A discourse and view of Virginia
         Berkeley, William, Sir, 1608-1677.
      
       
         
           1663
        
      
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             A discourse and view of Virginia
             Berkeley, William, Sir, 1608-1677.
          
           12 p.
           
             s.n.,
             [S.l. :
             1663?]
          
           
             Caption title.
             Attributed to Berkeley by Wing.
             Reproduction of original in the Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.
           Great Britain -- Colonies -- America.
        
      
    
     
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           A
           DISCOURSE
           And
           View
           of
           VIRGINIA
           .
        
         
           BEfore
           I
           enter
           into
           the
           consideration
           of
           the
           advantages
           this
           Kingdom
           of
           
             England
          
           has
           by
           the
           Plantation
           in
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           I
           think
           it
           necessary
           to
           make
           a
           short
           description
           of
           the
           Scituation
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           
             Climate
             ;
          
           and
           then
           tell
           what
           natural
           helps
           it
           has
           to
           make
           it
           a
           glorious
           and
           flourishing
           Country
           :
           And
           when
           this
           Discourse
           shall
           produce
           a
           concession
           of
           the
           natural
           advantages
           it
           has
           above
           all
           other
           His
           Majesties
           Plantations
           ,
           I
           shall
           lay
           down
           the
           Causes
           ,
           both
           intrinsick
           and
           accidental
           ,
           why
           it
           has
           not
           in
           all
           this
           supposed
           long
           tract
           of
           time
           produced
           those
           rich
           and
           staple
           Commodities
           ,
           which
           I
           shall
           in
           this
           Discourse
           affirm
           it
           is
           capable
           of
           .
        
         
           And
           ,
           First
           ,
           for
           the
           
             Climate
             .
          
           It
           lyeth
           within
           the
           Degrees
           of
           37.
           and
           42.
           
           (
           
             Mariland
          
           included
           )
           which
           by
           all
           is
           confess'd
           to
           be
           a
           scituation
           capable
           of
           the
           diversities
           of
           all
           Northern
           and
           Southern
           commodities
           ,
           some
           Drugs
           and
           Spices
           excepted
           ,
           which
           
             Florida
             ,
          
           on
           whose
           borders
           we
           are
           newly
           seated
           ,
           may
           also
           probably
           produce
           .
        
         
           Into
           the
           Bay
           of
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           formerly
           called
           
             Chesapeack
          
           Bay
           ,
           runs
           six
           eminent
           Rivers
           ,
           none
           twenty
           miles
           distant
           from
           another
           ;
           three
           of
           which
           exceed
           the
           
             Thames
             ,
          
           both
           in
           extent
           and
           
           progression
           of
           the
           Tides
           ;
           these
           cause
           and
           continue
           the
           admir'd
           fertility
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           greatness
           and
           contiguity
           temper
           those
           heats
           ,
           which
           the
           dryer
           places
           of
           
             Africa
          
           are
           subject
           to
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           degrees
           of
           latitude
           .
        
         
           Up
           these
           Rivers
           Ships
           of
           three
           hundred
           tuns
           fail
           near
           two
           hundred
           miles
           ,
           and
           anchor
           in
           the
           fresh
           waters
           ;
           and
           by
           this
           means
           are
           not
           troubled
           with
           those
           Worms
           which
           endamage
           ships
           ,
           both
           in
           the
           Western
           Islands
           of
           
             America
             ,
          
           and
           in
           the
           
             Mediterraneansea
             .
          
           And
           to
           avoid
           a
           larger
           discourse
           of
           it
           ,
           I
           will
           here
           note
           it
           ,
           that
           our
           ships
           once
           past
           the
           Lands
           end
           ,
           are
           in
           no
           danger
           of
           Pirats
           ,
           Rocks
           or
           Lee-shores
           ,
           till
           they
           come
           to
           their
           Port
           ,
           and
           fewer
           ships
           miscarry
           going
           to
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           then
           to
           any
           Port
           at
           that
           distance
           in
           the
           world
           .
        
         
           Now
           for
           those
           things
           which
           are
           naturally
           in
           it
           ,
           they
           are
           these
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           Lead
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Tar
           ,
           Masts
           ,
           Timber
           for
           Ships
           of
           the
           greatest
           magnitude
           ,
           and
           Wood
           for
           Pot-ashes
           .
        
         
           Those
           other
           Commodities
           ,
           which
           are
           produced
           by
           industry
           ,
           are
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           ,
           Silk
           ,
           Wheat
           ,
           Barley
           ,
           Oats
           ,
           Rice
           ,
           Cotton
           ,
           all
           sorts
           of
           Pulse
           and
           Fruits
           ,
           the
           last
           of
           which
           in
           that
           perfection
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           taste
           were
           the
           onely
           judge
           ,
           we
           would
           not
           think
           they
           were
           of
           the
           same
           
             species
          
           with
           those
           from
           which
           they
           are
           derived
           to
           us
           from
           
             England
             .
          
           The
           vicious
           ruinous
           plant
           of
           Tobacco
           I
           would
           not
           name
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           brings
           more
           money
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           then
           all
           the
           Islands
           in
           
             America
          
           besides
           .
        
