience , in warre especially , giueth an assurance of perfection , aswell to preuent the worst , as to prouide for the best , and that vppon an instant ; which beareth great swaie in battailes . wherefore , in the first place as for those that are minded to bee trauailers in this kind , they had need to learn the grounds of the arte of warre before hand , that such may make the best vse of their times ; namely , arithmeticke , geometrie and other mathematicke sciences , that may happily traine them vp to more iudgement in one yeare ( if so they also passe some time in historie ) then others in fiue . secondly , being thus prepared , let them consider with themselues that no one discontentment wage them forwarde , but to enable thēselues for to do their countrie good , and prince seruice , when occasion shall bee profered . for , such as go otherwise cannot be assured of gods protection , blessing or fauour : for want wherof we see how vainly the greater part of these trauellers spend their times . thirdly , they are to ponder whether at such time as they would trauaile , their prince and countrie shall not neede to imploy their seruice either at home or abroad : for , in such cases it cannot but argue vanitie to trauaile , when as their prince or countrie shall haue speciall vse of them . fourthly , to accustome themselues to endure extreamities , of heate and cold , of paines of body and minde , of bodily trauaile in swift and slowe motions , and to be able to manage euery sort of armes offensiue or defensiue vsed on horsebacke or on foote : that , when such shal come to serue in the warres of any prince , estimation attend on them . for , none can be iustly reputed for his particular a cōpleat soldier in action , but he that is able to serue in all attempts in any kind of seruice with iudgement and resolution . fiftly , let such bend their trauels into those coūtries , either wher their prince maketh war or fauoreth ; or go vnder the conduct of such princes , as are neerest friends vnto their prince & countrie . for , it is vnseemely that any should choose to serue rather vnder strangers then friends . lastly , to this must be annexed , that such trauaile for their greater benefit into those countries where best seruice and discipline is to be learned : for that maketh a soldier to be vnder good discipline & to see good seruice ; which is in duple respect , either of the enemie against whom , or in the countrie wherein such serue . the enemie against whō men serue , doth aduāce the seruice if he be stirring , & alwayes plotting of some matter against his enemies , whether hee keepe the fielde or lie in garrison : in li●e sort may the seruice be bettered by those vnder whom men serue . the consideration of the countrie is triple , that maketh the seruice good , which in the ende shall perfect a souldier : the first is , where the countrie is champaine , & that either of moūtains or of valleyes : the seruice wherein makes men alwayes to stand vpon their guard , and to be well accompanied in euerie designe . the second in couert countries , marishie and boggie ; which are the aptest for stratagemes and surprizes , making men watchfull & prouident euermore to suspect the worst , wheresoeuer they come . the third and last , are the fortifications of countries , or those countries that stand most vpon them , which employ the spirits and ingenious parts of souldiers , after an extraordinarie manner . the first nauarre and sauoy are apt for , and the lowe countries that bee wasted : the seconde , ireland will furnish men with : and , in the worlde for the third , a man cannot haue better experience then in the lowe countries . so as when such trauailers haue gotten experience in one , if they desire perfection , let them trauaile for the other : for in few countries & wars shall men finde all . then , being arriued into the armie or garrison and entred into the seruice , first , with great diligence euerie thing of speciall make contained either in discipline of seruice ought to be obserued : and for euerie mans better vnderstanding , let them discourse thereof and question . secondly , let such be verie studious to be obserue all lawes and ordinances of that discipline ; as also to obey euerie speciall commandement of their cōmanders : for them consisteth the honor of a soldier . and though the disciplin permit much libertie of idlenes , ( wherby many are entised to gaming , vnholy & vnprofitable exercises ) . let such , being strangers especially , abstain frō those childish recreations , and either confer about things they are ignorant of , or reade such books of warre & historie , that may sharpen and giue knowledge continually to them ; or with company follow the managing of armes offensiue or defensiue , wherin men cannot be too skilful : or the exercise of vaulting , leaping , swimming , darting , shooting , & such other of the arme as gather strength & nimblenes to the body , which in wars are of no small proofe . thirdly , aboue all things let strangers feare to motimie , or accept of quarrels , but rather put vp iniuries then offer any . for there is a ciuill and honorable redresse of wrongs , in war , to be expected from the general , mareschall , & cōmanders of the armie , whose sentence ought to be expected in all things of the same nature , yea in accepting of combates for the honor of ones prince and countrie against the enemies , if occasion be offered . moreouer , let such take heede , they neuer offer to accept of combate , for the honour of another nation , if any of the same serue in the same place : for that is an iniurie to that nation . fourthly , as none may serue vnder infidels , in case there be wars in christendom : and as none may go and serue vnder such as are doubtfull friends vnto their countrie or enimies ; so are all to be carefull to serue , where the right is most apparant , and where the gospell is preached in the armie , that god may giue thē best successe so in case there be no wars in christēdom , let such trauaile to other nations ( after licence obtained of their prince ) and seeke seruice of such princes that neither warre against christians , nor haue an ill quarrell in hand . for , as it is a shame for any to take part with enemies or with infidels against ones own coūtrie : so it is requisite on the other side that they serue in those wars amongst infidels , whose cause and quarrel is iust & good in the sight of men . lastly , let all those who will make their pretence good in the opinion of men , carry themselues so strictly in these and other common duties pertaining to souldiers , as that they make not profession thereof , but to establish peace and tranquillitie , when happily they shal returne home to their countrie , as good bees with wax and honey , to their hiue of the common-weale , and demeane themselues so in times of peace , as they giue ensample to gowned men , of peaceable and orderly liuing ; neither in riot nor in ambition , or pride , which keepe reuell roupt in the dereigled crue of trauailers . now , as concerning the last order of voluntarie speciall trauailers : namely of physicians . by the word physician , is meant first such as haue the lawfull calling ; and either haue alreadie or intende to take degrees , that they may giue countenance to their knowledge . moreouer , by the name i conceit such as haue the facultie , and naturall knowledge of euerie thing , concerning diseases or wounds in the bodie or minde of man. for , the remedying of all which , there are two things requirable ; namely , the simple knowledge of euerie liuing and inanimate thing , whether of mineralls , vegetables , sensible animalles , or of man and the experience how each of these in seuerall countries and bodies haue their certaine operations . and seeing without doubt god hath planted , in the world , meanes ( either of simples or of compounds ) to remedie any sickenesse or cure any wound , although the knowledge or meanes be not alwaies blessed ; wee may collect the lawfulnesse of physiciās trauaile also . and though god haue fitted euerie climate and countrie with meanes to relieue the common distresses and grieueances of men , yet wee see for want of knowledge in physicians either how to vse the simples in their owne countries or how to compound them aright according to the dose of euery body natural , they are enforced to search into other countries for aide . for , though we haue , as other countries , many singular things to remedie the decay or disquiets of nature : yet seeing the simples of other countries , for some particular bodies and griefes , are more naturall then many compounds of our own , & the skil is lesse to apply them , why shold not necessitie make physicians trauel for knowledge as the old wife for neede . we see the artificiall bezar stone to be lesse profitable for some bodies then the natural ; the fained sanguis draconis thē the right which is brought frō africa : & so of such like adulterous resemblāces , which necessitie , & mens gains haue laboured & arted . in the vniuersities of learned men , that science , and store of bookes of all things in the world for simples and compoundes according to their natures , and vertues are better described then any one by his own trauaile can amend : ( for in trauaile there must necessarily bee much time spent , and little practise had at home : and practise is no doubt the best thing that maketh a good physician ) neuerthelesse for some diseases a man shall happily learne more by trauaile , then by all these at home . for , there are many of our capitall diseases easily cured in other countries . now then , hee that will make good of his pretence , must labour into the grounds of astronomie and astrologie , as of proportiō . for , without these , such wander without a guide in the wildernes of nature . moreouer , during their trauaile ( after licence obtained ) let them make vse of euerie thing they shall see ; aswell of things knowne as of the vnknowne . for the difference of climates and soyles , alter much the nature of euerie thing . in like sort must such obserue the persons in euerie countrie , so particularly as they can , and marke their common and accidentall diseases , & to take knowledge of their cures . so if there be any speciall bathes , waters , pooles , spawes , or springs , the operation whereof may cure any maladie , to learne their vertues . and lastly to frequent the most famous places and companies of learned men , whereby such may better their knowledge , & increase their discourse : which is no small thing , in a physician , to be well mannered , ciuill , wittie , and pleasant , and of able disposition to delight his patiēts by discourse . moreouer , if such light vpō simples , which are either of a strāge nature or that excell ours , let them bee carefull to transplant them ; hauing a care to the soile , climate , and growing of such , that arte here may repaire the naturall defect of the countrey . but considering many , when they returne home , are tainted with the humor of most trauailers , namely selfe conceipt , and better thinking of themselues then is conuenient , let them be as respectiue to relieue the poore & the needie as the rich . for many physicians will not go out of the doores to saue a poore mans life . moreouer , let them be carefull to administer noe desperate or vnknowen thing vnto any : for such , as in the former case , are no lesse then murtherers before god , if their patients proue not well vnder them . neither let couetousnes ouer-rule them , as those physicians and surgeons that dallie with mens bodies to get much monie : but let euerie one accoumpt it his duetie to do good to any . and in so doing they shall finde god their physician not only of their bodyes but of their soules : wheras otherwise the saying of our nation may be applyed fitly vnto them , physicians cure your selues . thus farre of the speciall voluntarie trauailers . the ende of the first part . page . a. the second part , in part , abstracted . we haue described volūtary regular trauailers to be nobles & commons : and the nobles to be , generall : of whom it is to bee considered what they are to vndergoe , , before trauaile , , to put on the pretence of benefiting the common weale , and to shun , ambition . , sensualitie . , vaine-glory . , couetousnesse . , vanitie of knowledge . , to suruay their abilities in iudgement and knowledge . , to bee sufficiently instructed in the knowledge of , matters belonging to themselues , , qualities , , necessary , , to speake , or , vnderstād the language of that countrey , into which men trauaile . , for ornation , , skill in managing of armes . , skill in musicke . , skill in dauncing . , skill in portraying . , vertues morall and diuine . , sciences , , astronomie . , astrologie . , cosmographie . , geographie . , geometrie . , hydrography . , arithmeticke . , architectury . , matters belonging to the countrey into which they trauaile . , to be well accommodated for trauaile with things needfull . , to resolue to trauaile into such countries , as may afford least offence and most profit . , to demand licence of god , of prince , and parents . , in trauaile . looke the next table . * ● , being returned : , to manifest the soundnes of their religion by , diligent and orderly seruing of god. , wise and faithfull conuersation : which is discouered by , silence . , incuriositie . , sprightfulnes . , prudence . , bountie . , faithfulnesse . , to preferre honestie before policie . , to be knowen by vertuous endeuours . , to be stored of a worthy friend . , to be constant to his honourable friend without ambition . , to bee studious for forraine aduertisements : but not ignorant of home-matters . , speciall : of whom before we haue abbridged . * page . b. the rest of the second part , abstracted . we haue abstracted voluntary trauailers general , to consider points before and after trauell : let vs nowe here abbreuiate what is meete in the interim of trauaile : namely , , to attempt nothing without a good conscience , and to make supplications to god daly . , to prouide for the health of their bodies , , by diet , , by trauaile , , to haue faithfull guides and compainons . , to chuse the least dangerous way . , to be otherwise well accommodated . , to be defeded against th'intemperatnesse of the aire . , to be armed against accidences on the way . , to arriue timely in the inne , &c. , by moderationi of passions , , to be humane and courteous towards all . , to applie themselues vnto the customes and maners of the countrey that are not per se mala. , to put in practice the qualities for ornation , which are , , armes . , musicke . , poetry . , dancing . , portraying . , vaulting . , running . ● , dexteritie . , singularly to gain the knowledge of . the tongue : which consisteth , in right vnderstandig the same . , i proper speaking and reading it . , in true writing , &c. , the nature of the people to be discouered , , in ciuilitie , or barbarousnesse . , in freedome , or seruilenesse . , in religiousnesse , or profanenesse . , in warlike , or esseminatenesse . , in constitution of body and mind . , the countrey to be suruayed , , in the name . , in the populousnesse , or scarcitie of the people . , in the situation . , in the quatititie . , in the commo dities which are , naturall : , the temperatnesse of the ayre . , the fruitfulnesse of the foyle . , the plenty of rituers and ports . , baths , and medicinable things . , artisiciall : , buildings , ad fortitfications , &c. , trades , or sciences mechanicke . , in the discommodities that doe consist of , impersections . . wants . , the lawe : and customes may bee discerned , , generally &c. , particularly &c. , in matters ecclesicasticall , , in matters temporall . , in matters regall , or of prerogatiue . , the gouernments , , interior . * , exterior , descrying , the persons gouerning : , the monarke . , the nobles . , the popularitie . , the people gouerned doe consist , of husbandmen . , of handi-crafts men and labourers . , of merchants . , of the nobilitie and gentrie . , of stipendary souldiers . , of ecclesiasticall persons . , the instruments whereby men gouerne , and be gouerned , are looked into , , by their goodnesse or euilnesse . , by the timely precuenting or neglecting of matters . , b the execution , or not , of lawes in force . , the secress , , common , regardeth , intelligence of forraine friends , neuters , or enemies : , in populousnesse . , in scarcitie of people . , in well disciplining them . , in permitting a liberty from martiall discipline . , whether religious or profane . , whether warlike or esteminate . , whether free or seruile . , kowledge of the ordinary strength of the state. , for sufficiencie of people : , for store of comodities : , for plentie of munition . , for the treasure , how increased , by reuenues . , by conquests . , by gifts . , by tributes . , by traficke . , by merchandise . , by taxations . , how dispended , on almes-houses . , on housekeeping . , on building . , on payments . , on gifts to strangers . , on donatiues politicke . , accidentall , are to be sought out , in the persons gouerning by , election . , inheritance generall or speciall . , any other hope . , in persons gouerned : , addicted to ouer-much libertie . , how standing affected to the prince or gouernment . , whether wiser then their generation requireth . , how affected in rumors . , who be popular beyond custome . , in the instruments , &c. , to aduertise some of the councel , of things important and needfull . , to dee all the honour he may vnto the ambassadors of his prince , in cafe there be any in that trauaile . the second part . these generall voluntarie trauailers are of the temporall nobilitie of the land , whether superior or inferior : and before they vndertake trauaile , if they will be bettered thereby , are to vndergoe sixe dueties . the first is to counsaile and deliberate with themselues , whether they bee mooued with the iust pretence of doing good to the common weale , whereof they are , and for the enabling of themselues , with such knowledges as appertaine to their seuerall callings ; or whether their owne lusts and affections pricke them not forward . for oft men are deceiued for want of due consideration thereof , which turneth the plots of men topsieturuie . and though it be hard to res●lue on this with humane strength and reason , ( for that reason , which by nature is in man , is feeble and differeth little from that of brute beasts ) yet there is another reason in man , or the same at the least enlightned and sanctified by god , the which through faith and knowledge of his reuealed wil , teacheth man to do that which is good and pleasing in his sight . wherefore , as this reason is pure & of an holy vnderstāding nature , so must the resolutiōs of men ( if they would be approued and crowned with blessing ) be shaped accordingly . and therefore all particular affects , rising from the disordinate appetite of man corrupt and vnsauorie ( as ambition , sensualitie , vaine glorie , couetousnes , vanitie of knowledge , & such like ) must die in these honorable kind of trauailers ; and in lieu of them the rootes of all vertuous affections must be planted , to the glorie of god , the good of themselues , their prince & countrie . for , considering these are principally the select members ordeined to trauaile , by the appointing hand of god , to helpe the motion and gouernement of the helme in temporall & ciuill causes oftentimes , let such take heede those vaine and gadding humors plucke not downe the iudgement of god , to presse such to trauaile for punishment of their wayes ; whereby none can seale vnto themselues the assurance of life , or prosperitie , during their trauaile or afterwards . now , in the second place it is required that such examine themselues before trauaile , whether they haue capable parts answerable to the callings of these trauailers . the capable parts of trauailers consist in knowledge and iudgement of those things that may best profit them in trauaile , and furnish them of things needeful , by which men are fitted to accomplish so honorable an enterprise . by iudgement is meant the vnderstanding age , seeing into the affaires of their natiue countrie : knowledge , it is of the wants which are naturally in vs ; the which are to be supplyed and repaired , by learning and experience . for , as without iudgement men cannot gather the best things in trauaile , that may fitte iumpest with the state of their countrie and themselues : so without knowledge things cannot bee performed well . and therefore it behoueth euerie one , so intending to trauaile , to be endued with learning and discretion : for by learning knowledge is atchieued , and discretiō enableth the iudgement to discerne what things and policies are to be receiued what reiected . and vnlesse men put on before trauaile these armours , they cannot winne the forte of their desires . for , he that trauaileth to see experiences in other nations , and hath not power to discerne , what are needefull to bee gathered , commeth home as a bodie to the graue without a soule . in which plight we see daily experience in this land : for many trauaile young that want both : others of more vnderstanding that want iudgement and others whose iudgemēts are actiue , yet faile in learning . so as many when they come home proue too subtill , & without conscience , in their resolutions , and consequently dangerous to be conuersed with ; others new fangled hobby horses , & of smal vnderstanding , or little the better to be conuersed with . from hence the third dutie springeth , namely instruction in knowledge fit for trauailers : the which is either of things appertaining to the country where such trauel , or to thēselues . first , as concerning things belonging to thēselues , they are three ; qualities , vertues and sciences . the qualities are duple ; either for necessitie , or for ornation . the necessarie is the speaking or the vnderstanding of the tongues of those countries into which such trauaile : for these are the instruments of knowledge and experience ; without which men shall consume great time vnprofitably in other countries , whiles they are learning the tongue . and therefore let such practise the tongues before they trauaile , that they make not a shadowe of their knowledge as many doe : who trauailing into other countries attaine to nothing , saue the speaking of their languages . the qualities for ornation , are practise in managing of armes and weapons , skill in musicke and daunsing and drawing the counterfeites of any thing : the estimation of all which are so approued that they neede no confirmation ; for euerie man liuing in the courts of princes shall bee honoured by them . the second point of knowledge are vertues , which must be the councellors of such in euerie action , to make them esteemed , and make them right courtiers at the first entrance , in euerie forreine state. and therefore let them inhabite euerie diuine and morall vertue , that traineth men vp to humanitie & ciuile conuersation : without which it is a vaine thing to trauaile and expect any good ende . the last and third point of knowledge is science or the knowledge in naturall and mathematicall artes : that is to say , an insight in the grounds of astronomie , astrology , cosmographie , geographie , hydrographie , geometrie , arithmeticke and architecture : all which whosoeuer trauaileth shall employ , and without which many things of note shall be foreslowen , and left vnperfectly knowen . for , the better men are grounded in these , the more profite shall they make of their times . in so much as if a skilfull fortifier or architectist doe but lay his eyes vpon the modell of any towne or fortification , he will deliuer the true plot , strength or weakenes naturall or artificiall that it containes , or ghesse verie neere ; the which an ignorant person can neuer doo , but by chaunce . so it is of those which excell in corography or geographie ; who but riding poste through a countrie will make a particular description of euerie thing seated on the earth , in proportion or neere , aswell of townes , fortes , houses , as of riuers , hilles , dales , woddes , plaines and wayes , or any thing else that lies within the kenning of their eies , or by necessarie collection . and therefore we finde recorded that in times of war messengers of the enemie were wont to be blinded , when they approched neere the fortifications or campes , and so carried backe till they were out of kenning . the which may be saide of the rest : for these artes are instruments to settle and fixe in the memorie obiects that fall to the senses , but especially to the eye : euen as wee see the practicke musicians will instantly play whatsoeuer chaunceth in harmonies sound to their eare . i consideratly left out musicke among the mathematicall artes , though it be an excellent science : yet in a trauailer or gentleman let it be rather a qualitie , as we haue saide to grace him in conuenient times , and places to be sociable , then a science whereof men make profession . for , a gentleman may haue the qualitie to play well vpon gentlemanlike instruments , without the science or arte of any grounds of musicke ; euen as there may be excellent musicians that can not strike one true stroke of any instrument , and yet both concluded vnder one name . for the theorie & practicke in musicke are two ; & the one seemely for gentlemē of other means , namely the practicke : although it cānot be but a singular commendation for any that excell in both , so that hinder not other more necessarie sciences . as touching the knowledge of the countrie wherein men trauaile , wee haue in other places prescribed sufficient rules to make prouision , and to remooue inconueniences , so as for breuitie the same may be omitted here . the fourth duetie is of charitie . for , hauing gotten licence of their prince , & friends to whom such owe subiection ( otherwise their pretēce will seeme irregular ) they must accommodate themselues of all things needfull for their trauaile ; the chiefe whereof is only prouision of monie : which by billes of exchange , is the safest and most profitable way , the course also being common . onely this , let such take order they may haue sufficient of marchants wheresoeuer they shall come : for want breedeth many inconueniences . and therefore let such proportion their estate with the largest before trauaile : the which must bee according to euerie ones course , estate and retinewe . for , some countries are verie chargeable generally ; where either dearth , much riotte , or troubles reigne . moreouer , of what state soeuer a man be , it is not good to trauaile with a greater traine , then neede requires . for , it is vnpossible that such an one shall attaine vnto the light of many things and secrets : which more priuate men may . neither can it quit cost , since the voluntarie action of any subiect ( vnlesse in some publike seruice of their prince and countrie ) ought to bee contented with meane pompe . for , such in a strange countrie are subiect to scoffes ; and in an enemies or a neuters countrey , iealousie and publique eyes will bee looking on such . in the fift place it is required , that they resolue to goe into such countreys , the state of which may best like the state of which they are , and which may afford them best gaine of knowledge and experience ; either to reforme in them defects of nature , or to benefite most their common weale . and though the enemies policie auaileth most vnto the state of ones countrey , yet when such that haue made their abode there , shall returne , it is doubtfull , how acceptable that may bee . for commonly , great suspicion tendeth on such long after , vnlesse in the interim of their trauailes they carrie themselues with risentiment and respect . the enemies of euery state are two , such as stand out in religion , and contrary opinion , in the seruice of god : and such as iniustice , either of not due reuerēce exhibited , or of defamation , or of preiudice , in goods or persons really , or collaterally , dayly worketh amongst princes . but of countries to be trauailed into , there is a double consideration , whose friendships are auaileable to the common weale : to weet , those that neighborhood , religion , aliance , perpetuall vnitie , and such like natural and ciuill bonds , haue conioyned in loue , league , and confederacie : and , those which merchandise , mutuall commerce , and such like foraine policie to benefit each others land , haue linked in amitie : which also are by so much the more fast tied , by how much one standeth in neede of another , how farre soeuer they bee distant off . in these , trauailers shall reape most profit & contentation for their common weale . for as he that would learne any facultie , had neede to studie the best books that write thereof ; so a trauailer that laboreth for the good of his countrey , must frequent those places , that afford most points of needfull knowledge and experience . and though a wise man may collect , out of euery coūtrie he abideth in , some profitable obseruations , yet the neighbour countreys of this iland yeeld more requisite considerations than others . hereof it commeth , that by the motions of france , spaine , germany , the lowe countreys , burgundie , and denmarke , this realme is in action , & made sensible , either of trouble , detriment , or quiet ; whereas the troubles of muscouie , the free townes , high germany , italy , barbary , the dominions of the turke and persian , incommodate this nation little , but by diuerting of the trade of merchants another way . but as touching those countreys , which afford particular gaine of knowledge and information of maners and ciuill cariage , these trauailers shal find in euery good and orderly gouernment thorow christendome , but singularly here at home , & in the courts of france , & vniuersities of germany , spaine , and burgundie . and though italie haue the common prayse for these , yet the inconueniences and corruptions , that are mixed with the ciuilitie of that countrey , may other wayes perswade men of iudgement . and since i seeme to contrary the opinions of many worthy gentlemen , let it not be impertinent here to consider some speciall things cōcerning that state. for , italy moueth most of our trauailers to go and visit , of any other state in the world : and not without cause , it being an ancient nurcerie and shop of libertie , the which to the affects of men is precious and estimable . moreouer , i find amongst an infinite number of licencious mouers , fiue seemly halers of men thither , hardly found otherwhere all together . the first is the temperatnesse of the aire , and fruitfulnesse of the soyle , with answerable delights , from , and in the countrey . yet we see how slender a thing that is to drawe honourable personages , vnlesse necessitie for health sake presse them . the second is the speaking of the tongue and residencing in the notable vniuersities there found . as concerning the tongue , although it bee an excellent and eloquent speach , of many other it may bee to vs least estimable . neuerthelesse , in vaine it is to goe so farre for that , which at home with small paines may singularly bee attained vnto . moreouer , the vniuersities there are little beneficiall for a generalist , such as these trauailers not vnworthily arrogate . the third is the variable manners and inclinations of the people , to ciuilitie and humanitie , the which by right of prescription belongeth to that nation of all the world . yet considering the court of england at this day is the most compleat in all things and vnto all people of other nations & courts in the world , and that which can make men ( if they be as studious therin , as abroad , to enforme themselues ) perfect in ciuility & good maners , & obseruant enough ; both for that the puritie of religion ( which is the best ciuilian ) and the long continuance thereof with vs , hath framed our nobilitie in fashion , and our prince in state , to recommend the court of england aboue anie that i could euer heare of , in all points that are honorable and commendable : this is but in shew a fond entiser . the fourth , is the multiplex and different gouernments , and sundrie policies there found ; namely , of rome , of venice , of naples , of florence , of millane , of genoa , of mantoa , of ferrara , of placentia and parma , of vrbine , and others . but these being different gouernments from ours , and better described already , than any one trauailer is able to pen downe : though this bee of the fiue the principall , yet how little it booteth our sate , i leaue to politicians to resolue . the fift and last , is the speciall gallerie of monuments and olde aged memorials of histories , records of persons and things to bee seene thorowout the countrey . but this being a fantasticall attracter , and a glutton-feeder of the appetite , rather than of necessarie knowledge , i will mention no further thereof . notwithstanding , all these together are auaileable , were it not for the infinite corruptions , almost ineuitable , that inuest trauailers after small abode there ; as it is reported , i know not vpon what ground , of the realme of ireland . wherefore , let these honorable trauailers frequuent the best places : and if so bee they must needes goe thither , let them beware of rome , the forge of euery policie , that setteth princes at oddes , or that continueth them in debates , little or much : the tempter of subiects to ciuil dissensions , & the seller of all wickednes and heathenish impieties , or the machediuell of euill policies and practises , that are vnmeete subiects for these worthy trauailers to spend their time about . as for any good thing , which that state can benefit a trauailer by , i haue not heard of , otherwise than the loathing of the same afterwards : for which pretence no man hath warrant to trauaile thither , or other-where . now in the last and sixt place it is required of all trauailers , that they demaund licence and fauour at the hands of god , vpon these grounds to protect and blesse them in their iourney ; and not without the good leaue of their prince and parents . for if it be a commendable point and duetie for a man to aske his parents , tutor , master , and prince leaue to trauaile , then is it the office of a man , to desire the same at the hands of god , who is the souereigne of all those . for without his pleasure and consent alasse where are our motions to any good acte , or the meanes by which they are aduanced or preserued ? so that though this be the last considered of vs , yet is it the first and best of all things to be respected and performed . for since knowledge , learning , experience , honour , health , prosperitie , and all other blessings , be the mediate or immediate gifts of god , it is a foolishnes for any to perswade , and blesse their owne actions without consulting with god the eternall reason , that guideth all things to their proper endes ; yea , the dereigled trauailers to labour in vaine , and for a punishment to returne home no better , than when they went foorth ; and peraduenture in many things worse . for , as the obseruance of his reuealed will encourageth man to goe forward in all godlinesse , and commendable actions ; so the neglect thereof maketh him taste of his secret iudgements , prepared for the carelesse and wilfull breakers of his commaund and will. hitherto concerning the generall dueties before trauaile . in the interim of trauaile , there likewise resteth sixe generall obseruations of these trauailers for the aduancement of their peregrination : whereof the first is to attempt nothing without consulting with their conscience , and imploring the fauour of god , that euery action may haue a promise of blessing , and acceptation aswell among those with whom such shall liue , as of their owne prince and countrey , when happily they shall returne . the neglect whereof openeth the gate to infinite dangers and euils . for , the feare of god , which is an adiunct to this duetie , serueth for a curbe to restraine all improuident & violent courses , that carie men into inconueniences , and for a guide to aduise them of all things warrantable , honourable and pleasing in the sight of god & men : and therefore it is requirable , that these diligently euery day priuately conferre and consult with god in their spirits and prayers made vnto him . the first thus regarding the stay of the soule ; so the second office respecteth the good health of the bodie , whereof trauailers are not to be carelesse & improuident : for he that dependeth on fortune , exposeth himselfe to many deceits , perils , & losse of time . i therfore obserue three preuenters of mischiefes , & inconueniences to the safety & health of trauailers , namely , diet , trauailing or exercise , and moderation of passions . first , let the diet of euery man be so moderate , as neither the ayre wherein such liue afflict them , either with exceeding heate or cold , the which in some countreys trauailers shal meete with , but by little and little accustome their bodies to endure the hardnes of the countrey clime , which to contrary bodies is very dangerous suddainly . for which cause , auicen the notable naturalist auouched , that if a scythian should violētly , & in a very short space be trāsported into india , either he would suddainly fall sicke or die : the which he would not necessarily bee , so be it he tooke time in trauaile by land or sea . neither let any continue long in those places , where the aire is pestiferous , vnlesse their bodies can away therwith . for which cause the cynicke diogenes reioyced after his banishment , that he made a good change to be exiled from sinope ( a most piercing and sharpe ayre about the confines of the euxine sea ) to liue afterwards in greece . and lastly , let the diet of all men , for eating , drinking , sleeping , clothing , and such like , be answerable to euery ones nature , that such may alwaies keep themselues in one temper , if possibly , winter and summer ; the which is the greatest preseruatiue of mans health . the second preuenter of inconuenience of health is trauailing from place to place , and dayly exercise , when such are abiding in any place , with moderation and respect . for , ouer-much labour distill the vitall and animal spirits , which is most dangerous . for the trauailing from place to place , sixe things are to bee regarded . first , to haue in iourneying ( if neede require ) faithfull and honest guides and companions : and in speciall cases , let such change rayment with their guides . secondly , let them of two wayes take the least dangerous , and most passeable : so as alwayes the neerest way is not the best to bee chosen . hereof the germanes haue a saying , gut vneg vnih vnar nie krumb : and wee haue a prouerbe not much vnlike , the farther way about , the neerer way home . thirdly , in long iourneys to be prouided of meat and drinke , and such like prouisions . therefore those that passe thorow the deserts of arabia , tartarie , persia , scythia , and the carouans of swecia and muscouie , make large prouisions : and for some passages , as in the sea of sande in africa , and other places , men are guided by the compasse , standing in need of pilots for the passage . fourthly , to make prouision against the extreamities of heate and colde , that in some places are outragious , in which the seasons of the yeere are to be respected . wherefore he that will trauaile thorow swecia , and muscouie on sleddes , vnlesse he shall rub his nosthrils with the snowe and yee , to recall and settle his motiue spirits , he shall be in extreame danger to lose them thorow the excesse of colde . and in the yeere , of seuenty thousand turkes that made an inrode into muscouie , fourtie thousand suddenly were frozen to death . whereupon the turkes verily beleeue , that the polonians and muscouites are defenced by the celestiall powers . no person is able to trauell out of doores in the troglodites land , without shooes , the ground is so scalding hote : insomuch that they roste their meat , by putting the same into a brasse vessell , and setting it in the sunne . and in the kingdom of naples and champain , the heat is so great , and ayre so pestiferous , during iune , iuly , and august , till the first raine of september , that the better sort will not trauaile , though the king commaund them , from home . let these suffice for trauailers to beware thereof , vnlesse vpon vrgent necessitie , and with good respect . fiftly , to be prouided against the rage of wilde beastes , and of robbers , the which by good companie is the safest way alwayes . lastly , to arriue early at their inne or baite , and to looke that the chamber where such lodge be well seated and defended : to haue in their chamber a tinder boxe to light fire or candle ; and finally , vnlesse need require , to dissemble departure from the inne . of this last , a man cannot bee too carefull . the third and last preuenter of sickenesse , and censurer of health is passion , which is quadruplex ( according to the foure complexions generall of men ) namely , mirth , sorow , anger , and patience : the which remedie or continue euery distemperature of the mind . and as , per antiperistasin , bodily discords are tuned and appeased , so it is of the mind . for mirth is a cordiall to sorowfull and melancholicke bodies ; wheras sorow so much continueth that humor , as desperatnesse , or frensie , or both is to be feared . sorow , in meane , maketh sanguine bodies , and merrily disposed , wise , & full of respect . but of these two , mirth is euermore to be cōmended , so it be not ouer-light & vnciuil . so chollerick bodies , seeing they are fretting & angry at light occasiōs , let them cure their imperfectiōs of nature by patience : for such are otherwise vnsociable & dangerous to be cōuersed with , as endangering themselues . for i neuer saw so cholericke a man , but hee hath met with his match : and this of strangers is reproueable . so those of flegmaticke spirits that patience hath enfeebled , that such want the harts of men , as ordained to suffer all things , though this be a ciuill & singular vertue in trauailers , yet let none be in extreamity so patient , as it make himself a sot & a foole , to heare his god , and his prince & country , and his honor wronged , whē as honestly and fitly he may , & ought to make resistance or apprehension . finally , as the tyrannizing of these , subiect many to incurable euils , bringing to consumption the vitall and animall spirits : so ought euery worthy trauailer to preuent these inward mischiefs by godly and timely counsell , that those slie passions frustrate not his enterprise . now in the third place , let euery trauailer bee of such honest and seemely carriage , towards all with whom they conuerse , for ciuilitie and humanity , as neither contempt , derision , irrision , pertinacitie in discourse , bitternesse , or no respect be vsed . for these be dissoluers of friendship , and daungerous perturbations for anie stranger , in the countrey of an other . fourthly , it is the duetie of all men to fit and applie themselues , not onely to their maners and customes with whom they liue ; but singularly to haue an eye of diligent watch to their particular affaires as well for knowledge and encrease of experience , as for the retention of a sound and holy conscience . as touching the first branch , let no man loose the raigns of his owne lust and fancie amongst strangers , so that he expose himselfe to reproche & scandall . and considering many nations are apt to deceiue , a man must liue warily with them , taking heed he giue no offence . and though the customes of other nations , where a man liueth , are to be followed , yet in the case of god , or of a mans own conscience , ther ought to be a scruple . for as it becommeth none to leaue the truth , or to exercise any wicked actiō there ; so neither let any follow the beastly guises , or wicked customs of the coūtrey , wherby honesty & good maners may be corrupted : but in euery state to obserue thē , as diet , apparell , gesture , curtesie , and such like , which in some places are precisely to be obserued . but as cōcerning that other branch , let men auoid to sacrifice or