         
           Now
           this
           is
           ascertained
           and
           confessed
           ,
           that
           such
           staple
           commodities
           ,
           as
           Iron
           ,
           Silk
           ,
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           ,
           and
           Pot-ashes
           ,
           may
           be
           easily
           raised
           in
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           an
           high
           imputation
           will
           lye
           upon
           us
           ,
           why
           we
           have
           not
           all
           this
           time
           endeavoured
           to
           evidence
           the
           truth
           and
           certainty
           of
           it
           ,
           to
           our
           own
           and
           the
           publick
           advantage
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           will
           answer
           ,
           that
           the
           long
           time
           of
           seating
           of
           
             Virginia
          
           is
           a
           general
           and
           popular
           error
           :
           For
           though
           the
           first
           ships
           arrived
           in
           
             Virginia
          
           in
           1606.
           yet
           by
           reason
           of
           many
           almost
           insuparable
           difficulties
           ,
           the
           increase
           of
           the
           number
           of
           Planters
           was
           hardly
           perceptible
           :
           For
           ,
           first
           ,
           that
           ,
           as
           all
           unclear'd
           Plantations
           ,
           was
           unwholsom
           ;
           then
           all
           they
           eat
           came
           from
           
             England
             ,
          
           and
           provided
           for
           those
           they
           never
           saw
           nor
           cared
           for
           ,
           
           was
           not
           likely
           to
           be
           very
           good
           .
           Then
           the
           
             Indians
          
           quickly
           grew
           jealous
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           forced
           them
           to
           fight
           for
           every
           foot
           of
           ground
           they
           held
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           year
           1622.
           in
           one
           night
           murdered
           all
           but
           four
           or
           five
           hundred
           .
           So
           that
           from
           that
           time
           we
           must
           begin
           the
           account
           of
           the
           Plantation
           :
           nor
           is
           this
           all
           ,
           for
           many
           years
           after
           this
           ,
           the
           danger
           and
           scarcity
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           was
           so
           famed
           thorough
           
             England
             ,
          
           that
           none
           but
           such
           as
           were
           forced
           could
           be
           induced
           to
           plant
           or
           defend
           the
           place
           ;
           and
           of
           those
           that
           came
           ,
           there
           was
           not
           one
           woman
           to
           thirty
           men
           ,
           and
           
             populus
             virorum
          
           is
           of
           no
           long
           duration
           any
           where
           .
           But
           since
           the
           year
           1630.
           the
           place
           began
           to
           be
           of
           more
           plenty
           and
           security
           ,
           for
           the
           
             Indians
             ,
          
           though
           not
           subdued
           ,
           were
           terrified
           to
           a
           suspension
           of
           arms
           ,
           the
           Planters
           then
           first
           began
           to
           fence
           their
           grounds
           and
           plant
           Corn
           ;
           the
           few
           Cattel
           they
           had
           ,
           increased
           to
           such
           numbers
           ,
           that
           thay
           were
           able
           to
           help
           their
           neighbour
           Plantations
           .
           And
           now
           I
           believe
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           no
           Plantation
           of
           the
           
             English
          
           would
           more
           abound
           in
           Cattel
           ,
           Hogs
           ,
           and
           all
           sorts
           of
           Fruit
           ,
           than
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           if
           they
           had
           but
           a
           mean
           price
           to
           quicken
           their
           industry
           ,
           and
           make
           their
           providence
           vigilant
           .
        
         
           An
           other
           great
           imputation
           lyes
           on
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           that
           none
           but
           those
           of
           the
           meanest
           quality
           and
           corruptest
           lives
           go
           thither
           .
           This
           to
           our
           Maligners
           we
           would
           easily
           grant
           ,
           if
           they
           would
           consent
           to
           the
           
             omen
          
           of
           it
           ;
           for
           was
           not
           
             Rome
          
           thus
           begun
           and
           composed
           ?
           and
           the
           greatest
           honour
           that
           was
           given
           to
           
             Romulus
          
           and
           his
           City
           was
           this
           ,
           that
           his
           severity
           and
           discipline
           in
           his
           time
           ,
           made
           them
           formidable
           to
           their
           neighbours
           ,
           and
           his
           posterity
           masters
           of
           the
           world
           .
           But
           this
           is
           not
           all
           truth
           ,
           for
           men
           of
           as
           good
           Families
           as
           any
           Subjects
           in
           
             England
          
           have
           resided
           there
           ,
           as
           the
           
             Percys
             ,
          
           the
           
             Barkleys
             ,
          
           the
           
             Wests
             ,
          
           the
           
             Gages
             ,
          
           the
           
             Throgmortons
             ,
             Wyats
             ,
             Degges
             ,
             Chickeleys
             ,
             Moldsworths
             ,
             Morrisons
             ,
             Kemps
             ,
          
           and
           hundred
           others
           ,
           which
           I
           forhear
           to
           name
           ,
           lest
           I
           should
           misherald
           them
           in
           the
           Catalogue
           .
           But
           grant
           it
           were
           thus
           ,
           is
           this
           any
           imputation
           to
           the
           place
           ,
           that
           those
           that
           come
           from
           hence
           with
           those
           ungoverned
           manners
           and
           affections
           ,
           change
           them
           there
           for
           sober
           and
           thrifty
           passions
           and
           desires
           ,
           which
           is
           evident
           in
           most
           that
           are
           there
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           will
           either
           experimentally
           or
           morally
           weigh
           
           the
           nature
           and
           conditions
           of
           men
           ,
           shall
           find
           ,
           that
           naturally
           this
           change
           will
           follow
           the
           alteration
           of
           our
           conditions
           :
           For
           who
           experimentally
           in
           
             England
          
           are
           more
           prodigal
           and
           riotous
           then
           the
           younger
           brothers
           of
           it
           ,
           who
           have
           least
           Fond
           to
           maintain
           and
           continue
           either
           of
           them
           ?
           who
           lesse
           careful
           of
           their
           Estates
           then
           those
           ,
           whose
           early
           negligence
           hath
           engaged
           them
           to
           the
           Usurer
           ?
           and
           the
           natural
           reason
           is
           evident
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           hope
           and
           a
           proposed
           end
           that
           quickens
           our
           industry
           ,
           and
           bridles
           our
           intemperance
           ;
           but
           when
           
             Cui
             bono
          
           shall
           be
           objected
           ,
           wretchlesnesse
           and
           a
           desire
           of
           present
           pleasures
           will
           invade
           us
           :
           But
           this
           is
           not
           so
           in
           our
           Plantations
           ;
           for
           we
           find
           there
           that
           if
           we
           will
           be
           provident
           and
           industrious
           for
           a
           year
           or
           two
           ,
           we
           may
           provide
           for
           our
           Posterity
           for
           many
           Ages
           ;
           the
           manifest
           knowledge
           of
           this
           makes
           men
           industrious
           and
           vigilant
           with
           us
           ,
           who
           here
           having
           no
           Vineyards
           to
           dresse
           ,
           stood
           idle
           in
           the
           Market-place
           till
           the
           eleventh
           hour
           .
        
         
           But
           we
           will
           confesse
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           with
           us
           a
           great
           scarcity
           of
           good
           men
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           of
           able
           Workmen
           ,
           at
           whose
           doors
           ought
           this
           defect
           to
           lie
           ?
           not
           at
           ours
           ,
           who
           would
           procure
           them
           could
           they
           be
           perswaded
           at
           high
           prices
           ;
           but
           indeed
           our
           liberty
           to
           do
           good
           onely
           to
           our selves
           ,
           is
           the
           main
           obstacle
           of
           our
           progress
           to
           staple
           commodities
           in
           our
           Plantations
           ,
           for
           onely
           such
           servants
           as
           have
           been
           brought
           up
           to
           no
           Art
           or
           Trade
           ,
           hunger
           and
           fear
           of
           prisons
           bring
           to
           us
           ,
           which
           we
           must
           entertain
           or
           have
           none
           :
           And
           I
           think
           th●t
           Lawyer
           had
           reason
           ,
           who
           being
           chid
           by
           the
           Judge
           for
           often
           bringing
           scandalous
           causes
           before
           him
           ;
           told
           him
           ,
           they
           were
           the
           best
           he
           could
           get
           to
           be
           brought
           to
           him
           .
        
         
           Had
           the
           
             Dutch
             Virginia
             ,
          
           they
           would
           make
           it
           the
           Fortresse
           ,
           Mart
           and
           Magazin
           of
           all
           the
           
             West
             Indies
             ,
          
           for
           (
           as
           I
           at
           first
           intimated
           )
           the
           Rivers
           will
           securely
           harbour
           twenty
           thousand
           Ships
           at
           once
           ;
           the
           Country
           produceth
           all
           things
           necessary
           for
           those
           Ships
           and
           the
           men
           that
           sayle
           in
           them
           ,
           nothing
           wanting
           for
           the
           supplies
           of
           war
           or
           peace
           ,
           but
           it
           was
           ever
           our
           misery
           not
           to
           take
           our
           aims
           the
           distance
           of
           an
           Age.
           
        
         
           But
           half
           that
           time
           to
           the
           making
           us
           ,
           and
           enriching
           this
           Kingdom
           by
           our
           labours
           ,
           will
           not
           be
           required
           ;
           for
           I
           can
           with
           assurance
           affirme
           ,
           that
           if
           we
           have
           from
           hence
           resolute
           
           instructions
           and
           indulgent
           encouragements
           ,
           within
           seven
           years
           we
           shall
           not
           need
           the
           Northerne
           nor
           Southerne
           East
           Countries
           ,
           to
           supply
           us
           with
           Silk
           ,
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Tar
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           Masts
           ,
           Timber
           ,
           and
           Pot-ashes
           ;
           for
           all
           of
           these
           ,
           but
           Iron
           ,
           we
           want
           only
           skilful
           men
           to
           teach
           us
           to
           produce
           them
           the
           cheapest
           and
           readiest
           way
           ;
           but
           the
           making
           of
           Iron
           will
           require
           abler
           purses
           then
           we
           are
           yet
           masters
           of
           .
        
         
           Yet
           in
           another
           Paragraph
           I
           shall
           propose
           that
           ,
           which
           if
           granted
           to
           us
           ,
           will
           enable
           us
           of
           our selves
           to
           accomplish
           this
           and
           other
           great
           concernments
           .
        
         
           It
           must
           be
           confessed
           ,
           that
           
             Barbadoes
          
           sends
           a
           better
           commodity
           into
           
             England
             ,
          
           then
           
             Virginia
          
           yet
           does
           ;
           but
           withall
           it
           must
           be
           acknowledged
           ,
           that
           one
           Ship
           from
           
             Virginia
          
           brings
           more
           Money
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           then
           five
           Ships
           of
           the
           same
           burthen
           do
           from
           the
           
             Barbadoes
             .
          
           But
           had
           we
           ability
           or
           skill
           to
           set
           forward
           those
           staple
           commodities
           I
           mentioned
           ,
           of
           Silk
           ,
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Pot-ashes
           ,
           and
           Iron
           ,
           a
           few
           yeares
           would
           make
           us
           able
           to
           send
           more
           Ships
           laden
           with
           these
           ,
           then
           now
           the
           
             Barbadoes
          
           do
           with
           Sugar
           .
        