do reuerence to any idole or hobgoblin . for though many haue so large a cōscience , that they perswade thēselues , so they keepe their hearts to god , they may bend their knee , and bow themselues before such trash without hurt at all , yet god will not forget the hypocrisie of such . for whoso vseth any outward reuerence to any idole or diuel , incurreth the wrath of god , and is thereby made subiect to all imperfections and euils . and if in ciuil matters many be wonderful respectiue , that they will not come in presence , when they know for certaintie , that they shall see or heare their m●stris , prince , or friend dishonored , how much more ought al men in the case of god to be precise ; not only to shun the sight & hearing of their god blasphemed , and dishonored by their masses , and estimation of reliques & images , but to seeke to right the same if it lay in their powers ? but cōsidering no stranger hath warrant , at this day , to oppose himselfe against them in their owne countrey , let him rather abiure so heathenish a place , where he cannot liue freely , than endure the sight thereof : yea , though some thinke themselues dischargeable , if they trauaile , and not both see & heare them . if there be any such , let them imitate that worthy themistocles : who hauing , in the vaine yeeres of his youth , accustomed himselfe to learn an endure the sight of many things , which in nature hee abhorred , which gaue him the smacke of an excellent memory , yet in the better time of his yeeres he did spend more time , to learne to forget things vnnecessarie and euill ; than in learning that which was honorable ; & found it more difficult & hard for him . for , the knowledge of much euill tempteth man ful oft , & withdraweth the hart more out of the way , than the strength of naturall reason can set him aright againe long after . fiftly , let euery one , in his calling , exercise such ornate and seemely qualities of the body , that both may inable them for ciuill conuersation , as also for auaile in things requireable in nobilitie and gentlemen . and of the nobler sort it is required alwayes , that they discouer spirited bodies , and more actiue minds than other gentlemen , labouring to perfect them by much industry . the things to be exercised , are , horsemanship , managing of all sorts of weapons , musicke , dancing , poetrie , limming and portraiting , vaulting , running , & practising the fiue strengths of the arme , namely , griping , lifting , thrusting and holding out at the armes end , pulling and drawing , and throwing or darting . these by practise wil giue vigor to the defect of nature : for by nature it is impossible to be strong in all , the one being contrary to the other : the benefit wherof is so great , that little men shall haue no disaduantage , by the greatest persons in the world , in exercising , or single encountring , so the one practise and the other neuer . but these , being recreations , may not hinder more necessary studies , though to excell in them be honorable , and right excellent . the sixt and last generall duetie , which is the very point which euery trauailer ought to lay his witts about , to get knowledge for the bettering of himselfe and his countrie : this , being the obiect of their countries defects and the subiect of trauailers , in a word containeth six generall heads , to be learned and vnderstood : namely , the tongue , the nature of the people , the countrey , the customes ; the gouernment of the state ; & the secrets of the same : the which are to be sought out wheresoeuer these shall come . and though some one of these inuest many with the honorable title of trauailers , yet in how much any shall be found defectiue in any of these , by so farre is hee short of the compleatnesse and true estimation that apprertaineth to trauailers regular and honorable . these things are the vtensils , and materialls of states men , concerning forraine matters : the which many actiue mindes though sitting at home are well read in : and except it bee for the secrets and other occurrences , alteratiōs & changes , the difference is not much betweene the home states man , not hauing spent some time in trauaile , & the compleate trauailer , for forraine matters . yet , herein hath a trauailer the start of a home states man , which is fed by aduertisements only , and is ledde by other mens eyes : euen as a soldier in action may presume of better euēt , then the theorist , whose booke rules , in accidentall things , faile many times as in particular motions . for , the eye hath a more perfect sense in iudgement then the eare , if the same be rightly considered by iudgement . of these sixe the tongue is the first by right to be discoursed of : the right knowledge whereof is somewhat more then wee required such to learne before they vndertooke trauaile . for , now in the interim of trauaile it is requisite , that trauailers grow in perfection : otherwise such as stay at home may ranke with them , which is reproachfull . the perfection wherof consisteth in three things , namely , in vnderstanding , speaking , and writing the same . to vnderstand a tongue perfectly , is not barely to vnderstand what is read or heard pronounced , but to obserue the peculiar phrase , idiom & constructiō of words , and singularly to note whereof the tongue hath his speciall deriuation if it be a deriuatiue , or his composition : wherin trauailers cānot be too good grāmarians . for , in these dayes there is the true confusion of babell and languages , through the world either deriuatiuely , or compositiuely , or both . and though at all times the like might be auouched , howsoeuer there was generally held many ancient tongues , as the hebrue , the chaldean or assyrian , the arabian , and the egyptian ; yet by their characters and composition it is euident that they were all confounded , or perished , sauing the hebrue , which was the most auncient of all the rest ; and the spring from which the rest deriuatiuely or compositiuely are descended ; necessitie and imitation , being the parent of these and succeeding languages . for , adam the good grammarian of the hebrue tongue , appropriated words , not ad placitum , but according to the nature of things ; and framed a certaine idiome of speach which in his dayes was generally spoken till the confusion of languages . so , since , other monarches of the world haue excogitated words according to the light of nature , and operation of things vnknowne , to perfect their deriued languages by composition and meere inuention . now , as we see the simple and vncorrupt hebrue tongue was the originall , to other languages , and singularly to the phoenician , chaldean , & assyrian , ( these two only differing in that the assyrian had the purer dialect and rellish of the hebrue ) so euerie monarchie haue arrogated the deriuation and composition of the tongues subiected vnto them . hereof it comes , that the foure monarchiall tongues are accompted originals , by vsurpatiō , and not of proprietie : namely , the chaldean or assyrian , which in the first monarchie was famous , & to particular states subiected gaue words and manners of speach : howbeit , the armenian , and arabian languages held their own though in some wordes and phrases they might be by commerce cōfounded , as we see other neighbour countries through the world borrowe and search from others to appropriate their tongues . so was it of the second monarchie , the persian , when not onely the chaldean becāe corrupted , but that language also was driuen to search after the phrases and words of the persian , till the third monarchie came vp by alexander , namely , the grecian : the singularitie of which tongue for proprietie of words hath deriued it selfe into the veines of all ciuil countries , but singularly of states tributary ; making the fourth monarchie glorious , namely the romaine . and this monarchie stretched it self far and neere . we see the generall esteeme of the latine tongue , through europe ; giuing as it were deriuation , vnto the italian and spanish tongues , with many proper and apt words ; making also france , germanie , england and other iles & coūtries fertile by the proper idiom of that tong , as tributary states to the same , especially wher colonies or gouernmēts be established . herof it coms to passe that our english tongue hath a smacke of the britanish ( which is a deriuatiue from the grecian or natolian tongue ) of the latine , of the scottish , and pictish , of the danish , gothish , vandalish and norwegian , of the norman and french tongues ; and also of the flemish and wallonish : which though not by conquest , yet since the reigne of henrie the first , by permissiō haue inhabited this land whereof our tongue rellisheth also : as in these dayes ( through commerce and affaires ) of the italian and spanish and irish tongues , howbeit we hold that the brittish tongue is one of the eleuen mother tongues in europe . in like sort stāds the french tongue , the italian , spanish , scottish , and dutch ( though of others the most pure ) being fallats and good gallimaufries of others tongues according either as they haue beene conquered and gouerned by strangers , or thorow comemerce stand in neede of one anothers wordes and phrases . wherof it may be concluded , that euerie language in his owne countrey is most honorable , and equally ancient , though it be a a deriuatiue , quoad tempus , but not quoad perfectionem . neuerthelesse , we see some languages more general then other , & more esteemed here in europe , and that for two causes . one through situatiō of the coūtrie , which maketh other neighbour nations of necessitie acquaint themselues with one anothers language ( the which chanceth to few ilands ) that they may trafficke and haue commerce . hence the french , the high duch , and the sclavonian tongues are generall tongues , passing through many kingdomes and states . the like may also bee alleaged for some other states within the continent that haue been at any time great , and enforced others to seeke to them . the other cause is thorow the perfection of the tongue , as of copiousnes & learning cōtained therin , the which also make the same generally to bee regarded for necessitie of knowledge , or for perfecting their owne barbarisme . hence the greeke and latine tongues are so generally taught and learned , thorow the greatest parts of the whole world : the words and phrases whereof are so well knowen , that the princes of europe negotiate and contract in writing in the latine , as the turke with christian princes in the greeke , as also for that princes soueraigne will not yeeld at this day the honour to other kings than to those that are indifferent , and cannot bee challenged of any people . and hence haue the french and italians gotten the starte of vs , in that their tongue was sooner refined , and cast into bookes of many arts and histories and points of knowledge : though at this day the english tongue draweth neere to the glory of the best of them . lastly , hence it commeth , that the yong gentlemen of england affect so much the italian tongue ; for that containeth spirit of inuention good phrase , vtterance , and delightfull matter to their appetites . but to returne to our point , let trauailers ( hauing made obseruance of these things , concerning the state of the tongue of that countrey wherein they trauaile ) moreouer take paines in the speaking , according to the naturall accent and tune of the countrey . and as , by much reading and labour , a man shall attaine to the vnderstanding , and consequently , by a diligent obseruation , to the writing ; so by conference and much parley the speaking of the tongue will be soone attained vnto . and in speaking of the tongues , euery countreys accent , time and tune is best without affectation : hence wee see those that speake the high dutch , do striue to vtter their words highly , and with spirit , not hudling as the french , but distinctly , as the italian & spaniard , yet not with that chaunting manner . likewise in speaking the latine there is a more ciuill elocution and cariage of the mouth , than in speaking the high dutch , or sclauonish , & with greater tēperance , yet with some affectation like the italian & spaniard : euen so in writing elegantly , euery tongue in effect hauing peculiar characters , men must follow the most esteemed fashion both in framing the letters & sentences , according to the orthography of the country . i meane , hauing occasion to write letters , let such vse that kind of hand most common and commendable , and those phrases which in letters almost euery nation hath peculiar , as in sub . and superscriptiōs . for , the least error in these , may either offer wrong to the party written vnto , or discouer weaknes & imperfectiō reproueable in trauailers . lastly , as the vnderstāding of a tongue is gottē by good authors , principles , & common conference with men : so to speake the tongue well it behoueth a trauailer to frequēt those places & persons , where & amongst whō the tongue best flourisheth . and as the court & citie excel in the dialect , and fine phrase ; so the countrey phrase & words are of no lesse esteeme and regard : in so much as no man can be accounted worthily excellent in any tongue , that wants discretion to speake court-like and country-like , when , and where it is requisite . moreouer , considering the manifold countries that trauailers may come into , it may be demanded here ( although we haue long plodded vpō the tongue already ) whether euery tongue be of equal importāce , to be perfectly vnderstood & spoken of these trauailers ? for answere wherof , i presuppose two rules : first , it is impossible for any man to be an obseruer of things required in these trauailers , & an excellent linguist in al tongues , considering the infinite time such an one must spend in the gaining of thē . secondly , there is no such necessity for a trauailer to learn them all ; wherfore let him busie himselfe about such only as may stand his state & country in best auaile , if so be he shal happily come to prefermēt . this resteth in the iudgemēt of trauailers chiefly , to make election : for sometimes the state of things alter , that necessitate a state to haue in recōmendation the general speakers of such and such tongues . but for this coūtry , no one rule of certainty can perpetually hold to all men , considering many trauailers prescribe vnto thē diuers ends : as some the knowledge only of the tongues ; others trauaile for knowledge contēplatiue , to whō the hebrue , greek , latine , chaldie , & syriack tongues are most precious , wherin all ancient monuments of things past to bee knowen , are treasured vp ; which rauish more the mind , then the knowledge of things present , by how much they prognosticate future euents . but for these honourable trauailers ( in regard of their pretence ) the latine , the french , and the spanish tongues are most necessary , and like to hold . so the alteration of things causeth a necessity for a season to trauaile in the italian , as at this time the germane and the lowe countrey language , that of denmarke , muscouie , and such like confrontire tongues : the which let trauailers busie themselues about , more then other tongues , that for illustration and contemplatiue knowledge , and learning , are to bee respected , whensoeuer it is requisite . let these things suffice for the first point to bee respected of trauailers voluntary . the second is the nature of the people of that nation , in which they trauaile ; which is the generall inclination , sway , maners , and fashion of thē in euery common motion , or action , whereby may be discouered imperfection in things euil , or apprehension of that which is good : by the ensample whereof other nations may generally reforme things amisse , and establish their policie , euen as trauailers in particular may fashion themselues for all seasons , places and persons to be compleat , in ciuill conuersation in the iudgement of the world . now that trauailers may discouer this amongst the people of a nation or state , let them consider fiue things : first , whether the people bee ciuill or barbarous . secondly , whether they be free or seruile . thirdly , whether religious or profane . fourthly , whether warlike or effeminate . and fiftly , of what condition of bodie , and disposition of mind . these containe the maners , nature , and inclination of all people in a generalitie ; of which we will discourse in order . and first , therefore , let trauailers consider , whether the people in generall be ciuill or barbarous ; and that whether by discipline ( the best ciuilian master ) or by naturall temperature of bodies . such are the grecians , and those of the iles of iapan and chios : as on the contrary side , the people of africa , america , magellanica , and those of northeast europe and asia , by nature barbarists . the vse of which obseruation , for the common-weale , may appeare by these two rules ; first that ciuill nations , gouerned by lawes diuine and humane written , may either be feared for enemies , or trusted for friends in case they be neighbours , and of the same religion and of good abilitie . secondly , that barbarous people are neuer good faithfull friends , but for their profit , being euer wauering and treacherous , nor if enemies other than mortall ; yet if their power be not ouer-great , are easily vanquished . but the priuate vse that trauailers must make to themselues hereby , is to chase away such barbarousnesse and rudenesse as possesseth them , to establish a more humane and sociable carriage . for better discouerie of these , let trauailers marke the gesture , apparell , decencie , conuersation , diet , feeding , giuing of honour , and all other actions of the people of a countrey , one towards another ; regarding . or contemning all moral vices , with better iudgement than those fantastickes , which bring home with them some apish ceremonies of curtesie , and strange fashions of apparell , but nothing else , to giue them commendations at their returnes . it may not be vnknowen moreouer , that there is no nation in the world but may be reduced to ciuilitie , and forced in time to put off barbarousnesse , seeing in all people god hath sowen the seedes of that which is good , within the furrowes and fieldes of euery ones heart : which groweth more or lesse according to the pleasure of the seedeman , manifested in the proportioning of nature , whereof euery climate hath a seuerall stroke , as being an instrument whereby god frameth capabilitie more or lesse to comprehend the same . hence we see , those that inhabite vnder the intemperate zones hot or cold bee more brutish , simple , and sauage than others between the tropicks , and in the temperate . so also it is to be vnderstood , that no nation in the world , how courtlike soeuer , but hath the dregs and lees of barbarous inciuility ; and that many heathen people , by the light of nature meerly inscribed in their hearts , rest for ensamples and reproofes to many ciuill nations gouerned by a diuiner knowledge , in points of ciuil actions & conuersation . for proofe whereof , behold how the english , scottish , french , italians , & spanish which are the most reformed & courtlike people , are tainted with some blemish of barbarousnesse , the which of other heathen nations they might learne to reforme . and though of all ciuill nations we here may iustly chalenge preeminence , yet how barbarous are we in many things ? namely , the commons of this land , in the entertainement of strangers , pursuing them with the vncharitablenesse of hatred and despight , like the lithuanians , that vse neither faith nor ciuility to them . neither are we alone : for the commons of france and spaine carie as hard a hand toward strangers ; whereas the african heathen negros , are so charitable to strangers , that nothing shall be denied them , if it rest in their powers to relieue their distresse and wants . in like sort are the people of the east india , so respectiue of strangers , that the state deputeth certain persons to supplie them with all things requisite : and in case a stranger chance to die , the merchants of their countrey shall haue deliuered vnto them their goods . and verely of al reformed states , ther is none , i iudge , more humane toward strangers at this day , than are the nobilitie of england , & of polonia . what vnciuisitie of manners and policie doth the pope in most of his regiments vse , forbidding marriage to priests ? that which the ethiopians , vpon the same inconuenience politicke , permitted notwithstanding ; rather hazarding the incōuenience of remisnes & couetousnes , than the mischiefe of many more horrible sins . how vnseemly is the custome of the frenchmen toward their king , and ancients in nobility & yeers ? short of that the arabians attributed to euery ancient in yeeres . behold what great respect the turkes , tartarians , and persians giue to their princes : in which point the french come shortest . all men know how sauage the italians are toward their wiues by imprisoning , cooping vp , & locking vp al , thorow the heat of their ielous harts , though themselues are the most libertines thorow the world : and yet the parthian heathen are so courteous , ciuill & kind to their wiues , as without manifest proofes , they wil not be ouer ielous or suspicious . from whom i suppose the french haue learned not a little renowne in that point , not trauailing to presse down that , which like y e palme tree , the more it increaseth . be not the dutchmen most slouēly and sluttish in their apparell , & feeding ? wheras the africans detest the same , accounting bodily cleanlinesse and honestie a point of dutie . and though the turks and indians , & other barbarians of africk , and the sauage out-lawes of many nations , eat their meat on the ground , yet are they more neat & cleanly , than those dutchmen or our irish. so the barbarousnesse which of all other nations possesseth those dutchmen except the tartarians or hell-hounds , which equally account it an honour to be drunke ) to eate , to drinke , and become more vnciuill than beasts . it is not reprehended in the scythians , that cruell natiō : none daring to drink any wine , but such as the king shall drinke vnto , and giue vnto ; which is commonly to those onely , that in times of watre haue killed most of their enemies , and shed most blood . for amongst them none are reputed valiant , but such as haue caroused the blood of men . doe not the egyptians refraine to eate or drinke more than sufficeth nature ? and that for good cause , seeing superfluitie of meate breedeth all diseases , and many incurable . the reparation of which abuse nature teacheth in the schoole of brute beastes . hath not that enemie of reason of those dutchmen and tartars infected the greater number of our gallants , and those of ciuill nations , since their conuerse in the lowe countreys ? in so much that at ordinary assemblies some striue to be first and most drunke : others are compelled to the like , against nature and manners , whereof many bitter incouueniences haue growen : insomuch as i see not why it should be a lesse matter for any that compels another to drinke against his will , and thereby mscarieth in health , than in forcing any to eate or drinke poyson . and it is knowen , that vnder the raigne of heathen monarchs it was a law , at feasts not to bee compelled to drinke more than euery man pleased . the italian , although in conuersation hee be not offensiue , but obedient and humble to his superiour , to his equall obseruant , to his inferior gentill and courteous , amiable to strangers and swimming in complements and louing tearmes , yet the least occasion dissolueth auncient bonds of loue ; so vnsteadie and inconstant are they in ciuill offices noe lesse important then the other . as it fareth with those that frequent our ordinaries , such as be gamesters , the least crossing of whom , though great friends and companions other waies , looseth the simmond of frendship compounded in many places , and many yeares , at an instant . for , such would haue the world know , the ciuilitie that is in them cannot brooke vnciuilitie profered , without risentiment in the highest nature . and , as in picking of quarrells so in managing them , i thinke no nation hath beene so rude in generall : for , whether cause be proffered or no , or whether it stands men vpon to make iust risentiment and seeke reparation for iniurie , or indignitie , or whether such be in the right or wrong , euerie man according to his fancie proceedeth , or as the stare standes humorous . what gothishe barbarousnesse possesseth the italians , in the pursuite of their lust ? what vnciuilitie and alluringnesse to lust , do their curtizans in gesture and apparell vse ? and , though the tarnassariās ( a people in habiting the cost of bengala ) neuer marrie women , before some white christian or mawhometan haue cropped their virginities , yet afterwardes doe they carrie themselues so ciuilly that the least inconstancie bringeth death on such ; not vnlike to an olde custome that the nobilitie of scotland vsed in times past to leuie the virginitie of all such maides as held of their mannors : and in case such were married before homage virgineall done , to their lords they were subiect to great fines . so by the like barbarous custome the chiefe sacrificing priest of calecut , before the king would marrie his ladie , was enioyned to take the assaie of the queene , and trie her virginitie : for which acte the king alwayes rewarded him with an hundred crownes . yet wee see how detestable that barbarousnesse is amongst other heathen people , that death is thought to good for any adulterer , or fornicator , or deflowrer of virgines . moreouer , what inconstant luxuriousnesse and superfluitie of vnciuilitie , in fashions and apparell , toucheth the french ; the which , except of vs english , is reproued of most nations in the world . and amongst many barbarousnesses of manners , how strange is that of the french mens dissimulation to their verie friends ? the which is left also hereditarie from the lumbards to the italians that haue any education . i feare me , other nations trauailing thither will say that we beginne to smell of that disease . lastly , what fencerlike and gladiatorious behauiour bemaddeth the germanes ? what corruption of manne●s generaly reigne in the italians ? insomuch that other lesse accort countries then ours haue this cōmon prouerbe , wherof it shall suffice to touch that of the germanes ; multi germani rustici in italiam proficiscuntur angeli ; redeunt diaboli vrbani . what inconstant countenance , do these italians sauor of ? what arrogancie and insolencie discouereth the spaniard to his superior and equall ; what insupporrablenesse to his inferior and subiect ? what falsehoods may men finde in the gelderlanders ? whereas turkes being heathens are keepers of promise . what crueltie and tyrannie do the spaniards and irish discouer to their enemies ? what pride of the french ? what pertinacitie generally do schollers , courtiers , and souldiers discouer ? what inhospitalitie do the germanes keepe ? what anger and hastinesse of the irish ? yea of the poorest kerne . thus , by these examples , may a trauailer suruey the ciuilitie and barbarousnesse of nations , in euerie vertue actiue or morall ; chiefly in the court and citties . for the countrie people rellish of rudenesse euermore ; though in some points they may serue for samplers of great ciuilitie , and true carriages , of the which a trauailer must in particular make obseruance . but considering , that which is ciuilitie in one nation is vnaccustomed and reiected in other state ; it may be doubted how a trauailer shall demeane himselfe to be compleat , and know which to retaine . the answere is easie : for it is euer presupposed , that it is no breach of office or of ciuilitie being in another nation to obserue the fashions , guises and customes , of the same , in things indifferent and ceremoniall , although they grate on barbarisme ; as superfluitie of complements and words , such as the french and italians vse , the manner of eating and drinking , whether vppon the ground lying along , as in turkie and africke , or standing : the manner of saluting with the hatte on without bending of the knee , without bowing of the bodie , without imbracing , without profering of the hand , without conioyning , without kissing and such like externall customes of indifferencie , becomming well enough the boundes of euerie countrie . for , though it be a rule with vs that those ceremonies , and ciuill vses come neérest to the point of true cariage , and consequently most commendable , that expresse humilitie , and curtesie , and encrease affection of most kindnesse and humanitie ( hence comes our salutations bareheaded , and hand kissing , bowed bodies and knees , embracings , conioyning and shaking of the hand , peculiar to great personages ; hence the italians and french haue gotten probatum of their humilious phrases and kind complements of kissing their hands ; the spaniardes of humbly kissing the hands of those they respect and conuerse with , men as women , the dutch in their carrowsing in like sort as we vse , in contracts by imposition of hands and afterwards by kissing them ) yet we see the nature of the italians cānot brooke kissing openly of women , nor the french being long bareheaded ; and in like expressions other nations are as precise . notwithstanding , in the expressions of moral vertues and vices , a trauailer must be so curious and graue , that hee not only beware to committe sinne and do as the people do , but cleaue wholly to the vertue and meane of things , abhorring blaspheming , swearing , rayling , malreporting , and such like vices of the tongue , as of all other actions and customes of wickednesse which are euill in their owne nature , without circumstances . and these trauailers haue prerogatiue of other nations to prescribe against many though indifferent and against all euill customes , that swarue from the rule of nature & humanitie . thus hauing long stayed vpon this haunt of the first discouerer of the nature of people , the second offereth it self , for the trauailer to know ; whether the people be free or seruile . for al people considered as subiects are one of these two . and though by nature largely cōsidered , one man is equally so free as another ; none more seruile ( for seruitude is politicke ) yet we see some people politickly seruile as free , some more , some lesse , according to the alteration of times and things . by the words seruile & free then are meant , not the naturall ( since all by nature are seruile to sinne and vnrighteousnesse , and are equally free from miserie and subiection ) but the politicall , which maketh some people free , in regard of misery and seruitude , and other seruile to slauery , miserie , and subiection . now seeing all people of a state are vnder subiection in generalitie , in this place the nature of a people must bee sought out of such as are free from slauery and miserie , and of those that are seruiled vnto them . of people free in this sense , there be some by prescription enfranchised , the gouernment of whose states by good lawes haue made them free from long miserie or slauery : such are the commons and nobilitie of this land , whose freedome is such , as they enioy their owne things so freely as the prince . the like may be sayd of the states of france and germanie , and of other well ordered common wealths . moreouer , such freedome generally reigneth in france , as with vs here in kent , that what slaue or bondman shal but land in france , is immediatly made free : and whosoeuer abideth one yeere in kent , shall be euer after enfranchised . moreouer , there be others free by arrogation , who according to the state of times and things licentiously vse their libertie . such in times past were the people of denmarke : whose force was their law , in so much that their prince held his royaltie at their placitum . for , if at any time they misliked any of his actions he was instantly deposed , and an other set in his place . such at this day is the freedome of the venetians , that they seeme to beare a hard hand ouer their dukes . and such is the common nature of euery democracie and aristocracie . lastly , there bee some whose policie and state haue continued them in much freedome from miserie and slauerie , as euer striuing against seruitude . such were the sclauonians , the switzers , and the lumbards , the neapolitanes , in the romane gouernement : in so much as these people being euer confederates with that mightie empire , yet durst they giue succour to the banished from rome . such were the hungarians against the turke . such generally are the nobility of most christian states , who as libertines are euer out of tyranny , before the cōmons . such are the spaniards that chuse rather to die than to be made slaues . and such is the naturall affect of those that either haue enioyed long freedom , or feele sensibly the hard yoke of bondage . in a word , such are the people of ireland , who not being accustomed to ciuility and obeisance , spurne so much against the same : for , the nobility spurn against subiection ; & the cōmons folow their lords & leaders , thorow want of ciuility & christian knowledge that keepeth euery man in officio . the markes of liberty and freedome of people are riches & ease ; both peculiar to the grecians and english ; the germanes abound in ease : the venetians procure their liberty by their riches . these things cōcerning the freenesse of people . the like in effect be considered of those people which are seruile ; namely , whether they be seruiled thorow tyranny & oppression , or thorow depression & keeping vnder violently ; both sorts being subiects of misery & calamitie . of the first sort , we heare of the tartariās vnder their cam ; for the whole state of all they haue standeth at his fancie to dispose of : the word of whose mouth serueth for a sword to reuenge him of rebels , and yet they reioyce thereat ; neither dare any man say , this is mine , or anothers : neither can any man dwell other-where than his lord assigneth him . the liuonians vnder the duke of muscouie are so seruile , that they dare not but call him tzar , or king ; where none other nations doe the same . moreouer , so seruile are the muscouites , that they call themselues the slaues of the duke : neither dare they sell anything , before the dukes officers haue surueyed the same . alike seruile are the people of lithuania , in so much as the officers of the countrey may enter into any mans house , and take their pleasure of any thing ; where no farmer dare come in the presence of this lord , without gifts or bribes . so the commons of sweuia in times past were in great misery vpheld by their princes and nobilitie : for , all commodities passed and repassed thorowe their fingers . lastly , such are those people , whose ouer-rulers are tyrants , as the turke generally thorow his dominions ; the pope ouer the cleargie , and many temporall states . nowe of the second sort of seruile , wee find the husbandmen and tenants of italie , who liue hardly and poorely to vphold the gentlemen their land-lords . so liue the boores vnder the germane nobilitie , in greater miserie and subiection , than the poorest person in this land . such are moreouer the commons of a nation where either ciuill warres , or omission of good and holesome lawes reigne . such of late time were the boores of the low countries , and pesants of france : so finally are al those commons whose nobility like solons great flies breake thorow the net of the lawe , and where the prince is remisse in gouernment . now the markes of seruile people are hereby gathered , namely , pouertie and want , and excessiue paines-taking and moyling to gaine their liuing . such were the irish : such are the moores . it now remaines to shew what vse a trauailer shall make hereby . first , by these , the loyaltie and vnsteadinesse of subiects are discouered : then their constancie and reuolting humor vpon occasions profered . and lastly , who are to be trusted for friends , and who feared for enemies : these being instruments for the politician to plot vpon ; and therefore i will be sparing in the discourse . the third thing that discouereth the nature of the people is for our trauailer to consider , whether the people of a nation or state bee religious , or profane . these wordes must be restrained ; considering religiousnesse is properly taken for the godly exercise of that profession , without idolatrie or superstition , the which is true religion . all other shewes are shadowes irreligious , and not substantiall professions . in like sort may it be said of profanenesse : which is of those people who leauing the pathe of mans dutie toward god wander in the field or wildernesse of error , either through ignorance , presumption , or imperfectiō . wherefore , that our trauailer may not bee put to plunge , the words in this place implie a larger vnderstanding . for , by religious people is meant , such as are passing deuoute and zealous in religion , be they christian , heathen , or antichistian . so likewise by prophane people i conceiue libertines , atheistes , and politicke religious people , who oppose themselues against the superstitious and deuout practise of godlinesse : as temporizers aud epicureall worldlings . in this first sense most nations in the world at this day are & haue been euer deuoute and religious : some in the truth , as the true people of israell , and all such christian people as of the certaintie of the scriptures and worde of god do serue the lord as hee commaundeth , reiecting humane traditions and superstitiousnesse , as prophanenesse politique and damnable . heereupon rose that worthie custome of the nobilitie of poland , whensoeuer the gospell was a reading in their churches , to draw out their swords , signifying , that they were readie to defend the truth thereof , if any durst oppugne the same . and hence no doubt at the first sprang our custome heere in england , of standing on our feete and rising vp , when the articles of our faith either are a reading , or during the reading of the gospell ; thereby expressing that by this wee will stand and abide against the world and other like ceremonies , which superstitiō i feare hath corrupted . heereupon , are the saxons noted to bee verie deuout , but withall opinionatiue . so are the bohemians deuout and zealous withall . moreouer , some are religious in idolatrie : as were the egyptians , the assyrians , philistines , and those vncircumcised people that worshipped strange gods . such are at this day the barbarous people of the east and west indies , that worship the vgly shapes of diuels , of the sunne , moone , starres , of the elements & of other creatures . others there are deuout in superstitiō : as the turkes and persians , who with much deuotion are trained vp vnder the policie of their prophets mahomet and haly. lastly , there are some blinded wonderfully in idolatrie & superstition : such are the popelings and those that goe vnder the name of catholickes , but abusiuely . the which religious proceeding is so hatefull to those that follow the greeke church , but singularly to the muscouites , that if any of their nation bee but reputed to haue spoken with a latine or romane , it behooueth him to bee purged , before hee shall bee intertained and receiued to partake of the communion : for they accompt such polluted . the verie like may a trauailer consider of the people , which be profane : such as the epicures and temporizers are that florish singularly in italie . and according as it hath beene reported of the normans in times past , that they cared little for any of gods seruice : so , the romanes profanenesse , and contempt of vertue euerie nation is full of ; like as it hath beene spoken of the cicilians , that they regard no man whilest they themselues are in prosperitie . thus a trauailer may referre vnto his proper head the nature of the people concerning religiousnesse or profanenesse , the which may in generalitie and in particular stand him in much stead . moreouer , i suppose it also very needfull for a trauailer , to consider whether the people religious or profane so stand , by the omission or want of lawes , or by the seueritie of lawes or customes . for , though religion cannot be constrained , yet it may bee restrained by ordinances , so as a trauailer shall hardly discerne it . hence wee see the nobilitie of france passing deuoute of custome , the gascoignes religious without superstition , our commons in times past verie superstitious : as generally are all that bee newly weaned from poperie . thus much as concerning the religiousnesse or profanenesse of people . the fourth resteth to be considered : whether the people of a nation bee warlike or effeminate : whereof let a trauailer ground his obseruation vnder these three heads : namely , whether the people be effeminate or warlike through naturall complexion . hence wee diuine all phlegmatickes and sanguinistes effeminate by nature ; as all melancholickes and cholerickes warlike . secondly , whether the people be effeminate for want of good discipline , as commonly those are where either vices , or great excesse abound ; these being great withdrawers of mens courages , weakening and poisoning the powers of soule and body , so as without discipline such men are vnapt for the warres altogether . lastly , whether the people be warlike through the feare of tyrannie , or by good discipline . for as discipline maketh some that naturally are cowardes and phlegmatickes good soldiers in time : so want of discipline we see giues the reignes of exces to breed vices & corruptiō of hearts , and enfeebling of mindes otherwise of good temper for the warres : such are the sanguinistes . and as the excesse of commodities in a land make men idle , so the barrennesse enforceth others to be industrious , which is one of the best discouerers of a warlike people . hereof it came to passe , that the sicilians haue been noted for cowards and effeminate ; whereas the inhabitants of the mountain●s and alpes , haue euer carried the name of hardie & warlike . the like some haue obserued in the lowe countrie people , till discipline and feare of tyrannie procured them some choler . wee reade of the lithuanians for want of good discipline to be so effeminate and cowardly , that they neuer goe to the warres willingly : and oftentimes being prest giue great summes of money to be released from the seruice . so in times past ( as eusebius reciteth ) were the people of africke so effeminate and faineants that the women did euerie thing abroad for marchandize and husbandrie : as it hath been reported of the men of holland that were wont to carrie their fardels on their heads , whereas the women did carrie their burdens vnder their armes . yet so warlike were , by the same ground , the denmarks , that going to the warres the souldiers would neuer abandon their leaders , but die in the field rather then flie so long as their leaders liued : it being moreouer an infamie reputed for souldiers to die in their beddes , or of other sickenesses then that which commeth by warres . herby also we finde the valiancie of the switzers according to their discipline : whereas the arabians and asiaticques are tainted with cowardize . the english likewise are feared of all men for their valiancie , euen as the hungarians are reputed hardie and stoute . in so much that they haue beene branded for grayhoundes & wolues in regard of other nations but hares and foxes ; whereas the people of little britaine haue been esteemed timorous , especially where they bee opposed by the english : in like sort were those of picardie . lastly , do not all men see heere in england , in scotland , in france , in italie , spaine , and germanie , that these things do alter the people from warlikenesse to effeminatenes : and contrariwise good & long discipline are meanes to recouer their ancient glorie ? whereby a trauailer shall not only discouer the present estate of things , but be able with the politician to diuine into what chaunces such people may fall . the fift and last discouerer of the nature now