         
           Amongst
           many
           other
           weighty
           Reasons
           ,
           why
           
             Virginia
          
           has
           not
           all
           this
           while
           made
           any
           progression
           into
           staple
           Commodities
           ,
           this
           is
           the
           chief
           .
           That
           our
           Governours
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           corruption
           of
           those
           times
           they
           lived
           in
           ,
           laid
           the
           Foundation
           of
           our
           wealth
           and
           industry
           on
           the
           vices
           of
           men
           ;
           for
           about
           the
           time
           of
           our
           first
           seating
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           did
           this
           vicious
           habit
           of
           taking
           
             Tobacco
          
           possesse
           the
           English
           Nation
           ,
           and
           from
           them
           has
           diffused
           it self
           into
           most
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           this
           I
           say
           being
           brought
           to
           us
           from
           
             Spain
          
           at
           great
           prices
           ,
           made
           our
           Governour
           suppose
           great
           wealth
           might
           be
           raised
           to
           particulars
           by
           this
           universal
           vice
           ,
           and
           indeed
           for
           many
           yeares
           they
           were
           not
           deceived
           ,
           till
           that
           increasing
           in
           numbers
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           Plantations
           following
           the
           same
           design
           ,
           at
           last
           brought
           it
           as
           now
           it
           is
           to
           that
           lownesse
           of
           price
           ,
           that
           the
           Customes
           doubles
           the
           first
           purchase
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           the
           Merchant
           buyes
           it
           for
           one
           penny
           the
           pound
           ,
           and
           we
           pay
           two
           pence
           for
           the
           Custom
           of
           that
           which
           they
           are
           not
           pleased
           to
           take
           from
           us
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           the
           first
           and
           fundamental
           hinderance
           that
           made
           the
           Planters
           neglect
           all
           other
           accessions
           to
           wealth
           and
           happiness
           ,
           
           and
           fix
           their
           hopes
           only
           on
           this
           vicious
           weed
           of
           
             Tobacco
             ,
          
           which
           at
           length
           has
           brought
           them
           to
           that
           extremity
           ,
           that
           they
           can
           neither
           handsomely
           subsist
           with
           it
           ,
           nor
           without
           it
           .
        
         
           Another
           hinderance
           has
           been
           ,
           that
           there
           was
           never
           yet
           any
           publick
           incouragement
           to
           assist
           the
           Planters
           in
           those
           more
           chargeable
           undertakings
           ,
           as
           Iron-Mines
           and
           Shipping
           .
        
         
           Another
           impediment
           ,
           and
           an
           important
           one
           too
           has
           been
           the
           dis-membring
           of
           the
           Colonie
           ,
           by
           giving
           away
           and
           erecting
           divers
           Principalities
           out
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           
             Maryland
          
           to
           my
           Lord
           
             Arundell
             ,
          
           and
           part
           of
           
             Florida
          
           to
           my
           Lord
           of
           
             Arundell
             ,
          
           these
           Grants
           will
           in
           the
           next
           Age
           be
           found
           more
           disadvantagious
           to
           the
           Crown
           then
           is
           perceptible
           in
           this
           ;
           and
           therefore
           I
           shall
           not
           touch
           it
           (
           uncommanded
           )
           as
           to
           the
           politick
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           as
           to
           the
           Oeconomick
           .
           I
           shall
           affirme
           that
           we
           can
           never
           make
           any
           Lawes
           for
           the
           erecting
           Staple
           Commodities
           ,
           and
           setting
           a
           stop
           to
           our
           unlimitted
           planting
           of
           
             Tobacco
             ,
          
           whilst
           these
           Governments
           are
           distinct
           and
           independent
           ,
           for
           on
           ftequent
           tryals
           when
           we
           begin
           to
           make
           provisions
           for
           these
           ,
           our
           people
           fly
           to
           
             Maryland
             ,
          
           and
           by
           this
           means
           heighten
           our
           publick
           charges
           ,
           and
           weaken
           our
           defences
           against
           our
           perpetual
           enemies
           the
           
             Indians
             .
          
           Nor
           is
           this
           all
           ,
           forby
           reason
           of
           these
           interposing
           Grants
           ,
           we
           have
           suffered
           the
           
             Dutch
          
           to
           enrich
           themselves
           on
           our
           discoveries
           ,
           who
           have
           in
           our
           precincts
           setled
           a
           Trade
           of
           Beaver
           with
           the
           
             Indians
             ,
          
           amounting
           to
           two
           hundred
           thousand
           skins
           a
           year
           ,
           and
           supply
           our
           enemies
           with
           Ammunition
           and
           Guns
           in
           greater
           proportion
           then
           we
           have
           them
           our selves
           ,
           but
           God
           be
           thanked
           as
           yet
           ,
           they
           ,
           their
           Towns
           and
           Trade
           are
           in
           the
           Kings
           power
           ,
           when
           ever
           he
           shall
           command
           them
           either
           to
           quit
           their
           Usurpations
           ,
           or
           to
           acknowledge
           their
           Subjection
           to
           him
           in
           those
           parts
           .
        
         
           Another
           great
           impediment
           has
           been
           ,
           the
           confining
           the
           Planters
           to
           Trade
           only
           with
           the
           English
           ,
           this
           no
           good
           Subject
           or
           Englishman
           will
           oppose
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           found
           either
           beneficial
           to
           the
           Crown
           or
           our
           Mother-Nation
           ;
           but
           if
           it
           shall
           appear
           that
           neither
           of
           these
           are
           advantaged
           by
           it
           ,
           then
           we
           cannot
           but
           resent
           ,
           that
           forty
           thousand
           people
           should
           be
           impoverish'd
           to
           enrich
           little
           more
           then
           forty
           Merchants
           ,
           who
           
           being
           the
           only
           buyers
           of
           our
           
             Tobacco
             ,
          
           give
           us
           what
           they
           please
           for
           it
           ,
           and
           after
           it
           is
           here
           ,
           sell
           it
           how
           they
           please
           ;
           and
           indeed
           have
           forty
           thousand
           servants
           in
           us
           at
           cheaper
           rates
           ,
           then
           any
           other
           men
           have
           slaves
           ,
           for
           they
           find
           them
           Meat
           ,
           Drink
           and
           Clothes
           ,
           we
           furnish
           our selves
           and
           their
           Sea-men
           with
           Meat
           and
           Drink
           ,
           and
           all
           our
           sweat
           and
           labour
           ,
           as
           they
           order
           us
           ,
           will
           hardly
           procure
           us
           course
           clothes
           to
           keep
           us
           from
           the
           extremities
           of
           heat
           and
           cold
           :
           yet
           if
           these
           pressures
           of
           us
           did
           advance
           the
           Customs
           ,
           or
           benefit
           the
           Nation
           ,
           we
           should
           not
           repine
           ;
           but
           that
           it
           does
           the
           contrary
           to
           both
           ,
           I
           shall
           easily
           evidence
           when
           commanded
           .
        
         
           Another
           hinderance
           has
           been
           ,
           the
           want
           of
           a
           publick
           Stock
           to
           enable
           us
           to
           procure
           able
           men
           for
           the
           finding
           all
           sorts
           of
           Mines
           ,
           making
           Iron
           of
           those
           Mines
           that
           are
           found
           ,
           Ship-Carpenters
           ,
           men
           skilful
           in
           Hemp
           ,
           Flax
           and
           Silk
           ,
           for
           the
           last
           of
           which
           no
           Country
           in
           the
           world
           is
           more
           naturally
           provided
           then
           
             Virginia
          
           is
           ;
           and
           as
           by
           the
           feet
           we
           guesse
           at
           the
           proportions
           of
           men
           ,
           so
           we
           can
           experimentally
           say
           ,
           that
           within
           seaven
           years
           ,
           if
           we
           are
           assisted
           and
           commanded
           ,
           we
           shall
           bring
           in
           yearly
           as
           much
           Silk
           into
           
             England
             ,
          
           as
           now
           costs
           the
           Nation
           two
           hundred
           thousand
           pounds
           sterling
           at
           least
           .
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           and
           Pitch
           would
           alwayes
           be
           according
           to
           the
           numbers
           and
           possibility
           of
           the
           labours
           of
           the
           Planters
           .
        
         
           On
           the
           whole
           matter
           ,
           let
           it
           be
           considered
           ,
           whether
           or
           no
           the
           English
           Plantations
           are
           not
           proportioned
           in
           a
           short
           time
           to
           supply
           us
           withall
           those
           Commodities
           ,
           which
           now
           we
           have
           at
           great
           charge
           and
           hazard
           from
           
             Turky
             ,
             Persia
             ,
             Germany
             ,
             Poland
             ,
          
           and
           
             Russia
             :
          
           the
           Wines
           ,
           Oyles
           ,
           and
           Fruites
           of
           
             France
          
           and
           
             Spain
             ,
          
           our
           distance
           will
           ever
           hinder
           us
           from
           introducing
           at
           the
           same
           rates
           we
           have
           it
           now
           from
           them
           .
        
         
           It
           has
           ,
           as
           I
           intimated
           ,
           been
           highly
           imputed
           to
           us
           by
           divers
           wise
           men
           ,
           who
           onely
           contemplate
           the
           natural
           richnesse
           of
           our
           Soyle
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           weigh
           and
           measure
           our
           faults
           and
           neglects
           ,
           that
           we
           have
           not
           imployed
           our
           cares
           and
           industry
           ,
           in
           producing
           more
           staple
           commodities
           then
           hitherto
           we
           have
           attempted
           .
           This
           none
           can
           more
           severely
           resent
           then
           the
           poor
           Planter
           himself
           in
           frequent
           consultations
           has
           done
           ,
           who
           by
           many
           tryals
           have
           found
           their
           case
           to
           be
           like
           those
           Architects
           ,
           
           who
           can
           design
           excellent
           Buildings
           ,
           but
           have
           not
           skill
           to
           square
           their
           Timber
           ,
           or
           lay
           their
           Bricks
           ,
           and
           for
           want
           of
           money
           to
           procure
           men
           for
           these
           labours
           ,
           their
           models
           remaine
           onely
           in
           their
           imaginations
           or
           papers
           :
           This
           is
           our
           case
           ,
           who
           without
           a
           publick
           assistance
           can
           neither
           survive
           our
           poverty
           ,
           nor
           the
           remedys
           of
           it
           ,
           without
           an
           universal
           present
           pressure
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           the
           Colony
           ;
           for
           men
           of
           manufacture
           will
           not
           be
           procured
           ,
           but
           on
           great
           wages
           ,
           to
           leave
           their
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           hazard
           (
           as
           they
           style
           it
           )
           their
           lives
           :
           this
           the
           poor
           Planter
           cannot
           do
           ,
           whose
           sweat
           and
           labours
           amount
           to
           no
           more
           ,
           then
           to
           clothe
           and
           provide
           for
           the
           ordinary
           necessities
           of
           his
           indigent
           Family
           .
        
         
           To
           remedy
           this
           ,
           and
           to
           procuré
           us
           able
           men
           to
           set
           us
           in
           a
           way
           of
           staple
           commodities
           ,
           at
           my
           departure
           from
           
             Virginia
          
           I
           was
           desired
           by
           the
           Assembly
           to
           make
           this
           Proposal
           to
           His
           Sacred
           Majesty
           and
           his
           Council
           ,
           to
           adde
           one
           penny
           more
           to
           the
           Customs
           of
           our
           Tobacco
           ,
           and
           give
           it
           to
           the
           Countrey
           ;
           which
           ,
           if
           granted
           ,
           will
           pay
           all
           the
           publick
           charges
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           furnish
           us
           with
           Magazines
           to
           resist
           the
           
             Indians
             ,
          
           build
           Mills
           for
           Iron
           and
           Planks
           ,
           procure
           us
           on
           good
           Salaries
           able
           men
           for
           Silk
           ,
           Cordage
           ,
           Mines
           and
           Flax
           ;
           and
           all
           this
           will
           be
           done
           at
           the
           expence
           onely
           of
           an
           indulgent
           Grant
           :
           for
           who
           payes
           this
           but
           the
           poor
           Planter
           ,
           whose
           Tobacco
           must
           sell
           for
           lesse
           ,
           the
           more
           is
           imposed
           on
           it
           ?
           But
           a
           nearer
           way
           to
           a
           publick
           unquarrelled
           contribution
           they
           cannot
           find
           ,
           having
           this
           Axiom
           firmly
           fixt
           in
           them
           ,
           That
           never
           any
           Community
           of
           people
           had
           good
           done
           to
           them
           ,
           but
           against
           their
           wills
           .
        