remaineth , for a trauailer to make obseruation , namely : of what condition of bodie and disposition of minde the people be of . as touching the condition of bodie , three things are to be respected : first , the stature ; whether tall , lowe , or of meane size of person , secondly , of what complexion : whether faire , browne , blacke , tawnie , fatte , leane , slender , or well limmed ; whether deformed or mōstrous in nature , hauing more or lesse limmes , then the common sort of people and such like : which for breuitie sake by examples i passe ouer . thirdly , whether the people bee long or short liued , and whether healthie or sickelie , and whether great feeders and drinkers , or not : the vses whereof being common , i passe them ouer . in like sort for the inclination and disposition of the peoples mindes , foure things are to be considered . first , whether the people bee giuen to idlenesse or paines taking ; then , to what occupations and trades they are accustomed . thirdly , whether they bee addicted to letters , or otherwise incurious of learning : lastly , what vices and vertues the people are most giuen vnto ; and that whether by defect or administration of lawes , or by their own temperatures . the least of these are of moment to be vnderstood . for besides the particular profit that euerie trauailer shal reape thereby , there is a publike and multiplex of stuffe for such ( if so they happily afterward step to the helm and be called to aide the motion therof ) to worke vpon , either to reforme euils in their own common-weale , or to mooue commotion or pacification twixt forraine powers and nations . which , for that these are the materials of politicians , i omit to explane how and in what sort . and forasmuch as the nature of people in this point may be the better discouered in particular , i propounde foure censures , which open the verie affects of the heart , vnto such as couet to know in particular the secrets of euerie ones minde , in common actions expressing vertue or vice ; they are the exercises , the diet , the apparel , and the conuersation of men : of which , if we may not offend , we will consider a little , how & in what manner they may stand a trauailer in stead either to establish peace , or to entertaine war , in case of imployment . first then , of exercises some be honorable , others for pastime and recreation . such as follow the honorable , whether warlike or of learning , discouer good instruments of peace or warre . for , as by the exercises of warre men shew couragious and high mindes , spirited and strong bodies : so by exercising points of learning and knowledge , honest and settled mindes are bewraied ; and consequently meete persons , the one for peace the other for warres . those , that exercise for pastime and delight only , are marked for corrupt , and weake members in a state , eithe for peace or warre : yet rather affecting peace then warre . the second censure is the diet of men . diet , it is either of meate , of drinke , or of sleepe . those that be epicures in any of these three , are to be taxed for the most part for slouthfull , vitious and effeminate bodies . those that be temperate in these three , and accustome their bodies to endure hardnesse , may be obserued for men of action and employment : and as these may prooue good instruments for warre , so the other are scarce good for either . the apparell reuealeth like affections ; which consisteth either in the fashion , or stuffe , or colour . those that keepe the fashion which is approued in the court , if they be courtiers , shew discretion and constancie . where , on the other side , they bewraie lightnesse and ficklenesse , vnlesse in speciall cases . so doe all those that affect vneasie and vnhandsome fashions . those moreouer are not euer the wisest that are first in the newe fashion , but such rather that come in the taile ; if they doe it in this respect , to see first whether the same bee better and more necessarie then the olde . but seeing fewe nations in the world be variable in fashions but wee and the french , i will shut vp this point , that there is a meete fashion for courtiers , for souldiers , and for other people , necessarily distinct . for , the courtier respecteth comelinesse , the soldier ease and warmth , the rest are variable ; according as they stand in yeares , or humors , or necessitie . as concerning the state of apparell : whosoeuer weareth not good apparel , being a courtier , and in court , beseeming this estate and being young , discouers his discontentment or want of meanes : so they that goe more costly then the guise of the place or their habilitie can beare withall , or not respecting times , places and persons , reuealeth vanitie and hautie ambition . the like affections are bewraied by the third , to weet the colour ; it being for the most part generally through the world respected for a concordance according to the fitnesse of yeares , of persons , of times , & places ; the which are circumstances reuealing the affections or imperfections of men in the colours of their apparell . the last censurer is the conuersation of men , with the vertuous or vitious ; whereby the secret carriages of the minde be discouered . for , as those that keepe euill companie bewray imperfect mindes : so such as conuerse with the vertuous may be obserued for honest and trustie men to be imployed in the affaires of their common-wealth , either for peace or warre , if other things concurre withall . in which conuersation an eye must be had of such to discerne , what wisedome , valour , temperancie , liberalitie , vprightnesse , couragiousnesse of minde euerie one of the nobler sort in his actions discouers : and contrariwise of the vices and capitall euils that reigne in them . but of these wee haue opened enough : and also concerning the nature of the people : it now remaineth to speake of the thirde point of knowledge about which a trauailer must busie himselfe , in the interim of his trauaile : namely , in the suruey of the countrie wherein he shall trauaile . but seeing the consideration hereof is multiplex , it would be to many very tedious to handle euery species and subdiuision largely . wherefore we will but make a discouerie , & touch onely the most necessary things to be vnderstood . of the countrey there is a sixefold consideration : as first of the name , to weet ; wherof the countries or cōmon-weales name hath his deriuation ; how many sundry names it hath had since the first habitation thereof ; and finally how long it hath continued in each name , & what were the causes of alteration . the which things forasmuch as frō records they may be collected , we wil not insist vpon them : adding only by way of implicatiō one vse hereof , that such cōmon-weales as neuer haue altered their names , will hardly be subdued , or brought vnder the yoke of an absolute conquerer : whereas those that haue been accustomed to change their names , may easily by conquerers be perswaded to suffer a change . the second consideration is of the populousnesse or scarcitie of people ; the knowledge whereof is so auaileable , as a politician cannot well plot , without good certificate thereof from time to time : for a multitude of people cannot well indure without much trafficke , without many friends ; and in case of penurie , death , and want , not well without disorder . neither are a few people to be feared for great enemies , or to be trusted for constant friends , and such like . thirdly , of the situation of the countrie , in regard of the earth and seas , as of the heauens ; namely , vnder what climate it lieth , and what signe doth patronize the same . but these things , being they may be attained vnto by reading & perusing of mappes and sea charts , let it be sufficient to vs to haue remembred them . fourthly , the quantitie ( which is either of the length , breadth , circuit , or figure of the countrey ) is to bee considered . the which also wee omitte to enlarge by discourse , considering by the rules of geometrie and cosmographie , any may easily attaine to the same . onely let this not bee impertinent to be superadded , how the marches of the countrey ( if it be part of the continent ) is confronted with naturall defence or artificiall ; how it borders on other countreys , and what quarter there is kept ordinarily , whereof in the sixt and last generall point of knowledge , namely , in the secrets of the state wee shall haue cause to treate . the fift consideration is to bee made of the commodities to bee found in the countrey : and the sixt likewise of the discommodities . of these two last we will dilate a little . first , a trauailer shall obserue the commodities of a countrey , either as they stand naturally or artificially . the naturall commodities are foure : namely , the goodnesse or temperatenesse of the ayre , the fruitfulnesse of the soyle , the plenty of riuers and ports ( if the same coast the sea ) : and lastly , the springs , lakes , baths , spawes , or pooles , that haue any singular vertue in them . touching the first , let not a trauailer weigh the goodnesse or temperatenesse of the ayre by his own constitution of body , that peraduenture can away well with the same , ( as wee see some of our english bodies can away well enough in colde moscouia , others in hot morea ) but by the generall well-faring of the inhabitants without pestiferous diseases and accidents , that seldome chaunce to that land and people , but extraordinarily . for , by the secret worke of god , there is no nation so temperate , but is subiect to corruption of ayre , when his secret will shall bee displeased therewith , and that by the reuolution of the heauens , and of things ingendred and conteined in them . touching the second , which is the fruitfulnesse of the soyle , there is a triple consideration ; either of such as mooue and growe vpon the superficies of the land ( as vegetables , and liuing sensible things ) or of such things as are hid in the wombe and veines of the earth , or of the molde it selfe . touching the first of these , let trauailers obserue what store there is found of irrationall animals , either wilde or domesticke , seruing for the vse of man ; and especially whether the countrey doe yeeld a superfluitie ; and whereof . as in generalitie , africk yeeldeth the best mules ; europe the best lions , as herodotus and plinie make report , onely to bee found betweene the riuers nestus and achelous ; the one coasting abdera , a citie of thrace ; the other , being a flood of epyrus , separateth acarnania from aetolia . so in particular , wee finde england yeeldeth the greatest store of good sheepe and wooll : muscouia the best bees ; yeelding honie and wake in plentie ; and the best furres . moreouer , let a trauailer obserue what store of vegetables , either of woods , trees for fruite , or plants the countrey yeeldeth . for , euery countrey hath his seuerall commodities , and singularitie of them , fitted by the prouidence of god : as we reade of , in asia , singular cedars and pine trees : so wee haue experience , that for firre trees and ship-masts , denmarke and the new found land is notorious ; for vines , france ; for apples and such ordinary fruit england ; for orenges , limons , pomegranates and such like , spaine and other hot countries ; for oyle and oliues , candia , &c. as concerning the second , which is of things hid in the veines and wombe of the earth ( for what shall we need to enlarge the discourse with the huge woods to be found in germany and bohemia , or with the notorious vegetables of other nations ) namely , the mines of mettals and fossiles whereof there are such sundrie species , as it may seeme impertinent of vs to be further touched , considering so soone as they are discouered , they bee committed to writing . now the last of those three is the fruitfulnesse of the molde , yeelding vnto the industry of such people as till and manure the same , abundance of all things : the which also we wil referre to the artificiall consideration of the countries commodities . the third naturall commodities of a countrey are the plentie of riuers and ports : whereof these things fall to the obseruation of a trauailer ; from whence they haue their springs & thorowfare if they be riuers nauigable , whether they be replenished with fish , of what kindes , and whether potable and commodious for the vse of man , how these doe accommodate the country ; and lastly where they haue bridges , foords , ferries , or may bee waded ouer . but if the countrey be maretine , and ioyning to the sea , what , and what store of fish the coast aboundeth with ; how the sea ebbeth and floweth in euery port and creeke , where there is good riding for shippes or boates ; what shallowes , sands and flattes ; and lastly , what good and dangerous landing ; whereof in the secrets and last part of the trauailers knowledge we shall haue occasion to enlarge . but a trauailer must be so prudent in searching out these things , that he haue not a malicious or suspicious eye cast on him ; for it is one of the conuictors of spies . now the last of the naturall commodities , as wee haue sayd , are springs , baths , spawes , lakes , pooles , or other things of goodnesse and medicineable vertue and commoditie : the which are to be sought out in seuen things , namely , in their heat , as baths and spawes : in their tastes and sauours , as plinie reporteth of a certaine lake amongst the troglodites , which thrise a day and thrise a night , for a season , was euer bitter and salt , and at other times sweete . thirdly , in their colour , as diodorus reporteth , in egypt there was a poole , the colour of whose water was vermilion , which being drunke would make men bewray secrets . fourthly , in their odour or smel , as that fountaine in the citie leuca , of a most horrible smel , spoken of by strabo . fiftly , in the motion , at what time they are rising : as that fountaine besides haslea which neuer riseth but early in the morning , at high noone , and at the shutting in of the euening : and if therein any euill thing bee cast that may corrupt the same , theodorus zuingerus mentioneth , that for certaine dayes after it will not rise at all . sixtly , in their effects , as that fountaine of salmac in the countrey of caria ; which , as strabo writeth , maketh men effeminate & lither . that of aphrodisium in pyrrhea , that causeth barrennesse , as plinie noteth , and such like . and lastly , what commoditie either of them yeelde vnto the countrey , the which chiefly is to be considered , of those nauigable lakes that lie in the heart of the land. hitherto concerning the naturall : the artificiall commodities now offer themselues ; which a trauailer shall find chiefly in two things , namely , in buildings or in trades & sciēces mechanick . and though the liberall arts may seeme to bee of the number ; yet properly they are not the commodities of a land or state. because by the word commodities is meant , things that may be transported from state to state , & caried out of one country into another : which the liberall sciences well cannot saue in bookes : for the operatiō of the liberal sciēces seem to be spiritual or mathematical ; wheras that of mechanical arts sheweth to be corporal . but to our point , of buildings there may be a triple cōsideration : first , what are the most cōmon buildings & houses of the country wherin the common people inhabite , and of what stuffe they are made . for almost euery countrey differ therin . but whersoeuer great defects are of these , as in ireland , muscouie & other places , it is a note of pouerty & barbarousnes . secondly , what manner of buildings are those of towns & cities , & of the nobler sort of people : for these euermore draw neerest to ciuility , and be freest from pouerty . lastly , what is the architecturie of forts , townes , sconces , cittadels , castles , towers , and of places fortified in the land , about the discouery whereof a trauailer shall finde much vse of his mathematickes , learned before trauaile . but before wee make discouery of places fortified , let it not bee impertinent to consider seuen points briefly in cities or townes : as first of the quantities , figures and circuits as well of the cities themselues , as of their suburbes . secondly , of their situation and strength , and how they stand commodated by sea or land , or discommodated . thirdly , of the manner and matter of their buildings . fourthly , of their places and things of speciall note , as gates , fountaines bridges , churches , streets , religous houses , palaces arsenals , store houses market places , rialtos , publike ambulatories , schooles , libraries , colledges , vniuersities , and such like . moreouer , of vniuersities it must be considered , whether they bee of physicke , of the lawe , or of any other speciall studie and profession , or mixt of all liberall sciences together , what number of students , what companies of strangers , their orders , priuiledges , and such like : lastly , what famous men in learning flourish in them . fiftly , the number of the people of the cities & townes are to be learned so neere as may be . sixtly , the policie of them is to be regarded : which resteth either in the ecclesiasticall , scholastical , oeconomical , or politicall gouernment : whereof the politicall is most behooueful , and therfore we will insist only vpon the same ; and that in one word to discerne the maner and disposition of the peoples liuing , whether in idlenesse and pleasure , as the nobilitie of this land , and of france , or in trades and merchandise , as the nobility of the venetian and genoa states . moreouer , with whom they vent that which is superfluous in their towne , from what other places they ordinarily bring such things as they want and stand in need of : and whether they be driuen to carie out their owne commodities , or are sought vnto by forreine parts ; let these things suffice , till the gouernement of the state in generall shall offer it selfe to be handled in the fift part , to which we do referre trauailers that make doubt of any thing considerable in townes or cities . the seuenth and last consideration then of cities is of the priuiledges , immunities , liberties , and freedomes of them : whether colonies , municipials , prefectures , cities confederate , assemblies , and such like . now the other part of artificiall buildings resteth to our trauailer , namely , of fortifications . of which , forasmuch as the true suruey of them is in many states very daungerous , we haue obserued , for the better ease and securitie of trauailers , three safe wayes to prie into the secrets of them if accesse bee inhibited : first , to learne what are fortified holdes within the land , and what front and coast the sea , and where seated . moreouer , within the land , whether they stand vpon riuers , or waters , or were built for other purposes than for the warres , and naturall defence of the land : whereof in most states there haue been diuerserected , as by the nobilitie of england and ireland for their priuate vses , and for ciuill warres fortified , & singularly in france , where the noblesses for their priuate safegard , haue many strong holdes : as other nations that a long season haue either feared enemies , or sought freedome from subiection . whereof wee haue of late time experience , by the fortifications of the lowe countrey people . the second considereth the naturall and artificiall strength of them : the naturall attribute defence vnto a place in regard of situation : which may be cōsidered in hils , rockes , or waters that make the same vnaccessable or defenceable , wherof we haue a wonderful example in the isle of sarke in our brutish sea , which is by nature so fortified , as one man may defend the same isle against the greatest army that is able to come against it . of like defence is in some respect the castle of garnsey , & for a land army the city of venice , and of mexico in west india . moreouer , let it be considered , whether equally in all places as the aforenamed , or but on some sides that defence groweth , as that of douer , castle to the sea-ward , and towards the towne . likewise what other naturall strengths be within , as plenty of ground to preserue victuall , good springs that cannot be withdrawen or corrupted , & such like , which naturally doe fortifie places greatly in times of besiegings . now th' artificial strēgths of forts cōsisteth in y e matter or forme and figure , whether without or within . touching the matter & substāce of euery particular , let it be questioned whether they be of old or new erectiō : for the olde in times past were made of stone , bricke , or such like hard stuffe , which now in the perfectiō of artillery are more easie to be battered thā forts of earth , & are foūd more hurtful to the friend within , & fauorable to the enemy ; yet in speciall cases where artillery cannot come to batter , are notwithstanding momentable : the which if it be well considered , seldome shall men find old fortifications , but they were euen seated so , as artillery could not play vpon them . in like sort are those new fortifications to be considered , of what matter ( for of earth ther is diuers sorts to make good fortifications ) of what greatnes , largenes , thicknes , depth , and height are the members of them : as wals , vammures , ramparts , curtins , cauallirs , parapets , counterscarfes , mounts , platforms , trenches , ditches , &c , and how replenished with water , what sluces , what saleis , what droit and oblique passages are to the same : the which , discreet questioning , & good indgement of the eye , shall enforme a trauailer of . touching the formes and figures of forts , that is either regular or irregular . the regular be either rotunds , quadrats , pentagonons , hexagonons , &c. according to the quantity of the fort , euery part answering in correspondencie . the irregular retain those formes which most naturally may helpe the weaknes of the place , yet answerable one to another , according to the rules of fortifications : wherof we had a notable piece of work for example , in that in ostend in flanders . and for better iudgement herein , let it not be grieuous to any trauailer , if so he happen into the warres , to obserue the notable means is taken in the field by good souldiers for the fortifying of their campes daily after this irregular distribution . now the last of these , that prie into the fortifications of countries , is to vnderstād what captains & souldiers ordinarily belong to them ; their munitions , their paies , & finally their ordinances & priuiledges . let these things suffice for the first of the artifical commodities of the country . the second is that of trades , and mechanical sciences ; the which are fashioners and finishers of handicraft works made through mans inuention , & are in number sixe , for a trauailer to consider of ; thorow which al commodities passe and repasse , namely , husbandry , clothing , masonry , carpentry , smithery , & engining : these are generall heads , whereunto all other trades of necessary obseruation may be referred , that accommodate a land. let vs take husbandry for an example , vnder which is comprised the sciences of gardening , of planting and grafting , of manuring , of grasing , of breeding and cherishing of vegetables , plants , beasts , and such like fostering sciences , for the nourishment of the creatures , but singularly of man : vpon which also other infinite trades depend , wherof we will omit to speake . but to our point in hand ; a trauailer shal discerne the husbandry of each countrey in three points : first , by obseruing what corne and graine the countrey yeeldeth generally , and that with what paines and meanes the land is tilled and manured , what vsuall increase the land yeeldeth , and such like : whereof there is such difference as is almost incredible , yea , between setting and sowing . secondly , what cattell are vsually bred there for the state aswell of the land as of other countries . as in muscouie and poland , bees ; in the lowe countries , kine ; in england , sheepe , and such like . lastly , what fruits the countrie yeeldeth : as grapes , wine , oile , apples , peares , plummes , orenges , limons , nuts , and such like : and lastly , with what fuell the land most aboundeth . touching the second mechanicall trade , namely , clothing , a trauailer must note what speciall stuffe that countrey yeeldeth for the same : whether of lether , furres , beasts skins , haire , flaxe , wooll , barks of trees , bombasie , silke , gold , siluer , or such like : and also how the same is imployed , for garmēts or otherwise . so the third , which is masonry , requireth the knowledge of such as are workers of stone , brick , or morter & their artificiall compositions and symmetries . the fourth , which is carpentrie is displayed in wood caruers , ioyners , carpenters , or builders of houses , shipwrights , and in all other dependances . the fift , to wit , smitherie , is as variable as any of the former to bee sought into : whether for varietie of metals to bee wrought vpon , as gold and siluer-smithes , copper-smiths , brasiers , tinkers , pewterers , founders , blacke and white smithes , & all such like : or for infinite kind of tooles and vtensils , for the necessaries of man , the which are more excellent in some places than other , euen by so much as the matter and the arts-men tend to perfection . the sixt and last is engining , which being an extract from the grounds of mathematicall knowledge , is also much the more to bee considered well of trauailers , in how much there may arise many singular commodities to ones countrey , both in times of peace & warre . wherin let trauailers make obseruatiō who be the most famous workers , & what admirable things they worke & bring to passe , either by conueyance of water by scrues , by pullies , by weights , by causing vacuums or reinforcing of spirits together in narrowe straights and cylinders , and by such other draughts of nature , kept secret from the vulgar sort : the which in the warres are so necessary , as in the citie for ciuill and necessarie vses . insomuch as if any man trauailing shal grow therby excellent , he is worthy the name of honor & estimation , though in other points he be found a weake obseruer . this thing being of such singular proofe and vse euerie where , may seeme to priuiledge trauailers aboue any one point of knowledge besides . about the consideration of which although wee could not dwell too long ( for of it selfe it requireth a volume ) yet other manifould points vntouched doe craue our discourse now . only for discouerie let this be added , that whatsoeuer by naturall conclusions and ( as wee say ) by sleight , with small adoe effecteth great things ( as to moue bodies contrarie to nature violently , and swiftly ; to make powerfull any weake thing , and to discouer things vnto the senses afar off out of their kēning , or to penetrate any thing resistable ) may be contained vnder the arte or science of engining . hitherto concerning the commodities of the countrie : the discommodities now may easily be ex opposito collected from the former , to enlighten the sixt and last point , concerning the countrie . notwithstanding , we wil for better vnderstanding to some as it were make repetition . the discommodities then of countries are either imperfectious , or wants . the imperfections naturall , are either intemperatenesse and vnholesome aire or extream barennesse of the soile yeelding little or no commodities , or aboundance of cruel beastes : of which our trauailer must haue a care , to vnderstand whether the same be not for want of good husbandrie in the people of the countrie . the artificiall discommodities are likewise two , buildings , and trades . the defect of the one hindereth a countrie from well peopling , of the other from well and orderly liuing . for it is a maxime in policie , that no countrie can be euer ciuile and orderly where there be not good trades planted for setting the commons to worke , for the husbanding all such commodities as their countrie yeelds , and of such as are brought vnto the same frō forrain parts : the which to a countrie much peopled is most needfull also . thus much concerning imperfections . the wants are of those things properly , that other countries abound with : which necessarily ciuill estates doe want daiely , & must expect them from other places to furnish them . for though there bee many ilands in the world , that content themselues and liue without the commodities of other places ; neither haue they other then a certaine naturall kinde of prouision , distributed well and orderly alike to all nations for the naturall support thereof : yet being once brought vnto ciuilitie , and to the taste of the world , either to be equall with others , or to be engreatned ; there is no natiō or countrie , but standeth in necessarie neede and want of forraine things : the which being once tasted of generally , it is almost impossible to be left and forgotten . the conclusion then of this point , for our trauailer may be , that he obserue what speciall thing the countrie standeth in neede of , the which is either of clothing or of victuall : for , these two a nation that is ciuile and well ordered cannot long want . as concerning clothing let it be sufficient which we haue touched alreadie , in the commodities : for out of the same may be gathered the discommodities è conuerso . in like sort may it be saide forvictuals : only let a trauailer make obseruation what liuing creatures hee shall finde that cannot liue or bee found in the countrie : as our theodore zuingerus reporteth of africk that neuer hart or wilde boare was found there . and plinie mentioneth that in arabia no swine liueth . so in the ilands of nea there are bred no patridges , nor being thither brought will liue . so some report of ireland , that in it liueth no venemous beast ; for the climate worketh all vpon the people ; a strange constellation , for want of of good religion . let these things suffice touching the generall points of knowledge respecting the countrie . the fourth now offereth it selfe to our consideration : which is of the lawes and customes that be vsed in the countrey : the knowledge whereof may well reforme the weedy affections of trauailers , and redresse distemperatures growen in their countrie , and lastly , open the doore of many policies , into which a politician wil soone enter . but first concerning the word law , in the intendiment there is a double respect to be had thereof . for , all honest lawes haue their deriuation and spring-head from the eternall fountaine of reason of the will of god : in which respect they in substance are all diuine . notwithstanding in regard of the diuersitie of people , as of sundrie causes for which they haue beene reuealed and promulgated , they are also humane and multiplex . wherefore , in the first respect , the lawe is an opening of the diuine and eternall will , whereby god teacheth and commaundeth what shall bee done and left vndone , of men , ordained for his owne glorie , chiefly then for the publike & priuate vse of men . now , since the reuelation of that diuine will of god hath not beene manifested in one and the same manner alwaies to all people , therefore in this respect the lawe is distributed into three kinds properly : into the law of god , into the law of natvre , and into the humane or lawe of men. touching the law of god , wee obserue the same either written or not written . the not written the learned call that which before the fall , and afterwards , was exercised till the law by moses was deliuered to the people of israell inscribed in tables of stone , and since of christ himselfe , the prophets , & apostles , enlarged , expounded , confirmed , & set forth : the which was either morall and perpetuall , or iudicial and politicall . but as concerning the written law , cōmitted wholly to the israelites , lette it bee obserued first that there were lawes morall contained vnder the decalogue or ten commandements , perpetuall to all people and nations : though for a season the gentiles were gouerned by another consenting law therewith , namely , the law of nature . secondly , that there were lawes politicall and iudiciall peculiar to the common-weale of israell ; and lastly lawes ceremoniall , which being meerely politicall also were temporall and to be abrogated by the perfecter , namely , by christ by whom all the ceremoniall and infantiue lawes were disannuled and vtterly cancelled . moreouer it may not be forgotten , that vnder that vnwritten law of god is contained the law of the spirit and of life , which is peculiar to the church of christ , that quickeneth the vnsanctified and weake law of nature inscribed in the hearts of men , imprinting the will of god in their hearts : whereby men by many degrees steppe forwarde in the true knowledge of god & seruing of him , at an instant as it were , through the efficacie thereof , more then euer by the law of nature they are able to do . these things thus briefly exposed vnto trauailers , let it not seeme tedious to any to consider well thereof . for without an exact knowledge of the law of god , there can be no sound iudgement of the rest . and as our sauiour christ soundly reproued nicodemus the pharisie , for that he was a iudge in israel and knewe not things of such excellencie and of so great importance : so might a trauailer bee censured for a shallow and ignorant person , that trauiling into the lawes of nations and peoples , is neuerthelesse to be found ignorant in the lawes of god , & of their deriuations , which properly be the fountaines of all naturall and humane lawes that be good & honest through the world . but touching the law of nature , there is some controuersie amongst the learned . for the lawyers define the law of nature to be that which teacheth all animall liuing things . but the scholist diuines say the law of nature , that to be , which is common to all people , and that by instinct not by constitution , restraining the same only to men . wherefore , to make the same more euident , by fauourable interpretation of both , wee distribute the lawe of nature into common and proper . the common is that which equally is common to other liuing creatures aswell as vnto men , that is to say , to defend themselues against violēce , to preserue and maintain their liues and states , to propagate , procreate , nourish & instruct their owne , to eate , drinke , sleepe , rest , mooue and such like things , euerie species according to his being and kinde . the proper is that lawe which is only peculiar vnto men , being the will of god and diuine reason inscribed immediately by god in the hearts of all men ; wherby generally they know what is good and euill , and consequently what is to be followed and auoyded : the law of conscience , by which the heathen and such as haue not the law of god written shall be iudged . the effect of which law is displaied in the knowledge of god and in the worshippe of him ; and also in the conseruation of mutuall loue and societie betwixt mankinde : from which not only the law of nations hath a name of substance , but the humane and positiue lawes their descent and speciall deriuation , as from the spring of right and reason . moreouer , this law is not equally or so effectually planted in the hearts of all men alike , but in some more plentifully then in others , according to the secret and wonderfull dispensation of the good pleasure of god in the gouernement of the world : from whence there ariseth such strange worshipping of god amongst the heathen , almost euerie nation in a variable sorte . thus wee may see furthermore , that the law of nature and of nations strictly and in the proper sense taken may well bee confounded , for one and the same , concerning actions : though after the common sense they are distinguishable . for , the law of nations is a certaine right and equall reason that naturally bursteth out of men and nations , for the necessarie vse and conseruation of mankinde and for societie ; the which is also perpetuall , and arguing the conscience , if it dissent from the same . from whence the lawes of armes concerning prisoners taken in the warres ; the entertainement of messengers and forraine ambassadors , as all manner of contractes twixt person and person , state and state , haue their authoritie and reason , and doe in speciall manner giue a name to the law of nations , to the lawe of nature : which offereth to our trauailer these three cōsiderations . first , that in the courts of princes as otherwhere hee obserue , what order and manner of entertainement and respect is giuen to ambassadors , and messengers of forraine states . secondly , if such an one chance to arriue in the warres of other princes and states , to note the carriage of one aduersarie to another in matters of right , and of prisoners and captiues especially as of combattes , in a word to get their discipline . lastly , to note amongst heathen people , what order in buying , and selling , exchanging , lending , borrowing , mortgaging , pawning and keeping of societie . for , happily from thence hee shall descrie a more equall carriage and behauiour in them by the law of nature only guided , then many of our ciuile states do by all their meanes of knowledge in the laws of god , of nature , and of men : the which we might easily prooue . but to our point now concerning the lawes humane . those are called the lawes humane , which frō the capacities of men are conceited & by men are promulgated and authorised : whether they depend vppon the law of god and of nature , or vpon their owne fancies : wherof , there are two rankes , honest and iust , or tyrannicall and vniust . the honest and iust do flow frō the general springs and maximes of the diuine and naturall law ordained for the publike good of the church and cōmō-weale ; wheras the tyrānical & vniust , issue out either of the vsurping breasts of vnlawfull authoritie that haue no power to make lawes : or from such as hauing power do after their own carnall mindes , make ordinances for their owne proper commoditie and behoofe : whereunto the traditions of men , yea and euery superstitious ordinance and euill custome may be referred . wherefore whensoeuer a trauailer shall looke into the body of the lawes of any countrie or people , let his iudgement be neither partiall nor weake , but grounded vpon the sound rules and eternall reason of the diuine and naturall law. moreouer by the word lawes humane , is meant in this place the written positiue and politicall lawes : for in substance they are all one and conuertible , yea and for the profitte of each nation commutable , so as they neuer contrarie the lawes diuine or naturall . by reason whereof we finde that some honest lawes in qualitie differ , either in punishing , or rewarding , or in inciting to that which is good , or restraining from that which is euill : the which is meerely a politicall promulgation consonant to some states for a season , and verie needefull in speciall cases . neuerthelesse there bee many verie pertinax in this opinion , that though a state shall inflict for good causes a greater punishment on malefactors for such and such crimes , then the lawes of god or of nature doo , yet they are ignorāt by what warrāt of like policie , any state may abbridge the rigor of the law of god in capitall offenses . for such lawes say they are both iudiciall and eternal , by which policie no doubt states may bee best gouerned : for proofe whereof the abbridgers ( say they ) of such laws are , by the heathē people that haue not the written law of god , conuinced & taught how to rule in like cases . of humane and positiue lawes there is a variable consideration , according to the vse and titles that euery countrie and state holdeth peculiarly almost . as generally heere in england wee tearme our law by the name of common law , it being a peculiar law to this state and members . so the romans in times past called their law the ciuile law . though indeed all good lawes ( as iustinian himselfe confesseth ) may wel enough be tearmed ciuile lawes ; yet for distinction sake , let it bee taken heere whensoeuer wee shal name ciuile lawes , for those that were refined by the emperor iustinian , and set foorth by him : the which at this day are vsed in most of the ciuile states and nations of europe , either in part or altogether . from whence let trauailers make this obseruation , whether the lawes of the countrie wherein they trauaile , be lawes prerogatiue or positiue . for there are some countries gouerned by lawes meerely prerogatiue : of which wee will first expound , to such as intende for to trauaile . these kinde of lawes be for the most part vnwritten ; and therefore require the more care to be searched out and into , for their vncertaintie . moreouer , let trauailers obserue how farre the prerogatiue of princes and states doth stretch ouer their subiects . for , there are some so absolute and sole tyrannous , that all things are gouerned according to the will of the prince : and euerie commoditie of the countrie stands at the princes pleasure . such is the tartarian and great cam. others there are halfe tyrannous , whose displeasure and will hath no law to curbe the vnrulinesse thereof : such is the turke , the muscouian , and the pope . others there are , according as they are , religious and fearers of the true god , and princes of ciuile and religious states , whose prerogatiue is much , but yet in ciuile and honest actions : being free themselues from punishment of their lawes in some sorte ; and may from time to time dispense with and chaunge their lawes , constituting new as is expedient for the good of the common-weale . neuerthelesse , some there are that haue , of these also , greater prerogatiue then others , according to their gouernment and state of policie . for better discouerie , the law prerogatiue is to be searched either in the person of the prince , or in the magistracie which hath his power from the prince on state. the prince ( or state if it bee an aristocracie ) hath absolute power , & not controulable , to command anything , action , or person , whatsoeuer carrieth semblance of good to the state , or that cōtrarieth not the law of god & of nature . moreouer , to forbid & controule anything , persō , or actiō whatsoeuer of like nature , whether by word of mouth , whether by letters , proclamatiōs , edictes or such like means as princes or states vse . and lastly by cōmission to authorize other to reward and punish , according to the offence done , euerie fault that is not encountred by the law positiue alreadie ; perseruing the life , members , and speciall liuelyhood of the delinquents . the prerogatiue of the magistracie may be discerned as in our countrie , in the high court of parliament , in the authoritie of the councell , in that of the starre chamber , in the lord chancellor , lorde treasurer , lord high counstable , lord mareschall , lord admirall ▪ in the principal secretarie , in the chiefe iustices and iudges of the land , in each maior and towne corporate , and lastly in euerie high commissioner and speciall officer that the prince of this land deputeth to vndergoe any charge at home or abroad . so is it in all other states and countries . the which being cōsidered by trauailers , they shal be able to discerne the authoritie royall of the prince and state , as well in politicall as in ecclesiasticall giuing & making of lawes . touching the lawes positiue , they bee either political or ecclesiastical . the political are either ancient & maximes of perpetuall obseruāce , or modern & mutable . the ancient are such as the romanes called the ciuile lawes in speciall ; such as the french their law salique , & such as we the common law . the moderne are all those lawes which goe vnder the name of statutes , decrees , ordinances , edicts and such like , being in all ciuile states put into print : the which are by so much the easier to bee attained vnto by trauailers , wherin they may at leasure discouer euerie thing as in a glasse , either cōcerning the nature of the people , or the state of the countrie , the politicall lawes are changeable , according to the standing of things ; that the state may grow to