         
           In
           order
           to
           this
           we
           shall
           here
           declare
           what
           we
           have
           been
           necessitated
           to
           do
           these
           last
           two
           years
           ,
           when
           war
           and
           other
           emergencies
           had
           involved
           the
           Plantation
           into
           debts
           inextricable
           in
           an
           ordinary
           leavy
           ;
           which
           was
           to
           lay
           a
           Tax
           of
           two
           shillings
           the
           Hogshead
           on
           every
           one
           exported
           .
           This
           though
           the
           Merchant
           made
           us
           pay
           ,
           yet
           we
           found
           it
           an
           easier
           and
           readier
           way
           to
           defray
           the
           publick
           charges
           :
           this
           (
           if
           the
           propositions
           of
           the
           Customs
           be
           not
           granted
           )
           we
           desire
           His
           Majesties
           Council
           will
           advance
           to
           three
           or
           four
           shillings
           the
           Hogshead
           ,
           which
           will
           pay
           all
           publick
           Officers
           ,
           and
           enable
           us
           to
           begin
           the
           making
           Iron
           ,
           and
           other
           necessary
           works
           ,
           for
           the
           enriching
           our
           native
           Kingdom
           and
           our selves
           .
        
         
         
           And
           another
           Proposal
           they
           desired
           me
           to
           make
           ,
           which
           is
           this
           ,
           That
           such
           Ships
           as
           were
           built
           in
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           might
           carry
           their
           goods
           to
           what
           Port
           they
           pleased
           .
           This
           they
           hoped
           would
           be
           easily
           granted
           ,
           because
           by
           this
           means
           the
           excellency
           of
           their
           Timber
           and
           Masts
           (
           of
           both
           which
           there
           is
           now
           a
           visible
           scarcity
           in
           
             England
          
           )
           would
           be
           known
           ,
           and
           when
           known
           the
           Timber
           of
           
             England
          
           might
           be
           spared
           for
           many
           years
           ,
           and
           Ships
           of
           the
           greatest
           magnitude
           built
           there
           cheaper
           then
           possibly
           they
           can
           be
           in
           
             England
             ;
          
           but
           if
           the
           first
           be
           granted
           ,
           we
           shall
           leave
           this
           to
           the
           wisdom
           ,
           exigence
           and
           care
           of
           those
           His
           Majesty
           imployes
           in
           those
           affairs
           .
        
         
           To
           conclude
           and
           animate
           the
           care
           ,
           providence
           and
           indulgence
           the
           Nation
           ought
           to
           have
           of
           forreign
           Plantations
           ,
           let
           these
           few
           considerations
           be
           duly
           poised
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           yet
           forty
           years
           when
           there
           was
           not
           one
           
             Englishman
          
           in
           any
           Plantation
           of
           
             America
             ,
          
           save
           onely
           four
           or
           five
           hundred
           left
           in
           1622.
           after
           the
           Massacre
           in
           
             Virginia
             ;
          
           and
           now
           there
           is
           in
           the
           
             West
             Indies
          
           at
           least
           three
           hundred
           thousand
           
             English
             ,
          
           and
           of
           
             English
          
           extraction
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           if
           we
           examine
           the
           Customs
           ,
           we
           shall
           find
           the
           fourth
           part
           of
           them
           arise
           from
           the
           Plantations
           in
           
             America
             .
          
           This
           is
           a
           wealth
           our
           fathers
           never
           knew
           ,
           and
           in
           humane
           probability
           will
           increase
           on
           us
           every
           year
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           those
           commodities
           we
           were
           wont
           to
           purchase
           at
           great
           rates
           and
           hazards
           ,
           we
           now
           purchase
           at
           half
           the
           usual
           prices
           .
           Nor
           is
           this
           all
           ,
           but
           we
           buy
           them
           with
           our
           own
           Manufactures
           ,
           which
           here
           at
           home
           imploy
           thousands
           of
           poor
           people
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           when
           in
           the
           past
           Ages
           to
           disburden
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           indigent
           younger
           Brothers
           ,
           whom
           the
           peculiar
           policy
           of
           this
           Nation
           condemned
           to
           poverty
           or
           War
           ,
           we
           were
           forced
           to
           undertake
           the
           assistance
           of
           Rebels
           ,
           which
           God
           of
           late
           has
           revenged
           on
           our
           own
           bowels
           ;
           now
           there
           can
           be
           no
           necessity
           of
           that
           sin
           or
           misery
           ,
           for
           a
           small
           summe
           of
           money
           will
           enable
           a
           younger
           Brother
           to
           erect
           a
           flourishing
           Family
           in
           a
           new
           World
           ;
           and
           adde
           more
           Strength
           ,
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           Honour
           ,
           to
           his
           Native
           Country
           ,
           then
           thousands
           did
           before
           ,
           that
           dyed
           forgotten
           and
           unrewarded
           in
           an
           unjust
           War.
           
        
         
         
           I
           should
           now
           have
           ended
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           think
           it
           is
           expected
           from
           me
           ,
           who
           have
           lived
           twenty
           years
           in
           
             America
             ,
          
           that
           I
           should
           declare
           the
           power
           ,
           interest
           ,
           and
           wealth
           we
           have
           by
           our
           Plantations
           in
           the
           
             West
             Indies
             .
          
        
         
           To
           do
           this
           ,
           I
           shall
           first
           propose
           to
           the
           consideration
           of
           the
           Reader
           ,
           the
           few
           yeares
           we
           have
           had
           any
           footing
           in
           
             America
             ,
          
           the
           eldest
           Plantation
           ,
           
             Virginia
          
           excepted
           ,
           not
           exceeding
           forty
           years
           ,
           and
           yet
           so
           many
           difficulties
           happily
           overcome
           .
           Our
           numbers
           there
           are
           now
           at
           least
           two
           hundred
           thousand
           English
           ,
           and
           if
           (
           as
           in
           humane
           probability
           they
           will
           )
           our
           numbers
           double
           but
           every
           twenty
           yeares
           ,
           in
           one
           Age
           more
           how
           great
           will
           our
           power
           ,
           strength
           ,
           and
           reputation
           be
           in
           this
           new
           Western
           World
           ?
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           let
           it
           be
           considered
           what
           summes
           of
           Money
           was
           in
           the
           last
           Age
           exhausted
           from
           us
           for
           Sugar
           ,
           Cotten
           ,
           Drugges
           ,
           Dyings
           ,
           and
           
             Tobacco
             ,
          
           and
           how
           easily
           now
           we
           supply
           our selves
           with
           these
           ,
           and
           also
           bring
           home
           enough
           to
           ballance
           many
           other
           forraign
           necessities
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           let
           us
           contemplate
           the
           respect
           we
           have
           from
           most
           of
           the
           Princes
           and
           States
           of
           
             Europe
             ,
          
           by
           our
           power
           and
           strength
           in
           
             America
             ;
          
           the
           
             Dutch
          
           I
           know
           would
           not
           willingly
           quit
           their
           interest
           in
           the
           
             Indies
          
           for
           ten
           Millions
           of
           Money
           ;
           yet
           all
           they
           have
           there
           is
           in
           the
           Kings
           power
           ,
           when
           any
           just
           occasion
           shall
           provoke
           his
           displeasure
           .
        
         
           The
           
             French
             ,
          
           it
           is
           true
           ,
           have
           not
           many
           considerable
           places
           there
           :
           But
           yet
           the
           
             Indies
             ,
          
           as
           they
           term
           it
           ,
           are
           of
           so
           Friand
           agust
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           not
           willingly
           quit
           their
           holds
           in
           it
           ,
           nor
           their
           pretentions
           to
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           
             Spaniards
             ,
          
           whose
           interest
           is
           greatest
           ,
           is
           most
           jealous
           of
           our
           power
           there
           ,
           and
           we
           most
           formidable
           to
           him
           by
           it
           .
        
         
           I
           will
           not
           presume
           to
           Counsel
           ,
           but
           to
           give
           a
           Memorial
           I
           will
           ;
           that
           if
           now
           we
           vigorously
           and
           prudently
           manage
           our
           late
           acquired
           possessions
           in
           the
           Heart
           and
           Navel
           of
           His
           Dominions
           ,
           he
           will
           with
           great
           caution
           and
           respect
           exasperate
           our
           King
           and
           Nation
           :
           And
           when
           our
           power
           is
           increased
           and
           setled
           ,
           then
           evidently
           to
           one
           of
           these
           two
           conditions
           we
           shall
           bring
           him
           ;
           either
           to
           admit
           of
           a
           Trade
           with
           us
           ,
           or
           have
           his
           Bullion
           come
           home
           in
           our
           Ships
           which
           of
           these
           
           will
           be
           most
           advantagious
           I
           cannot
           readily
           tell
           ;
           but
           both
           ,
           or
           either
           will
           be
           of
           high
           concernment
           to
           His
           Majesty
           and
           people
           .
        
         
           To
           do
           this
           with
           most
           ease
           and
           lesse
           charge
           ,
           I
           think
           the
           best
           expedient
           is
           to
           encourage
           and
           admonish
           the
           lesser
           Islands
           (
           all
           but
           the
           
             Barbadoes
          
           )
           to
           remove
           thither
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           ,
           they
           are
           neither
           of
           any
           mutual
           strength
           to
           themselves
           ,
           nor
           contribute
           any
           honour
           or
           emolument
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           but
           when
           once
           they
           are
           incorporated
           into
           one
           body
           ,
           how
           secure
           will
           they
           be
           amongst
           themselves
           ,
           how
           terrible
           to
           their
           opposers
           ?
           and
           in
           case
           a
           good
           temprement
           does
           produce
           a
           peace
           ,
           how
           little
           will
           the
           charge
           be
           of
           assuring
           it
           to
           be
           lasting
           ;
           for
           the
           more
           men
           ,
           the
           lesse
           need
           of
           Souldiers
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           the
           diffus'd
           charge
           of
           keeping
           them
           lesse
           burthensome
           then
           when
           it
           is
           devolved
           on
           a
           few
           persons
           .
           To
           conclude
           ,
           the
           King
           of
           
             Spains
          
           wealth
           is
           greater
           in
           the
           
             Indies
             ,
          
           then
           the
           King
           of
           
             England
             ;
          
           but
           our
           Kings
           subjects
           swords
           are
           more
           sharper
           then
           the
           
             Spaniards
             ,
          
           which
           we
           had
           lately
           evidenced
           ,
           but
           that
           God
           would
           not
           suffer
           the
           worst
           of
           men
           ,
           
             Cromwell
             ,
          
           to
           glory
           in
           the
           bravest
           of
           atchivements
           .
        