perfection . the ecclesiasticall are tradicions lawfull or vnlawfull . the vnlawfull bee such as are contrarie to the lawe of god , and tha● in no sort tend vnto edification : of which crue a trauailer shall meete , within most states . but let him bee carefull to collect the best wheresoeuer : the which hee shall discerne by their coates ; namely ▪ if they crosse not gods word or destroy not more then they edifie . the lawfull tradicions be rules or canons of doctrine , of manners , of rites and ceremonies pertaining to godlines , that consent with the holy word of god and tend to edification . touching the rules of doctrin , the apostles inspired with the holy ghost haue left many : the generall and prouinciall synodes of godly and honest minded men haue set foorth others , the which are for the vnderstanding of the holy scriptures verie profitable . and lastly , euerie lawfull state and church hath absolute power , without the consent of the pope or any other forraine approbation , to doe the like ; gathering euermore their constitutions & rules form the word of god. touching those of manners and of ceremonies , euerie lawfull state and church hath absolute power to decree that which shall be most agreeable with the nature of the state : yet so as all those constitutions tend to edification , and bee so neerely drawen from the holy scriptures and the best discipline of other churches , as neere may be . these bee the exacte rules for to make discouerie ; wherby three commodities shall redound to trauailers . first , they shall be able to iudge whether the countries leane by their lawes to this or that religion : secondly , whether the people be nourished in the right or wrong : and lastly , they may gather thereby the most sincere and vpright orders for the perfecting of their owne countrie and informing themselues . for when such are well seene into the lawes of other countries and expert in those of their owne nation , they haue well purchased a goodly mannor and trench of land to build policies vpon . moreouer , it is verie expedient for trauailers to marke not only how many distinct kinds of lawes the countrie vseth to gouerne their people by ; but in speciall , what are ge●●●●ll , what particular lawes pertaining to seuerall diuisions of the countrey , as those of shires and seigniories of townes , places and persons , &c. and lastly , if , in regard of the time of trauailing , such be able to take degrees for the approbation of their knowledge in the vniuersities , no doubt the honour and the commodity wil be very great . for , the title of a degree so atchieued , wil celebrate more their worth than any other meanes , by getting credite to their learning and iudgement , and making them capable of preferment , hauing authoritie to be imployed in the seruice of the common-weale . thus much concerning the lawes : the which a trauailer may referre vnto three heads , if he please ; to things , to persons , to actions . the customes now follow . customes , they are certaine vses of the prince , state , or people of the countrie , vnwrittē for the most part , that doe prescribe , or stand in force as lawes , chiefly if they bee good and profitable for the common-weale ; whereof there are three ●●nkes , that trauailers must consider them in : generall , particular , and regall . by the generall customes are meant the ancient vse and ordering of all things according to the ancient nature thereof . of which let trauailers first note their alterations . these may be discerned in the giuing of lawes : in ensample whereof , wee haue , at this day , a more exact and ful order of the three states , concerning forme , than in former times . secondly , in the princes priuate state and houshold : lastly , in religion , in diet , in apparell , and in the externall order of things and persons . in all which customes , most common-weales differ . whereof we will ensample onely , to our trauailer , the princes priuate estate and houshold which we cal the court. wherein what ordinary attendants and dependants , and what ceremonies , orders , and customes are appertaining to the person of the prince , or to the place it selfe wheresoeuer the court shal be , or to the nobility , are the rather to be learned of trauailers , that they may not be ignorāt of the proper cariage of euery court , to enforme themselues of behauiour . in tartarie this custome is vsed , that no stranger of what quality or degree soeuer , dare put himselfe in the kings presence , to negotiate with him , before hee hath beene purged with their fire . neither is it permitted to any stranger , to set his foote on the threshold of the cams lodging , or where any of his princes or lieutenants dwell , on paine of death . and in our ciuill states we see , no forreiner dare present himselfe to the presence of the prince , but by permission , or in speciall cases , and at special times . hence moreouer ariseth our great respect to our princes , in honouring and saluting them ; whereas the french are little vncouered , and nothing so respectiue . some countrey people do kneele in the presence of their prince , others gaze in their faces onely : others cast downe their heads and lookes ; and some ( as the inhabitants of baccalaos , or of the new land fish ) haue a custome when they reuerence their king , in his presence to rub their noses , and stroking their forehead with their hand vnto the necke ; the which the king accepteth as an honest and due office and seruice , turning his head eftsoones , to his left shoulder , which is a note of singular fauour , and gratefulnesse of the king to honour his subiect . the which customes , or the like , though they be strange and not regular , yet doe they become well enough the bounds of euery nation . in like sort , the customary phrase of writing and speaking , of action , of body , of reuerencing , and such such like , are so to be pondered of trauailers that they introduce not them into their owne country , vnlesse those customes be of a more ciuill carriage , then such as their countrey vseth . for , that is a fowle and irregular tricke of common trauailers , to innouate new fangles of fashions in their countrey , when they returne , though they iudge thē to be of better esteem . this is a common staine , and delight of ilands . but as it is a shame for ciuill states to be variable in the custome of diuersitie of fashions , wondring at the customes of other lesse ciuill graces and behauiours , so as needes those must bee put in practise by them ; so a trauailer that innouateth forreine peculiar customs of other courts in his countrey , where either more ciuill , or as good are vsed , swarueth from the guise of completenesse in trauailers requirable . the particular customes concerne the members of the state , as countreys , dukedomes , principalities , counties , seigniories , domaines , cities , towns , corporations , castles , cittadels , fortes , and such like : which require also in regard of their excellencie to bee looked into , so farre foorth as by discourse and discreete wayes may bee of trauailers followed after . the third and last customes are regall , which properly are the maiesticke prerogatiue of the countrey , of the prince , and nobilitie , aswell within their precinct as in and vnder the iurisdiction of another power . whereof first let it bee regarded , what preeminence the countrey claimes to haue , in and ouer other countreys not tributary or subiect to the same . secondly , as concerning the prince , let it be noted what titles , of custome , he is inuested with : as the french king to be the most christian king , which in those dayes was well arrogated from other nations : as the king of spaine to bee called , the most catholike king ; which title in those dayes was proper to him ( i speake as a romist ) for he was maximus bellator & professor romanae catholicae ecclesiae : and as our souereigne king of great britaine , by like custome now , and with better title , may most rightfully challenge to be the greatest and sincerest defender of the faith of christ thorow the world ; euen so was it a title in those dayes when it was reassumed and acknowledged of his ancestor of proper attribution ( though the pope had another slie and slouenly meaning and fetch of policie , in the bequest ) . for , within a little after , that most vndanted king henry the eight ( whom for perpetuall honor sake i thought good to name ) by the good pleasure of god , became the onely stout defender of the faith of christ singularly , in shaking off the popes supremacie , and withstanding his displeasure . whereunto also let a trauailer learne , what place , of custome , the prince hath amongst other princes : and how farre the souereigntie of princes stretcheth , and of states . the which souereignty is discernable in foure points : the first is to haue power absolute to giue lawes to al in generall and in particular , without controlment ; as priuiledges , liberties , franchisedomes , honors , and such like regalities to places or persons . the second note of souereigntie is to decree warre or peace , or to enter into treaties concerning them . the third is to institute and ordaine principal officers . the fourth is to haue the last appeale , which is one of the true markes of souereigntie , vnder which dependeth the power to grant pardon to the condemned by course of law in fauour to redresse the rigor of the lawe , and formall proceedings of magistrates , whether concerning life , goods , honor , banishment or libertie . in all which , trauailers shal find in most states great defect ; in fewe , all absolutely . for concerning the first , what honourable prince ( not naming the pope , the turke , the tartarian , and such like tyrants ) of himself , without associates , decreeth lawes ? and not without good cause : for it noteth iustice , and desire to gouerne aright , knitting the subiects to their prince . neuerthelesse , we see that in former times the princes of this land , and of france , as of òther states , did constitute of themselues many good lawes in force at this day . so touching the second , there be some states that by custome and willingnes to complease their subiects , will seldome make warre , or entertain peace , without priuate consent of their councell , or general debating of the parliament . likewise of the third there is amongst states and gouernements , a great diuersitie , in the instituting and ratifying of principall officers : which custome hath been brought from the prince or state no doubt , for the shew of the common-weales good ; so the same be not transported to forraine states , as the pope arrogateth in ecclesiasticall promotions . and touching the last point we see also how great princes are stripped of their souereignty , reigntie , by the pope in matters of appeale , of giuing pardons and such like regalities to subiects , and great offenders against their prince and countrey . thus in these let trauailers euerie where make obseruation how of custome either the states doe hold their souereigntie , or howe by like custome they haue abbridged or lost their marks of absolutenesse . lastly , let it be considered of the customes and prerogatiues of the nobilitie of a nation ; the chiefe whereof resteth in their superioritie and preheminence in sitting , going , talking , eating , washing , subscribing , arrogating peculiar phrases , and order of stile in writing , and such like . all which are to be considered by times , places , and persons , that thus and by a customarie dutie and respect honour each other . wherein if trauailers wil be verie iudiciall , they had neede to be good heralds and studious in the customarie lawe and discipline of armes of that nation . hitherto concerning the lawes and customes of a nation , so briefly as we could , to the vnexpert in the affaires of the countrey . the fift point of knowledge now offereth it selfe , which is concerning the gouernment of the countrey . the gouernment hath a twofold managing therof : the one exterior and discernable , the other interior , secret and priuate onely , in a wise state , to the counsel thereof , or onely lodged in the breast of the prince , which to a wise prince is a high pointe of politicke gouernment . of this interior we will giue trauailers a secret taste in the last part , namely , in the secrets . for , the obiect of a trauailer is properly the publike and reuealed gouernment . in this gouernment three things concurre . first , the persons gouerning ; secondly , the people gouerned ; lastly , the common and speciall policie , or instruments , that subsist for the establishing of a cōmon good towards all men ; by the vertue wherof , life , health , peace , prosperitie and happinesse without interruption is conueyed vnto the bodie politick : wheras the defect and vicious ordering of things , soon corrodeth , or putteth the same into a consumptiō irreuocable . concerning the persons gouerning , we obiect to trauailers a triple consideration according to the three-fold diuersitie of cōmon-weales . for , by the persons gouerning we meane also those simple variable three formes of gouernment , namely , the monarchial : which is when the soueraignty and supreme authority , without controlment , resteth in one person or prince , as in our king of great britaine . the aristocraticall is when as the lesser part of the people , or of the nobilitie haue the souereigntie in body , giuing lawes to the rest of people in generall and particular , as the seigniorie of venice , and the state of the vnited prouinces in the lowe countreys . and the democraticall or popular estate : which is when as the whole people , or greater part thereof in bodie , hath the souereigne authoritie . which had neede to bee well considered of trauailers , by so much the more as they see great learned men confounded or deceiued in the iudgements of them . for , neither the qualities of persons can change the nature or number of them ; nor can there bee any mixt state of forme and continuance , but either by graunt , permission , communication , association , or assignation of the souereigne power , to the members subiect . but lest trauailers might be misseled by the opinions of others , let them obserue diligently , in what persons and in which of these , those foure markes of souereigntie ( before spoken of in the customes of the countrey ) doe reigne ; which here for breuitie i omit , especially the ordering of officers , the decreeing of peace and warre , and taking of appeales . but for the publishing of lawes , the most ciuill states for the better securitie of them , and content of the people are euer assisted in monarchies with the three estates . and in some states also for the better dispatch of things , many of the other three markes are committed , but yet restrictiuely , and vnder controulement . wherefore let trauailers consider now these things aright , and proue the censures of other men , by those markes of souereigntie which inuest the formes with supreme power . moreouer , in the second place let trauailers note , what principall officers are in the commitment ordained to helpe the motion and gouernment of the helme of the state. and lastly , how farre their seuerall offices doe extend . for the better insight into which , there may bee gathered a triple consideration of officers , namely ; first , such as stand by ancient right and custome , as those which we cal officers at the common lawe : secondly , such as haue their authoritie by commission , and that from the prerogatiues of the prince or state souereigne : lastly , such as are ordained by the positiue lawes of the land to vndergo any businesse for the good of the common-weale . finally , let trauailers be carefull to obserue the maner and order of making & publishing of lawes there vsed ; the course of entertaining warres ; the ordinarie policie vsed in time of peace , concerning preparation for warres defensiue and offensiue ; the common course of proceeding in iustice and iudgement , the places , and times , and ministers ; the fashion of punishing & rewarding of all sorts of people acording to their deserts , and such like appurtenances & appendices of the gouernment . let these suffice for the persons gouerning . the people gouerned , wee cast into sixe moulds , namely into that of husbandmen , of handicrafts men , and labourers ; of marchants , of the nobilitie and gentrie , of stipendarie souldiers , and of ecclesiasticall persons . as touching the three first of these , the lawes of most states will discouer howe they bee gouerned . but as concerning the nobilitie and ecclesiasticall persons , they assume in most states much libertie : of whome let it be sufficient for our trauailer to note , how they liue and what they are enclined vnto . and as concerning stipendarie souldiers ( if the state afford any ) let it be considered , how they are disciplined , and by whom , their number , their priuiledges , and lastly their entertainment . now , the last point to be considered in the gouernment concerneth the common and speciall policie or instruments , whereby the gouernors conuey nourishment vnto the gouerned to vphold the cōmon health of the state , or to plucke the same vpon the knees . these speciall policies or instruments may be surueyed of trauailers in three things . first , in the goodnesse or illnesse of the coūtries laws , and customes . secondly , in the accidents that moue the soueraigne power , for the presēt standing of things , to cōstitute and decree timely , and broche such policies as may encounter cure and remoue any disease , surfaite or distemperature growen , or growing in the bodie politick , till by a law those inconueniences may be preuented . the contrarie will chaunce where such defect reigneth . lastly , in the due execution of such lawes as are enacted and in force : the which vnite or disioyne the bodie , most firmely , or in piecemeales ; so as there cannot but arise from the one a sweet and tuneable harmonie of gouernment , and from the other all iarres and discordes : the which shall minister to trauailers plentie of matter to plot policies vpon . thus much of the policies . the sixt and last point of knowledge now remaineth : which is of the secretes of the state where men trauaile ; the singular point that ennobleth a trauailer aboue the home-politician & the foundatiōs of momentall policies . the secrets are those things which are neither noted nor learned of the vulgar sort of people : they are notwithstanding common and accidentall , the which doe oft change one into another . the common secretes rest in two points in the intelligence of such as are forreine friends , newters or enimies to the countrie wherin one trauaileth : and in the knowledge of the ordinarie strength of the state of the countrie in which men trauaile . the first of these considereth friends , newters , and enimies : out of which though there be seuerall secrets to be extracted , yet we will for breuitie giue our trauailer a release of them in the discouerie of friends ; since the rest may either è diuerso or conuer so be displaied . of friends therefore in this kind , namely political , there is a triple regard . first , by bloud and neerenesse of kinne : secondly , by religion and profession of one and the same faith ; lastly , by meere politicall coniunction of friendship , confedracie , alliance and league , to settle & secure &c. each others state in peace , & safetie . now , since all these friends in matters of state are euer neerest to themselues , running the straightest course for the good of their owne estates , few can be found so honest & firme as their friendships are neuer disioynable . howbeit we might see a rare example twixt france and scotland , in times past . and thoughe religion bee the streightest conioyner of states : yet when ambition or couetousnesse or selfe-loue inuade a body politicke , sildome the friendshippe of such continue longer then they will aide and cherish those greedie appetites ; enuy and feare of ouermuch greatnesse making the one an hypocrite to hunt with the hounde , and runne with the hare , according to the prouerbe . from the politicall cōiunction of friendship , we gather two sorts of friends to euerie state : namely the pleasurable , who for commodities & marchandise are chiefly retained for friends , to enrich their states in times of peace & accommodate them with things needefull mutually . hence we behold the lawfulnesse of christian states to traffick with pagans and infidels . for , contractes of peace and entercourse of commodities may be betweene any nations , since the partition wall is broken down ; it being a rule of charity for one state now to entertain & relieue another , with such commodities as the one either standeth in neede of , or excelleth the other in . neuerthelesse , in leagues , alliances and confederacies , for war , it standeth otherwise twixt christian and pagan princes . that other sort of friends are the profitable , who for the politicall defence and offence are collegued and allianced or cōfederated with , either to be relieued for iniurie and wrong receiued , or to be defended against oppression and violence , or in policie only for feare of sensiblenesse and feare of the worst . moreouer , it is not sufficient for a trauailer to note thus , who be pleasurable & profitable friends to that countrie wherein he trauaileth , but to weighe also by all meanes the power and strength or weakenesse of those friends , newters or enimies , to that countrie . the which may be discouered to our trauailer in foure points . as first in the populousnesse of them , or defect of people , and in the well disciplining of them ; or sufferance to liue ad libitum , and without any martiall gouernment . for , from hence ariseth one maine secreat to our trauailer , that those coūtries so strengthened may be presumed vpon for great friends : and contrariwise . so the second resteth in the neere neighbourhood or fitnesse of such friends to impeach an enimie . the third may bee noted in the commodities of those friends to aide and succour that state in cases of necessitie , with victuall , munition , armes , horses , shipping and money ; which are the arteries , veines , sinews and muscles of bodies politicke , in forreine troubles . of which this secret riseth ; that such friendes so well furnished must euermore bee well and euenly dealt with : considering they are daungerous enemies or neuters ; the rather in regard , before a state can be sensible of their enimitie , they can suddainly offend . neuerthelesse , let trauailers in this point consider what care those states take , to reteine from trafficke , munition offensiue : for it is a weaknesse and danger to tolerate the trafficke of munition offensiue , to friend or neurer , the which in time may beard ones selfe , and speake terrour in the eares of the first owners . the fourth and last concerning the strength of friendes remaineth : that trauailers prie into the reuolution of those states in three things : as , in the religion of those states ; in their warlikenesse ; and in their freedome . of these briefly . and first let vs treate of their religion ; whether those friends hold the same religiō that the state whereof they are friends doth , or whether of a contrarie profession ; the one yeelding euer a more steady loue , than the other . and in case of contrary religion , such friends are soone lost , and soone presse a people to be mortall enemies . from whence flowe infinite secrets of this kinde , familiar to good states-men . touching the warlikenesse of friends , that may be considered either in their good discipline at home , or the employment of their people abroad in forraine warres . out of which let a trauailer note this secret , that such are strong friends and to bee put in trust : whereas those states that bee so exceedingly desirous of peace , that they neglect the ordinary discipline of warre , are either weake and impotent friends , or vnsteady and wauering . moreouer , from whence an other maine secret ariseth : that populous and rich states , which chuse rather to yeeld to seruitude , by paying tribute , taxes and other intolerable burdens , then to defend their liberties ( vnlesse in special cases ) are neither trustie friends , nor great enimies , to bee feared . for , that state which preferreth not his owne libertie , cannot be sensible of anothers , in such sort as is requireable . lastly , concerning the freedome of friends , there is a diuers standing : namely , from miserie , and from subiection . of freedom from misery we see most states of europe at this day , vnlesse where vsurpers or tyrants rule , and dominiere . of freedom from subiection there is a proper & improper constitutiō . those states are properly free , whose policie hangeth not vpon any forrain power , acknowledging no other superiour than god , either in temporal or ecclesiasticall matters ; nor that are tributary , or homagial to any forreine state. such at this day is england , moscouy , turkie , persia , & tartaria , and that of prester iean , who of the rest vanteth , that his nation was neuer conquered ; or acknowledged any other forreine prince . those that improperly are free , are such states as either acknowledge other superiour , or equall lord or lords , in ecclesiasticall or temporall matters , than god , & their politicall lord or lords , or are tributary or homagiall in any respect to forreine powers . such in the first sense at this day are france , spaine , the empire , italy , denmarke , and all those states that hold of the pope or emperour . so , such of the second clause are those states thorow the world , that pay and yeeld a certain taxe , homage , or tribute , for acknowledging and respecting their subiection . hence it may bee inferred , that those friends can doe a state little profit , that are in distresse themselues , as ingaged with intestine , & ciuil distemperatures ; or afflicted by an equal or greater enemie , as iealous of some great and imminent danger themselues : or that be not well disciplined , or not at libertie to dispose of themselues without those states to whom they are subiect : or in case any of their possessions bee in question , as belonging to an other equall or greater power . all which , in a word , may trauailers cōfirme to themselues , in those states ouer which the pope hath any stroke ; who arrogating a power to disioyne the members from the head , and to set the subiects against their prince , can also make debate twixt prince and prince , state and state. thus much of the first poynt of forreine friends , &c. to the countrey , into which men trauaile . now touching the second , which we named , to consist in the knowledge of the ordinarie strength of the state of the country in which men trauaile , there are things cōsiderable ; the sufficiēcie of the people ; store of commodities , not only to nourish the people within the land , but to make & procure friendship in speciall cases ; plenty of munition , either offensiue or defensiue ; and the fulnesse of treasure , reuenue , and domaine . of these foure we haue handled the three former thorowout our treatise , sufficiently for a trauailer . but the fourth , that is to say , the domaine or treasure , wee had neede to touch a little . first , let it be considered therefore , that in monarchies there is a priuate and a publike reuenue and treasure : the publike being dispended for the good of the common-weale ; whereas the priuate patrimonie of princes are dispendable on their necessities priuate : yet these are oft confounded . but the first that chaunceth to the consideratiō of trauailers , is to note what summe those ioyntly or seuerally doe amount vnto . whereby they shall be able to discerne the riches and pouertie of states , computatis computandis . this maine secret brocheth three considerations ; first , how and on what the summe is gathered : secondly , how that is disposed : thirdly whether there be not alwayes a reseruation of treasure , for the suddaine and needfull vse of those states . touching the first of these , we obserue from politicians seuen wayes that amasse publike treasure and reuenew , honourably . first , by reuenue which wee tearm here in englād the profits of the crown-lands , of wards , mariages , of reliefs , of eschetes , of fines , of forfeitures , of amercemēts , of iurisdictions ordinary as extraordinarie , and such like . secondly , by conquest vpō the enemie . thirdly , by gifts of friends and wel wishers to the state and crowne . fourthly by pension and tribute of subiected states and allies . fiftly , by trafficke : the which to some states is very gainefull . sixtly , by merchandise and trade of strangers or subiects , frō whence ariseth the impostes & customs vpon euery commoditie brought in or caried out of states . lastly , in case of necessity the seuēth may be added : wherof in some driuē states there is ordinarie and extraordinarie ( as for casuall they be included in the former ) . the ordinarie are such as we call subsides , lones , tenths , fifteenths , stipends , and asseasments for souldiers prest . the extraordinarie , are taxes , tallages , gabels , and beneuolences , either imposed vpon particulars , or in speciall cases vpon the most in generall . out of all which let trauailers note , what and how much of either and in what order the same are rated , leauied and assembled into the treasurie . from whence they may collect this and such like secrets , that vnlawfull and great impositions and taxes in a free state do oft cause a heart-burning of the commons , and openeth the passage of sedition , vnlesse in especiall cases , in which there ought to bee a publike ouerture for the same as for the expense . moreouer , that may not be ouerslipped , whether the the princes or states where men trauaile , are enforced vppon important accidentes to take vp money by imprestes and borrowinges , or by mortgages or at interest . for , as amongst priuate persons , so in publike states more sodainely there groweth a great defect , and bankeruptnesse , which is subiect to daungers . now , as touching the maine secret of employing the treasure and reuenewe of the state in the second place wee finde sixe honorable causes to dispend the same ( out of which a trauailer may cull seuerall secrets : as the good and orderly gouernement , or contrariwise , of the prince or state , his or their vertues or vices &c. ) namely almeshouses and publike reliefe and prouision for the poore of the realme ; whereby is discouered a religious and charitable care of such as stand in neede . secondly , vpon the honorable and necessarie support of the house-hold and publike court of the prince or state : which , being well husbanded , argueth maiestie , bountie and wisedome . thirdly , vpon reparations and edifications of fortifications and buildings ; of building ships and shipping , and such like publike matters of the state , which deserueth a publike and peculiar regard of subiects & state , and taketh away the hatred of taxes and impositions by rendering the same back againe to the hands of particulars and states good , wherby profit , honour and securitie ariseth . fourthly , vpon the due payment of souldiers and men of martiall affaires ; the which argueth discretion and high care to encounter infinite occasions of euills , both growing in the commanders as common souldiers , whereof a prying care must be had . fiftly , vppon strangers , as embassadors and such of forraine nobilitie as are therby retained in loue and office to bee tenderers of the honour and weale of those states , of visiting princes , and also vpon officers and men of good deserte within the state. lastly , vpon the policie of the state it self , for retaining of friends or procuring thē by donatiues politicke , & lendinges : out of which arise many secreates , according to the seuerall motions or actions of a prince or state in vertuous or vitious dispending the same . the last point of this common secreat , is to note what ordinarie and extraordinarie treasure is euermore reserued in the state. and as it is a daungerous thing in times of warre and troubles to vndertake businesse vppon borrowings or vsurie , vnlesse in speciall cases ; so also it is perilous to assemble a greater treasure , then is meete : for that causeth subiectes oft to murmur if the same come from them , or inuiteth other states to picke quarrelles to be nibbling therewith . lastly , whether there be such niggardlinesse of the prince seeking to spare treasure , as hee diminish much the dignitie of his household and also the maiestie of his person . whereof wee read , that king lewis the eleuenth of france ( whome philip de comines so much extolleth ) so farre diminished his houshold as hee forbad his nobles to followe him in court ( at the least at their owne charges ) as that hee was faine to employ his taylor for his heralde at armes , his barbar for an ambassadour , and his physician for chauncellor . and for his person , hee was so respectlesse , as hee continually ware an olde course cloth cappe , and leauing a recorde for buying a paire of meane sleeues to an olde plaine doublet of his . and also in his accomptes was obserued to pay xv . pence for so much dripping to grease his bootes . thus much concerning the common secreats . quaere tamen si sit frugalitatis causa , & propter reip. bonum . the accidentall follow ; which are such as chance daiely in or without a state , and that so diuersely as that we can but giue an assaie or taste of thē to trauailers in this treatise . for , euerie action of the state wherin one trauaileth , or of other forraine states vnfould secreates and are meete materialles to diuine of future things ▪ which now in the interim is to be required of trauailers . those accidentall secrets are to bee sought in three thinges : namely , in the persons gouerning ; in the persons gouerned : and in the instrumēts . from the persons gouerning i obserue these points ; first , what be the negotiations and contractes the state or prince offereth and maketh with other states frō time to time : the which although they seeme hard to come by , yet discreet carriage and liberalitie will purchase them . secondly , what order euerie principalitie hath in the succession of their gouernour , whether by election or by inheritance . the first ordaining of a prince by election was good , to auoyde all such wants and imperfections , as raigne ordinarily in princes hereditarie : yet such corruption inuadeth this age , that sildome soueraigne princes will constitute their vicegerent , or elect prince of an other state , a man popular , or that is wiser then themselues . and sildome wil subiects , that are few in number to make election , elect men of more spirit , wisedome & worthinesse then thēselues , vnlesse in special cases : wherof the colledge of the cardinalls and the electors of the emperor find ease and profitte . those countries that are by succession of inheritance , are likewise of two sorts , generall and speciall . moreouer , vnder this maine secret , dependeth the insight into the lawes concerning the disposing of the crowne ; and the wils , testaments and deuises that are made by princes , to bequeath the same , so farre forth as they in right may be stretched . thirdly , concerning states that go by inheritance , let it be considered who be the next apparant heires to the state , either by the law of the countrie , or the law of nature , or other pretences . vnder which also let it be noted , how , where , and after what order those infants are brought vp , and what hope there is of them . fourthly , what wisedome and discretion the prince is of : whether hee be wise enough to discerne the aduise of his councell , subtile enough to perceiue whether his councell plot more for their owne particulars then for the publike good and honour of their soueraigne : or whether he rule not all things at his wil without consult of his councell : what spirit he is of , how studious to warre and peace : what care and order the prince taketh to see good iustice done to euerie one ; and so of all other vertues that crowne princes with honor , and establish their gouernment : the like arise of the magistrates . but the contrarie must bee gathered from the imperfections & vices of the prince and magistrates , mutatis mutandis . lastly , what choise of persons the prince hath about him for fauourites , and whether hee carrieth an euen hand amongst them . by which secrette the inclination of the prince and his abilitie and weakenesse maye bee concluded . concerning the persons gouerned , our assaie resteth in sixe considerations ; first , whether the people bee giuen to much libertie and so suffered to continue , as in the state of venice and through italie : secondly , howe they stand affected to their prince and gouernment . thirdly , whether the commons suppose not they see much into gouernment , and think themselues wiser then the councell of state : the which is dangerous , whether the same be deriued from presumptiō of nature , or frō the inspectiō the people haue into the gouernours cariage conuerting all things to priuate commoditie . fourthly , how the people stand affected in rumors of warre , & like accidents . fiftly , who are the persons in greatest fauor and estimation amongst the people , besides the prince . lastly , whether the nobilitie contemne not the commons and citizens , and whether the commons hate and enuie not the nobles in outward shew ; the which breedeth a great thirst after alteration , either of religion or of policie : the one springing from zeale , the other from malcontednesse and factiousnesse . the instruments follow , which likewise be the subiects of many secrets and may be included vnder eight heads , namely , vnder dearth of the commodities of the land ▪ secondly , vnder mortalitie of men , and the heauie hand of god on the people . thirdly , vnder the losse of shipping , of munition and dominions . fourthly , vnder the want of iustice and good discipline . fiftly , vnder the extraordinarie cause of expense , or the lauishe spending of the treasure . sixtly , vnder the strange impositions and exactions on subiectes . seauenthly , vnder the apprehension of that which most impouerisheth or enricheth a state : lastly , vnder the knowledge of such weake places vpon the borders & confines and costes of the countrie , as also within the land ; wherein i would aduise trauailers to bee verie studious : for so much as this point only is of great moment to bee well sought into . out of which there arise contrarie secreates , mutatis mutandis : whereof , trauailers cannot be ignorant , being so common and familiar . finally , about these or any other , let not trauailers omitte , to procure with their purse , what by discretion , obseruation , and friends , cannot be attained vnto . thus much concerning those sixe pointes of generall knowledge , that accomplish the peregrination of men , and make them compleate in knowledge of thinges . it now remaineth to handle briefly , the behauiour of our trauailer when he shall returne home , to liue afterwards wel cōtented & happily : the which we see fewe do . but afore wee can obserue the offices he must vnder goe , when he commeth home ; there are certain points , of him to be performed before , to fit himself against his returne , if so be he expect speciall grace and prefermēt afterwards : which , being an honorable colour & spurre of vertue , may neither bee neglected of trauailers nor indecided of vs. these rest chiefly in two points . first , in aduertising , frō time to time by letters during their trauaile , some one of the priuie councell , and none other of the countrie to which they belong , of such occurrences and things as chance worthie to be sent and committed to consultation and viewe . wherein , let trauailers bee prouident to whom they giue aduertisement : for , otherwise their labour may bee lost , or crost with ingratitude and vnthankefulnesse . neither , is it necessarie that such a councellor should take knowledge of them before their trauaile : for this action will be get acquaintance , and tie that councellor afterwards to yeelde such an one due respect . neither is it conuenient for trauailers to aduertise any other whatsoeuer of those matters they send to a councellor , nor to aduertise many councellors of things : the one arguing lightnesse , the other hazardeth the respect of those councellors : vnlesse it be apparant , that the trauailer is many wayes tied to those councellors , in their owne knowledge . wherein also , hauing occasion to write of diuerse matters , let him diuide those matters amongst them with discretion . moreouer , let our trauailer take heede to aduertise an vntruth for certaintie : but as touching reportes and rumors , let him handle them discreetly ; and touching diuinings , probabilities and consequences , let thē be sparingly or not at all set downe to councellers whose wisedome ought to haue the reference and collection of them . but vnto other persons and friends they are sensible and plausible enough . lastly , in the sending and dispatching of such letters to councellers , wherein are supposed to be importances , let our trauailer bee verie circumspect : for it were better for him not to write at all , then by writing either to hazard himselfe or bewraie imperfections . and therfore let him take heede to aduertise any thing that is treasonable , or offensiue to the state in which he remaineth : vnlesse such light vpon good and sound messengers , or vnlesse it concerne the life and safetie of his prince and countrie : wherein only hee ought to hazard his life : especially if his prince haue no ambassadour in that state at the present . hence springeth that second office to bee perfourmed of our trauailer , that hee make oft repaire to the ambassadour of his prince ( in case there remaine any there ) aduertising him of such importances as shall chaunce vnto him in that countrey , where hee abideth with the ambassadour , before hee committe the same in writing to any counceller at home : for that seemes to derogate from the ambassador ( from whom all importances are expected besides negotiations ) and argueth no good carriage of such a trauailer , vnlesse in speciall cases ; namely , where the cause vrgeth haste to giue aduertisement , which by distance from the ambassador can not so competently bee dispatched , if the same should be first giuen vnto him ; and where the ambassadour is no friend of that trauailer . for it is the office of euery subiect thus trauailing , whether hee goe out of the land , with his princes ambassadour , or be in trauaile before , or trauaile afterwards , to giue attendance on his princes ambassador , especially going to the court. for that is an honour to his nation and prince , and a point of ciuilitie belonging to the person of an ambassador ; that equalleth , during his legation , any subiect in the worlde , if so such an one be resident , or neere his person . of which humanitie an ambassadour cannot be vnsensible , no more than the councellor written vnto , but is tied to haue his discretion and wisedome in recommendation : which oft turneth to the good of trauailers , when they returne home to their countrey . thus hauing brought home our trauailer , there rest onely sixe offices to be vnder gone of him , whereby he shall reape contentment , honour , and estimation . the first is , that he manifest vnto all men his vncorrupt and vnspotted religion , and zeale therein ; not onely in the due and orderly going to church , and seruing of god , but making expression therof by the fruits of all vertues , demeanours , and actions , and that singularly in sixe habilities and vertues : namely , silence ; which vseth few words , but fitly , and to purpose . incuriositie ; which banisheth all affectations , and apish trickes , and fashions of other nations , that are not more estimable then those of ones owne countreys customs and vses . spirit ; which shall free them from reproche , quarrels , and putting vp of dishonourable iniuries ; making him equally sensible with the italianated duellist , but farre more iudiciall to take iust acception , and make risentiment . prudence , which being a discreet councellor , shal direct all his words and actions according to reason , and to their proper ends . bounty , which strippeth him of couetousnesse : which in trauailers is hateful , and rellisheth of dishonesty . lastly , faithfulnesse , and sociablenesse ; which shall enable him for all companies , to be both honestly thought of and regarded : the which is free from offering wrong , from lust and sensualitie , that dissolue loue and societie . the second office is , that he preferre not policie before honestie , or equall with it , either in matters affecting honour , wealth , or reuenge ; whereof the conscience must be a director and a counsellor . the third is , that he make himselfe knowen to the prince and councell , by commendable means onely , in whose hands rest preferment , and are to be supposed to esteeme men according to their worth and merit . the fourth is in the choice such an one must make , to procure him an honorable friend , as is able to haue him in recōmendation to his prince : such an one as is not of a couetous minde , but loueth vertue , and that hath credence with the prince , & that is magnanimous , and more feared for his vprightnes , thā hated for his policie according to machiauel . fiftly , being thus known vnto the councel , that he couet not special fauor , after the guise of a sycophāt , or after an ambitious maner of any other persons ; but that he make shew of a constant and an vnderstanding gentlemen . moreouer , though it be requisite , to be thus generally knowen of all : yet let such take heede , to intrude into the friendship of any , but with great respect , and for good cause : vsing modestie and sparingnesse euermore in reuealing of any thing obserued in trauaile , vnlesse vpon demands , and in vrgent causes ; and seldome any thing of a strange and incredible nature , but to familiars , and in priuate . lastly , in our sixt point , let our trauailer from time to time procure of other trauailers , merchants , and others , such things as they haue obserued ( for it is a thing impossible for one man to obserue all things fully in a small time , required in trauailing to be knowen , as we haue considered in the sixe generall points of knowledge ) comparing them with his owne ; as with such bookes as happily haue discoursed of them . finally , let him plot to haue dayly intelligence ( if so be hee liue from the court retired ) of euery accident forreine and domesticke in the court , land , and citie : by the which the obseruations made in trauaile , shal be kept in continuall tilthe ; and being well husbanded , shall occasion , at the least , sweete contentment ( the onely pleasure in the world , which no worldling can obtaine ) if not aduancement in the state to doe more good than priuate persons in the church and common-weale , which is the godly and proper ende of our trauaile and pilgrimage here on earth , that thereby god may be singularly glorified , the prince serued , the common-weale and church benefited , and our selues prepared for a greater happinesse , then can bee represented in any contentment in this life . the which i hartily wish to be respected of all that intend trauaile , and to all , in all perfection . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e trauayling duple . regular trauailing . two orders of trauaylers . regular trauailers triple . foure things of trauailers obserued . two moouing causes : efficiēt and finall . three efficiēts secondary of trauailers . the princes pleasure . the maintenance of religion . the hope to do good in the church and common-weale . non voluntaries duple . honorable non voluntaries . non voluntaries not honorable . fiue circumstāces required of the honorable non voluntaries . vertues and faculties , required in ambassadours . postes . intelligencers . pointes required in intelligencers . base intelligencers . men of warre . three generall offices of men of warre . to be prouident and faithfull . not to exceed commission . to make true and diligent relation . inuoluntaries vpon displeasure ! banished persons of two sorts . their offices in trauaile . such as trauaile for religion and conscience sake . in what cases their trauaile is warrantable . their duties before trauell . no licentious humor may presse these forth . right religiō ▪ toleration of religion . to sue for licence of the magistrate . what countries are best for these to trauaile in . of three , one free from danger . their offices in trauaile . to serue god sincerely . to obey the lawes and discipline . not to change the discipline , being once regular . in discipline the doctrine not the policy is to be sought after . not to refuse any honest trad to liue by . no excesse to be discouered . no diuers into the politicke gouernement or secrets . neuer to bee noted for idle persons . not trecherous to their owne prince or countrie . their offices when they returne . noe busie bodies or moouers of sedition . to vse a godly and quiet conuersation . of volūtaries ▪ the moouers of voluntaries . the pleasure of parents . the finall and efficient moouing causes considered . two lawfull final moouers . the prime . the secondarie is duple . what times are fit to trauaile in . what age is meetest to trauaile in . these voluntaries are nobles or commons . the nobles either make profession or not . foure notable professions . two rankes of marchants . men of warre & their offices . the duties of marchants . to accommodate their country with good and most needfull thinges . neuer to transport thinges prohibited . to conceale the secrets of their princes states . mechanicke trauailers . the offices of mechanickes in iourneying . the consideration of the foure notable professions in noble trauelers diuines , inhibited trauaile but in speciall cases . the person of a subiect belongs cheifely to the princes disposition . foure lawfull pretenses of diuines to trauaile . the generall counsaile . a famous librarie . ciuilians . the offices of diuines and ciuilians . to be settled and stable in religion . to be studious to take degrees , souldiers . two sorts of good soldiers . a compleat● souldier . the first point of learning in a souldier . the second point of consideration . the third , the fourth . the fift . what maketh a good soldier . a triple kind of seruice , to perfect souldiers . their duties in seruice . note . physicians . two knowledges requireable in physicians . the studie of physicians . common and accidentall diseases , the vertue of physicians . notes for div a -e these voluntaries are to vndergoe sixe po●nts before trauaile . the first point . fiue principall euil mouers of men to trauaile to be shunned . the second point , knowledge & iudgement the enhablers of trauailers . without learning or experience , no knowledge . iudgement the collector of profitable things . the defect of learning or iudgement what it breedeth . the third point three things appertaine to themselues . qualities duple . the necessary . for ornation . their vertues . the rules of art are as faith full helpers of mens memories . musicke rather a qualitie then a science in trauailers of this kinde . the fourth point . to be well accomodated of all things needfull . to trauell in a priuate fashion most gainefull . the fift point . what countries men must resolue to trauell in . two enemies of an estate vpon cause . a twofold cōsideration of countries friends . what countreys afford most gaine to trauell in . why men trauaile into italy . fiue specialties in the commēdation of italy . england the best court. italy a corrupter of men . rome the forge of euil . the sixt point . without the blessing of god men trauaile in vaine . in the interim of trauaile sixe things are to be obserued . the first . the se●ond . three preuenters of mischiefes in trauailing . diet. exercise . sixe things in iourneying to be regarded . moderation of passion . the law of god the best counsailer and physician of the soule . the third . the fourth . what customs are to be followed in other countreys . no customes in forraine states , how wicked soeuer , are to be publikely withstood . the fift . what things are chiefly to be exercised . the sixt . sixe principall heads of knowledge which are to be learned in trauelling . the meanes whereon all policie is grownded . the tongue the first point to be learned . three perfections in languages . what the vnderstanding is of a tongue . the state of all languages at this day . the hebrue tongue the phoenician , or sarmatian character . vnder the second . vnder the third , vnder the fourth . the deriuation and cōposition of english tongue . the reason why one tongue is esteemed aboue another . why men treat in the latine tongue for the most part . the cause why we esteem the italian tongue so much . what the speaking of a tongue is . what the writing of a toung is . whether euery tongue be of equal importance for trauailers . those toungs are best , that profit most . tongues most needfull for this state. the nature of the people ; the second point . fiue discouerers of the nature of people . the first discouerer of the peoples nature . two causes of ciuility or barbarousnesse . rules of policy touching the nature of people . the priuate vse that trauailers are to make . meanes to interpret the nature of people . the difference of natures . no nation but may be tainted with barbarous fashions . the consideration thereof . the place of ciuilitie and barbarousnes . touching the varietie of manners what trauailers are to obserue and follow . the second discouerer of the peoples nature . freedome or seruilenesse politicall . freedome frō slauery and misery . by prescriptiō . by arrogation ▪ by policie . ciuilitie the meanes to obedience . seruitude , two fold . . by oppression . by depression , the markes of seruitude . rules of policy touching the same , the third discouerer of the peoples nature religiousnesse or profanenesse . what is ment by these words religious in idolatrie and superstition . a consideratiō . the fourth discouerer of the peoples nature . a triple consideration of warlike or effeminatenes . the fift discouerer of the peoples nature , the peoples condition discernable in three things . the peoples inclination discouered in foure points . foure bewrayers of mens affections to vice or vertue . exercises trip●e diet triple . a triple consideration of apparell . conuersation . the third point of knowledge . the suruay of the country . in sixe points principally . . name . . populousnes . situation . . q●antity . . commodities , naturall commodities foure ● . temperate ayre . fruitfulnesse of the soyle . . plenty of riuers , . springs and baths . artificial commodities ▪ two , . buildings triply considered . seuen obseruations in cities and townes . how the secret of places fortified may bee discouered . a consideratiō of the naturall and of the artificial strengths of fortifications . , trades , mechanick sciences sixe , husbandry discou●red in three points . clothing . masonrie . carpentrie . smitherie . engining . . discommodities . the fourth point of knowledge . concerning lawes . lawes diuine and humane . the law is triple . . the law of god. note . note . . the law of nature . lawe of nations . a consideratiō of moment . sed hoc non defectu legis , sed sensus . . the law humaine . note . lawes positiue variable . lawes prerogatiue . how to discern lawes prerogatiue ▪ lawes positiue politicall . ecclesiasticall , customes . generall particular , regal . particular customs . regall quia scripsit contra lutherū . the foure markes of souereigntie . customes of the nobilitie , the fift point of knowledge ▪ concerning the gouermēt . three things remarkeable in the gouernmēt . the persons gouerning . three formes of gouerment . . the gouerned . . the policie or instruments the meanes how to discern the policie . the sixt point of knowledge , concerning the secrets . the common secrets of two sorts . . forraine . a consideratiō of friends to an estate . two sorts of friends politicall . the strength of friends , religious friends . warlike frends , freedome of friends . . the state at home discernable in foure points . , sufficiencie of people . , store of cōmodities . , munition plenty . , the treasurie , priuate and publicke . seuen meanes whereby treasures are gathered . . reuenue . . conquest . . gifts . . tribute . . trafficke . . merchandise . taxations . ordinarie and extraordinary . , causes to exhaust treasures . . almeshouses . . housekeeping . . reparations and buildings needfull . . due payments . . gifts to strāgers and offisers . . donatiues politicke . secrets accidentall , where those secrets may be discerned . . negotiatiōs and contracts . . su●cessi●n by election and by inheritance . heires apparant , & infants of the state. a due consideration of the person of the prince that ruleth . the consideration of the people gouerned in sixe points . the instrumētall secrets obserued in eight points . , dearth . mortalitie . , lostes . . defect of iustice. . riot and expenses . , impositions . , the good or euill of the state. , weaknesse of the state. their discretiō vpon returning note . sixe points to be perpended of trauailers being returned . . manifestation of sound religion . . honestie before policie . , to be known by vertuous indeuours . , to be stored of a worthy friend . , constancie without ambition . , diligence & trauailing at home for aduertisments . a treatise of direction, how to travell safely and profitably into forraigne countries written by thomas neal ... neale, thomas, - ? this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing n ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing n estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : or : ) a treatise of direction, how to travell safely and profitably into forraigne countries written by thomas neal ... neale, thomas, - ? [ ], , [ ] p. : port. printed for humphrey robinson, london : . reproduction of original in huntington library. eng travel -- early works to . a r (wing n ). civilwar no a treatise of direction, how to travell safely, and profitably into forraigne countries. written by thomas neale of warneford, in the county neale, thomas c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - andrew kuster sampled and proofread - andrew kuster text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a treatise of direction , how to travell safely , and profitably into forraigne countries . written by thomas neale of warncford , in the county of southampton , esquire . oh youth ! a greater order doth arise of daily chances : let it not suffice to see th' adjoyning france : but bravely know the farthest ●ster , and the winds that blow from northerne boreas : see faire egypts strand , and that hot easterne nabathean land that views the rising sun : and that which calls it selfe from thise red beames , where phoebus fals . that at the last thou happily mai'st come wiser then great ulisses to thy home . petronius . london , printed for humphrey robinson . . to his dearely beloved brother , mr. vvilliam neale at tours in france , or elsewhere these . if all men in a manner ( most dear brother ) applying themselves unto any action of consequence , may seeme to need , a counsellor and director : much more certainly may hee want this ayde , which wandereth through uncertaine passages , and walketh through the unknown wayes of an unstable conversation . and since ( as it seemeth to mee ) that man hath good , and propitious lucke , which in his doubtfull extremities may have the opportunity to flye unto wholsome and grave counsels : there can nothing be more happily assigned unto an ingenuous , and well educated nature , then some path or learned direction , which may be rather signed with the lively pourtraicture of eloquence , then with lime or chalke-stone . this noble facultie , i must confesse , i cannot boast , because it is both unseemly for a teacher of naked truth , to use the adulterate flourishes . of rhetorique , and also , because it is so meanly apparant in mee , that it will presently decay , if it should bee brought before , the judicious lights of these times : only my chiefe ayme is in this treatise , to shew and breath forth the ingenuous candour of my minde ; and my brotherly affection towards you ; if those rules , which in the following subject bee proposed , may by you bee received with the like kind inclination . there are some ( i perswade my selfe ) of a light and brain-sick condition , which ( being also not few in number ) desire to borrow no directions from the store-house of learned philosophie : and so much contemne the rules of contemplation , and the demonstrations which are deduced from our solitary thoughts , that they suppose these canons , but meere ridiculous , and crasie fansies , and the vaine blasts of swelling ayre . but how much you contemne the sottish opinion of these men , and dislike of this most pernitious tenet against all vertuous proceedings i am very well acquainted : having in your childish yeares , heard your labotious essayes , most elegantly for that age employed , in the praises and commendations of contemplative men ; for there is no man without all question , which desireth ( with ennius ) to live the life of a reasonable creature , but doth cordially admire learning , and desireth to salute those sweet flowers of science , from whose fragrant beds , sundry ohoyce compositions of elocution doth arise , whereby ordinary things , may bee understood with delight , and obscure things may bee made easie by industrie . so generall and learned a mistresse is theory , joyned with the discreet practise of things , that from this store-house for all uses , will not be wanting matter and workmanship , to supply the richnesse of our wits , for intention , judgement , or the finall ends of our enterprises . those things therefore ( dearely ●steemed brother ) which i deduce from this magazine , and in the subsequent tract , doe propose unto you ; i entreat you not to undervalew , untill the second consideration , the third reading over , and the fourefold more acurate knowledge ( then yet your yeares are capable of ) of humane subtleties and affaires , may convict men in these present directions , an importunate affecter of trifling observations , or a bringer forth of such productions , which are obscure , and erroneous from that round cylind●r of vertues peregrination . neither can i conceive , that you spend your pretious time amisse , when you cast your eyes , and your most serious faculties upon learned discourses , as though that these were but employments for idle times , and hinderances to affaires of consequence ; thinking it a childish practise , ( as many doe , ) to meditate , or write out any learned contemplation . beleeve me , those follies which they that affect this lazinesse , commit , are meere frivolous ravings , and oftentimes , not valuable in the right scale of reason , to turne downe the weight of a crackt nut-shell . avoid them ; for rightly doth homer instruct you , in his first booke of the learned travailour ; under the person of telemachus ; it fits thee not ( now age more wisdome brings ) still , for to follow those same childish things . dated at warneford aprill . . farewell . to the reader . many there are ( courteous reader , ) which have and doe daily observe , to their due commendation , in the voyages they undertake , things worthy the eternall register of fame : and some have not beene wanting in all ages which in the words of that learned man ( gaspar waserus ) non tantum transcurrendo , corpora hominum aspiciunt , sed etiam animos , atquererum momenta , non margines , aut super fines introspiciunt : but few or none , which have prescribed the exact and profitable limits , which ought to direct this laudable purpose . and therefore i have observed it to be a custome ( perhaps , where it is well sorted , not unprofitable ) among those which send forth their sons , pupils , or kinsemen to travell , to elect some discreet , and well experienc't companion , which may more safely waft them to their owne homes backe againe , through many tempests , that continually use to assault those which iourny from their homes . but these doe not alwayes fulfill the intentions of the directors , or rather imployers ; because frequently most men belye or overweene their own sufficiencie : and ( which is worse ) usually overshadow , by their cunning demeanour , at or before their election , their ownē vices . i have therefore thought it , in my opinion , alwaies a profitable worke ; if any ( which bath ability for directions of this quality ) studious , and sober man , would , collect , to necessary and pertinent heades , such monitions cautions , and observations , which might be easily found out : whereby the hot spirits of some novices may be wholesomely restrained and faithfully instructed . for these dumbe counsellors , are commonly most trusty , and carry with them in their prudent directions , collected from both reading and experience more solid profit : then those which eyther readily spend their iudgements without meditation , or at leastwise have no other but transitory and superficiall knowledge . finding therefore none that hath in our vulgar language ( to my remembrance ) undertaken this profitable essay ; i have adventured to make publique a small treatise of direction how to travell profitably , and safely into forraigne countries ; which in another idiome i had some yeares since addressed , to a neere and deere travellor of my acquaintance . the originall shall hereafter appeare , ( although not so fully furnished ) if this impolished translation , with the not altogether unnecessary additions may passe without the censure of the criticall , and with the allowance of the courteous reader . i well know the presses groane with the weight of pamphlets and ( since this most happy invention ) innumerable bookes of all sortes lye moulding in most private studies , and libraries , fearing the wormes , and desiring their readers . nay many iudicious volumes of former , and moderne times doe now cum blattis et tincis rixari ; whilst many more idle vanities or raging follyes doe busymens minds upon worse imploiments . sed ( in the phrase of baudius ) quae est ista profusio temporis in hac vitae brevitate , tantaque copia rerum scitu dignissimarum , tempus tanquam rem vacuam aut noxiam super vacuis impendere ? nec supervacuis tantum sed noxiis , vtquae dulcedine quadam sui , praeclarissima quaeque ingenia alliciant ad se , & avocent a melioribus ? expertus loquor , nec quisquam tibi mihi ve verba dederit , ut in plurimorum nugis , magnum aliquod aut secretum bonum inesse suspicemur . i have therefore provided a remedy in this little treatise to mitigate this disease , for my selfe and others ( if they will as many doe , ) have any confidence of an unknown physitian . heere also the patient may trust without danger ; and knowing once the quality of the potion , take as little as it pleaseth him selfe . for the needlesse ( which some perhaps , male volent esteemers of other mens endeavours , may object ) subject of this booke ; i will answer with a learned philologer : stultum est , certe serum nimis jam demum incipere misereri chartarum , quae tam diù , tam miserè , sine omni gratia perierunt , & pereunt quotidie . besides , scribimus indocti doctique and there is not ( if we beleeve pliny ) any booke out of which the laborious , and candid reader , may not collect some profit . how ever i have made it publique for to serve my owne turne ; who have now one , i may not repent to leave this unto , as a legacy , or direction . but i would be willing to benefit more , and amongst the rest my courteous , and benevolent reader otherwise . optarem ut placeam , sin minus ut taceam from my house . at warneford . t. n. . feb. . a treatise of direction ; how to travaile profitably , and safely into forraigne countries . now therefore , that we may methodically signe those precepts , which in the epistle we have generally premised , it will not be impertinent to bring before the reader , their logicall distribution : and first that we may profitably bend our directions , let us behold the end , unto which , your resolution and my speech ought to be referred . the end therefore of discreet travaile , is wisedome : which undertaken with a fortunate preparation , is circumscribed with two bounds , to wit , men travaile for experience sake , and the hardning of the bodies faculties ; or , for to better the gifts of the mind . the first cause of experience , and bettering the inward parts , carried plato into aegypt , pythagoras into those regions of italy , which were then called , the greater graecia , and ushered apollonius ( that i may use the words of hierom ) unto the scorched desarts of india , and the secret conclave of the sunne . the latter moved those great warriors ( if wee allow not the desire , of renowne to bee the only cause ) alexander and iulius to take farre iourneyes , that they might not only in words , but in verity prove themselves as well hardy , as valiant . therefore that great macedonian monarch , when hee observed a common souldier frozen almost to death by passing through those mountainous counties ; descending from his throne , or chaire of state , placed the halfe dead souldier therein , that after those delicacies of ambition , which hee bought by the endeavours of the common souldier , hee might obtaine the fame of a compassionate and hardy man . so often iulius caesar , that true , and legitimate son of mars , as wel in his descent , as actions , was wont to take , not only the same diet , and lodging with the meanest of his souldiers : but some times upon especiall occasion , he was used to prevent the marches , and with incredible celerity to passe one hundred miles within the compasse of one day . rightly did these famous chief●aines understand that true , and ancient sentence of the poet timocles in atbenaeus : . . each noble soule most labours takes , for why ? his honours issue from his industrie . heated with this imagination , did alexander after the laborious siege of the city oxidrace , leapt in a most ardent sweat , into the river cephysus : that by enduring at the same time the heat of the south , and the cold of the north , he might shew the strong composition of his body , and the invincible tolerance of his mind . but much more was the wonderfull tolerance of the phylosophers , as though there had among them beene this only strife , which should be able to endure most . for zeno the master or beginner of the stoick sect , when he might have lived safe in his owne countrey , travelled out of desire of encreasing his knowledge , and shewing his constancy , into sicilie , to the city of phalaris that most inhumane tyrant , named agrigentum , being so confident of his towne abilities in enduring , saith valerius l. . that by his precepts , the barbarous ferity of the people , and cruell savage in humanity of the tyrant himselfe might be mollified . a philosopher also of the same name being entertained by nearchus likewise a most fierce tyrant , and after some conspiracy against him being taken and also freed from the tortures of the rack upon hope of some farther confession , approching neere unto that monster of men , he so strongely fastned with his teeth upon the eare of the tyrant , that he bit his eare from his head ; neither left his hold until his bowels were plucked forth . strange are the examples of anaxarchus , theodorus , caelanus the indian , & of other gymnosophists , which we read of their tollerance in this , and other authors : al which to adde unto this topique will be both tedious , and unnecessary . and certainely this is most plainely confessed , by al that read the examples of histories , that men which have beene inclined to travaile have nothing so much desired , as glory , and credit , amongst those forraigne nations where they have beene entertained , which some have endeavoured to obtaine by the vigour of the minde , and the faculties of an understanding , shining with the sparkes of vertues and learning : others have laboured to get by the vastnesse , strength , patience , and agility of their bodies . but this ostentation of bodily strength is more sordid , then the other , which is most ingeniously decyphered by the witty poet martiall . hoc ego tuque sumus : sed quod sum non potes esse . tu , quod es è populo , quilibet esse potest . we both have humane shape : but what i am doe what thou wilt , thou canst scarce ever bee . but such a one as thou , each cobler can or any worme of the vulgarity . homer also , a most exquisite morall philosopher and poet , being about to designe the perfect lineaments of a discreet travellour , doth not assigne him the strength of ajax , or the cholerique fury of diomed , but under the person of vlisses frameth him , a subtle observer of mens manners and rites politique ; for this was hee , which often and with good discretion saw each cities manners , and each nations law . and many troubles harbour'd in his minde how he againe his native home might find . or as horace paraphraseth : which conquerour of troy , had many seene of cities , and in many places beene : which by providing for his sottish crew , himselfe into ful many troubles drew . and yet by strict observance of what 's past through many waves , saw his owne home at last . as it were exemplarily treading out the pathes of the most grave philosophers , and travaling to learne experience , and teach prudence . not as many braine-sicke travellours doe in these times ; which live from day to day , as the proverbe is ; and being overheated by a furious brain , doe skip inforraigne countries , without method or discretion , from one place to another : or inflamed with an incessant desire of dancing up and downe , practise nothing else , but to advance their unruly and headlong passions . these a consideration of their universall emptinesse both in braine and purse ( any wise and prudent man would suppose ) if they had but one dramme of discretion , would send backe , although with loss into their countries . infinite numbers of which summer birds , that are onely like swallowes or cuckowes , good for the sack and smoke in the chimnies , doe so overheate themselves with hot exotique wines and fruits , perpetually gowstering on the french or italian delicates , that scarce one of returneth home alive . how many at the assault of the groine and lisbone , when don antonio the base would have recovered portugal , were sent unto their latest homes in a forraigne soile by heedlesse devouring of out-landish foode ; here numbers dyed ( as one speaketh ) and distempers were conquerours over the english victors . the same fortune run many of our young lusty merchants and marriners in iava , at bantam ; at the moluccaes , amboina , banda , the gulfe of bengala , coromandel , pegu , tenussery , mocasser , achen , sumatra , zeilan , and finally in all those hot countries of china and iapon ; which doe overthrow your health with the hot fruits of those countries , and by excessive drinking of a strong wine , called arecca , common throughout all the east , and with the contagious women , and almost as contagious heat of the country . and many ( if not to many ) are those , which wearied with the delights of their owne country , see italy , spaine , france , upon as hard conditions : which besides the inconvenience of french affronts , and rodomantodo duels , spanish inquisitions , and italian suspitions ( with naples buttons sometimes to boot ) run them into many irrecoverable hazards . pity it is ( saith a discreet travellour ) that the parents , tutours ; guardians , and friends will permit , much lesse egge on rash inconsiderate hot headed spirits , and vaine glorious brain-sick youths ; whose only studies at home hath beene their cup , pipe and some butterfly vanities , from the frying-pan into the fire ; from domesticall into forraign madnesse ; as though the change of ayre for a feav'rish body & an ill temperd mind , were to be preferred neere the seaside , when as horace rightly sayeth , those which beyond the sea doe run ill taught , the climate only change but not their minds , now quite undone since they were suffred thus to rage . for if the most crafty vlisses himself could scarce after innumerable hazards , and losse of his companions , see the smoke fume out his owne palace in ithaca , and was knowne by none of his friends , except by one old mastiffe ( which it seem'd liv'd longer then curres doe now a daies ) what shall wee think of their unhappy courses , which having neither wit , age , nor experience ; ruine all their patrimony at home , and cannot spare , when they most abound ? certainely such brainsick skippers ( as lipsius speaketh ) are like to returne more fooles then they went forth . for such endeavour not to make better their minds faculties ; but only desire to jette up and downe , that they may know the length of the waies , and the names of the cities . there ought therfore to be limits , and bounds set before these travellers , or rather skippers , that may opportunely keepe them in the path way of discretion . the first limit therefore ought to be , the consideration of our purpose ; and to what end ( as the poet speaketh , we are ordained , what the order of things is , what course of life wil befit us ; what may be the vocation of our necessity and inclination . also whether it bee convenient for our naturall addictions , the health of our bodies , the profit of our affaires , and the manner of our conversation to travell . then it is necessary to observe into what kind of regions , and sorts of men we are to passe : as also what things are necessary for such a resolution : and in all these circumstances we must take great care least we bee deceaved . that which followes is that we must have a regard of welsetling those things we leave behind us , and not ( as some doe ) ought wee to thinke , that our estates will follow us from one land unto another . there must be some certaine end ( as persius saith ) unto which wee must direct our actions , and a certaine marke or scope to be aimed at , must alwaies be before us . the longest day hath a night following , which cometh although slowly , yet at length it arriveth by degrees . the long iourney too hath an end , and breatheth into a fainting period it being the generall aime of all discreet travellours , there to dy , where they have beene borne , to end their lives in their native soile although , as the ancient poet hath it . to heaven still , we find an equall way whither at home , or else abroad we stay . yet ( as tully speaketh ) our country hath in it a certaine inticing sweetnesse , and delight , that young men oftentimes doe affect the very beames of those houses in which they were borne . wherefore let every discreet travellour , build or settle some mansion in his owne country , if he be able ; that he may be the more gratefully receaved at his returne : otherwise he is rather an exile then a travellour , neither travelleth such an one that he may come home more sufficient , and better instructed : but if he repasse by chance , that he may appeare more desperate , and unhappy . or oftentimes it happeneth , that he which contemneth , and slighteth his country , is slighted also by his country . therefore let each travellour settle his affaires , as well , as he may , before his departure . for in his owne country and family each wise man doth use first to begin vniformity . these things being warily observed , it is necessary to purge the mind from the dreggs of ill humours , and violent passions : and first of those innate bitternesses , which with their sharpenesse infect each thing we taste : next those impolished crudities , which may disgust forraigne nations . for every severall clymate hath amongst the ruder sort of inhabitants some humours , and whimsies predominant ; which carry with them a distast being iudged by the palate of a stranger . so the french are accompted vnconstant and rash ; the spaniards proud , and vaineglorious ; the italian suspitious and revengefull ; the germans , blockish and heavy ; the sicylians , luxurious and effeminate ; the polonian , barbarous and insolent ; the russe , cruell , and yet parasiticall ; the hungarian , furious and distasteful . generally also the europeans are dreadlesse and rash , the asians slothfull and effeminate ; the african subtile and mercilesse ; the american savage and heathenish . our extravagant humours therefore , when we travell are to be polished with the rasor of a mild and well qualified temper , that a man may converse with forreigners , without shame to his countreymen , or offence to strangers . for nothing , in my opinion is more dangerous , and madde then for a travellour in strange regions to commit those things , which being not fitted to the civility and custome of the places , he converseth in , may call into question the genius of his country , and the ability of his owne discretion ; so that if any sudden affront or mischance happen , he may seeme to beare it deservedly , whilst his owne ill carriage may be made the occasion of his unhappy successe . it is therefore a very necessary and considerable worke for all discreet travellours to cleare themselves of the burthen of unnecessary passions before they depart from home . for it is a very difficult matter to polish ones education in that place , where all the faculties of nature are so put out of order , that scarcely our best endeavours can free our selves from many hazards , and inconveniences . for aptly doth agree to many , which neglect this rule , that saying of the poet horace : they change of totimes the clime not manners , which doe passe their country shoares — yea often ( as seneca hath it ) passions , the fraileties and infirmities of humane nature do most frequently follow those wanderers , which depart from their country out of a vaine wearinesse or curiosity : whilest those sincere abilities which they possessed at home are infected with exotique contagions . neither are those passions eased or cured by time , which are rather increased by practising . trifles . and in another place the same learned and judicious philosopher : thou art about to change thy country : but observe , if by avoiding that , thou canst avoide thy selfe ; and not rather contrariwise ; thou bearest not about thee , the aggravation of thy mischievous passions . as those which are sicke of a feaver unquietly tosse , and tumble themselves about , vainely hoping for ease : so many times doe those , which being sicke and diseased in their minds change climates , desiring to remedy their ungoverned affections . for this is the way rather to uncover , then to take away the disease : to confesse & betray this inward heare , and not to heale it . elegantly saith the roman wise man : it is the property of a sick man to endure nothing long , but rather to use changes as remedies . hence are those wandring peregrinations undertaken , and many shoares passed over , and sometimes by land , other times by sea , over-wearied inconstancy contemning her pleasant abode , is imployed . such therefore doe rather fly away from , then avoide troubles , as that hart in virgill . whom 'mongst the cressian forrests with a dart the huntesman wounds : he feeling once the smart flies swist away , & to the woods is gone , the cretan woods , and now forgets his home . but yet this flight is but to little purpose , because as the same poet addes . vnto his side doth sticke the barbed dart , which first his ribbs did prick . therefore before a discreet travellour doth undertake any iourney or peregrination , he ought to reduce his passions to the rule of tranquillity ; that so he may walke in the pathes of reason , and felicity . let his course also looke generally upon that which is vertuous : for that which in it selfe is honest , is profitable for all men : as the observation of customes , habits , rites , governments of those men and commonwealths which we see ; which ought not to be negligently forgotten , or supinely observed . and therefore most wisely did those ancients , and amongst our later travellours , some few of the most judicious , which did commit to their briefe note-books the adventures of each day : and the notable acts of each weeke to their diaries , kalendars & ephemerides ; from the concise magazine of which smal library , they might ( in macrobius his sence ) as from a store-house , drawne out plenty of provision , to put of the famine or barrennesse of oblivion , or their confused memorials . for the table book , and this briefe kind of writing , is the index & life of memory ; and may be made the ingenions inlargement , of those things , which new matter may consūmate , and finish . vpon this grasse let each laborious oxe ruminate , that at length , he may be be able to tread out the pure and solid corne of observation . and least the forme of this kind of observation may halt , in a iudicious travellour ought to instruct his mind with the arts ( amongst which painting and limming are of best accompt ) and liberall sciences , that with their aide and direction , their notes may be reduced to a methodicall order and forme . not after the manner of some ignorant triflers , which while they want matter , and vdnerstanding , gather together heapes of vanities ; or being blinded with faction and prejudice only sort but such thinges , which are pleasing to their passions , and the current of the times ; utterly neglecting , and refusing those things , which may either rectify the error , or amend their iudgement , but how to support these jnjudicious wanderers , the generall topiques which follow may not unfitly be observed . now therefore will i endeavour to signe out limits , which may regularly direct those , which purpose to touch upon forraigne shoares . it shall be therefore necessary for those which enter a strange country , to observe these two things ; with whom to remaine , and in what place . for some , whilest they passe not to the chiefest and most noted places of the countrey they now are in , but to some sordid and meant townes , rather seeke a lurking for corner their ignorance , then a place for instruction . a stranger therefore must labour and endeavour , ( if he may without any great inconvenience ) to seeke the chiefe seat and head of the kingdome , wherein he resideth ; neither that , in any violent hast , but by degrees : that the iuice of his understanding may draw unto it the manners of the inferiour regions , and in a manner naturalize them , that so more safely and easily , he may arrive at the summe of his wishes . aptly doth tacitus teach vs this necessity in the sixth booke of his annals chap. . instancing of phraates the parthian , which being placed in the roome of artabanus by the emperor tiberius , whilest over suddenly he leaveth his roman customes , and followeth the guise of the parthians , he being not able to brook so suddaine a change , falleth sick and dyeth . in the same manner one tho randolph in queen elizabeths time being embassador to ivan vasilonoch emperour of moscovia , reporteth himselfe to have narrowly avoided death or extreame sicknesse , which he had gotten , by changing his english habit overquickly into a russian apparell . for the sodaine change of any habituated custome , is so dangerous , that sometimes ordinary things disused bring on the necessity of death . wherefore by degrees , the forces of custome are to be mollifyed or hardned according to the nature and customes of the place , to which we intend to travell , that when we come to the mature places of observation ; we may shew no infections of bitternesse and spleene . this preparation being orderly practised , we ought to proceed warily to the chiefest places of the kingdome . i call not those places the chiefest , wheré the court doth usually reside , ( which sometimes chooseth the most pleasant , not famous places ) but those cities , which are most ancient , populous , noble , best served with merchandizes , and if thou hast any smacke of learning , where there is some academy ; as in france , paris , and monpellier ; in italy , rome bonona , and padua : in spaine toledo and salamanca ; in germany strausburg , and basill : from the happy concurrence of which famous places , not only all sorts of exquisite learning but the very genius of urbanity , and civility ; and the sum of all profitable conversation is to be enjoyed . in which places commerces of all sorts are used , the treasure of all humane knowledge is layed up , and all other conveniences to advance a travailour to the height of civill knowledge are to be found out . here also are not only bookes containing all sciences , ( which may perhaps not over please , the unstable heads of some jetting passengers ) but the most humane and lively volumes of famous men ; whose discourses , exercises , and polite conversations ( if they be seriously admitted into a mans minde ) are the best epitomes of those regions . in such places , as in the cyerhan groves , and parnassean hils , a travellour resolving to stay ; he ought so to frame and settle himselfe , that his mind be not precipitate , and unconstant , and so may loose , by to nimble and frequent motion , its due and observable considerations : and least by to nimble departing out of the right path of iudgement , it may not shew the sudden capacity of an ingenious , understanding , but the heady rashnesse and too apprehensive wearinesse ofa stable happinesse . to this observation , succeedeth , that a travellour having conversation , with learned men , should first rather endeavour to learne , then be ready to speake , and to understand then to teach . first it is a great and especiall hinderance of wisedome to speake much ; and to desire the opinion of a ready orator , without knowledge or sufficiency . for pride and a bolder carriage then usuall , are vices most contrary to the humility of instruction ; which vices striving to send forth the sounds of an arrogant expression , often shew a selfe love and ignorant vanity in the speaker . we must therefore labour to observe with a gentle , and quiet behaviour , being qualified rather , with the desire of instruction , then , wearied with the distast of information . neither ( as many doe ) let us thinke our selves in the gallery , before we are entered into the parlour . for many ( as seneca well adviseth , ) had arrived unto the perfection of learning ; if they had not supposed themselves perfect to soone . this evill is to be avoided , because it is most common , and yet not so common as dangerous . for now a daies nothing is so usuall , as for some proud , swelling , empty , unskilfull gul gallant to fall into the extremity of arrogant babling ; and being intoxicated with the heat of vaine glory , and selfe love , to boile out trifles , and ridiculous language . and although this vice be to be abhorred every where , as a mischiefe which is a very great enemy , unto all quiet and sober communication ; yet especially it is to be shunned by a travellour into forraigne countries , unto whom all things ought to seeme strange , and new ; unlesse he desire to appeare imprudent , or at at leastwise improvident . and therefore lipsius speaketh aptly : almost every man of the meanest sort can babble , wander , discourse foppishly , and ramble without feare or wit from one place to another : but few can learne and search with quietnesse and discretion ; which is the true end of travelling . refer therefore more to thy instruction , and sufficiency reall , then to the vaine glorious ostentation of babling , and to that infectious itch of immethodicall prating . neither unfitly only doth the over-nimble discourser in forraigne countries let slip his words , but sometimes dangerously . for it is a very hard thing for a man that talketh much , sometimes not to faile : although he knoweth the matter of which he discourseth : but it is imposible for a man which knoweth not the manners and customes of the men and place before whom and where he is , to deliver his minde , not to erre and sometimes most grossely to be deceaved . therefore let every wise travellour , with as much care as he may , sacrifice unto the two shrines , to wit , of memory and silence : to memory , that he may hold fast all things , which are good and profitable ( for he shall according to the phrase of martiall , see some few good things , many indifferent , and very many ill examples : ) and that also he may refuse the things , which are not convenient for a well nurtured education to follow : like those strong and profitable scaines or nets , which reserve the great and large fishes , but let the worthlesse small fry drop backe againe into the sea . let him also sacrifice to silence , if not equally , yet in a plentifull measure , because he which according to the poet , is like water in a sieve , is to full of holes to reserve with judgement any matter of important consequence . but thou art ready to reply ; or rather peremptorily question me . dost thou prohibit a travellour to use thebenefit of his tonuge , which is most acceptable to most men , and often serveth better then a carvoch to passe away the dull houres . i answer , that my purpose is not to stop their mouthes , which with discretion can bridle their discourse : but only thus much i admonish thee , that thou beest not a perpetuall utterer of thy owne concernements . take liberty ( in gods name , faith a wise man ; ) of speaking , not only on the way , but in the inne , if thou findest fit company : yea in any convenient place , neither only before supper , but at , and after it . but let thy speech tend to some one of these ends ; which seeke and enquire of the manners , lawes , site , and condition of each city ; i adde , which discourse of the princes , warres events , and whatsoever is rare and unusuall . but alwaies thinke more wisedome to be placed in few then many words , so the questions be apposite and pithy . seeke and enquire therefore rather like a scholler , then like a teacher . discourse of other mens actions , resound not thy owne knowledge or vaine glorious praises . for that travellour , which can abstaine from any glosse of his owne commendations , cometh neere the rundell of perfection , and is both happy , and iudicious . to the discreet modesty of which elocution , two observations do occur : the first is alwaies to endeavour ( if thou hast not given thy name unto the muses and their instructions , whereby to increase , or at least wise lay the foundation of the neighbouring languages ) to get the acquaintance of honest and learned men . from these many helpes may be easily obtained . for by their meanes thou shalt be able to view and understand , all the ancient and moderne monuments , worthy the sight in the citys thou passest , thou shalt have the entrance into the most famous libraries , schooles , and colledges , and see , not only the outward furniture , but the inmost riches , of those happy receptacles : besides by the company of these , thou shalt avoide all those circumforaneous and light headed ramblers , which insinuate themselves , and their companies into the society of unbridled young travellours , and often , by the corrupting of the manners , lead them into all manner of hazard . for most true is that sentence of a learned moralist : all those which indulge luxurious courses , doe decline a follower of learning , and ingenuitie with a kind of detestation . and this great commodity , shall they also , obtaine , by this happy conversation : thatthey shall ( if they will ) rectify , what before hath beene in their manners amiste . for learning often doth profit more , by destroying that which before was corrupt , then by implanting after the emendation of our natures , that which is sincere ; it being alwaies a greater labour to cleare , a woody and marish country and to prepare , it then to sow it . if this be so , how much importeth it a wary & experienced judgement ( but most of all a raw and greene one , ) to desire the company of learned and honest men ; by whose conversation ; a mans minde is oftner wholesomely instructed , then vainely delighted ? notwithstanding all these conveniences , most people of this latter age , doe strictly desire such company , and name those , most commonly , good fellowes , and boone associates , which please them with ridiculous passages , and whet their luxuririous fancies , by flattering their effeminate inclinations : and abhorre those assoure , and distastefull , which with their grave and serious admonitions open a way to vertue , and shut the passadges of vice : when contrariwise every discreet man , chuseth , a friend , as one would doe a medicine for his health , the more sharpe , the more sounde . and besides ; not only there is no benefit gotten , by consorting with foolish and deboist company , but rather an infinite heape of mischiefes ; whilest from their frivolous , and infectious discourse , the hearers draw mudde , rather then water ; and take pains to quench their thirst , not in a river , but a poole . for rightly sayd that wise man seneca , we sooner accustome our selves to learne the ill qualities of those , which are indifferently good , then their vertues . so alexander the great ( as quintilian reporteth , ) drew some vitious imitations , from his master leonidas , which being a valiant and martiall emperour , he could not shake off . marcus tullius also recordeth of some fantasticall rhetoricians , which being not able to expresse , the severall graces , and exellencies of their tutours , endeavoured only to follow , and imitate , such frivolous gestures , which were most unproper for either of them . so easily doe most men fall downewards , and so prompt and ready a thing it is , to decline from the rough way of rough and laborious progresse of vertue , into the obvious path of vice and slothfullnesse . true therefore is that saying of nilus , the first passages of vertue , and ingenious proceedings seeme hard unto the disciple , because the nature of man from it 's very infancy , is conversant in all license and idlenesse ; but to those which armed with noble resolution , have p●ssed unto the middest of this steepe ascent ; the way seemeth altogether light and easy . for our ill manners being better qualifyed , with the mixture of good customes , at the length are quite abolished with the memory of those pleasures , which abhorre from reason . of the force and unhappy prevalency of this slothfull custome , another learned moralist named diadochus hath these words . great is the force of custome , as well in society as in all other things . for out of use proceedeth a habit , from a habit ariseth a naturall necessity . which to change ismost hard , nay sometimes impossible . it behoveth him therfore which desireth to travaile with profit , and safetie , neither much to desire company , nor ( yet ) to mixe with confused troopes ; or yet to ramble to every meeting of strange and vnknowne persons . for the going abroad upon small occasions , consumeth most pretious time ; and the conversing with every triviall companion , either draweth foolish and dangerous tautology ; or enticeth a man from those disciplines and exercises , which before he addicted himselfe unto without hinderance . let therefore a wise man abstaine from the ordinary and confused company of men , and let him endeavour to consort himselfe with those , from whom he may receave profitable information . for it doth often happen , that those which are strangers , and doe without much warinesse deliver their mindes and opinions , are often ensnared by some certaine crafty promoters or informers , which often take away not only such trifles as ones purse , monie and raiment : but also when they have done that and much more , these men being conscious of their own unworthinesse and obnoxious to the torments of an unquiet conscience , they intice the secure prater into some velitation or strife of language , which being by them craftily exaggerated , at length grows into or produces a capitall crime . and so often perisheth with his unprofitable , and rowling eloquence , that unhappy travellour , whose aime and vaine-glory , is to be knowne & honored by his rowling tongue . let therfore every man , which pretendeth to enjoy the least dramme of discretion , judiciously and advisedly consider what , and before whom hee intendeth to speak : neither let him weigh only his conscience , the plaine meaning and sence of those things which he is about to declare ; but the consequence of those things he purposeth to discourse on , and the fidelity of the hearers before whom those flying words are to be let slipp . for there are many , especially in forraigne nations ( amongst whom much is consecrated to guile , and little to honesty ) which are of soe heady and forward a malice , that they study , endeavour , and labour nothing more , then to entice men into the snares of hasty language , from the dangerous implications of which , a sodaine ruine may like some quick flashes of lightning , arise . therefore let every wary travellour ; set a watch upon his lipps , ( which homer calleth septum dentium ) sive {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , although hee may seeme able to discourse , subtly , eloquently , and politely , yea and perhaps , without offence of the hearers . for amongst many the very nimblenesse , and affable curiosity of the wit , stirreth up malice ; and those which thinke to excell others , and to gaine a generall admiration from their hearers , or rather spectators , are not seldome rent , into many disgraces , by the biting and venemous teeth of snarling envy . notwithstanding a meane ought to bee imposed upon this suspition , only before the unknowne rabble let this caution be exactly observed . but if thou hast ( perhaps ) gotten a bosome friend , a man whom thou hast observed to be discreet , and cordiall ; and such an one , whom thou hast tyed unto thy affaires , with the eternall bands of affection ; open thy minde to this man ; but discreetly and warily : proceeding after the manner of scipio the african , with his friend servilius , as ennius reporteth . about to speake , he cal's his friend , with whome oft lovingly and freely at his home he had discours'd , ( when oft the day grew late , ) of things were done , where that the senate sate . to whom most freely he might talke his minde and of all businesse a sure closet finde . with whom he pleasure great had tane , and ioy ; whose noble soule no sentence bad can sway . a man that mild is , learned , faithfull , just , of nature sweet , that never brake his trust . of tongue facile and fluent , and content with that which is his owne , and fairly spent . discreet , and speaking in good season , all that he attempts to utter ; which can call to minde old and new actions , and can finde for secrets , a close harbour in his minde . if thou hast the good fortune to obtaine , so true a picture of friendship , as this description doth afford , thou mayst not feare to trust those secrets unto his safe custody ; which may discreetly be permitted for a faithfull man to know . yet ought good caution to be used , least that our iudgement be deceaved , and lest under the cover of friendship , may be hidden , the enticing and dangerous practises of a malitious enemy . poisons are often given ( saith hierom ) covered with hony , and those vices often deceave , wich are adorned outwardly with the shape of vertues , ovid speaketh rightly . a safe and common way it is , for to deceave , vnder pretence of love which true love doth bereave . and to the same purpose lucretius : for as the narses which to children give troubled with wormes those vermin to derive the bitter century root , doe touch the cuppe about the brims with a delitious suppe : that so the silly knowledge of the child may drinke the bitter potion , made thus mild . even thus also doe these quacksalvers of vitious and corrupt manners , endeavour to set of with faire outward appearances , those polluted actions , they endeavour to infect others withall . for the most impudent forehead cannot chuse but blush to commend any vice in its owne native vilenesse , and abhorre to invite men to these rockes of the syrens , without the outward tinctures of custome and luxury . wherefore with great caution and most diligent observation , let that friend ( what soever he may appeare ) with whom thou meanest to participate thy counsels , be heeded : because true friendship is rightly conglutinated , and ioyned amongst none , but those which be equalls ; and although one may be unequall before this knot , yet doth it allwaies after this reciprocall affection , equalize them into the same degree of fortune , and correspondence : rightly therefore speaketh that eloquent roman lawyer . minutius faelix : friendship doth alwaies either finde or make men equalls . and st. hierom let a particular man glister with golden robes , and from his large chestes , let his shining plate be produced . charity cannot be exceeded ; love and affection are not to be bought with money : friendship which once can end , hath never beene true or sincere . thence also hath proceeded that ancient proverbe of the greekes ; that all things amongst friends are common : because the parity and equality of their minds doth so communicate all outward goods of fortune , that the greatnesse of the one can never be a hinderance unto the meanesse of the other . but this parity of mindes , seemes rather to proceede , from the source of their common inclination to vertue , and not from the contrary apparent quality . which consent is so rare , and in a manner so impossible to find , that we may easily conjecture the hardnesse of it from this one demonstration . for who almost amongst the generall and moderne sort of people , doth not desire to creepe into his neighbours secrets with the intent to destroy him , with a subtle and crafty intention , being rather armed for ruine , then prepared to require the mutuall aide , and helpe of a friend ? many faire glozes and shewes may be ready ( perhaps ) amongst the company of our equalls , many plausible , and enticing pretences ; oh how either of favour with true ! superiour magistrates , by interposing some efficacious petitiō , or by directing our familiar affaires , in a seeming smooth course ; which subtleties are wonderfully affected , by those which rather desire to abandon , then to seeke cordially for true friendship : whereby they may perswade raw young men , that they are most honest and right hearted good natures , and perhaps by these sleights , they may purchase the opinion of wise men , being the more able by these jugglings to set upon the secure innocent , now over confident of their fidelities : when at the same moment in their hearts reigneth all sort of guile , envy , malice , hatred , emulation and heart-burnings , which like the trojans out of the fatall horse of epeus , doe with a number of most strange and sodaine calumniations , rush out upon their seeure enemy , and drive him into perpetuall ruine and despaire . what feare , amazement , griefe , and horrour falleth then upon those , which giving credit , unto these mens syrenian enchantments , thought all their secrets , and open follies to be buried in oblivion . what teares , what mourning ? when th' image of that sad night did appeare which was the last time of our being beere . therefore especially beware , unto whom and what thou speakest , and whom thou choosest to be thy bosome friend . yea playing any game with thy own brother by hesiods direction . — a witnesse choose least thou his love , or else thy money loose . consider therefore maturely before thou plightest the troth of mutuall affection with any man , unto whom thou dost trust thy selfe . for acutely of this cautele speaketh theogonis in his learned morall directions to his friend . about thy friendship my mind troubled is , whither in love or hatred i may misse . these passages so obnoxious to dangers ( perhaps ) the too secure reader wil hardly beleeve ; saying it is the property of a minde vexing it selfe before necessity doth require , to wait and expect it's owne dangers ; often using that sentence of the ancient poet . he that death in health doth feare , looseth all his quiet here . iudging it also to be an easier condition not to live at all , then to be coop'd up with so many circumstances and considerations . and as those , which are tortured by unskilfull and slow physitions , would rather perish by the head strong obedience , unto their owne inflamed appetites , and irregular disgestion , then live according to those precepts , which are the means of health . so these improvident men would rather permit all their affaires to meere chance , and the uncertaine current of the times , then to regulate themselves , in choosing the demonstrations of experience . to these men puffed up with the opinion of their own sufficiency ( that i may passe over the sluggish heaviness of others ) we write not ; nor greedily desire those mens tastes ; whose stomackes being already filled with crude humours , doe not only contemne ( as the poet speaketh ) ordinary viands , but soone disgust the purest elixar of philosophy . to these i say , i propose not the hard fates of sundry armies , regions , cities , ilands , which have sodainly perished , with to much confidence and presumption ossecurity . but before these mens faces i exhibite the idea of their conversations , selected out of choice and true histories ; which have brought upon themselves sodaine deaths , and most unfortunate ruines , by over : much trust unto those which have deceaved their professions , and carryed two faces under one hood . let therefore any supine or negligent frequenter of every publique society they meet , look upon the conspiracy of vibulenus against blaesus mentioned in the first booke of cornelius tacitus his annals : and afterwards let him observe , the fained and guilefull friendship of caepio crispinus , towards his praetor of bythinia , granius marcellus : who having receaved from him , both encrease of many honours , and divers other benefits , because he could not to his owne desires encrease his fortunes , accused his friend unto that most cruell emperour . tiberius , that he spoke ill against and inveighed at the wicked and dissolute life of the emperour . this mans ill example ( faith cor. farther ) did romanus hispo , and many others follow ; which enquiring into many mens lives and actions , did continually search about for some occasion , whereby to feede the cruell desires of their tyrannicall prince . hence ( saith my author ) many poore rascalls following this promoter , became rich , which by these base and unworthy practises from the most meane places of birth and fortune , lifting up their heads , were upon a sodaine growne to be most powerfull and fortunate . turne to the . chap. of the second booke of annals , and there thou fhalt find libo drusus accused of treason by his most intimate and familiar friend firmus cato . drusus ( it is the historians report ) by his ill and deboist example , this cato , enticed and lead on to all lasciviousnesse ; and afterwards drew him into debt ; and engaged his land in morgages and usury : and most faithfully for a time did he deale with this his friend in their common affaires ; untill he had gotten firme arguments and witnesses to make good what he perfidiously intended . these being once ready he openeth his accusation unto fla. vescularius , and thus under the appearance of friendship , through most ignoble treachery , he brought his friend into the most hard extremity , he possibly could devise . but the desperate youth suspecting and beginning to vent this persidious accusation , declined into that height of griefe and passion , that he ran himselfe through the body with his owne rapier . but this moderne example related by samuell bruno in his portugall voyage ; is a most exact testimony of the infidelity of many which make faire shewes and professe , at the beginning of their acquaintance , much secrecy . there is a law ( saith bruno ) in spaine , that it is lawfull for no man whatsoever ( except those merchants which bring corne or other necessary provision into the country ) to carry thence any coine stamped in the kings mint : he which transgresseth this law without redemption is sold , and bound to the oare as a gally-slave ; ( and ) his goods and ship confiscated . it fortuned at my being at lisbone there rode in the haven . ships ; two of roterdam , one of enchuisen , and one also of ackerslought , in these there was hidden besides many gemmes of the orientall indies , great store of coined money . three of the ships assoone as they might , hoised saile and departed without discovery . but the fourth , ( being one of the roterdam , ships ) staied unfortunately behind . for the master or chiefe marchant of that ship , by name cornelius hoppo , a man well thought on , and of good estiestimation amongst his country men , had entertained a young fellow for his scribe or secretary , which at the first appearance seemed to be very towardly , and discreet : but was indeed a very malitious , and insolent natur'd fellow . this scribe a little before their intention of departure , entreated his master to lend him rials of . which ( because he refused to give an accompt how he meaned to dispend them , ) being denied , he most malitiously and treacherously forthwith repaired to the magistrate , accusing his master , and other of his countrymen for carrying away coined silver against the law . vpon this accusation ; forthwith foure spanish gallies filled with armed souldiers , are directed to search the ship , which forthwith they did , found the moneys , and tooke away the other merchandise . but yet this base promooter had no share of the prize ( according to the law , which assigneth a third part to the accuser ) so that in this part , the proverbe was verifyed . the treason is often well liked , when the traitour is not regarded . this ship was after sold , by the governour unto some merchants of germany . thus far bruno . not unlike is that practise of hen. greens mentioned in abacuck pricket his voyage recorded in mr. pur. pilgrims ; who was kindly entertained ( as ascribe ) by hen. hudsen ; to serve in his last northwest discovery , and at length betraied hudson his sonne , and many more to the mercilesse element of the sea , or the more mercilesse torment of hunger . the history is worth a reading and over-large to be in this place inserted . to these ( besides what ordinary experience may afford ) i could adde infinite store of examples out of t. livius , c. tacitus ; val. maxumus ; amm. marcellinus , and of publike calamities out of the stratagems polemicall of iul. frontinus ; but that already i have stayed to long upon this evident observation , which must rather be the fruite of experience then of history : b●ing rather contented to signe the very limits of the right passage of profitable travell , then to be troublesome all the way with overmuch chat ; knowing in lucretius his similitude , that the rare seldome tone of the pure swan is better then all clamour that ere came from the loquacieus cranes — onely thus much let me adde by way of corollary , unto the former observation , that there are no snares or dangers more full of ruine , then those which proceed , and draw their beginnings , from the inventions , and practices of our friends , servants , clients , sons , nay ( which is scarce credible amongst many , ) from the secret plots and machinations of those which desire to appeare our most loving , and complacent wives . for rightly said cicero , when he assured his brother ; that those evils are the most dangerous , which proceed from domestique authors . truly speaketh also the satyricall poet , in this rather wholesomely bitter , then scurrilously satyricall . oh corydon corydon ! thinkest thou there may bee a secret in a rich mans house that 's free ? for if the servants hold their peace and speak nothing at all , yet will his cattell breake into a wild relation : dogs , nay posts will before day declare to the next hostes what he but thought at midnight : and will heare what the head cook , and clarke said o're their beere . for ( thinkest thou these doe feare t' invent a crime against their master ? if at any time they may by rumours those tough blowes once save or else revenge them , which their master gave nay rather then they 'l secret keepe , what they but chance for to suspect , they 'l slip away and hunt the corners of the streets , to heare or tell , what he doth in his wine or beere . aske these therefore what from me thou wouldst know ; they hold their peace : nay rather they will shew a secret , then to drinke in private up of stollen wine , or the best ale a cup . we rightly ought to leade our lives for these and many causes ; but least that we leese our reputation , is the speciall cause that should well teach us , rather then the lawes . and in the sixth concerning the humorous condition of the other part of a family , namely a wife ; not unfitly the satyre hath discoursed . for there hardly is a woman to be - found that will not on each small occasion sound louder then many clockes — and the ancient poet hesiod giveth them this right character . then a good woman nothing better is for to be had ; or to compleate our blisse . againe then an expensive wife there 's not a fire more surious , or a flame more hot . a fire that roasteth men , without a brand : a flame that soone consumeth goods and land . generally is this corollary comprized by petrarch in his epistle unto andreas the bishop of bononia . there is nothing , quoth he , amongst all the difficulties of our life more hard to be kept in order , then fidelity . therefore thou shalt perceave those which live with thee , seldome merry , often sorrowfull , never equall in their addictions , but alwaies various . i feare that saying of seneca to lucilius : nothing sooner doth vanish , and grow distastefull , then affection . i feare : that verse or exclamation of vergil the prince of the latine poets . o harmefull love ! no wight can tell ; what thou men too , dost oft compell ! wherefore if to a man purposing to remaine in his owne country , such dangers , snares , and entrapments are created by his owne people ; nothing is more to be avoided by a travellour then too much openesse especially if he have no friend , but such as bias the philosopher did use to choose , whom he againe might upon occasion hate : and if he suspecteth danger amongst some unknowne people as amongst wild and dangerous beasts these observations although he observe , yet let him avoide to expresse them in his countenance , gesture , or regard ; either yet let him suffer them to appeare in that sparing discourse , he doth sometimes use : especially let him decline to shew any diffidence or distrust of those , with whom he more familiarly converseth at table , or at leastwise any distast of their manners . for nothing is more inhumane , indiscreet or more undecent then to brow-beat those which ( bee they strangers , or otherwise ) sit neere us at table , or discourse with us familiarly . for by this meanes a travellour outwardly designeth himselfe to be possessed with pusillanimity , and unworthy feare , and by his to humble submission armeth against his throat , and reputation the sword and weapon of every cut-throat : let him rather colour all exception with the various coverture of affability , and civill courtesy ; that nothing may appeare in him obscure , blew , or truculent , but that he may seeme to all festive , yet adorned with a certaine becomming gravity ; that in his countenance may be discerned the vigor of a moderate , and well qualified spirit , mixed with a nimble and heroique influence . suetonius relateth of augustus caesar , that he had eyes of so majestique a quality , that he seemed to dart from them , the very raies of majeftie . the same is storied of theodosius . by aemilius probus , in the dedication of that little ( compend ) commentary concerning the the lives of the most famous generals , by some ascribed unto cor : nepos ; where he speaketh unto his booke in this manner . feare not ( my little booke ) his yellow haire encircled with a sparkling crowne . but dare for to salute his bright majestick eyes which carry splendour , like the serene skyes . titus also vespasian from his comitie mixed with his well tempered aspect , was called the very delight of the nations . so also also in his panegyrique pliny reporteth of trajan , pag : , that he had an incredible dignity in his countenance ; of whom sex. aurelius victor reporteth , that he so caryed himselfe in the administration of the imperiall affaires that the most admirable wits of the best writers can scarse expresse the dignity of his actions ; so farre is it from the truth that plinie did flatter this prince , it now being the summe of all good subjects wishes to desire , their soveraignes may enjoy the peaceable times of augustus , and the vertues of trajan . claudian also speaking of the right noble & valiant generall stilico hath these words . then ( in thy youth ) most gravely didst thou goe and yet most lively gestures didst thou show . thy following happy actions were for spoke by those faire beames , thy eye-lids from them broke : the severe parthian nobles were amaz'd , at those full numerous aspects thou hast raisd : and persian caunes when they beheld a guest like thee , have sighed , drinking at a feast . the same hath these verses in the commendation of man : theodorust thy eyes a temper keepe , whom neither rage doth over sharpen , or confound thy age ; neither doth sudden tempests in thy face , the genuine favour of thy cheekes disgrace . and of honorius , thee the fayre enipeus and thee wood dodone once beholding , smiling stood : and those hard okes , which to chaonians yeeld their food , now seeing thee danc'd round the feild . on the other side , contrariwise theocritus describes the unhospitall youth : he had no lustre in his looks , no flame of lively vigor ever warmd the same . but he observ'd all men , as doth the wild beasts of the feild , or as a threatned child . all which sentences gathered to a head , shew us that this caution of mixing comity with vigor in our countenances , is both necessary , and becomming ; for the forehead is ( as it were ) the index of the minde , and often from the countenance may be conjectured that which is fixed in the soule . in this most worthy part are deposed ( those ) the most exact errors and perfections of nature , which frequently are the obscure significations of our māners . the truth of which sentence may be more fully gathered out of those bookes of physyologie written by b. porta : in the which , strange and rare conjectures ( from the quality of the countenance ) of our humane nature are comprized . acutely and philosophically writeth c. plinius in the . booke of his nat : history . only man ( saieth he ) hath a face , other creatures only have a mouth or beake . other creatures have indeed a forehead , but only the forehead of a man sheweth mirth , or sorrow , anger or mercy . in the upper part of this are placed the browes , which only are moveable amongst men . these especically shew pride and disdaine . in other places pride hath his conceptacle , or place of birth ; but in these his abode . it is begotten in the heart ; but it ascendeth hither , and heere hangeth ; and is placed . mixe therefore these signes in thy daily conversation which are able amongst forraigne , nay amongst barbarous nations to obtaine thee friendship and accesse , and avoid those rusticke , manners , which tranio objecteth to his fellow slave in the ancient comedy . mostell . g : quam confidenter loquitur ? fue ! t. at te iupiter — diique omnes perdant ! oboluisti allium germana inluvies , rusticus , hircus , hara suis , canis , capra commista ! the words are to ranke for a translation . the avoidance of such unmannerly evacuations are best learned by experience ; for they are as loathsome to any ingenious man , as odious in their owne natures and qualities . this especiall caution being heedfully observed , it shall not be amisse to adde this part to the former , which being neglected , often bringeth incomparable dangers , upon the unwary travellour . therefore a travellour must be admonished with especiall heed , that whilst he resideth amongst unknowne men in a forraigne country , he make not to bold , or be to inquisitive into their secret affaires . and this caution is for three especiall reasons , to be adhibited . first least by mingling some thing of our affaires , we may make our selves suspected to our owne country : and so we may returne either unwellcome , or our returne be forbidden . thus was reginald poole , and r. allen both english cardinals outlawed and proscribed , for dealing in forraigne affaires and seeking the ruine of their country . secondly least by over curiously enquiring of the holies , or secret politicall affaires of other nations , we may by chance let fall some words , which may draw on an inconvenience upon us , or may be ill taken by wise men . most strange is that relation , which s. bruno a switzer and chyrurgion to the fortresse of nassaw in the east indies hath committed to memory in his second african iournall ; which is not altogether unfitting to be applyed to this topicall caution . being not farre from the promontory of capo monte amongst the aethiopians or negroes dwelling there abouts , he had heard his cap. thomas peetersou a flushinger say , that the devill of late had made in the adjoining woods a most horrible noise , imperiously requiring sacrifices to be performed unto him . whereupon i enquired , where those sacrifices should be made ; who told me hard by , in the adioyning grove : but that none would be admitted to the celebration of these infernall holies ( but the king whose name was thaba flamor his nobles and counsellors . ) at the day appointed i my selfe , quoth bruno , heard a most inarticulate and hollow terrible noise : and saw how those woemen and children ( which for the meanesse of their condition could not be admitted to the sacrifice , ) ran away to their houses and caves with extreme feare . after this i saw divers and many sortes and dishes of meat to be carried into the wood , as rice , venizon , hens , wine and a drinke called mellicratos of an excellent taste . being desirous to know whether this extraordinarie cheere was conveyed , i presently found a companion of mine which had been in those places before : but assoone as the ethiopians saw us come neere they howled out , extreamely threatning us , that if we did ofter to stirre one foot forward , without mercy their gods , ( or rather devils ) suangi , and cricry would teare us in pieces . we notwithstanding their menaces and threats came nearer , which the devill perceaving and being unwilling to be troubled with the presence of any christians , did so violently vrge his black coloured infernall servants , that they most grieviously beat s. bruno and his companion , that they left them for dead in the place , yet notwithstanding they at last got home to the ships : and a while after resorted to thaba t lamour the king , with their captaine for satisfaction , telling that swarthy monarch , that no merchants would hence forwards trade in his country , if the nation without due satisfaction should offer such cruel wrongs . the king having heard them out , told them that whatsoever had beene done , was effected by the command of cry cry alone ; and that we could not with any reason complaine of injury . for since their nationall rites and holies did not pertaine to us ; we rather ought to abstaine from the curious search thereof ; because we came not thither for any devotion or good will , but rather to enquire of their ceremonies and deride them . vpon the hearing of this speech , the captaine was ( contentedly ) pacyfiyed , as supposing the contents to be not altogether unreasonable . the devill had perswaded this miserable king , that he should fly from place to place after his death , and be his inseparable companion ; which hee tooke for a great favour . ric. iohnson in his voyage to the samoyeds country , beyond the river obb , also informeth us , of their strange iugglings , miraculous incantetions , and devillish sacrifices of deare and certaine fowles , which they were most unwilling to let him see ; telling him that the being present at their clamorous sacrifices , would be dangerous . and ( if my memory fail me not ) as i remember i have read of a voyage into the north of greenland , where the english found some of the savage inhabitants sacrificing at a fire , which they would not goe into , neither come neere the smoke ; but would have had the english have come neer , which they shunned fearing danger , until at last the fire was put out . also most strange are those sacrifices , of the sunne ; which fer. magaglianes mentioneth , he saw performed by some old beldames at the iland of mathan , not farre from zubut , which is about leagues from cattaghan . neither come behind , for monstrous and cruell impiety , those ancient sacrifices of the peruvians and mexicans in the west-india's , who consumed many thousands of men yeerely to their vitziliputzli , and thought to prohibit the enterance of the spaniards by these inhumane butcheries . also we must advise our travellour , not to be over-inquisitive into the secrets of other countries , especially , of religion ; and commerce ; because often such have been taken for spies , as appeareth in the history of iohn newbery and his companions at ormus and goa recorded by io. huighen van lins●hoten of harleim ; and of antony march ; who ( although his priviledges seemed to allow thereof ) travailing into the samoyeds country and having dispended in furres rables or markes sterling , was not only delivered of his warm and pretious burthen , but threatened and fined ; and his russe servant bodan , whipped upon the pudkey and imprisoned . this is also the reason that all those eastern nations of russia , cathaia , tartaria china suffer few forraigners to goe back for their countries , being once admitted ; least they should informe of their manner and quality of government . but especially the chinois or as they name themselves the tamegnies , are herein most scrupulous . thirdly we must avoide to much nicety in observation , lest that by mingling confused notions together , we loose our times of studying ; and so often a travellour beginneth to think himselfe a doctor ; before he rightly be accompted a disciple . but especially the first consideration of fidelity towards ones proper country is to be regarded . for unto this one thing , as to the sole end and termination , ought all our politicall intentions and actions to be reduced ; to wit , that we may profit & benefit our country . neither can there be almost any deed so ingratefull or hainous which doth exceede the treachery intended against a mans country . because this , as a publique parent doth require a higher measure of duty , then either respect of father or mother ; children , wife , or kinsemen : by how much more publique happinesses , and permanencies doth prevaile with all good minds , more then private affaires . miserable ( therefore ) and most execrable therefore is that impiety , and ingratitude which in forraigne or transmarine regions doth endeavour to disturbe the peace and commodities of a mans proper countrey , wherin it pleased god to give him being and education for this vice of prodition sheweth the will , and not the necessity ( which here hath no place at all . ) and certainely in this kind there are no clearer examples of unnaturall and ignoble perfidy then in that history which the l. bishop g. carleton hath entitled a thankefull remembrance of gods mercy ; which conteineth the home-bred and forraigne treasons of the english and others intended against the sacred persons of queene elizabeth , and k. iames . yet may not forthwith this odious title of a conspirator or boutefeaux be imposed upon every one ; which in forraigne parts moveth himselfe something more then ordinary in appearance against the moderne proceedings of his country . for ( as it seemeth to me ) these three causes , may excuse an active man moving against the affaires exteriour of his owne nation , without admittance of the former odious title . the first exception is , if that a man travell into transmarine regions , to this . end and purpose that he may by his sufficient insinuations into forraigne affaires profit the same : and that he may restore it into a better state by exotique physick , being now mortally ill and sicke by the many distempers of ill government . the truth of which canon may bee approved by the examples , and practises of divers famous , and worthy men : as of themistocles , which fled rather then travelled into persia and insinuated himselfe into the fauour of the king by professing himselfe an enemy to his owne nation : and by this meanes as also by repressing or moderating the powers of tissaphernes , did more good to his friends at athens ; then when he compelled xerxes to fly through the hellespont in a single pinnace . so cyrus the persian monarch receaved into his power , the city of babylon betraied unto him by his subject araspis , which fled thither for prostituting the wife of abradates : or rather as others report , so darius the sonne of hystaspis triumphed over the afore mentioned city , by the helpe of his faithfull servant zopyrus , as trogus in the end of his first booke informeth vs . in this manner did tarquinius sextus yeeld up unto his father the citie of gabium , having gotten credit from his enemies by betraying some counsels of the romans ; and by mutilating or wounding himselfe ; reporting it to be the cruell deed of his tyrannicall father . so hanniball flying from the destruction of his countrey , unto antiochus the indian monarch , under pretence of counsell , did more good to his afflicted countreymen at carthage , then to either rome or zusa . so alcibiades although banished by his citizens , and flying to lacedemon , opened certaine passages of state against his country , yet by acquaintance with the wife of agis their titular king , and by signifying their preparations , did expell a depending mis●ry from his athenians . so phocyon , aristides , demosthenes , tullius , seneca , and many others ancient and moderne , although some were banished and some travelled voluntarily out of their countrey , yet either with their persons , or counsells they were never wanting to their friends . the second defence against this unhappy attribute may arise from this subsequent originall . for it seemeth not unjust that noble men debarred of their titles should enter againe or rather returne into their countries , to claime those honors which are due unto them . wherefore in my opinion coriohm , and tarquinius are not so much to be reprehended : ( neither yet edward the fourth of england , because in armour accompanied with warlike troopes he returned into his countrey from burgundie , ) because they came but to challenge their ancient titles ; and promised amendement of their former offences . the same , ( perhaps ) is to be thought , of henry surnamed bullingbrooke which being condemned unto banishment , by richard of burdeaux king of england , under pretence of suing his livery for the dukedome of lancaster , ( he being banished earle of hereford ) returned againe before his time into england and landed , under this pretence , with armed forraigne troopes at ravenspurg in the north . wherefore those men are not to be thought , in my opinion , traitours to their countrey ; which returne to seek that which by the law of nations , and nature , of right belongeth to them ; neither when they are mingled with the affaires of other commonwealths , ( perchance ) not belonging unto them , but rather contrariwise sometimes dangerous , if so bee , by these courses , they may in future beē profitable to their country , or in some measure , without manifest disadvantage unto their country , profit themselves . the truth of which affection appeareth in the allowed voyages of many travellours , which passed and repassed with good leave unto the east indias . but it is especially to be observed by us ; that whilst we seeke our owne profit , we invade not , the rights of other men . for if we offer at this unjustice , forthwith will , without doubt , arise amongst us ruine , sedition , and the destruction of our common-wealth ; ( although sometimes perhaps the author be but a meane private man ; and often that mischiefe followeth , which aristophanes remembreth in the comedy of the acarnanians . when they come once to late , themselves they thrust from one place to another , then needs must , whilest each will have the chiefest part , the rest must quarrell : and all peace they must detest . the third defence against this vice of over much activity , or rather bound , which keepes it within the order of fidelity ; yet permits a travellour to mingle counsels , & friendly to discourse with the enemies of his countrey ; so that he avoide the vice of impious treachery , and doth endeavour to doe his country or countreymen good . and this course without any offence to their citizens , tooke themistocles , thrasibulus , zopyrus , harmodius and aristogiton , chariton and menalippus ; neanthes , cycizenus and nicomachus . yet notwithstanding some of these by the unruly multitude had before bin banished unjustly from their country and grieveously mulcted against all equity . thus by the athenians , phocyon , aristides , and themistocles , yea and that famous historian thucidides , although derived from the blood of kings , without any of their proper deserts , were exiled by ostracismes . of which kind of punishing or rather unjust condemnation of just men , aristoteles thus hath it l. . c. . of his politiques . these men ( meaning the confused rabble ) in this action had no regard to the good of their city ; but by ostracismes and tumults , under pretences of consultation with the publique enemies , they punished their best patriots . so also amongst the romans f. camidlus , after he had expulsed the gallograecians or rather the senones from the city , was sent into exile , because as val. sayeth , being tribune● 〈◊〉 was accused to have taken pounds out of the treasury ; when that money ( as it was well knowne ) being pillaged by the gaules , had perished in the combat . much better therefore and more nobler did the ephori of the lacedemonians deale with their generall pausanias , whom ( although he was certainely by his owne friend arginnius accused to have dealt about the change of his countreys government with the king of persia ) they would not sudainely apprehend , untill his owne confessions , drawne on by the youth , made his treachery apparent . the history is worth the consideration ; and written in a most choise and elegant latin stile by cornelius nepos , , in his booke of the lives of ( the ) most excellent generals . valerius maximus also may supply the like examples in his chapter offidelity . let therefore be alwaies conversant , before the eies of a travellour , piety towards god ; and residing in his most inward affections , a faithfull , constant , and perpetuall love towards his country . for if it be necessary for every christian man alwaies to thinke of god ; and to remember his benefits with a gratefull commemoration ; as also to direct our humble petitions , and prayers for the enjoyment of those blessings which every day we receave from omnipotent and sacred majestie of heaven : much more the more fervently ( if herein by any , any meane is to bee held ) ought a travellour to addict himselfe unto this holy duty ; which continually undergoeth not only the difficulties and dangers common to other men , but also undertaketh sometimes a combat with dangers themselves . and to this religious feare of god , let the love of our countrey succed in the next place . for rightly saied he , which told us ; that fidelity yeelded to a friend is a great ornament , ( and ) trust performed and duty to our parents is a greater , but to our country stability yeelded is the greatest of all . neither shall wee find any men of fame and honor celebrated in history , which did not flourish with an immaculate love of their country . the truth of this axiome may appeare in the renowned relations of codrus , themistocles , timoleon , and amongst ours , of the horatii , fabii , camilli , curtii , bruti , ciceroues , which to their eternall honor are commended ( nay almost deifyed ) in fames never dying register , for their inviolate fidelity to their country in its most sodaine and heavy dangers ; which they like noble and truly renowned patriots bought out with their owne lives . for allwaies amongst generous spirits have publique affaires beene preferred before private , although sometimes those private have not a little concerned the publique also . most heroique ( if the politicall affaires of this life be only ballanced , is that speech of otho the first to his most faithfull souldiers , after the foile he receaved by the vitellianists at bebriacum . to hazard ( quoth hee ) this vertue and valour of yours to needlesse dangers , i accompt it to deare a price of my life . the more hope you doe shew , ifi listed to live , the more commendation will bee of my death , as being voluntary , and not by constraint . fortune and i have had good experience the one of the other : and nothing the lesse for that my time hath beene short . i tell you it is harder to moderate a mans selfe in felicity , which hee looketh not long to enjoy . the civill warre first grew on vitellius party ; and thence grew the first occasion to contend with arms for the empire ; but to contend no oftner but once , i , for my part , am purposed to give the example . and hereby let posterity judge and esteeme of otho . through my benefit vitellius shall enjoy his brother , his wife , and his children : i seeke no revenge ; i have no neede of such comforts . others have kept longer the empire , but let it be said , that none hath ever so valiantly left it . shall i suffer so much roman blood again to be spilt ; and the common-wealth deprived of so worthy armies ? let this minde accompany mee my to grave , and so surely it shall , that you for your parts would have dyed for my sake : but tarry you , and live , and let not me be any longer a hinderance to your obtaining of pardon , nor you to my determination and purpose . to speake more of dying , or to use many words of that argument , i take to proceede of a cowardly courage . this take for a principall part of my resolutenesse , that i complaine not of any . for to blame gods or men is their property , which gladly would live . this was he which exceeded cato himselfe . for cato dyed rather out of difdaine and a sullen humour ; because he would not behold after his victory , a pretended tyrant , his enemy , but this noble emperour rather then he would engage his countrymen in a bloody quarrell , chose to end his dayes on the point of a rapier . not unlike was that christian , and truly worthy resolution of capt. nicholas downton in his . east india voyage where ( after the retort of the portugall bravado ) he concludeth his iournie , and combat , with this admirable resolution . after all these insultations ( quoth hee ) i was glad to see the viceroy give over the hopes of his fortunes , by further following of us , which course i like very well , since he is so patient ; for there is nothing under his foot which can make amends for the losse of the worst mans finger i have . besides , i wish no occasion to fight for that , which i have already paied for , i am already possessed on : and i am so farre from the humour to fight for honor , unlesse for the honor of my king and country , that i would rather save the life or lives of one of my poorest people , then kill a thousand enemies . great and noble also was the care of charles the fifth king of spaine , and emperour of germany at that unhappy siege of algier wherein he himselfe in person was present , when many of his gallies and ships of burthen being lost by a horrible tempest , he commanded a great multitude of excellent coursers to be cast overboord ; reputing it ( as sayeth my author ) an unmercifull part , to preferre the safeguard of those horses , although they were of great worth , before the life of the basest common souldier or horse-boy in his campe . and therefore ( in my poore opinion ) not without cause sir arthur gorges in his martiall and marine observations of the portugall voyage taxeth sir richard greenvile , viceadmirall unto the lord thomas howard in a voyage unto the azores or flemming islands , who being chased by a great armada of huge spanish galleons , followed not the directions and judicious courses of his admirall ; but suffered himselfe to be inclosed , and his sailes becalmed by those massy shipps , and at length to be taken ; his shippe being sunke , called the revenge , and neare two hundred slaine outright . but more ridiculous ( as also more vainly cruel ) was the practice of mathias de alburkerke an east-india captaine , who beeing by the king of portugall appointed governour of goa , and fearing at his returne to be dismissed of his office , caused his ship to stay out eighteen months at sea , in which voyage for one mans pride and vanity men perished . this was he which grew ( after he receaved his commission ) to that height of vanity that he caused fortune to be pictured in his cabine , himselfe with a threatning countenance standing by her , and holding up a staffe with this impreza : quaero quae vincas , i. e. i will have thee to overcome . the juditious travailour , from these examples may perceave that noble natures preferre the publique affaires of their country before private negotiations : and therefore in my judgment that saying of . basilius or ivan vasilinich recorded in his answer to the excuse of mr. anth. ienkenson , is well worth the noting . ienkenson had beene commanded by the emperour , at his first returne into england , to impart and negotiate some affaires concerning the estate of both kingdoms , england & russia , to the ever glorious princesse , queene elizabeth . he seeming to have neglected this command the emperour tooke him up , with this apothegme . we have since thy last departure given audience unto one thomas randolph , but all his talke was with us about merchants affaires . we know that merchants matters are to be heard : for they are the stay of our princely treasures : but first princes affaires are to be established , and then merchants . many more ludicious sentences of this nature may be read with mr. ienkensons polite oration in the . to . of mr. hacluits voyages p. . let therefore a travellour so much honour , and entirely respect the benefit of his countrey , that unto this , the love and duty he oweth unto his parents , the next under god , may be subjected . to this tye among good men even the love of brothers hath given place . thus timophanes affecting tyranny , not without praise , lyeth stab'd dead by the just hand of his owne brother timoleon an act , without the ayde : of this truth , blotted with the odious attribute of parricide . thus that noble freer of his country i. brutus , for the safety of his most deare mother commanded his owne aspiring sons to be whipped to death , after the , ancient custome of the romans . and why should we be ambitious to heape up example● ? since curtius to stop an infectious plague amongst his countrymen , leaped into the ground alive since genucius cipus went into a voluntary banishment with his family , because the south-sayers , had declared his sonne should be a king , because he was borne , with some small extuberancies in his forehead : since decius , the army of the roman breaking order confusedly vowed himselfe a sacrifice ; since scipio compelled the reliques of that bloody battell of canna to sweare their service unto their country as long as any of them should remaine alive ; since codrus the king of the athenians , by a stratageme drew on his owne death , that he might fulfill , the oracle , and save his army . i could heape innumerable examples ; unlesse it were imprinted in every mans mind , that hath any dram of honesty ; or vertue ; even by the lawes of nature ; that all mens affections unto their countrey , are to be preferred before all other bondes , and obligations whatsoever . wherefore he that in forraigne and strange nations doth invent or endeavour any snares or deceipts against his country , or countreymen ; doth not only shew himselfe to be a most ungratefull , and wicked man ; but one which is banished by his owne confession and iudgement . neither commonly doth any forraigne nation ; regard those which presume to betray their owne countrey . a most excellently just , but more terrible execution have wee of this truth ( that i may passe over to many examples ) performed by the magnificent emperour solyman upon a perfidious traitor of this kind . nicholas keretschen a german , held giula a city in hungaria against parthaw bassa , generall of the otthoman forces there . after many encounters and assaults , the bassa still had the worst untill he left of his iron , and began to batter with golden engines . these no sooner set on worke by georgius bebicus kinseman to the governor ; but they made an impression , and forthwith like a deepe wellfilled mine presently blew up the governours faith . quid non mortalia pectora cogis aurisacra fames ? mens brests & minds gold can derive and corrupt most men now alive . shortly therefore after this comprimise he delivereth the city , covenanting besides his reward , that the souldiers should with bagge , and baggage safely depart ; all which , sayth mine author , knols ; was frankely granted , who were not gon past a mile out of the towne ; but they were set upon by the turkes , and all slaine except some few , which crept into the reedes growing in the marish fast by and so escaped . the traitour himselfe expecting his reward , was carried in bonds to constantinople ; where afterwardes upon complaint made , how hardly he had used certaine turkes , whom he had sometimes taken prisoners , he was by the command of selimus who succeeded solyman , ( not of solyman himselfe as others say ) thrust into a hogshead struck full of nailes with the point inward , with this inscription upon it . heare receave the reward of thy avarice , and treason . giula thou soldest for gold : if thou bee not faithfull to maximilian thy lord , neither wilt thou be to mee . and so the hogshead closed fast upp ; he was rowled up and down , untill he therin miserably dyed . nay the very barbarians and salvages doe hate this most unworthy perfidiousnesse . for nomē amicitiae barbara corda movet . the name of true fidelity doth touch the heart of cruelty . not long since there lived a salvage weroance or petty prince in virginia , a continent of the nor. america ; named powhatan . to this barbarian two duchmen belonging to the english plantation , under the government , at that time , of cap. iohn smith , a worthy and valiant gentleman , the first commander , and discoverer , fled away : pretending hard usage , and discovering the secrets of the fortification . these base unworthy traitours two gentlemen , one mr. wiffin ; and ieffrey abbot were sent to dispatch : which when wiffin would have done , he was resisted by his companion . therefore they returned backe without due punishment of these fugitives . which powhatan perceiving ( although they had promised him to doe great matters for him , with the next governour the lo. la ware , then upon the sea ; ) he commanded his men to beat out their braines telling them , as you would have betrayed capt. smith to me so will you me to this lord . thus can the divine iustice amongst the very barbarous , find due chastifement for infidelity . to this consideration of fidelity , a discreet travellour ought to adjoine the next of temperance : which like the very soule of the soule , consists of parts . for there is a temperance of our aliment or dyet : a temperance of sensuall pleasures ; which is properly called continence ; and lastly a temperance in our speech which is called , a discreet taciturnity . the first part of which vertue is most exactly to be observed by a travellor into forraigne regions . for what can be more dangerous then for a stranger to devoure strange , and unknowne meates : perhaps although delitious yet in their owne natures poisonous . such are the most beautifull apples growing neere ierico ( of which w. lithgow ) that are in colour and tast most beautifull and gustfull ; and yet in operation most venimous : as also are those apples which were found in guiana by capt. vnton fisher , a little of whose juice causeth sleepe unto death . such are those dangerous druggs of petum amongst the brasilians , opium amongst the turkes , areca and betelee amongst the malapars , cassany rootes amongst the americans in generall , which are most dangerous to forraigners , and have caused the death of many thousand stout men , which have rather trusted the delight of the palate , then the direction of temperance : nay the very lovely sweet durgoens ( being the glory and delight of the east indias ) is found to be most dangerous , if taken in to great quantity , rusting a knife , and eating iron like aqua fortis : and are there no lesse obnoxious then melones over greedily eaten in spain or italy ; or grapes over violently devoured in france . many are the inconveniences which such seeming idainties produce ; being indeed as the greekes rightly name them , {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , sowre-sweet to the improvident belly god amongst such viands use the italian proverbe related by cornarus ; that which is left , profiteth more then that which is eaten . let temperance therefore be thy preparative , and sometime evacuation by phlebotomy in hot ; by bathe stoves in cold countries . but especially avoid voracity and a greedy desire to be devouring ; because such customes doe disgrace , not only thy own manners ; but call into question also the customes of thy nation . besides , this vice bringeth upon thee all sort of diseases , since there is nothing so miserable expensive as a glutton , which eateth that he may surfet ; and surfetteth that he may eate . the proofe of this saying is most evident , from the deadly and infectious events of the voyage to puerto rico ; and portugall ; as also the first voyage , to guinea and benin where many thousands of lusty men suddenly perished for want of this golden vertue of temperance . also there is nothing more exactly observed in a forraigner then the outward gesture of his clothing , feeding , and gesture , from which signes strangers make a iudgement of his education . but of this most exquisite and rare vertue especially amongst young men ; wee have spoken somewhat before , that may be ( if well disgested ) a sop for cerberus . . of the temperance of language also in the former caution enough hath beene spoken . wherefore now some brief direction concerning sensuall recreations and pleasures shall in order be added . of these amongst forraigners great care must be taken . for if this violence , or rather furious rage of the most unbridled passion , which tempteth mankind , be exceeding dangerous , covered with the best stratagems of this wicked art , ( in which p. ovidius and io. bocatius have to their owne disgrace , if not ruine , approved themselves masters ) to those which remaine fixed in the same place of habitation : what shall we conceive of the great inconveniences , it bringeth forth , when we lye open to all forraign snares and temptations ? besides , ( which would be marked ) crimes creepe , nay suddainely rush and upon those which are secure : and to easily doe strange vices overcome those which are already worryed with domestique and home-bred passions . the force also of custome doth tickle an intemperate man ; whilst he thinketh it a part of great wisedome to collect those things , and to practise them , which although ( perhaps ) rare , yet certainely are most vitious . and can there be a greater misery then for a man which in his own country was accounted to be wel and honestly educated , being intoxicated with the study of novelties ; to become in another climate , the very fosse , and sinke of all those vices , which either vanity hath invented , or luxury found out ? against these most pernitious foments of vice , there is no better antidote , then temperance ; which also doth most prevalently resist , when the vice of incontinency doth but begin ; and is of most power when as yet , ( in ciceroes phrase ) the ramme of the enemy hath not shaken the wall : for as the satyrist hath it : in vaine then for terse hellebore wee cry , vvhen that wee are compel'd almost to die with heavy swellings , hee that will have ease , must at the first prevent or cure disease . for as a city which is well fortified is not subject to sodaine invasions ; neither doth a castle well munited with ordinance and bulwarks much feare panique terrours : so a minde inabled with the munition of fortitude most easily resisteth the enticements of vices ; neither is sodainly conquered with the machinations of impietie . for , an enemy which is armed with the darts of fortitude , doth not presently yeeld , besides it is the nature of vice to creepe on by degrees , neither to fight at their first appearances , but rather to seeke ambuscadoes , working their feates rather by the helpe of deceipt , then prowesse . it is the saying of the poet . none on a sudden growes most vicious . vice comes on by stealth , and slilie doth entice . so mischiefes often trye by faire meanes , rather then by open force to assaile those , they would subject ; and rather seeke oportunity to deceive , then a just warre . and like as heretofore many ancient chieftaines did use to terrifie , by some strange stratagems and sudden devices , their enemies ; thinking it more safe to fright , them with panique feares then with armes : so vice , whilst it artificially doth frame a combat , it placeth intemperance perdue , as it were in the field , or sends this monster as a spy into the little isle of man ; which by ill customes and enticements , may draw him into voracitie , gluttony and incontinencie : which sprigs of vices , like the darke pathes of errours , deceive and draw many men into most dangerous precipices ; otherwise the most dissolute persons would abhor to act those things , which are undecent ; if they were not newly varnished with some aduleerate commixtions . let temperance therefore be as a watch-tower or lanthorne unto a travellour ; by whose bright rayes , not clouded with the dark fumes of luxury , he may rightly steere his reason in this sea of adversities , and so may preserve his discretion untainted from any immodest word or deed . the second generall observation is referred to inquisition or enquiry , to wit , the enquiry of the common-wealth , in which thou art conversant after the common romances & conceipts of the vulgar . then such inquisition ( except it be very moderate and discreet ) there is nothing more vaine , unprofitable or empty . for certainly it is a most vaine and frivolous thing to enquire about every sleight rumour , which is set abroach by the common people , and to discourse of other mens affaires , as of our own ; since such men rather amongst the learned , deserve the opinion of vaine curiosity , then learned science . this vice is by caesar in his commentaries and nico flisclinus in his iulius redivivus , act. . scen. . attributed to the barbarous celtes or gaules . these men ( quoth my author ) have a very barbarous and rude custome ; for assoone as they see forreigne merchants , they compasse them round in the streetes , and enquire most nicely of the state of those forraigners from whence they come . the merchants being compelled by their importunities to answer unknown or unfitting questions , many times invent such tales as may please them best , and seeme most credible ; which they hearing , forthwith they set upon their consultations , and according to these relations dispose of their affaires ; then the which there cannot be devised a more rash and inconsiderate folly . there are no people more miserable therefore then such men , which suffer their eares to be perpetually filled with such newes ; ( which suppose they are strained upon the racke , if one day bee spent quietly and studiously . ) hence it is that such men , for the most part are perpetually subject to exorbitant passions , unquiet motions , and sudden feares ; for being filled with choller and melancholy , through the overmuch agilitie of their apprehensions , and the uncertainty of their resolutions , they continually have those galleries of reason , their heads stusted with the undigested and crude rumours , which they so much affect and hunt after . of these lucretius : some men inconstant in each city , feare the houses , lest in pieces they should teare their limbes with falling : others least the ground should gaping open and enclose thent round these panique terrors tell some that the earth will now dissolve , and have another birth , and opening her ●estie jawes , will fall into a chaos and thus ruine all . let this be therefore a caution to be observed by a travellour , not to take newes upon trust , concerning strange common-wealthes : because hardly such an inquisitor can obtain any remarkeable knowledges , and yet is most subiect to be ensnared by promoters . rather let choise and silent narrations ( although fewer in number , and perchance not seeming to every companion so plausible , be his ayme , ) such are the observations of antiquities , aedifices , libraries ; the exscriptions of the places of battels , and the changes of the governments of cities . in this path let moderation be also his guide : that if he happen to strike upon some difficult passages , he may retract his footsteps , before he be to farregone . the third observation is more generall ; to wit , that a travellour ought with his vigorous and festive carriage , to conjoine magnificence according to his ability . for a poore , and ill accoutred travellor is the most ignoble creature in the world . all men in a manner , ( such are these later times ) are esteemed from their outward comportment ; but especially travellours . to this magnificencie , let there be added a manly reservation , for some men attributing all their best gestures to a kind of easinesse or ( rather parasitisme ) and dedicacating , whatsoever they can get from others or exhaust from their owne , to vaine ostentation , doe faile in the especiall parts of splendor , same and reputation . from this precipice we must beware , least that wee yeeld to much to exteriour pompe , and little or nothing to discreet mediocrity . for when once our familiar affaires , and the opinion of our credits are subjected to wast ; it is scarse credible , how soone these buildings of our estates and fortunes decay . and therefore most wittily doth the comaedian plautus induce the young cavalerò philolaches in the first act. . scene of his com : mostellaria , comparing himselfe unto a carpenter , and his estate unto a new building which unlesse it be perpetually repaired , and often new furbished ; venit imber , lavit parietes , perpluunt tigna , putrefacit aer operam fabri : nequior jam factus est usus oedium . a tempest comes , the wals are wash'd , and all the strongest rafters soone begin to fall , corrupted with the foggie aire ; and streight the house decaying falls by its owne weight . and no wonder is this sudden mutation ( quoth lucretius : ) because . the houses in the streets doe often shake , and mov'd by ratling carres doe trembling quake . let magnificence therefore bee moderately mixed with this manly discretion : lest that wee overmuch contract the goods we have by the divine providence allotted unto us : or ( without the just care of a discreet steward ) suffer them over-nimbly and fluidly to slip from us . the fourth observation of a travellour should be the study of the best things . for many there are which seeke forraigne countries to no other end indeed , but to satisfie their sensuall pleasures . but trismegistus , apollonius , mercurius , and pythagoras , the antient quaternio of travellours and wise men , to this end only did leave the sweet ayre of their countreys , that they might returne enriched , with the generall magazine of knowledge . neither travelled these worthies that they might only behold the outward shapes , countenances , and appearances of men ; but that they might understand their manners , customes , languages , learning ; and that they might be capable of those grounds and foundations , which may prove canons and theoremes of future sciences . let therefore a travellour heare of nofamous polititian , or learned scholler , but let him endeavour ( if he may ) to bee his visitant , and rather let him study to see such a miracle of science ; then the lofty buildings of the most aspiring cities ; that he may understand from this oracle of the muses those things , which may both delight and instruct him . thus many learned judicious travellours ( even from the rising of the patron of the muses ) came to rome or padua , to visit t livius , the most exquisite builder of all prophane histories . thus as yet is cor. tacitus honoured in most moderne languages : and amongst the starres of this latter age erasmus , vives , polidorus , muretus , lipsius , gruterus , &c. were in their houses , schooles , studies , visited with no small ( i had almost said ) adoration . let also a travellour passe by no library of worth , ( but if that opportunity may permit ) without searching and observing it , committing to memory those things there which he findeth rare , and not regarding those sleight vanities , which the market or tavernes may afford . these judicious speculations also being referred to this one and onely end , that at his returne he may excell in the knowledge of the best things . to this let there be added , a constant resolution . in all businesse whatsoever we undertake the chiefe ornament and advancement is constancy : especially in those things , which take force from our resolutions . in this purpose of travel ( if we may beleve iudicious lipsius ) there is need of a twofold caution , that our intent be well founded ; and then that it be cōstant . for a mind that is mutable , gathers not the juice of erudition . because it imploieth the times of discipline to please extravagant passions . discreet frugality is an excellent remedy against these . but frugality it self is a most vain & idle name , yea often the cover of wretchednes and penury , unlesse judicious moderation may be the director of our expences . then indeed our manner of living truly shineth , & strengthened with the glory of reason , groweth famous . avoid also the distraction of businesse , which often hindereth the intents of a travellour . for a iudicious man undertaketh not his peregrination , to be pragmaticall after the manner of lawyers , but when his leasure serveth him , that he may observe by action ; because he often , which is to busy in the practique part , can hardly learne any thing , whilst he doth spend his time in superficiall follies , or needlesse businesse , and so both loseth science , and experience . then which , what is more ridiculous ? for the age of man being distinguished , and separated into proper seasons , hath unto them opposed severall faculties . and youth ( for in our childish yeares some men prohibit us to travell ) seemeth to be the middle centre of practise and theorie . let therefore time be so allotted , and distributed unto thy businesse , that thou mayst not bee inforced to neglect the due seasons of meditation . at all , and in all ages it is most convenient to meditate ; neither is there any degree in the world that may not be adorned , and advanced by learning . to this part adde the moderation of thy gesture and behaviour ; for as speech is the index of the minde : so is gesture a declaration of thy naturall inclinations . so ambrose is reported to have refused the service of two deacons in the church , being offended with the levitie of their behaviour ; besides , nothing is so mutable as gesture , or more obnoxious to censure in forraigne parts ; whose opinions , who often lightly doth contemne , is without doubt to be accounted of a dissolute inclination . the epilogue . these are the observations , and cautions , ( most d. brother ) which especially are to be observed by those , which purpose to travell into transmarine regions ; as for many other directions if they be not referred , to the forenamed canons or topique places ; i have alwayes thought them , the subjects of common use and experience . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a e- oh how true is this . oh how true ! a strange history . pur : pilg : pur. i. l. . c. ii. p. . knols tur. histo. . vit. solim : libertatem quam majores peperere dignè studeat fovere posteritas . sicl . brutus potius quam patr●i amoris vim ex animo ei●ceret ; liberos proprios seri feriri elegit . horatium coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tennit in ponte solū sine ulla spe salutis patria salus . vt cl●lia virgo , ita omnes suo casu aut confirmare patria salutem aut morari periculum debent bist t. c. h●●apo . raro antecedentem scelestum deseruit peds poena cla●do . nil habit infaelix paupertas durius in se , quam quod rediculos homines facit . bishop hall's sayings concerning travellers to prevent popish and debauch'd principles. hall, joseph, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing h estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) bishop hall's sayings concerning travellers to prevent popish and debauch'd principles. hall, joseph, - . broadside : ill. printed for william miller, london : . reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel -- religious aspects. travel -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion bishop halls sayings concerning travellers , to prevent popish and debauch'd principles . coyne and good counsell are the trav'lers eys hee does but stray abroad wants those supplies . i. solomon would never have sent his navy for apes and peacocks , but yet held gold and timber for the building of god's house , and his own , worthy of a whole three years voyage . ii. the travel of curiosity is that i quarrel at , and those inconveniences which the parents of young gentry run themselves into by the affectation of too early ripeness , that makes them prodigal of their childrens safety and hopes ; for , that they may be wise betimes , they send them forth into the world in their minority both of age and judgement , like as fond mothers use to send forth their daughters on frosting , early in cold mornings ( though into the midst of a vapourous and foggy air ) and whilst they strive for a colour lose their health . iii. whereas experience gives us , that a weak limb'd child if he be suffered to use his legs too soon , too much , lames himself for ever ; not considering that young twigs are bowed any way , or that any thing may be written upon a blank . iv. thus like careless ostriches , leave their eggs in the open sand for the sun to hatch , without the fear of any hoof that may crush them in pieces . v. know therefore that nothing is more prejudicial than speed . vi. perfection is the child of time. vii . these lap-wings that go from under the wing of their dam with their shell on their heads , run wild . viii . those blossoms which over-run the spring , and will be looking forth upon a february sun , are nipped soon after with an april frost , when they should come to the knitting . ix . the concourse of a populous city affords many brokers of villany , which live upon the spoyl of young hopes , whose very acquaintance is destruction . x. for so far hath satan's policy prevailed that those parts which are only thought worth our viewing , are most contagious with the most corrupted air of popery , not considering the danger of trusting young eyes with the view and censure of truth or falshood in religion . xi . that curtizan of rome , according to her profession setting out her self to sale in the most tempting fashion ; here wants no colours , no perfumes , no wanton dresses , rich shrines , garish altars , &c. xii . in a word , it hath been the old praise of early rising , that it makes a man healthful , holy , and rich ; whereof the first respects the body , the second the soul , the third the estate ; all these fall out contrary in an early travel . xiii . set an empty pitcher to the fire , it cracks presently , whereas the full will abide boyling . xiv . it was the younger son in the gospel , who therefore turns unthrift , because he had got his portion too soon into his hands . xv. what is young age fit to look after but butter-flies , or birds-nests ? xvi . we may as justly complain of the inconvenience of haste in marriages and professions , the one fills the world with beggery , and the other with ignorance and imperfection . xvii . but let us give our traveller maturity of age , and let him be as ripe as time can make him ; what is the best advantage his absence can promise ? lay the benefits of travel in one scale , the inconveniences in the other , whether soever outweighs , shall sway down the beam of our judgment . xviii . he that yields to run after his appetite and his eye , he shall never know where to rest , he may lay down weary , but never satisfied ; for give me the man that hath seen judas's lanthorn , the ephesian diana in the loure , the great vessel at heydelberg , the amphitheatre at nismes , the ruins and half-lettered of the seven hills , &c. xix . and what if fancy call him to the stables of the great mogol , or to the library of the mountain of the moon ? xx. and why should not the child thrive as well with the mothers milk as with a strangers ? xxi . i have known some that have travelled no farther than their one closet , which could both teach and correct the greatest traveller . xxii . a good book is at once the best companion , and guide , and way , and end of our journey . xxiii . necessity drove our fore-fatherrs out of doors , and now we may with the more ease and no less profit sit still and enjoy the labours of them and our elder brethren . xxiv . we have heard a bird in the cage sing more change of notes than others have done in the wild liberty of the wo●ds . xxv . our complete traveller must stake down for his goodly furniture of his gentry , a double danger ; of corruption of religion , and depravation of manners , both capital . xxvi . and will any man ( not desperate ) run into an infected house , to rifle for a rich suit ? xxvii . through many insensible declinations do we fall from vertue ; xxviii . and by degrees popery accounted no ill religion . xxix . how many like unto the brook cedron , run from hierusalem through the vale of jehosaphat , and end their course in the dead sea ? xxx . how many have we known struck with these asps , which have dyed sleeping ? xxxi . never any pharisee was so eager to make a proselyte , as our late factors of rome . xxxii . no man setteth foot upon their coast , which may not presently sing with the psalmist , they come about me like bees . xxxiii . oh that our god would enkindle our hearts with the fire of holy zeal , but so much as satan hath inflam'd theirs with the fire of fury and faction . xxxiv . we see the proof of their importunity at home : no bulwarks of laws , nor bars of justice ( though made of three trees ) can keep our rebanished fugitives from returning . xxxv . how have their actions said in the hearing of the world , that since heaven will not hear them , they will try what he● can do ? what state is not haunted with these ill spirits ? not a ladies chamber can be free from their shameless insinuations . xxxvi . what gentleman of any note can cross our seas , whose name is not landed in their books before-hand . in prevention of his person , whom now arrived , they labour first to temper with the plausible conversation of some smooth catholick of his own nation . xxxvii . but do you think this doctour will begin first with the infallibility of his great master , or tell him he may as easily buy off his sins as he may buy wares in the market ? xxxviii . or teach him that a man may and must both make and eate his god to his breakfast ? this hard meat is for stronger maws . xxxix . he knows how first to begin with the spoon , and to offer nothing to a weak stomach , but discourse of easie digestion , &c. xl. and that now we are but a ragg torn from their coat , &c. xli . it is impossible that any wise stranger should be in love with the face of their church , if he might see her in her own likeness ; and therefore they have cunningly maskt one part of it , and painted another ; so as those features of hers which are ugly and offensive , shall not appear to any but her own eyes . xlii . some countries yield more venomous vipers than others ; ours the worst . xliii . it is observable , that as our english papists are commonly more jesuitish ; so our english jesuits are more furious than their fellows . xliv . even those of the hottest climats cannot match them in fiery dispositions . xlv . and if this great curtizan of the world had not so cunning pandours , i should wonder how she should get any but foolish customers . xlvi . look into their churches ; there their poor ignorant laity hope to present their best services to god ; and yet alas they say they know not what , they hear they know not what , they do they know not what . xlvii . returning empty of all hearty edification , and only full of confused intentions , and are taught to think this sacrifice of fools meritorious . xlviii . what do they in all they do but lull piety asleep ? xlix . in all that belongs to god the work done sufficeth , yea meriteth . l. if they hear the beads knack upon each other , that 's enough . li. in their melancholick cells there you may perhaps find an hair-cloth , or an hurdle , but no true mortification . lii . what papist was ever heard to pray dayly in his family , or to sing but a psalm at home ? liii . who ever saw god's day duly kept in any city , village , or houshold under the jurisdiction of rome ? liv. every obscure holy-day takes the wall of it , and thrusts it into the channel . lv. thus satan like the raven first seizes upon the eye of understanding , and then preys freely upon the other carcase . lvi . we may be bad enough at home ; certainly we are the worse for such neighbours . finis . london , printed for william miller at the gilded acorn in s. paul's church-yard , near the little north door . . at which place you may be furnished with most sorts of bound or stitched books , as acts of parliament , proclamations , speeches , declarations , letters , orders , commissions , articles ; as also books of divinity , church government , sermons , and most sorts of histories , poetry , plays , and such like , &c. a proclamation for taking the oaths of masters of ships, boats, barks, and other vessels, outvvard or invvard bound into this kingdom, anent their passengers. scotland. privy council. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing s estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation for taking the oaths of masters of ships, boats, barks, and other vessels, outvvard or invvard bound into this kingdom, anent their passengers. scotland. privy council. scotland. sovereign ( - : charles ii) sheet ([ ] p.) printed by the heir of andrew anderson ..., edinburgh, : . caption title. initial letter. title vignette: royal seal with initials c r. reproduction of original in: national library of scotland. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng international travel regulations -- scotland -- early works to . passenger ships -- law and legislation -- scotland -- early works to . travel restrictions -- scotland -- early works to . broadsides -- scotland -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr royal blazon or coat of arms a proclamation for taking the oaths of masters of ships , boats , barks , and other vessels , outvvard or invvard bound into this kingdom , anent their passengers . charles by the grace of god , king of great britain , france and ireland , defender of the faith , to our lyon king at arms , and his brethren heraulds , macers of our privy council , pursevants , or messengers at arms , our sheriffs in that part , conjunctly and severally , specially constitute , greeting , forasmuch as many wicked and rebellious persons , being conscious of their own guilt , have fled from this kingdom into forreign kingdoms or countreys , where they continue to carry on their traiterous and hellish designs against our sacred person , and the government of this our realm , by corresponding and keeping of intelligence with their rebellious complices , lurking within this kingdom : therefore , and for preventing of the saids designs as much as can be , we , with advice of the lords of our privy council , do hereby require and command all masters of ships going from this kingdom , or returning to the same , to present all and every one of their passengers upon oath , to the several persons to be named by the customers in the several precincts following , viz. all masters of ships , barks , boats , or other vessels , going from , or returning to any place within the precincts of the custome-office of leith and prestoun-pans , to the collectore there for the time . all within the precinct of the custome of borrowstounness , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of kirkaldy , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of montross , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of aberdene , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of inverness , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of port-patrick , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of air , to the collectors there for the time . those of the precinct of irving , to the collectors there for the time . and those of the precinct of port-glasgow , to the collectors there , for whom the tacks-men and customers are to be answerable . declaring hereby , that whatever matter of ship , bark , boat , or vessel , shall do in the contrair , shall lose his whole goods ( the one half to the informer , and the other half to us ) his person shall be imprisoned and he declared uncapable to be a master of a ship , bark , or other vessel hereafter , and if any of the saids masters of ships , or other vessels foresaid , shall import to this kingdom , any traitors , rebels , fugitives , intercommuned , or banished persons , it is hereby declared they shall be liable therefore conform to the laws and acts of parliament , and proclamations made against ressetters of rebels ; requiring also the persons above-mentioned , authorized to take the said oath , to give an exact account of their diligence the first tuesday of every moneth to the clerks of our privy councils ; and we do hereby require and command the collectors and clerks of our several custom offices , to accept of no report inward from any master of a ship , bark , boat , or other vessel , and the keepers of the cocquet-office not to give out the same to any such master outward bound , until he receive testificat from the persons above-written , authorized as said is , within whose precinct any such ship , bark , boat , or other vessel is , that he has made faith anent his passengers as aforesaid , and that he neither hath , had , nor has any other passengers from abroad , nor outward bound , then these mentioned in his oath , as they will be answerable at their highest peril ; and further , declaring that the master and owner shall lose the ship , boat , bark , or vessel and goods , in which any person not given up as said is , shall be in-brought unto this kingdom , or transported forth thereof ; and that all magistrats of burghs of royalty or regality , and heretors , on whose ground such persons shall be landed , are to be liable and punished therefore , at our privy council shall think fit , in case they do not diligence to prevent the same , or apprehend the persons so landed : and to the effect our pleasure in the premisses may be known , to all persons concerned . our will is , and we charge you strictly , and command , that incontenent , these our letters seen , ye pass to the mercat cross of edinburgh , and the remanent mercat crosses of the head burghs of this kingdom , and other places needful , and thereat , in our name and authority , by open proclamation , make publication of the premisses , that all persons concerned may have notice thereof , and give punctual and exact obedience thereto . given under our signet at edinburgh , the fifteenth day of september , one thousand six hundred eighty and four . and of our reign , the thirtieth and sixth year . per actum dominorum secreti concilii . will. paterson , cl. sti. conslii . god save the king . edinburgh , printed by the heir of andrew anderson , printer to his most sacred majesty , anno dom. . profitable instructions describing what speciall obseruations are to be taken by trauellers in all nations, states and countries; pleasant and profitable. by the three much admired, robert, late earle of essex. sir philip sidney. and, secretary davison. essex, robert devereux, earl of, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) profitable instructions describing what speciall obseruations are to be taken by trauellers in all nations, states and countries; pleasant and profitable. by the three much admired, robert, late earle of essex. sir philip sidney. and, secretary davison. essex, robert devereux, earl of, - . sidney, philip, sir, - . aut davison, william, ?- . aut [ ], , [ ] p. printed [by john beale?] for beniamin fisher, at the signe of the talbot, without aldersgate, london : . printer's name conjectured by stc. "two excellent letters concerning travell" has separate dated title page; pagination and register are continuous. running title reads: excellent instructions for trauellers. the preface is unsigned. variant: preface signed: b.f., i.e. benjamin fisher. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion profitable instructions ; describing what speciall obseruations are to be taken by trauellers in all nations , states and countries ; pleasant and profitable . by the three much admired , robert , late earle o● essex . sir philip sidney , and , secretary davison . london : printed for beniamin fisher , at the signe of the talbot , without aldersgate . . to the reader . it hath bin lately maintained in an academicall dispute , that the best travailing is in maps and good authours : because thereby a man may take a view of the state and manners of the whole world , and neuer mix with the corruptions of it . a pleasing opinion for solitary prisoners , who may thus travell ouer the world , though confined to a dungeon . and , indeed , it is a good way to keepe a man innocent ; but withall as ignorant . our sedentary traueller may passe for a wise man , as long as hee converseth either with dead men by reading ; or by writing , with men absent . but let him once enter on the stage of publike imployment , and hee will soone find , if he can bee but sensible of contempt , that he is vnfit for action . for ability to treat with men of seueral humours , factions , and countries ; duly to comply with thē , or stand off , as occasion shall require , is not gotten onely byreading of books , but rather by studying of men . yet this euer holdstrue ; the best scholler is fittest for a traueller , as being able to make the most vseful obseruation : experience added to learning , makes a perfect man. it must , therfore , be confessed , that to fit men for negotiation , the visiting of forraine countries is most necessary : this kingdom iustly glories in many noble instruments , whose abilities haue been perfitted by that meanes . but withall it cannot bee denied , that many men while they ayme at this fitnesse make themselus vnfit for any thing ▪ some goe ouer full of good qualitie , and better hopes ; who , hauing as it were emptied themselues in other places , return laden with nothing but the vices , if not the diseases of the countries which they haue seene . and , which is most to bee pittied , they are commonly the best wits , and purest receptacles of sound knowledge , that are thus corrupted . whether it be , that they are more eagerly assaulted with vice then others ; or whether they doe more easily admit any obuiousimpression : howeuer it be ; fit it is , that all young trauellers should receine an antidot against the infectious ayre of other countries . for this purpose , diuers learned men haue prescribed rules and precepts : which haue done much good , howeuer in many things defectiue . for as hee that read a lecture to hannibal of the art of war , shewed that himself was no souldier , and therefore vnfit to teach a great commander : so he , that neuer trauelled but in his books , can hardly shew his learning , without manifestation of his want of experience . it hath therefore been much desired , that some men who had themselues bin trauellers , & had made lest vse of their trauels , would giue some vnfailing directions to others . such are here presented to thee ; & in such a volume , as they may be an helpful , though vnchargeable cōpanion of thy trauell . pitty it is that such monuments of wisedome shold haue perished for the authours sakes : men famous in their times for learning , experiēce nobility , & greatnesse of place ; but the losse would haue beene thine , which maist now reap the benefit . thy fauorable acceptance may occasion others to publish larger peeces of this kind , to the increase of their own honor , because for the good of the noble youth of this florishing kingdome . b. f. most notable and excellent instrvctions for trauellers . for your better information in the state of any prince , or country , it shall bee necessary for you to obserue , the countrey . the people . the policy and gouernment . in the country you are to consider , i. the scituation & nature therof ; as whether it be island , or continent ; neere , or far frō thesea . plaine , or hilly ; full or scarce of riuers . ii quantity , length , bredth , circuit , where also the forme . climat , iii. how it confineth with other countries ; and ▪ what these countrie are , what their strength and riches are . wherein they consist . whether friends or enemies . iiii. the fertility thereof , and what commodities it doth either , yeeld and bring forth , and what part thereof hath bin or is . consumed at home . . vented abroad want ; and how , and from whence it is supplyed . . nature . v. of what strength it is and how defended against the attempts of bordering neighbors , either by sea , where may be obserued what i ports & hauens it hath , & of what other defence vpon the coast. accesse capacity . traffik shipping . land , what mountaines , riuers , marishes , woods . art : as what cities , townes , castles , &c. it hath either within the land , or vpon the frontiers : and how they are fortified . peopled . vi. what vniuersities or places of learning it hath , and of what foundation , reuenue , profession . vii . what countries and prouinces are subiect thereunto ; and what the same containe in quantity quality . people are for number , affection the form of gouernment , and by whom administred . secondly is to be considered the people . i. theire number ; as whether they be , many , few . ii. quality : as , their trade and kind of life whereunto they giue themselues , and whereby they liue ; as whether by exercise of mechanicall arts and merchandizes . husbandry armes . their rents and reuenues . iii. kinds and degrees . natiues noble , not noble . strangers denizens . no denizēs noble . generally as their number , qualitie and degree of nobility , residance and place of aboade , religion , gifts of bodie and mind , where also their vertues , vices , studies , exercises . profession of life , ciuill , materiall , meanes wherein are their reuenues and commings in . their issuings and goings out . offices and authority they beare in the state. credit and fauour , or di●fauour with the prince , people . and vpon what cause . factions and partialities , if any be , with the grounds causes ; and proceedings thereof , particularly , as their original , antiquity , arms. names & titles of dignities alliances , off-springs , genealogies . thirdly the policy and gouernment . in the policy and gouernment falleth to be considered , . the lawes whereby it is gouerned . persons that gouerne . in the lawes you haue to note , i. their kindes ; as , ciuill . canon or municipal . ii. their conformity with the nature of the people . the persons that gouerne are the magistrates , soueraigne . subalternall . the soueraigne is either one , as a monarch . more , as optimates or magmagnates . popular . in the former may be comprehended i. the meanes whereby hee attaineth the same , whether by soueraignty , as , succession . election . vsurpation . ii. how he doth carry him selfe in administration therof , where may be obserued , his court. his wisdome . his inclination to peace . . warre . how hee is beloued or feared of his people . neighbours . his designements , enterprizes , &c. his disposition , studies , and exercises of . body . . mind . his fauourites . the confidence or distrust he hath in his people . in the things that concerne his estate fal chiefly to be confidered , i his reuenues , ordinary , extraordinary , abroad and at home . in his friends and consederacies you are to consider how and vpon what respects they are leagued with him ; what help , succour , and commodity he , hath had , or expecteth from them , and vpon what ground . his power and strength for offence and defence are to be measured by the strength of his country . number and quality of his forces , for nature . art. commanders . souldiers . horse . foot. magazin & prouisions for his wars , either by sea. land. warres he hath made in times past are to bee considered the time , cause , precedency , successe . the subalterne magistrate is either , ecclesiasticall , ciuill . vnder the titles of the ecclesiasticall magistrate , you may note , the religion publikely profest , the forme and gouernment of the church . the persons imployed therein , as , archbishops . bishops . deanes , with the abbots number . degree . offices . authority . qualities . reuenues . the ciuill magistrates subalternall , are those which vnder the soueraigne haue administration of the state ▪ iustice. among the magistrates that haue the managing of the state follow chiefly to be considered , i. the counsell of estate , ordinary , attending on the princes person . as the great counsell . priuy counsell . cabinet counsell . extraordinary , as the estates of parliament . their number . their quality ; as , place and authoritie in counsell . their wisdome . fidelity . credit and fauour , with prince . people . ii. what counsels of finances warres prouincials he hath , & by whō administred . iii. lieutenants and depuputies of prouinces , imployed either at home . abroad . iiii. officers , &c. admiralty . ordinance . v. ambassadours , publike ministers , and intelligemors , imployed with princes . common-wealths . in the administration of iustice , you haue to consider , i. the order and forme obserued in causes ciuill . criminall . ii. the persons of the presidents . confederates . aduocates . besides these three , occure many other things to bee obserued ; as the mint , valuation of coines , exchanges , with infinite other particularities , which for breuities sake iomit ; and which your selfe by diligent reading , obseruation , and conference may easily supply . two excellent letters concerning travell : one written by the late earle of essex , the other by sir philip sidney . london ; printed for beniamin fisher , at the signe of the talbot , without aldersgate . . the late e. of e. his aduice to the e. of r. in his trauels . my lord , i hold it for a principle in the course of intelligence of state , not to discourage men of meane capacity from writing vnto mee ; though i had at that same time very able aduertisements : for either they sent mee matter which the other omitted , or made it clearer by describing the circumstances , or , if added nothing , yet they confirmed that which comming single i might haue doubted . this rule i haue , therefore , prescribed to others , and now giue it to my selfe . your lordship hath many friēds who haue more leisure to thinke , and more sufficiencie to counsel than my selfe ; yet doth my loue direct these few lines to the study of you . if you find out nothing but that which you haue from others ; yet , perhaps , by the opinion of others , i confirme the opinion of wiser than my selfe your lordships purpose is to trauell ; and your study must bee what vse to make thereof . the question is ordinary , and there is to it an ordinary answer ; that is , your lordship shall see the beauty of many cities , know the manners of the people of many countries , and learne the language of many nations . some of these may serue for ornaments , al of them for delight : but your lordship must looke further than these things ; for the greatest ornament is the beauty of the minde , and when you haue as great delight as the world can afford you , you will confesse that the greatest delight is sentire teindies fieri meliorum . therfore your lordships end and scope should be , that which is morall philosophy , we call cultum animi , the gifts and excellencies of the mind . and they are the same as those are of the body , beauty , health , & strength . the beauty of the minde is shewed in gratefull and acceptable forms and sweetnesse of behauiour ; and they that haue that gift , cause those to whom they deny any thing , to goe better contented away , than men of contrary disposition doe those to whom they grant . health of mind consisteth in an vnmoueable constancy and freedome from passions , which are indeed the sicknesse of the mind ; strength of mind is that actiue power which maketh vs perform good and great things , as well as health , and euen temper of mind keepeth vs from euil and base things . first , these three are to bee sought for , although the greatest part of men haue none of them . some haue one and lacke the other two ; some few attaine to haue two of them , and lacke the third ; and almost none of them haue all . the first way to attaine to experience of formes or behauiour , is to make the minde it selfe expert ; for behauiour is but a garment , and it is easie to make a comely garment for a body that is well proportioned ; whereas a deformed body can neuer bee helped by taylors art , but the counterfetting will appeare . and in the forme of the minde it is a true rule , that a man may mend his faults with as little labor as couer them . the second way is by imitation ; and to that end , good choyce is to be made with whom we conuerse . therefore your lordship should affect their companie whom you finde to be worthiest , and not partially thinke them most worthy whom you affect . to attaine to the health of the minde , we must vse the same meanes which wee doe for the health of our bodies ; that is , to make obseruāce what diseases we are aptest to fal into , and to prouide against them : for physicke hath not more remedy against the difease of the body , than reason hath preseruatiues against the passions of the mind . to set downe meanes how a man may attaine to the actiue power mentioned in this place , ( i meane strength of mind , ) is much harder then to giue rules in the other two : for behauiour and good forme may be gotten by education ; and health , and euen temper of the minde , by good obseruation ; but if there bee not in nature some partner in this actiue strēgth , it can neuer be attained by any industry ; for the vertues that are proper vnto it , are liberality , magnanimity , fortitude & magnificence : and some are by nature so couetous , and cowardly , as it is as much in vaine to inflame or inlarge their minds , as to goe about to plough the rockes . but where these actiue vertues are but budding , they must bee repaired by ripenesse of iudgement , and custome of wel-doing . clearnesse of iudgement makes men liberall , for it teacheth them to esteeme of the goods of fortune , not for themselues ( for so they are but iaylors to them ) but for their vse , for so they are lords ouer them . and it maketh vs know , that it is beatius dare , quam accipere ; the one being abadge of soueraignty , the other of subiection . also it leadeth vs to fortitude ; for it teacheth , that wee should not too much prize life , which we cannot keepe ; nor feare death , which wee cannot shunne ; that as he which dieth nobly , doth liue for euer ; so hee that doth liue in feare , doth die continually . i shall not need to proue these two things ; for we see by experience , they hold true in all things which i haue hitherto set downe . what i desire or wish , i would haue your lordship to take in minde , what it is to make your selfe an expert man , and what are the generall helps which all men must vse which haue the same desire . i will now moue your lordship to consider what helps your trauell will gaine you . first , when you see infinite variety of behauior and manners of men , you must choose and imitate the best ; when you see new delights that you neuer knew , and haue passions stirred in you which you neuer felt , you shall know what disease your minde is aptest to fall into , and what the things are that bred that disease : when you come into armies , or places where you shall see any thing of the wars , you shall conforme your natural courage to be fit for true fortitude ; which is not giuen vnto man by nature , but must grow out of the discourse of reason : and lastly , in your trauell you shall haue great help to attaine to knowledge , which is not onely the excellentest thing in man , but the very excellency of man. in manners , your lordship must not be caught with nouelties , which are pleasing to young men ; nor infected with custome , which maketh vs keepe our owne all graces , and participate of those wee see euery day ; nor giuen to affectation , which is a generall fault amongst english trauellers ; which is both displeasing & ridiculous . in discouering your passions , and meeting with them , giue no way , or dispense with your selfe , resoluing to conquer your selfe in all ; for the streame that may be stop'd with a mans hand at the spring-head , may drowne whole armies when it hath run long . in your being in warres , thinke it better at the first to doe a great deale too much than any thing too little ; for a young man , especially a strangers first actions are looked vpon , and reputation once gotten , is easily kept ; but an euill impression conceiued at the first , is not easily remoued . the last thing i am to speake , is but the first you are to seeke ; it is knowledge . to praise knowledge , or to perswade your lordship to seeke it , i shall not need to vse many words ; i will onely say , where it is wanting , that man is voyd of any good . without it there can be no fortitude , for all dangers come of fury , and fury is passion , and passions euer turne to the contraries ; and therfore the most furious men , when their first blast is spent , be commonly the most fearfull . without it , there can be no liberalitie ; for giuing is but want of audacitie to deny , or else discretion to poyse . without it , there can be no iustice ; for giuing to a man that which is his owne , is but chance , or want of a corrupter or seducer . without it there can be no constancy or patience ; for suffering is but dulnesse or senselesnesse . without it there can be no temperāce ; for we shall restraine our selues from good as well as from euill . for hee that cannot discerne , cannot elect or choose . nay , without it , there can bee no true religion ; all other devotion being but a blinde zeale , which is as strong in heresie as in truth . to reckon vp all the parts of knowledge , and to shew the way to attaine to euery part , is a worke too great for mee to vndertake at any time , and too long to discourse at this time ; therefore i will onely speake of such a knowledge as your lordship shold haue desire to seeke , and shall haue meanes to compasse : i forbeare also to speake of diuine knowledge , which must direct our faith ; both because i find my owne insufficiency , and because i hope your lordship doth nourish the seeds of religion , which during your education at cambridge were sown in you : i will onely say this ; that as the irresolute man can neuer performe any action well ; so hee that is not resolued in religion , can bee resolued in nothing else . but that ciuill knowledge which will make you doe wel by your selfe , and good vnto others , must bee sought by study , by conference , and obseruation . in the course of your study , & choice of your booke , you must looke to haue the grounds of learning , which are the liberal arts ; and then vse study of delight but sometimes for recreation , and neither drowne your selfe in them , nor omit those studies whereof you are to haue continual vse . aboue all other bookes , bee conuersant in histories , for they will best instruct you in matters morall , politike , and military , by which , and in which you must settle your iudgment . i make conference the second helpe to knowledge in order , though i finde it the first and greatest in profiting ; and i haue so placed them , because hee that is not studied , knoweth not what to doubt , nor what to aske . to profit much by conference , you must chuse to conferre with expert men ; for men will be of contrary opinions , and euery one will make his owne probable . in conference bee neither suspitious , nor beleeuing all you know , what opinion soeuer you haue of the man that deliuereth it , nor too desirous to contradict . i doe conclude this point of conference with this aduice , that your lordship should rather go an hundred miles to speake with one wise man , than fiue miles to see a fair towne . the third way to attaine to knowledge is obseruation , and not long life , nor seeing much ; because as he that rides a way often , and takes no care of notes or marks to direct him if hee come the same way againe to make him know where hee is if he come vnto it , he shall neuer proue good guide ; so hee that liueth long , and seeth much , and obserueth nothing , shall neuer proue any wise man. the vse of obseruation is in noting the coherence of causes , effects , counsels , and succcesses , with the proportion and likenesse betweene nature and nature , fortune and fortune , action and action , state and state , time past and time present . your lordship now seeth , that the end of study , conference , and obseruation is knowledge ; you must know also that the true end of knowledge is clearenesse and strength of iudgement , and not ostentation , or ability to discourse ; which i doe the rather put your lordship in mind of , because the most part of noblemen and gentlemen of our time haue no other vse nor end of their learning but their table-talke . but god knoweth they haue gotten little that haue onely this discoursing gift ; for though like empty vessels they sound loud when a man knockes vpon their out sides ; yet if you peere into them , you shall finde that they are full of nothing but winde . this rule holdeth not onely in knowledge , or in the vertue of knowledge , or in the vertue of prudence , but in all other vertues . i will here breake off , for i finde that i have both exceeded the cōuenient length of a letter , and come short of such discourse as this subiect doth deserue . your lordship , perhaps , may finde many things in this paper superfluous ; and most of them , lame . i will , as well as i can , supply that defect vpon the second aduertisement , if you call mee to an account . what confusion soeuer you finde in my order or method , is not onely my fault ( whose wits are confounded with too much businesse ) but the fault of this season , being written in christmas , which confusion and disorder hath by tradition not only beene winked at , but warranted . if there bee but any one thing which your lordship may make vse of , i thinke my pains wel bestowed in all . and how weake soeuer my counsels bee , my wishes shall be as strong as any mans for your lordships happines . your lordships affectionate cousen , e. greenwich , ianu. . . postscript . if any curious scholler happening to see this discourse shall quarrell with my diuision of the gifts of the minde , because he findeth it not perhaps in his booke , and faith that health and euen temper of mind is a kind of strength , and so i haue erred against the rule , that membra diuidenda non debent confundi ; i answer him , the qualities of health and strength , as i haue set them downe , are not only vnlike , but meer contraries , for the one bindeth the mind & restraineth it , the other raiseth and inlargeth it . a letter to the same purpose . my good brother ; you haue thought vnkindnesse in me , that i haue not written oftner vnto you , and haue desired i should write vnto you something of my opinion touching your trauell ; you being perswaded my experience therin to be somthing , which i must needs confesse ; but not as you take it . for you thinke my experience growes from the good things which i haue learned : but i know the only experience which i haue gotten , is , to find how much i might haue learned , & how much indeed i haue missed , for want of directing my course to the right end , and by the right meanes . i thinke you haue read aristotles ethiques ; if you haue , you know it is the beginning & foundation of all his worke , the end to which euery man doth and ought to bend his greatest and smallest actions , i am sure you haue imprinted in your mind the scope and marke you meane , by your paines , to shoot at . for if you should trauell but to trauell , or to say you had trauelled , certainely you should proue a pilgrim , no more . but i presume so well of you ( that though a great number of vs never thought in our selves why we went , but a certain tickling humour to doe as other men had done , ) you prupose , being a gentleman borne , to furnish your selfe with the knowledge of such things as may bee serviceable for your country & calling . which certainly stands not in the change of ayre , ( for the warmest sunne makes not a wise mā ) no , nor in learning languages ( although they be of serviceable vse ) for words are but words in what language soever they be ; and much lesse in that all of vs come home full of disguisements not onely of apparel , but of our counte nances , as though the credit of a traueller stood all vpon his outside : but in the right informing your minde with those things which are most notable in those places which you come vnto . of which as the one kinde is so vaine , as i thinke , ere it bee long , like the mountebanks in italy , wee travellers shall bee made sport of in comedies ; so may i instly say , who rightly trauels with the eye of vlysses , doth take one of the most excellent ways of worldly wisdome . for hard sure it is to know england , without you know it by comparing it with some other countrey ; no more than a man can know the swiftnesse of his horse without seeing him well matched . for you that are a logician know , that as greatnesse of it selfe is a quantity , so yet the iudgement of it , as of mighty riches & all other strengths stands in the predicament of relation : so that you cannot tell what the queene of england is able to do defensively or offensively , but by through knowing what they are able to doe with whom shee is to bee matched . this therefore is one notable vse of travellers ; which stands in the mixed & correlatiue knowledge of things , in which kinde comes in the knowledge of all legues betwixt prince and prince ; the topographicall description of each country , how the one lyes by scituation to hurt or helpe the other , how they are to sea , well harbored or not , how stored with shippes , how with reuenue , how with fortification & garrisons , how the people , warlike trained or kept vnder , with many other such warlike considerations ; which as they confusedly come into my mind , so i , for want of leisure , hastily set them downe : but these things , as i haue said , are of the first kinde which stands in the ballancing one thing with the other . the other kinde of knowledge is of thē which stand in the things which are in themselus either simply good or simply evill , and so serve for a right instruction , or a shunning example . of these homer meant in this verse , qui multos hominum mores cognouit et vrbes . for he doth not meane by mores , how to looke , or put off ones cap with a new found grace , although true behavior is not to be despised : marry my heresie is , that the english behaviour is best in england , and the italians in italie . but mores hee takes for that from whence morall philosophy is so called ; the certainnesse of true discerning of mens mindes both in vertue , passion , and vices . and when he saith , cognouit vrbes , hee meanes not ( if i be not deceiued ) to have seene townes , and marke their buildings ; for surely houses are but houses in every place , they doe but differ secundum magis et minus ; but hee intends to their religion , policies , ●awes , bringing vp of children , discipline both for warre and peace , and such like . these i take to be of the second kind which are euer worthy to be knowne for their owne sakes . as surely in the great turke , though wee have nothing to doe with them , yet his discipline in warre matters is , propter se , worthy to be learned . nay , even in the kingdome of china , which is almost as far as the antippodes from vs , their good lawes and customes are to be learned : but to know their riches and power is of little purpose for vs ; since that can neither advance vs , nor hinder vs. but in our neighbour countries , both these things are to be marked , as well the latter , which containe things for themselues as the former which seeke to know both those , and how their riches and power may be to vs auaileable , or otherwise . the countries fittest for both these , are those you are going into . france above all other most needfull for vs to marke , especially in the former kind . next is spaine & the low-countries , then germany ; which in my opinion excels all others as much in the latter consideration , as the other doth in former , yet neither are voyd of neither ▪ for as germany me ●●inks doth excell in good lawes and well administring of iustice ; so are wee likewise to consider in it the many princes with whom we may have league ; the places of frade , and meanes to draw both souldiers and furniture there in time of need . so on the other side , as in france and spaine we are principally to marke how they stand towards vs both in power and inclination ; so are they , not without good and fitting vse , even in the generality of wisdome to bee knowne ; as in france the courts of parliament , their subulter iurisdiction , and the it continual keeping of payed souldiers : in spaine , their good & grave proceedings , their keeping so many prouinces vnder them , and by what manner ; with the true points of honor . wherein since they haue the most open conceit wherein they seeme ouer curious , it is an easie matter to cut off when a man sees the bottom flanders likewise , besides the neighbour-hood with vs , and the annexed considerations therunto , hath diuers things to be learn'd , especially their gouerning their merchants & other trades . also for italy , wee know not what wee haue , or can haue to doe with them , but to buy their silkes and wines : and as for the other point , except venice , whose good lawes and customes wee can hardly proportion to our selues , because they are quite of a contrary gouernment ; there is little there but tyrannous oppression , and seruil yeelding to them that haue little or no right ouer them . and for the men you shall haue there , although indeed some be excellently learned , yet are they all giuen to counterfeit learning : as a man shall learne among them more false grounds of things then in any place else i know . for from a tapster vpwards , they are all discoursers in certain matters and qualities ; as horsmanship , weapons , wayting ; and such are better there then in other countries : but for other matters , as well ( if not better ) you shall haue them in nearer places . now resteth in my memory but this point , which indeed is the chiefe to you of all others ; which is , the chiefe of what men you are to direct your selfe to , for it is certaine no vessell can leave a worse taste in the liquor it contains than a wrong teacher infects an vnskilfull hearer with that which hardly will euer out : i will not tel you some absurdities i haue heard some trauellers tell ; taste him well before you drinke much of his doctrine and when you haue heard it , try well what you haue heard before you hold it for a principall ; for one error is the mother of a thousand . but you may say , how shall i get excellent men to take paines to speake with me ? truly in few words ; either much expence or much humblenesse . finis . a proclamation discharging all persons in the southern and western shires, to travel from one jurisdiction to another without a pass. scotland. privy council. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing s estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation discharging all persons in the southern and western shires, to travel from one jurisdiction to another without a pass. scotland. privy council. scotland. sovereign ( - : charles ii) sheet ([ ] p.) printed by the heir of andrew anderson, printer to his most sacred majesty, edinburgh : anno dom. . caption title. royal arms at head of text; initial letter. dated at end: given under our signet at edinburgh, the sixteenth day of september, one thousand six hundred and eighty four, and of our reign, the thirtieth and six year. signed: will. paterson, cl. sti. concilij. imperfect: stained with slight loss of text. reproduction of the original in the national library of scotland. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng travel restrictions -- scotland -- early works to . freedom of movement -- scotland -- early works to . broadsides -- scotland -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a proclamation discharging all persons in the southern and western shires , to travel from one jurisdiction to another without a pass . charles , by the grace of god , king of great-britain , france and ireland , defender of the faith , to our lyon king at arms , and his brethren heraulds , macers of our privy council , pursevants , or messengers at arms , our sheriffs in that part , conjunctly and severally , specially constitute , greeting : forasmuch as we having thought fit to commissionat some of our privy council , to go to the southern and vvestern shires of this kingdom , for supp 〈…〉 and punishing disorders there , and we being-resolved to prevent the traveling 〈…〉 king and vagrant persons , and others disaffected to our government , in the saids shires , during the abode of our commissioners there , for carrying of false news , and other wicked purposes . do therefore , with advice of the lords of our privy council , hereby strictly prohibite and discharge all our subjects , of what quality soever , to go out of one jurisdiction to another , in the said southern and western shires , without a pass from one of our privy counsellors , our saids commissioners , or the sheriffs , bailiffs , magistrats of burghs , commissioners of excise , or justices of peace of the jurisdiction from whence they came , or any one of them , under the pain of being punished as persons disaffected to our government . and vve hereby require the several magistrats foresaids , to apprehend and secure any person coming within their respective jurisdictions without having a pass , as said is , until the return of our saids commissioners , as they will be answerable . our will is herefore , and vve charge you strictly and command , that incontinent , these our letters seen , you pass to the mercat cross of edinburgh and remanent mercat crosses of the head burghs of the vvestern and southern shires of this kingdom , and other places needful , and there , by open proclamation , make publication of the premisses , that all persons concerned may have notice thereof , and give obedience thereto , as they will be answerable . given under our signet at edinburgh , the sixteenth day of september , one thousand six hundred and eighty four , and of our reign , the thirtieth and six year . per actum dominorum secreti concilij . will. paterson , cl. sti. concilij . god save the king . edinburgh , printed by the heir of andrew anderson , printer to his most sacred majesty , anno dom. .