         
           To
           make
           a
           Parallel
           betwixt
           
             Virginia
          
           and
           our
           other
           Island
           Plantations
           in
           
             America
             ,
          
           we
           will
           take
           the
           Mistresse
           of
           them
           all
           ,
           
             Barbadoes
             ,
          
           for
           the
           other
           Islands
           ,
           if
           now
           they
           were
           to
           be
           seated
           ,
           would
           not
           be
           suffered
           uselesly
           to
           exhaust
           so
           many
           men
           out
           of
           our
           Nation
           as
           now
           they
           do
           ;
           who
           being
           thinly
           planted
           and
           defencelesse
           ,
           are
           exposed
           not
           only
           to
           the
           designs
           ,
           but
           as
           I
           may
           truly
           speak
           it
           to
           the
           divertisement
           of
           their
           Enemies
           ,
           who
           only
           passing
           by
           have
           taken
           the
           best
           of
           them
           without
           losing
           two
           dayes
           of
           their
           intended
           Voyage
           ;
           this
           Saint
           
             Christophers
          
           and
           the
           
             Tartugos
          
           have
           experimented
           ,
           and
           their
           weak
           resistance
           have
           made
           the
           
             Spaniard
          
           have
           false
           apprehensions
           of
           our
           Courages
           and
           Conduct
           :
           These
           then
           I
           will
           not
           particularly
           mention
           ,
           but
           the
           
             Paragon
          
           shall
           be
           betwixt
           
             Virginia
          
           and
           the
           
             Barbadoes
             ,
          
           which
           does
           produce
           all
           those
           Commodities
           in
           perfection
           ,
           which
           the
           other
           Islands
           do
           but
           attempt
           to
           do
           this
           ,
           I
           will
           impartially
           mention
           their
           industrious
           vertues
           and
           our
           negligent
           defects
           ;
           and
           first
           ,
           I
           will
           say
           that
           the
           bringing
           of
           Sugar
           and
           Cotton
           to
           be
           a
           Commodity
           
           of
           English
           growth
           ,
           was
           a
           work
           worthy
           of
           a
           publick
           mark
           of
           Honour
           and
           Reward
           ;
           for
           by
           it
           the
           Nation
           saves
           yearly
           a
           Million
           of
           pounds
           sterling
           .
           Cottens
           ,
           Indicos
           ,
           and
           Ginger
           were
           likewise
           noble
           undertakings
           ;
           and
           to
           admiration
           perfected
           ,
           and
           God
           forbid
           ,
           that
           emulation
           should
           make
           us
           forbear
           to
           speak
           or
           lessen
           the
           designs
           and
           industry
           of
           the
           first
           promoters
           of
           these
           noble
           Commodities
           .
           But
           we
           shall
           say
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           pity
           those
           men
           had
           not
           a
           larger
           field
           to
           exercise
           their
           vertues
           in
           ,
           for
           like
           flowers
           they
           were
           quickly
           at
           their
           full
           growth
           and
           perfection
           ,
           and
           a
           
             Nil
             ultra
          
           is
           fixt
           on
           them
           .
           But
           that
           our
           desires
           to
           honour
           them
           may
           not
           tacitly
           fix
           an
           accusation
           on
           us
           ,
           I
           must
           here
           say
           ,
           they
           had
           the
           happinesse
           to
           have
           no
           Enemy
           to
           encounter
           ,
           whose
           swords
           were
           continually
           in
           our
           bowels
           or
           apprehensions
           ;
           that
           they
           lay
           more
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Merchants
           and
           men
           of
           War
           ,
           by
           whom
           they
           got
           persons
           skilled
           in
           the
           Engines
           that
           made
           Sugar
           ;
           that
           their
           security
           from
           Enemies
           made
           Merchants
           ,
           and
           other
           rich
           men
           ,
           willingly
           venture
           their
           Estates
           thither
           ,
           and
           therefore
           the
           comparison
           being
           as
           I
           suppose
           to
           be
           made
           between
           the
           places
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           happy
           Conjuncture
           of
           the
           men
           that
           possesse
           them
           ,
           I
           shall
           boldly
           and
           truly
           affirm
           ,
           that
           there
           can
           be
           no
           comparison
           between
           the
           places
           relative
           to
           the
           future
           advantage
           of
           our
           Nation
           :
           For
           though
           
             Virginia
          
           yet
           only
           produceth
           
             Tobacco
             ,
          
           as
           to
           the
           main
           of
           her
           Traffick
           ,
           yet
           it
           has
           produced
           Silk
           ,
           Flax
           ,
           Hemp
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           Rice
           ,
           Pitch
           ,
           Tar
           ,
           which
           are
           Commodities
           more
           lasting
           and
           necessary
           then
           Sugar
           or
           Indico
           can
           be
           :
           and
           as
           our
           Numbers
           increase
           ,
           so
           will
           our
           Wealth
           ,
           when
           our
           industry
           and
           assistance
           shall
           equal
           theirs
           ,
           which
           is
           clean
           contrary
           with
           them
           ,
           who
           are
           already
           forced
           to
           expend
           one
           fifth
           part
           of
           their
           Merchandise
           to
           provide
           Victuals
           for
           themselves
           and
           Servants
           .
           But
           the
           best
           resolution
           of
           this
           ,
           will
           be
           ,
           that
           being
           both
           of
           one
           Nation
           ,
           we
           blesse
           God
           that
           has
           made
           us
           so
           instrumental
           to
           the
           Wealth
           and
           Glory
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .