The compleat gentleman, or, Directions for the education of youth as to their breeding at home and travelling abroad in two treatises / by J. Gailhard ... Gailhard, J. (Jean) 1678 Approx. 537 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 169 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2004-05 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A41495 Wing G118 ESTC R11538 13798080 ocm 13798080 101863 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A41495) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 101863) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 454:40) The compleat gentleman, or, Directions for the education of youth as to their breeding at home and travelling abroad in two treatises / by J. Gailhard ... Gailhard, J. (Jean) [16], 102 p., [18], 196, [4] p. In the Savoy, printed by Tho. Newcomb, for John Starkey ..., [London] : 1678. "A treatise concerning the education of youth : the second part" has special t.p. Advertisements on p. [1-4] at end. Reproduction of original in Huntington Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Young men -- Conduct of life -- Early works to 1800. 2003-12 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2004-01 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-02 John Latta Sampled and proofread 2004-02 John Latta Text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-04 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The Compleat Gentleman : OR DIRECTIONS For the EDUCATION OF YOUTH As to their BREEDING at HOME And TRAVELLING ABROAD . In Two Treatises . By I. GAILHARD Gent. Who hath been Tutor Abroad to several of the Nobility and Gentry . In the SAVOY : Printed by Tho. Newcomb , for Iohn Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet Street , near Temple-Bar , 1678. Imprimatur , Guil. Sill , R. P. D. Henrico Episcopo Lond. à Sacris Dom. Septemb. 22. 1677. A TREATISE Concerning the EDUCATION OF YOUTH . The First Part. About their Breeding at Home . By I. GAILHARD , Gent. Vae tibi qui praees & non prodes , si quia praeesse nequis , prodesse recusas . Adde quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes , Emollit mores , nec sinit esse feros . Ovid. In the SAVOY : Printed by T.N. for I. Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet-street , near Temple-Bar , 1678. To the Right Honorable , THEOPHILUS , Earl of Huntingdon , Lord Hastings , Hungerford , Homet , Botreaux , Moelis , Molins and Peverel , &c. My Lord , AS the Tempers of men are different , so are their Conditions , according as they are placed by Providence , Nature , or their Industry ; but all priviledged men , whether with nobleness of Birth , fulness of Riches , or greatness of Parts , and Vertue , are equally bound in their station to act according to the measure of their power . They who are in elevations ought to avoid making idols or cyphers of themselves ; as if they were thus placed only for their own sake , or for a shew to others : but the higher they are , the nearer they are to God ; and the more lively images of him , whose influences are more immediately derived on them ; not there to rest , but to be imparted to those of an orb inferior to theirs ; which ends , if they do not answer , they may well look upon themselves in their elevation as standing on the edg of a dreadful precipice . For the higher they are lifted up , the greater and more dangerous will be their fall ; and to their own shame they will undergo the fate of those fiery vapours , elevated in the air ; which to the eyes of men seem to be Stars , and placed amongst them ; but on a sudden , by their fall , vanish away ; and then it appears what they were , namely , an illusion without reality . No man endued with Judgment and Reason , will believe him who acts the part of a Prince upon the Stage ( though for a time he borrows Royal Ornaments , and assumes over his equals a Sovereign Authority ) to be indeed what he seems and pretends to be ; 't is so but for a time , and to give delight to his Spectators : so will he off , who being a man of quality , is useless to those , who , because he is above them , have their eyes fixed upon him , and gives them neither good Precepts , Advises , nor Examples . There is no Star but hath its influences within her sphere , no good Tree but produces good Fruit ; but he who is noble , and doth not act his part , is but a vain shadow . Your Lordship knows , and is concerned to know these things ; for not only you are born to be under our Sovereign , one of the chief Pillars of the State , as a member of the most illustrious House of Peers , whereof few go before you ; but also you are so highly advantaged by your Birth , that the Blood of many Princes runs in your Veins . This Priviledge is so far improved by the care and tenderness of the extraordinary Person who brought you into the world , and your own good dispositions , that in your Lordship we find this to be true , Men of a superior Orb are not tied to common Rules , neither doth vertue in such persons as you , stay for years . You make a good use of such advantages , and in your Lordship these good causes produce good effects : that which into others would infuse pride and loftiness , in you breeds meekness and humility ; so that you never give occasion to the ordinary dispute in the world , between Superiors and Inferiors , caused by want and excess , too little , and too much ; for often great men are apt to require and exact too great respects and submission from the lower sort , who , on their parts , are too prone to deny yielding the Honour and Obedience which they owe to those who are above them . My heart not satisfied some years ago to have vowed it self to serve your Lordship , is now ambitious to make it known to the world ; and that which first of all was the effect of a choice , being attended with my inclination , is at last become a strong and necessary duty , grounded upon those Vertues , which , for a competent time , I could perceive to spring in you , but now are ripening and drawing towards perfection : whereupon I must express my joy to your Lordship , pray for an increase , and beseech him who will honour those that honour him , to make you like a new shining Star in the Firmament of the State , to raise you from one degree of light to another ; that you may have Christian and wise influences over those that are round about you , and to season your tender years with his true Grace , which none will be more glad of , than Right Honorable , Your Lordships most Humble and most Devoted Servant , J. Gailhard . TO THE READER . THE Subject I now handle is as important and necessary as any to humane Society ; inasmuch as being reduced to Rules , and these Rules brought to practice , it will have great influences , and prove very beneficial ▪ if any ways I can treat it sutably to its worth , it will afford variety of things for several sorts of persons ; for all the parts of it joyned together , are very comprehensive , and of a large extent : What time I could spare from my necessary Employment , for part of a Summer which I passed at Anger 's in France , I bestowed upon this ; but since , it was laid aside for about seven years , by reason of my farther travelling into France , Italy , Germany , &c. but now that God hath been pleased to bring me back again , I think sit to impart it to the world . I will not go about giving an account of it , but leave it to the judgment of the Reader ; only I hope none will take exceptions at any thing I say , in some places of the other parts ; for I can assure them I never intend , but rather avoid offending others in what I do or say ; and much less do I point at any when I speak of the tricks of vicious and debauched persons , which I believe none but those who are such , will take notice of : and in such a case , I will not much trouble my self with what they can say or do ; because they are like those whose wounds are so sore , that they cannot endure the Chyrurgion should touch them in the least , let his hand be never so gentle ; so if one mentions the vices of such , they cannot abide it , but start thereat . A wise man said of old , that four good Mothers had begotten four good Children , viz. Familiarity , Contempt ; Prosperity , Pride ; Confidence , Danger ; and Truth , Hatred : Hence comes the Proverb , Veritas odium parit , in the delivery whereof one ought to be very cautious ; specially when any ways it reflects upon great men : thus Il Ferrante Palavicini suffered for his * Divortio celeste , &c. and witty Boccalini at Venice , was beaten to death with bags full of sand for his Pietra del Paragone , and some things in his Raguagli di Parnasso ; and a poor Italian Poet was made suffer the Strapata for this general expression of his , Biasimare un principe é pericolo é lodarlo , bugia . To blame a Prince is dangerous , but to commend him is a lie . Subjects of this nature ought not to be handled at all , or at least very sparingly : The mark of Majesty which God hath printed upon the forehead of Princes , ought to be respected by all men ; but the faults of particular men may be more freely censured upon occasion ; specially when it is for the publick good . For my part I look upon this world as a stage , and I value men only according as they act their part in it : He who is but a Countreyman , and lives well as such , seems to me more commendable , than he who is a Gentleman born , and doth not the actions of a Gentleman : so that esteeming every one for what he is , and not for what he hath , I equally value those who have the greatest Charges and Dignities , and those who carry burthens upon their backs ; except Vertue makes a difference between them : Indeed Birth , Places , and Authority , in whatsoever Subject they be found , ought to be respected ; but Vertue alone makes men to be esteemed . I am neither so ignorant , nor so inconsiderate , as not to think that there are those who are as illustrious for their Merits , as for their Birth and Fortune ; and that this age is not so barbarous , but that some in it have good Inclinations , and do good Actions ; but that number is small , and the multitude is usually affected to evil . This consideration hath put me upon this matter ; for as my genius cannot long allow me to be idle , so I have chosen a subject , which being satisfactory to me , might prove useful and beneficial to others . What few things I have learned in my Travels , I think my self , upon serious consideration , obliged to impart to others , who may thence receive some small instructions , and directions , if they have a mind to see the world : though the chief thing I propound herein to my self , is to shew the necessity , benefit , and excellency of a good Breeding , becoming none so much as a Gentleman , who , by his Vertue and Merit , more than by his Extraction , should be raised above the Commonalty ; for Vertue first of all made a difference between man and man , there being an equality between all the Children of Adam , as to Birth and Nature ; and certainly when the Nobility and Gentry want Merits to Command , and Abilities to Govern , they must change place with the lower sort of People , whom Parts and Virtue , ( though not without favour ) will raise to the greatest Charges and Dignities in the Land. OF THE EDUCATION OF YOUTH At Home . Of Breeding Children at Home . TO have Youth well brought up , is so necessary to Humane Society , that all Nations ought to make it one of their chief cares : If Egyptians , Caldeans , Persians , Grecians , Romans , and other Heathens were so studious of it , how much more are Christians ( who have greater lights than they had ) bound to mind it ? For that which to others was a natural and politick duty , is enforced upon us by the Gospel , which the more men do conform to , the better they understand their duty ; which not only themselves will practise , but also ●uggest to those who have any dependence upon them , and so infuse into them Vertue and Sciences . The better a Christian is , the more humble , civil , and gentle he will be , and the greater care he will take to teach those who are related to him , to be so too . This more nearly concerns Parents , who have a tie to instruct their Children , beyond any other Relation whatsoever . 'T is not enough to have brought them into the world , except they instruct them to live well therein ; nor to have given them being , unless they direct them how to attain to a well-being . Nature alone is no great matter , for Beasts do not want a sensitive principle , and even amongst them there are those which are not satisfied to have brought forth their young ones , but they tend , and take care of them till they are able to shift for themselves . Birds of prey will lead them to it , and Eagles which use to be about Rocks and Mountains , and to fly very high , expose their young ones to the beams of the Sun , to the end they may abide it when it shineth clear and hot upon them ; Cats lead theirs to catch Mice , Dogs their Whelps to hunt , and those creatures which are apt to be destroyed with snares , will often teach their little ones how to avoid them : This natural instinct should not have more power on Beasts , than reason in men . How much greater is the obligation which Parents lay upon their Children , when to being they add breeding , when not only they make them men , but also teach them how to be knowing and vertuous men ? As to the first , nature makes us all alike , it produces us all with body and soul ; flesh and blood , the essential parts of humanity ; but Education makes a difference , and sets a mark of distinction ; wherefore 't is well called a second nature : For want of this , a poor Country-man's Son will be fit only to handle a Plough , and follow vile and mechanical employments ; though perhaps he has within him dispositions to learn great things , and to receive good impressions if they were given him . Contrariwise ▪ a great man's Son's dulness and weakness are often overcome by a constant care taken of his Education , whereby his bad natural qualities are mended , his imperfections and defects corrected , and what seeds of good dispositions he hath in him are improved ; whereas if he had been neglected , he had perhaps been unfit for any good thing . How often hath Breeding proved a better and a surer estate and inheritance than Lands , Riches , and Honours ; all these things are subject to losses , chances , and revolutions ; but Breeding is an unestimable treasure , unseparable from him who hath it . A man may be fooled out of his Estate , but not out of his Wit : providence hath put such a difference between the means and fortunes of men , to leave a field to Virtue , which being exercised , may attain rewards which men of worth do often obtain ; and though sometimes they miss them , yet they have in themselves the satisfaction to deserve them : And certainly 't is more honourable not to have , yet deserve , than to have and not deserve . Now when a man wants Birth and Means , Education will supply them ; for it reforms what is amiss in nature , and perfects what good we have ; it helps a man to get what he hath not , and to preserve what he hath ; so that at one time or other it proves necessary and useful to all sorts of persons . Breeding and Discipline ( saith Plato ) when they are good , make parts to be good ; and if they were good before , they become better thereby . From the School of good Breeding will come good Christians , loyal Subjects , obedient Children , faithful Servants ; in one word , persons good in every relation . On the contrary , what often causes Impiety , Atheism , Blasphemy , Disobedience , Rebellion , &c. but the want of care of Youth , which once being fallen into a debauched course of life , care neither for God nor men . Hence do arise Disorders in Families , troubles and civil Wars in States ? for often God punishes men for neglecting ( though but in part ) this duty ; as in the case of Ely's Children , by a special Judgment of God his whole Family was destroyed , because his Sons made themselves vile , and he restrained them not : if therefore every Parent would take care of his Family , every Magistrate , of the Town he is in , of every Province , and so of every Kingdom , the world would go better than it doth , and Youth would not generally prove so unruly : thus evil would be cut off by the root , and thereby much mischief prevented . The nature of Youth for the most part is like Wax by the fire ; and what Aristotle saith of the mind , that it is a smooth table upon which any thing can be written , may be applyed to the present subject ; 't is like the materia prima of Philosophers , apt to receive any form : though , I confess , evil rather than good , by reason of the depravation of humane nature : therefore the whole care , pains , and industry of Parents is required . To this purpose * one speaking of the Nightingale , saith , that it sings before the young ones to teach them : and he adds , It hath been observed , that with much attention they hearken to it , and then repeat it one after another : Farther , saith he , It hath also been taken notice , that it doth interrupt their singing , to correct them when they sing amiss , in order to perfect them in the quality wherein that Bird doth excel . What a precedent is this for Parents ? The Manners of a man usually are suitable to his Breeding , which teaches to speak , and to do well : Breeding frameth the manners of men , and every one knoweth what he hath learned : therefore a good custom must remove that which a bad one hath introduced . Indeed it hath great influences upon the temper , not only to perfect it when it is good , but also to alter it when it is otherwise , rooting out what is amiss in it . Let Nature be what it will it may be changed by Education ; for Invidus , iracundus , iners , vinosus , amator Nemo adeo ferus est qui non mitescere possit , Si modo culturae patientem praebeat aurem . This was well known to the * Law-giver of the Lacedemonians , who to recommend his Laws to his Citizens , and to withdraw them from the corruption and effeminate pleasures they were in at that time , took care to breed up two whelps , the one a Greyhound , the other , a currish breed ; the former he kept at home , and fed him with good meat ; but the last he often carried into the Field to hunting : one day he brought forth both before the people , and set down good victuals of one side , and let out a Hare on the other ; whereupon the Dogs did run each after his usual meat , the Greyhound after victuals , the other after the Hare : then he said to the people , do you see what a difference , diversity of Breeding hath set between the two whelps , and how it hath had over them a greater power than nature ? We also see that young Children , who , by reason of the innocency of their age , are not capable to dissemble , love their Nurses more than their Mothers ; so that Breeding makes on them a greater impression than Generation ; according to the opinion of Euripides , Alexander the Great , being asked one day whom he loved best , his Father Philip or Aristotle ? My preceptor , said he , Ille enim ut essem ▪ hic ut praeclare institutus essem author fuit . Commonly Education is a rule to a man as long as he liveth . The Disciples of that great Philosopher , when they were arguing upon a point , used often to say , The Master said so , St. Paul sends some to their rudiments and former instructions ; and in another place , he saith , But you have not so learned Christ. That which he saith upon the account of Religion , may be applied to the purpose of Education ; how men , though come to age , ought to remember lessons given them in their Youth , and bring them to practise . The advice of a Roman Poet is very good , — Te ipsum Concute num tibi quae vitiorum inseverit olim , Natura aut etiam consuetudo mala , namque Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris . If it be necessary at last to come to this trial and examen of himself , there must be a necessity first to receive instructions about it , which are part of , and depend upon Breeding . And because 't is not enough to convince men of the necessity of this , except some ways be shewed how to bring it about , hereupon I confess my heart begins to fail me , specially when I consider how many thousands in the world have a riper judgment , and greater experience than I ; and therefore am unwilling to give my advice about it : For I know how different the ways , and how contrary man's opinions are about it ; yet being so far engaged in it , I must go through , but submit to the censure of ingenious readers . I could wish in the first place to see the care of Parents extended upon Children immediately after they are born , and ( if it were convenient ) the Mother to suckle them ; for Children are by half , more obliged to Mothers who take these pains , than to those who do not ; it being known that a Nurse is a second Mother . I say this , not only because it is possible for them to be changed by those Nurses when they are born to great Estates , and have others put in their room , but also because all have not that care and true tenderness of Mothers who have carried them nine months in their Womb : However , in case they are resolved to save themselves this trouble , they must be careful in the choice of a Nurse ; seeing a Child for the most part retains much of her humour and temper , communicated through the Blood , out of which is formed the Milk , which is the food , and is turned into the very substance of the Child ; the spirits also being therein conveyed : therefore I would choose a healthful , jovial , and vertuous woman ; all which are necessary qualifications for a Nurse : for as we use to say , such the Father , such the Son ; such the Mother , such the Daughter . Though this be not universally true , yet the reason why it should be so , being better than why it should not be , the like we may affirm of the Nurse and the Child . This reason some give why Tyberius the Emperor was so given to Wine , because his Nurse was a drunkard , and used to feed him with Bread sopt in Wine . This vice did not only attend him in his retirement in Caprea , but also followed him to his grave . Others do affirm that the famous Grecian Achilles was so valiant , and so courageous , because Chyron fed him with the Marrow , Hearts , and Livers of Lions , and other stout Creatures . Many other things of this nature might be produced to the same purpose . It is the practice of some Nurses and Servants about Children , to fright them with stories and representations , which make so deep an impression upon them , that they can never break it as long as they live : This sometimes frights them out of their wits , or makes them so timerous , that they hardly dare walk a step in the dark , sleep without company in their chamber , or without a burning candle all night ; and other effects it produces , which make them ridiculous to others . I know those who are very rational , yet cannot shake it off , though they strive to do it : they know it to be a very great imperfection , yet cannot remedy it . Thus a coward knows he is so , and would be glad to be courageous , but cannot help it . This sometimes is an effect of having been frighted , rather than a natural defect . Let them also avoid giving them blows , whereof the marks or effects remain upon them till they are carried to their grave ; and very often a lameness , crookedness , and such deformity , yea , death , are caused by a blow , a fall , or the like . I would have Children to be taught something betimes , and almost as soon as they are able to crawl , and to speak any ways intelligibly . A vessel ever retains a scent of the liquor that was first put into it : * Train up a Child in the way he should go , and when he is old he will not depart from it . 'T is true , impressions in Youth are easily taken away , as a young plant is soon rooted out ; but when acts are turned into habits , and these contracted through a long succession , 't is very difficult , especially if they are bad , and in this sense the Rule is good , Principiis obsta . Care is to be taken at first , that Youth be not inticed or drawn to evil practices and customs , for the inward principle being naturally corrupt , namely , the mind darkened , and so unabled to discern true from false , the will and affections deprav'd and prone to evil , if these natural dispositions be strengthened with evil practise , and become habitual , all that will not only be setled and confirmed , but also it will become inveterate and past remedy , without God's special grace . And this is to be minded the more , because the disturbance which passions work in Youth , and the being possess'd with evil habits , makes such a confusion between the images of true and real good , and of that which only appears such , that reason , which is born after them , and amidst this storm , is framed within us , is not in a capacity at that time distinctly to put a difference , by which means the soul is mistaken in her choice . But the first and chief thing I would have them to be taught , is , piety , and the fear of God , which , as David and Solomon say , Is the beginning of wisdom and knowledg : wherefore the same Prophet saith , Thou art my God from my mothers womb , thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mothers breast : And the wisest man that ever was , bids us Remember our Creator in the days of our youth . St , Paul commends his Disciple Timothy , because from his youth up , by the care of his Mother , and Grandmother , he was instructed in the Faith , and fear of God ; and that from a child he had known the holy Scriptures , which are able to make us wise unto salvation . Let prophane and wicked men talk what they will , the best and safest is God's way . This Principle , and others of our Religion I wish were early and continually infused into them , by learning some easie Catechism , reading in the Bible as soon as they are able , and using them to go to Church , behave themselves reverently , and as much as they are able , to give attention to what is preached ; and when they are come home , they must be asked what they remember of the Sermon , censuring them for their neglect , and praising and encouraging them for their diligence . Above all things they ought to be put upon the duty of prayer , I would have them persuaded of the dependence they have upon God for food , raiment , and other necessaries for this and the life to come : when they fall upon their knees , they ought to be made sensible of the glory , power , purity , and mercy of ●od , and ( as much as they are capable ) of their own unworthiness , sinfulness , and misery , craving pardon for their sins , in and through the Merits and Sufferings of our Saviour alone , ( and this will begin to work humility in them ) they must be thankful for mercies received , and crave those they stand in need of , especially the constant protection of God. Moreover , Parents must ever be giving them good precepts , and never bad examples . The Spartans to cause their Children to abhor drunkenness , made their servants drunk , and then exposed them to the sight of their Children ; who seeing what a vile vice this is , did thereby loath and hate it . So upon other accounts , the use of such demonstrations will make a deep impression upon the minds and memories of youth . Hereupon I must express my dissenting from the opinion of many , who think it not fit to entertain youth with serious things , and others which are or seem to be above their capacity , and not suitable to their years ; but certainly experience doth confute this error ; tell them nothing but of toyes and trifles , and their mind will run about such things : their mind is never at rest , but is constantly taken up with something : now 't is with it as with the ground , sow Oats in it , and it will bring forth Oats , but sow Wheat , and it will produce what it hath received : therefore my reason is , that though Children have not ripeness of judgment to use it , yet memory is the faculty wherein that age doth excel , to which they commit the things they hear : and though for the present the benefit of it doth not appear , yet it is as the seed in the ground , which doth not immediately come to maturity , but it falls in first , then corrupts , afterwards it buds , and springs up , and at last gives us fruit ; so in time youth will remember good things taught them , and reduce them to a practice . Morality is the second thing they ought to learn , and this flows from the former ; for where there is a right Principle of Piety , it will appear in life and conversation : and though infancy be hardly capable of the strict and severe rules of Morality , yet at least they must have a view of the Principles of it ; which , as judgment ripeneth , may be refined ; and come to perfection . The Heathens , by the light of Nature , and the help of Learning , have given notable lessons about it ; and whosoever is able to read and understand the Writings of Socrates , Plato , Aristotle , Cicero , Seneca , &c. will subscribe to what I say , and also admire to see them so much go beyond many Christians in the knowledg and practise of moral vertues , yet for want of Faith their Chastity , Sobriety , Fortitude , &c. were but shining sins , Splendida peccata , as St. Austin calls them . Now , though I could wish Parents to be remiss in those things which are of an indifferent nature , yet stifly they must be set against vices , and things contrary to good manners ; but the chastisement is to be left to their prudence ; ever making a distinction between the person and the thing : but of this hereafter we will speak more at large , as of the difference of irregularities , committed out of ignorance , humane weakness , or of set purpose ; yet one must never allow them the gross breaches of the Law of God , as Swearing , Lying , Stealing , &c. not in the least degree thereof ; for from a low degree one easily rises to a higher , and so persists till he be consummated in that sin , and then consuetudo peccandi tollit sensum peccati , the custom of sinning takes away the sence of sin . It is very ill done of some who allow Children to use by-Oaths , merry-Lyes , and petty-Thefts of Toyes and Trifles , and do not consider how the Devil is thereby intruding sin , though in a disguise , and not in that horrid shape which is natural to it . No , no , he who takes the Name of God in vain , if not prevented , will at last be brought to Swear , Forswear , Curse and Blaspheme ; from merry Lyes he will proceed to those which are pernicious : He who steals a pin , will at last steal a pound . What men allow when 't is in their power , and their duty to hinder , they are approvers of , and so guilty of the sad consequences that arise therefrom . To mak● Youth abhor sin , it must be represented to them odious , vile , and in its own colours . Justice 〈◊〉 d●eply to be printed in their hearts , and they to be made perfect in this Rule , Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri ne feceris , Deal with others as you would be dealt by . Now as there are many of a stubborn humour , and naturally inclined to mischief ▪ so admonitions ought to be used : and if this cannot serve , correction must be applied . Indeed some Parents are sometimes the cause of their Childrens destruction ; like Apes they so dally , embrace , and make so much of them , that they choak and stifle them . This unnatural tenderness ( I must so call it ) is so pernicious ; that they who are afraid of keeping a Rod in the house to correct a Child , sometimes see him drawn to the Gallows for want of timely chastisement . This saying too often proves true , He who hath not a rod in his house for his Son , keeps a rope for him . A wiser man than such , further saith , Folly is bound in the heart of a Child , but the rod of correction shall drive it off . This sparing of children is so far from being a sign of true love , that it is a strong demonstration of hatred or indifferency . Let what Solomon saith to this purpose be taken notice of , He that spareth his rod hateth his Son , but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes ; that is , in his childhood and infancy : yet this correction is used with different success ; some under it like wax by the fire , are softned and bettered , others like clay and dirt are hardened . On the other side , some Parents , far from being too indulgent , go to an extreme of severity or cruelty . When Children are chastened , it must be in measure , and with moderation , by Fathers , not by Hangmen . When God chastiseth his Children , he doth it in mercy , and not in fury , to heal , and not to destroy ; His heart is turned within him . Some are so unreasonable , that if they are vexed at any thing , and a Child lies in their way , out of a frolick , or folly , this Child who at that time hath done nothing amiss , must be beaten , and a Father or Mother will pass their anger upon him : a stranger so doing may happen to be excused ; for he is not obliged to the natural affection which a Father and Mother ought to have . In the case of the two Harlots , she who was not the Mother of the Child alive , was content he should be divided ; but the tenderness of the true Mother could not allow of it , she had rather lose him altogether , than see him destroyed : So that 't is more natural and pardonable for Parents to be too indulgent , than too severe ; though I do not deny there ought to be a proportion between the fault and the chastisement . But before I pass farther , I must take notice of a thing considerable in it self , though it be not to the present purpose . How the case of the two Harlots is an emblem of the difference between Kings and Tyrants ; Kings are Fathers of their people , whom they deal with like children whom they love , and are tender of their good , peace , and happiness : but Tyrants care not for them only to serve their ends ; and let them sink or swim , 't is all one to them . But to return to the matter in hand , fatherly corrections ought to be inflicted seasonably : there is time and season for every thing : a chastisement as well as a word in season is very effectual , it must also be done gently ; for natural tenderness must not be forgotten . Yet I do not deny , as I said before , it should be somewhat sutable to the offence ; and in this Parents ought not to be actuated by any violent passion , only out of a desire for the Childrens good . In a word , a rod in their hand is to be physick , to heal , and not poison to kill : and this is spoken to fathers more than to Mothers ; because these last are commonly more inclined to tenderness than to severity : Wherefore we see how God , to shew his kindness in Scriptures , compares himself to Mothers , oftner than to Fathers , upon four accounts , of Love , Indulgency , Allurements , and Condescension . Erudition , or learning is the third thing , I wish Children to be put upon ; but it must be a learning proportionable to their capacity ; provided it be no prejudice to their health : for upon this account one is not to venture the substance for the accident , which yet I would not have to be understood of the two former , especially of Piety , which includes a necessity to salvation ; for then I could speak in the words of that pious man , who being dissuaded from his study , and reading of godly Books , as a thing contrary to his health , answered thus , For life sake I must not lose that for which I ought to live . Nec propter vitam vivendi perdere causam . Let them begin with Reading , Writing , and what thing else is fit for their age and capacity ; but Parents must be able either by themselves , or others , to know not only the capacity , but also the temper of the Tutor , or School-master ; for Scholars have much of the nature of Preceptors : and this I may give for a true observation of mine ( which I do not pretend to be of an universal truth ) upon several persons ; the reason is clear , for the fear which the one strikes into the others , makes these last study the temper of the former , to conform them●elves to it ; so that if those prove melancholick , or cholerick , these , out of fear or complacency , will imitate them thereby to become the more acceptable . And indeed how can a young man , apt to receive impressions , not fall into the temper of a man whom he is constantly with , and whom he looks upon as given him to shew good examples , as well as to give good precepts ; besides , that his temper and actions do creep , and insensibly , or unawares insinuate into the young man. The way of some , first to have a Tutor at home , then send them to a Free School , so to the University ; when they are fit for it , is often attended with success ; but as 't is usual almost in every thing to meet with letts and hinderances , in this it falls out so sometimes ; for at home often the fondness of a Mother will spoil all , * accusing the Tutor one time of too much severity , another of neglect , and another time for giving too hard tasks , so that a young Boy who is not willing to be tied to his Book , perceiving this , abuses it , and then there is no dealing with him . Farther , in some Schools except one hath a great care of him , he will neglect his Book , and fall into a disorderly course of life , often running too and fro , which some Masters will wink at for their interest , to perpetuate them in the School . As for the Universities , there is often so much corruption , by reason of the great concourse of Scholars , who debauch one another , one alone being sufficient to corrupt many , that instead of learning they sometimes forget ; and when they should improve themselves in Vertue , Arts , and Sciences , they abjure all good manners , and become proficient only in Vices . Yet for all this , my intent is not to speak against the use of those things , because they are abused ▪ only , I desire the abuses so to be taken away , as to be reformed : for I am not so singular , and unreasonable as to condemn things setled by the advice of good and judicious men , by experience found to be useful and necessary : only , I point at some inconveniences which sometimes happen in 't , to the end they may be avoided . And seeing the best things are liable to be corrupted , I will never think the worse of Schools , and Universities , such corruptions creeping in through the fault of some persons and times : Contrariwise , I consider them as Seminaries of Learning ; than the which , as yet , the wit and prudence of men could find no better ; therefore , mending what I said to be amiss , a Tutor is very necessary in a house ; for being under the eyes of Parents , he will the better mind his Duty ; and his Advices and Precepts being strengthened with the authority and presence of Parents , will have greater influences upon the Scholar . In Free Schools there will sometimes be an emulation who shall learn best , when they who perform their Duty receive praises and encouragements ; and the University breeding will be very beneficial , when the good Orders of every Colledge shall be put in execution ; for indeed Universities are the center and spring of Learning . One thing more I add in relation to Schools , that when there happens to be an unruly and uncorrigible young man , 't will be the credit and interest of the Master to dismiss him , for fear he should spoil the whole School ; for a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump . Some Masters have a pernicious method , which is also too common , to affect being formidable to Scholars : Obedience I know to be the ground which whole Education is to be builded upon ; but I think a voluntary obedience , when it can be had , is much better than a forced one . Fair means ought to be tried before one makes use of severity , and rigour ; but there are those who would have Scholars to quake in their presence , and to fall upon their knees , and as it were , adore them . Whosoever it is that teaches us any thing , we ought to honour and respect him upon that account ; yet I cannot approve to see extorted such respects , and in such a degree as are not due . This indeed is a very bad precedent to young men ; for when things which they ought not , are exacted , they are put in the way , and authorised to deny those which are due . I say therefore , that too great and unseasonable severity produces often sad effects ; they would fright young men into learning , instead of inticing them to it : this is the way to make them hate and abhor all manner of erudition . The first rudiments of Learning are crabby , and bitter enough in themselves , without any farther mixture of gall and wormwood ▪ The will of men will be perswaded , but not forced : 't is as of the string of a Watch , if it be wound higher than it should be , it will break . Learning must be represented to them as a pleasure and advantage , and not as a wrack or a torture . Difficulties ought to be cleared and levelled , and , as much as is possible , they should be led to it by a smooth way : yet for all this I know Muses do not sit upon a level ground , but upon a high hill , so that none can go up without some difficulty : but withal , I say , they ought to be led up not through the steepest , or thorniest , but the easiest way , which will prove more pleasant and beneficial to both Tutor and Pupil . When there is a bad step , or any crabby pass , the young man should be cheared up , and encouraged , and not run him out of breath . I do not deny , but that 't is sometimes necessary to chastise them , specially some , whose temper requires it ; but I would have it done with moderation , and only when it is fit and necessary ; yet avoiding injurious and unbecoming expressions , and giving those blows , whereof the marks do remain so long after , not correcting them ad libitum , or out of a fancy , but when there is a just cause , and that as Fathers , not like Tyrants or Hangmen . Here I cannot forbear inveighing against those Schoolmen , who have corrupted Sciences , specially Philosophy and Divinity , which they have stript of their natural habit , and cloathed with a strange dress , under several barbarous names and notions , to make a monopoly of it to themselves ; many things in both Philosophy and Divinity were clear and intelligible , but now they have drawn a curtain about , and darkened it with phantastical terms and expressions , which signifie nothing but what they have been pleased to allow : this is the cause of many disputes and vain contentions , which since the year 1130. or thereabouts have troubled the wit and quiet of men . The way of teaching Youth in Schools , is so well known , and so common , that it were in vain for me to speak any thing of it ; besides , that every one follows the method he thinks best , and it is natural for men to stand out in their opinion : yet I must say , that with some the ordinary method will not do ; but ways ought to be found out sutable to the young mans genius . Sometimes Conversation will be more effectual than reading and learning by heart , though by all means these must be used ; the young man is to help , for the School-master cannot infuse it ; therefore the Scholar must take pains : however , I say there are some methods easier and better than others . When I speak of Conversation and Reading , I do not oppose , but distinguish one from the other ; and I would have discourse used sometimes by way of diversion . When a Scholar is not in a humour , or disposed to learn one thing , then he must be put upon another ; or instead of making him learn with reading , one should teach him with telling , or take some other way to cheat him , as it were , into learning . But this is better done by a Preceptor in a House , than by a Master in a publick School . He , who at once hath but one or two to mind , can better take his time , and hath more leisure to study his or their temper , and accordingly order or alter his method ; but he who hath many to look to , hath generally one common way , which every one coming into his School is to submit to ; and certainly this cannot be alike fit for every Scholar . I love to hear a young man asking the reasons of the rules and precepts given him by his Tutor . It is recorded of Cato , that as soon as he had received any document from his , he enquired after the cause of it : this is necessary ; for if things be committed only to memory , this may happen to fail , or else sometime they will be like a Bird that whistles the tunes he heard often : so that put them out of their tune , they are gone , and silent ; or if the words of the things learned are changed , or out of place , though the sense remaineth , they are at a loss ; like those who ( when they begin to Dance ) can do 't only in the same Room where they are used to do 't ; or if they go about it in another end of the Chamber , then presently they are out . The same it is of some School-boys , who if in the least they are put out of their ways , will hardly say any thing to the purpose , or speak three words together of good sense ; or if they do it will be by a meer accident . Thus we read of a Parre in Rome , which in the days of Augustus was ( as many more ) taught to salute the Emperor with his Ave Imperator , which he said one day , as Augustus was going by , who answered , I heard many such salutations : after which the Bird said , Oleum & operam perdidi , I lost my time and my pains : whereof the Emperor took such notice , that he caused the Master of the Parret to be called to him , and gave him some tokens of his Liberality . Now the Master never intended to teach him these last words ; but as the Bird was dull , and did not learn well , often he complained he had lost his time , and his pains , in teaching of him ; which the Parret remembring at that time , it came in as well as could be . And indeed some of these creatures take notice of words sometimes more than men do imagine , and can remember words which they heard but once . One day in one of the chief Courts of Europe , upon a discourse about Parrets , made by a Lady , who exceedingly commended her own , the Queen desired to see it , and it was sent for ; and as soon as the Cage was set down in the presence of the Court , in the language of the Country where this was , he said , Let evil take the sluts who are the cause I am all wet . The truth was , it rained when it was brought through the streets , and the Footman that carried it , spoke the same words which the Parret did well remember . I doubt in Schools are too many such Parrets who superficially know something , but are not acquainted with the grounds and causes thereof . Wherefore , to get Youth the more willing to learn , I would endeavour to make them sensible of the great and many advantages which come by Learning ; whereof the first is the informing of the judgment , and enlightning of the understanding , which to understand the better , one must know there is a faculty of the soul , called intellect , which is a door and inlet into the soul : for whatsoever objects senses do convey into the soul , they of necessity must pass by this , whose office is to hear , and to judge after examination : In the first part it is called passive , and in the second active : This intellect is as the eye of the soul , whereby she discerns true from false , which is its proper object ; as good from evil is the object of the will , yet as this last doth determinate her self according to the last dictate of the former , the notions of good and evil do necessarily fall under its serious consideration : for the intellect is as a judgment-seat at whose bar stand all propositions about things suggested to the soul , whether or not to be done , chosen or rejected : to the end , that after * reasons pro and con represented , it may pass a sentence , and take a final resolution . Hence it is that often we see men so slow , staggering and unresolved by reason of scruples remaining in their mind ; which till they be cleared , and difficulties removed , they will come to no conclusion : so that comparing inconveniencies with advantages , and finding them of an equal weight , the predominant passion doth often intervene to make the scales cast on one side , so that a timerous man will not dare to undertake a thing for fear of dangers : but a bold man will venture through with this consideration , Audaces fortuna juvat timidosque repellit . But this intellect hath its darkness and ignorance , it is naturally blind , because of Adam's fall : for as promises to Adam were not for him alone , but also were extended upon all mankind , so threatnings concerned all his posterity ; he was not as a private man , but a publick person , representative of all mankind : as therefore through his disobedience , he not only lost his supernatural priviledges , as holiness , righteousness , the image of God and innocency ; so all his natural gifts and faculties were thereby corrupted , and this depravation hath reached all his successors : no wonder therefore if the intellect of every young man is still involved in that blindness which is also much increased by the suggestions of Satan , and other inward corruptions : the Devil ever goes about to beguile it , disguising as much as he is able the true nature of objects , insinuating evil for good , falshood for truth ; so that many times it is miserably deceived in its judgments , especially about spiritual things ; in which operation the grace of God must intervene , and the morning Star must shine till the Sun of Righteousness , being come to his noon , doth dissipate the clouds of darkness , and ignorance : therefore saith St. Paul , the eyes of your understanding being enlightned , that you may know it : for in the new Creation , as in the first , darkness is before light ; so that now God saith as he did then , Let there be light ; and there is light ; or else man proceeds from one degree of sin of those expressed in St. Iames , he is tempted by those objects which by his lust are received ; and by them and the enticements he is deceived ; after this , sin is conceived , then brought forth , lastly finished or consummated . Although the mind be not so blind in , and ignorant of natural and humane things , as of Divine and Spiritual ; yet there is a great cloud drawn over it , which in some degrees may be dissipated by learning . In these days knowledg is not infused , but acquired with time and pains . We are not born learned , but we become so by degrees : though alas , if we would speak seriously , and come to an examen of our selvs , we would say with a wise man , Hoc unum scio quod nihil scio , one thing I know , that I know nothing ; for indeed , what we are ignorant of is much more than what we know . I will say farther , that the most learned man in the world hath but a superficial knowledg of things : nay , more than this , let a man never so much have studied a question , one or other coming after him can have such notions of it as the other never thought upon . Amongst Grecians , when Sciences first of all came out of Egypt , the bravest wits suffered to be called Magi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wisemen ; then after some proficiency with Pythagoras , they took the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Philosophers , friends or lovers of Wisdom ; and when they were come to a higher pitch of learning , they would with Socrates be called Rhetores , Speakers , or men discoursing of Wisdom : that is , the more learned they did grow , the better they knew their ignorance . 'T is an observation made of Solomon , that first he calls himself King over Israel , then King in Ierusalem ; and for once he calls himself King , three times he takes the name of Preacher , to shew that the nearer he was drawing to God , and the more he was looking upon himself , the humbler he was . Just as when a man goes down a River , he can see the bottom of it , and thereupon hath great thoughts of himself : but when he comes to the main Sea , he can discover no bottom there ; all are abysses and depths : then he sees the vanity and lightness of his former thoughts . Indeed Learning , except it be sanctified , makes a man swell with pride , Knowledg pusseth up : Hence it is , that as Corruptio optimi est pessima , Nothing is so insufferable as the pride of a man of Learning ▪ because wanting experience of the world , he commits many absurd errors : indeed he is altogether impertinent ; so that having conceived a high opinion of his learning , though it be in imagination more than in reality , slights all the world , as if they were ignorant and fools : looks he on others as did the Pharisees on the people , But this people who knoweth not the Law are cursed . If such a Scholar ( as now we speak of ) once out of his Study goes into company , either he will act many tricks of pedantry , or else be as mute as a fish ; he can hardly speak of any thing but Books , of Logick , Metaphysick , &c. without any consideration , whether it be sutable with the company he is in ; and yet in whatsoever he saith , would be accounted an Oracle , applauding himself , and desiring to be applauded by others . An empty vessel makes a sound , when a full one makes none ; an ear full of corn hangs down , when that which is blasted , and hath nothing in 't looks up and stands upright . I must not omit a reason why Learning instructeth ones understanding , because it teaches us to know things by their causes , effects , de●initions , descriptions , and attributes ; so that the intellect being so well informed , will hardly admit to be imposed upon by any sophistical arguments ; for thereby he is put in a capacity of discerning right from wrong , and acquainted with the several methods and ways , even with some rules ( which seldom admit of any exceptions ) not to yield to any probable , likely , and specious words and expressions to be defrauded of the knowledg of truth . A second benefit of Learning , is the good influences it hath upon the will , not so much immediately as by the means of the intellect , which being so well informed , as we said , will conform her self to his last determinations : for though the will , which is a most free agent , doth suffer no co-action , nor violence , yet it is moved , inclined , and persuaded . Learning doth also afford us help , and rules , how to master our passions , though not always , yet oftentimes , when they would break out with violence and impetuosity . In man is , that which is called the inferior part of the soul , wherein under the appetites irascible and concupiscible are that we call passions , which all men are subject to , though some more , some less , the best and wisest of men strugling against , and striving to bring them under . Vitiis nemo sine nascitur , optimus ille est qui minimis urgetur . — Now these passions are seated in the heart , wherein reason ought to preside , and sit , as a Queen ; which if things were in a due order and subordination , all passions ought to obey , and be subservient unto : but this part of man is much sensible of the sad effects of Adam's sin . For as through pride and infidelity he disobeyed his God , so his natural affections are become rebellious to him , tyrannizing the best part of his soul , and sometimes usurp that power , which they ought to submit to : for as they are in the most brutish and sensitive part of man , so 't is harder to rule them . God , who is able to subdue all things unto himself , and who in the day of his power , from unwilling , makes us a willing people , when he pleases , doth curb , tame , break , and bruise those unruly and inordinate affections , let them be never so stiff and stubborn ; wherefore the best remedy for those who are much subject to these disorders , and who desire to be rid of them , is to address themselves to God for his assistance , who can bring every thought and affection under to the obedience of the Lord Jesus Christ. After this , Humane learning is of great use and advantage ; for thereby we are not only acquainted with the nature of the distemper , but also are taught the best and most sutable remedy , and the fittest way to apply it . Men who are acted by sensual principles , aim at the satisfaction of their senses ; but they who have learned and felt the corruption of these , will fence against , and bridle them . Not to be hindered in following the dictates of reason , they will know how these passions make us like unto brutes , which infinitely we ought to differ from ; specially by reason of our immortal souls , created after Gods image and likeness . Philosophy can teach us the vast difference , which God in his mercy hath set between us and brutes : whether it be in our principle or in our end ; whether in our essence or existence : and though as to the matter , there be some conformity , as to the form there is such a disparity , as between mortal and immortal , corruptible and uncorruptible ? How many examples can History afford us , of those , who having prostituted their reason , and inslaved themselves to their passions , were brought to troubles and miseries : And as we see , that in States , when those , whose duty it is to obey , take upon them to govern , all things go into a confusion . So when in man passions are exalted above reason , nothing follows but disorders , mischiefs , and unavoidable ruine both within and without . I need not to mention any of those precepts and rules , which Divinity teaches us upon this subject . Scripture which is the fountain of it , is full of arguments to that purpose ; and any one who exercises himself in the reading thereof , will upon this account , find a great deal of help and comfort therein . Divinity , which as I said , is derived from thence , doth much enlarge and explain it , and affords us the best directions we can wish for to master our passions . But to proceed to another thing , of all humane Sciences , Moral Philosophy teaches us best therein ; she wants no motives , incentives , precepts , rules , and examples , to bring us to it . By the help of these , great men of Antiquity , as Socrates , Alexander the Great , Scipio , Cato , and many others , made their chastity , patience , constancy , temperance , and other vertues so famous : for having found out by the light of Nature , and the rules of Morality , how necessary it was for them to conquer their passions , they undertook it with success , and forced their enemies to admire and love them : And amongst all these examples , there is hardly any but was a learned and understanding man : the Conquerors themselves , as Alexander , Caesar , &c. were so ; the former having been carefully instructed by his Tutor Aristotle ; and Caesar's Commentaries shew what a manner of man he was . One day , Aristotle being asked , what a difference there was between learned men and unlearned ; Such , said he , as between the living and the dead : being of opinion , that a man without learning is a statue more than a man. And now I am upon this subject , I must shew how beneficial Learning is ; sure I am , 't is necessary to many , and convenient to all ; it doth enrich the mind , rectifie the will , regulate affections , quickens and perfects natural parts , and is an ornament to the whole man , whom it doth fit and dispose almost for every thing : But this is most certainly true , that it is neither a burthen nor a hinderance to any . And first , if I consider it in relation to a man in his retirement , when he is far from company , and wants conversation , then he hath reading and meditation . Sometimes ones affairs will call him into the solitariness of the Country , or his Distempers will keep him within doors ; whilst those who love Hawking and Hunting only , want Hawks and Hounds ; and others who love nothing but Gaming , want Money or Company : he will not want entertainment , he can converse with the dead , who sincerely , and without fear or flattery , do condemn Vice , and commend Vertue ; without stirring from his study he can know the world , without any danger he can see Battels , breaking and overturning of Kingdoms : so that whilst others do not know what to do when their sports fail them , this is content , and satisfied , and with one may well say , Non minus solus quam solus , I am never less alone than when I am alone : for in his Book he will find the company and experience of great men who went before him , examples to be followed , and dangers to be avoided . Moreover , is a man in any company ? he is able more or less to discourse upon most matters ; and is he obliged himself to entertain company in his own house or elsewhere ? he hath stock and variety to do 't : and a Traveller , if he be learned , is a fit companion for any honest and vertuous man he meets with ; of whom one finds abroad a great variety . I hope no body will deny , how every one who is to speak in publick , if it must be well done , hath occasion of some learning . A Lawyer who desires to be eminent , must be versed in Rhetorick to give a form to , and set his speech in order ; and understand something in Logick to deliver his reasons and arguments in a due method : Learning can afford him many things to enrich his discours● , which rules of Rhetorick will make more elegant , more pathetick , and persuasive , and will perhaps render him more eloquent if he hath any disposition towards it . A Divine , who in the Pulpit is almost every day to instruct , correct , convince , and persuade ; how can he teach effectually , and move affections with success , except all Arts and Sciences , which are servants to Divinity , do afford him plenty and variety of matter : People will respect and esteem their Pastors for their parts : learning and abilities by which respect they are disposed to give ear to , and follow exhortations and directions they receive from them : Daily experience teaches us how unlearned and ignorant Preachers are not much followed , and it is an effect of God's anger when he takes shining Stars and Candlesticks ( for so the Scripture calls Ministers ) from a people , and gives them ignorant teachers . These , who being unstable and unlea●ned , do wrest Scriptures to their own condemnation . In a word , solidity and elegancy of a Sermon , and eloquence of a Pastor ( which things receive great help from Learning ) are ever acceptable to heaters , and necessary to a Preacher , who is to make good his cause out of Scripture , Nature , Reason , Authority , &c. and to defend it from the cavils and sophistry of his Adversaries . Statesmen also , when they sit at a Council-Table to make their proposals , ought to back them with reasons , confirm them with examples and precedents , and to refute the grounds of contrary Opinions . In their Treaties with Foreign States , how nimble , wise , and circumspect ought they to be , to elude the designs of others , and to carry on their own : when any League is to be formed , or dissolved , Manifesto's to be published , and so many intrigues abroad and at home carried on : and in the management of all other State a●fairs , how beneficial will it prove to have a good pen used by a good head . Histories afford us examples of those who through Learning were so fitted for publick employments , that almost as soon as they began , they made themselves famous therein , some in politicks , others in martial affairs . The same I may say of every private Gentleman , who being a man of Estate and Interest in his Country , hath ground to hope for being chosen a Parliament man , where almost every day , when they sit , have occasion of making tryal of their parts and learning , whereby they are cried up , come to be leading men in the House , and so are taken notice of , the whole Nation over , and become necessary to Court and State. Though as yet I have not named Physitians , I suppose none will deny that Learning is necessary to them ; and though I know the practical part is that which is required most of all , this is certainly much helped and made easier by Theory : and indeed of all professions this of Physick requires reading as much as any . The object is so noble , hath so many dependencies , and is of so vast an extent , that it requires the whole man , and the whole life of man ? How many thousands of Distempers is the body subject to , whereof they are to know the signs and symptoms , the causes , effects , and remedies ? what a study is that of the temper and constitutions of men which they must know , and several circumstances to be observed by them ; then the number of Books concerning their profession , which at one time or other , 't is fit for them to read , written in Arabick , Greek , Latin , and several other Languages ; surely their task is great , seeing that , according to what says one of the Fathers , Adam through sin hath l●ft the soul of his posterity to the care of Divines , their body in the hands of Physicians , and their goods and estates are committed to Lawyers . Therefore there is no doubt to be made , but that Learning will prove a great advantage to old and young , Doctors and Scholars , and to every one according to his capacity : It is then necessary betimes to put Children upon it ; there being so † long a course to run , and the life of man being so short . Amongst Heathens Learning was so considerable , that one of their Sects accounted it to be the chief good of men : as others declared themselves for vertue . St. Paul desires to be delivered from unreasonable men : the word is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without Topicks or Logick , to shew that this Art or Science which is the door into all the rest , is essential , or at least necessary to man as such ; Reason being an essential principle of humanity . Hitherto I specified nothing of what Books , Arts , and Sciences Youth are to be taught ; because in my discourse about Learning , I have been drawn to speak of that which is proper and necessary to men of all ages . Indeed to treat of this exactly and methodically , I ought to have made a distinction of ages , as Childhood , infancy , &c. but as in so doing many things had fallen under consideration , which are not of my purpose , I thought fit to wave it till now , when I intend in few words to tell my mind of it . First , I know that not only every Nation , but also almost every School , and every particular Preceptor have different ways and methods , and read some different Books , excepting Accidence , Grammars and Dictionaries ; which though , as to the substance and rules they be every where alike , yet they are digested and compiled in a different way ; so that every Nation hath these fundamental Books particular to her ●elf : but as to Classical Authors , they use very much the same every where ; the choice which hath been made of them being universally approved of , and with good reason too ; for they are the productions of as sine wits as ever Rome had , I mean the Poets ; as Ovid , Virgil , Horace , and * Terence ( though an African ) with Plautus , &c. for the Latins : Hesiode and Ho●●● for the Greeks . For Prose of the lower orb , Corderius , Vives , Erasmus his Colloquies , then Quintus Curtius , Florus , Iustin , Caesar's Commentaries , and of a higher form for Poets , Lucanus , Iuvenalis , Persius . For Historians , Livius , Suetonius , C. Tacitus , Plutarch , and several others , all which I may reduce under the notion of Humaniores litterae taught in Schools to several forms , besides , Fables , whether Poetical or Moral , as Ovid's Metamorphoses , AEsop's , and others . But there are some nice spirits , who would have the use of these Books forbidden only because they are the works of Heathens ; yet I think they ought to be satisfied , considering they are universally used amongst Christians : but I add , they are not made use of upon any account of Faith or Religion , but only for the Wit , Learning , Language , and sometimes good Morality , found in them , and for want of better in that kind . In all this , I would have them to proceed by degrees , as first of all , being perfect in their Accidence and Grammar , to turn English into Latin , and to learn by heart some of the Works of the fore-named Poets , with the English of it , or else if that be too hard to begin with Cato's Disticha de moribus , or Verini Di●ticha , because , besides the tongue , they may therein learn very good sentences of morality : All this time I do not exclude the private Exercises they ought to make in their Studies , when they are come from School ; for having done the task required of them in the School , they may , and must fall upon reading of some History or other good Book , whether Latin or English , commended to them , or of their own chusing . Poetry they ought not to neglect , specially they who have any genius towards it ; and therefore they must exercise themselves in all manner of Verses , whether Exameter and Pentameter , Sapphick , Asclepiade , Phaleuck , Iambick , Choriambick , or others ; for thereby they will attain to a greater facility of understanding Latin Poets , who expressed themselves in those kinds of Verses . In all this I wish , that as the School and age do bring the young man's parts to maturity , so Tutors would advance their Lectures . I said before , those ought not to neglect making Verses who are inclined and disposed towards it ; such as Ovid , who saith of himself , Quicquid conabar dicere carmen erat : and it had been pitty his Father had prevailed with him , when through hard usage he extorted this promise from him , Parce mihi genitor , post hac hand carmina condam . As to Cicero for want of this disposition he did better to follow the prose wherein he so admirably well could express himself , and leave off his — O fortunatam natam me Consule Romam . In the mean time I wish them not to neglect the Tongues , or School Languages : first , the Latin ; I know all this while they have been learning of it ; but I desire the purity , the Idiome , and the critick part , and as much as can be to perfect themselves in 't ; for most ancient Authors have written in this tongue , which is the door of Sciences , and the universal character , whereby all Nations may understand one another , it ought to be loved not only for the use and necessity , but also for the beauty and elegancy . Hence it is that some call it Lingua Regina , the tongue which is the queen of all the rest . The difficulty of this consists in speaking . Then the Greek called Lingua Copiosa , because it abounds very much in words and expressions ; and for the composition of words , none is so fit as this . Many good Books are written in 't , out of which the Romans borrowed part of their learning : and once at Athens , which was the great School of the world , all Arts and Sciences were taught in this Tongue . Cicero himself was there to learn it : this is of a great use , specially to Divines , to understand the Septuagint , or 70 Interpreters , but chiefly the New Testament , originally written in Greek . When St. Paul did write to the Romans it was in Greek , though he knew well the Latin Tongue , which he spoke when he was amongst them : the knowledge of Tongues being one of the gifts which God had bestowed upon him . This he expresses when he saith , I speak more tongues than you all : This is also a Tongue necessary to Phy●itians to understand the works of Hypocrates , Dioscorides , Galenus , and others who have written in 't ; besides that , most parts of man's body , great many Diseases , and the names of several Drugs are expressed in that language ; the difficulty of this consists in writing . The Hebrew Tongue , called Lingua Sancta by reason of the many holy things written in 't , is very necessary to Divines for the understanding of the Old Testament , which is originally in this . In the confusion of Languages , at the building of the Tower of Babel , this remained in the house of one Heber , whence I think it was called Hebrew ; besides the reason I already mentioned why it is called holy , there may be this , that it contains no unhandsome or unbecoming word , but it doth express things in terms very decent and modest : where there is a question about a Text , or the true signification of a word , to be able to discourse of it , one must be versed in the Original , which also hath a peculiar idiome , and a singular energy , which it loses in part , being translated into other Languages : Furthermore , if one hath a mind to understand the Targums , Talmuds , and other Rabinical Writings , he must be skilled in the Hebrew Language , out of which most other Languages , whether antient or modern have borrowed something . Under this I comprehend the Samaritan , whereof the letters differ only in figure from the Hebrew , We have only the Pentateuch , or five Books of Moses written in this ; the difficulty of it consists in reading . The Chaldaic Language will also prove useful and necessary to Divines , not only by reason of the affinity it hath with the Hebrew , of which it is a Dialect ; the character of both having the same name and figure , but also by reason of the Paraphrase written in that language , which was necessary for the understanding of the Text after 70 years captivity ; for the people born in Babylon and other places of Chaldea , wherein they were dispersed , being forced to speak the language of their Masters , forgot their own ( for here it was not as in Egypt , where they were altogether in the Land of Goshen . ) After they had leave to return home , this Paraphrase was compiled to make them understand the Text , as I said before , which came to be of an Authority almost equivalent to the original . Hence came that affinity , and some mixture of both ; and there is whole Chapters in this tongue in the Prophesie of Daniel , some verses in Ezra , and elsewhere . The Syriack , which is derived from the Hebrew and Chaldaick , or as others think , is almost the same with this , only of a different Dialect , is also necessary , because of the version of the Old and New Testament made into it ; which compared with the Hebrew , gives a great light to the sense of the Text , and much more in relation to the New Testament ; for this in Iudea was the common tongue in the days of our Saviour , and of his Apostles ; wherefore , in several places of the Gospels and Epistles , we find several idiomes and phrases of this tongue , which are no ways proper to the Greek ; so that 't is thought the Evangelists ( except St. Luke , who specially well understood the Greek tongue ) conceived first in Syriack their Gospels , and then put them into Greek . This Syriack then was their mother tongue ; so that true Hebrew was not commonly understood ; as appears by this , that our Saviour on the Cross , crying out Eli Eli Lamma sabactani , The standers by amongst them , the Inhabitants of Ierusalem being the greatest part , did not understand it , but said , he calls for Elias ; and the rest said , let us see whether Elias will come : which words could not be pronounced but by Jews , who were acquainted with the name and history of Elias . The Arabick tongue is very considerable upon the account of her antiquity and usefulness ; for it did not only begin to be known in the days of Ismael son of Agar , who went into Arabia the Desart ; but it was so after the confusion of tongues at Babel , when Sabi , a Nephew of Cham , went into 't , whence it was called Sabea . That people called Arabians , have been careful to keep it from mixture with other Languages ; for they had no communication with other Nations . Hence it is that they call themselves the best Gentlemen of the world ; their blood in matter of alliances having not been mixed with other people : They have gotten the name of being the greatest Robbers in the world . This tongue is very copious and easie to be learned , there being but few rules , with fewer exceptions : This , as I said , is of great use to Divines , not only by reason of the affinity it hath with the Hebrew , but also because of the traduction of the Bible into it : which compared with the original , gives a great light to the Text. All Books of Mahumetan's super●tition are written in 't , as well as the Alcoran ; in all their Services they use it ; and where they have Schools , they learn it , as here we do Latin and Greek . It is also useful to Physicians , because there hath been of that Nation great men in that profession who have written in that language ; besides those Books which are extant about other Arts and Sciences , as Mathematicks , Politicks , Historical and Chymical . Other tongues there are , which , if a man's genius inclines him to learn , he will find help and pleasure in 't ; but these I think to be the chief and most necessary to be learned in Schools , which indeed for the most part are commonly taught in them . But I must leave off speaking of tongues to reassume my discourse where I left it , when I began to fall upon this subject . I would have the young Scholar to be put upon Declamations assoon as he is fit for it ; this will not only try , but also improve his parts ; for then he must read Books to get a stock upon occasion : and also this will give him confidence to speak in publick , which he will endeavour to do to his credit : Herein he can be much helped by Rhetorick , whose end is to persuade ; therefore he must perfect himself in all the common places thereof ; whence he may learn Invention and Elocution , of which the first will afford him matter enough for the subject he shall have in hand ; and the last can teach him a way and a method how to dispose of it into a good order : then the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and figures will be an ornament to his discourse , whether it falls under the Genders demonstrative , deliberative , or judiciarie , to state well a case , then ground it upon solid reasons , neatly delivered , and in a good language and to have the way of conciliating or getting the good will of Judges and hearers , are certainly the essential parts of the art of Oratory . By these means the two great Orators , Demosthenes and Cicero ; the one among the Greeks , the other amongst the Romans , spoke so often with the good success which every one knows : This can enable a man not only to speak in publick , but also fit him with dexterity , privately to manage a business . Logick will teach him to speak Categorically , and in few words to say much , to put an argument in form , and to know the fallacy of those made against the moods of every figure , and all manner of sophistry : there he may learn what is an ens rationis , what universals , what substances , accident , and other predicaments are : in a word , dialectick can give him a taste of all other Arts and Sciences , this being the right door into them all . Natural Philosophy can instruct him of the Principles of natural being , and of the natural body it self ; besides all things in 't , from it , or relating to it , the subject of generation and corruption so necessary and useful to be known ; and the matters concerning the soul may therein be cleared to him . This is necessary to Physitians , specially , according to the maxim , Vbi desinit Physicus ibi incipit Medicus . Metaphysick treateth of supernatural things , that is , in comparison of those relating to natural Philosophy , therein one shall hear of ens transcendens , essences of things , unum , verum , bonum , and several other things very obstruse , except they be judiciously and methodically cleared . Hence is the next step to Divinity ; for , Vbi desinit Metaphysicus , ibi incipit Theologus . Ethicks direct how to guide our actions and rule our passions ; it makes Vice odious , and Vertue lovely ; it resolves several dubious cases , and represents the four Cardinal Vertues to be followed by us , Justice , Fortitude , Temperance , and Prudence are therein set forth in such a dress as is able to make us strive to attain to them . In a word , hence are derived the good precepts of what is called morality , which ( specially those of prudence ) are of great use to Statesmen , according to the saying , Vbi desinit Ethicus , ibi incipit Politicus . History also must be known ; it hath two parts , one called natural , which is a general collection of the particular works of nature ; the other is civil , and this is a collection of the life and works of particular men ; Chronology and Cosmography , both depending upon natural History , are the Basis and Foundation of that we call civil : they afford the circumstances of time and place , without which nothing can be done , or preserved in order . Natural History relates to the productions of Nature , as the Civil to the actions of men . Indeed it is an uncertain , difficult , and almost unpossible thing for Modern Authors to examine the motions and accidents of former times , to find out the natural inclination of persons whom we never have seen or known , to declare the unresolvedness of a councel we were never called to , to dive into the secrets of a Prince , whose confident we never have been , and to describe things unknown : Wherefore the best is to find Historians who lived in the times when things related were acted , and were well acquainted with the things they did write : yet the thing shall still be liable to exception ; namely , that such Writers have perhaps been partial , and may be mis-informed : nevertheless , although such an History be defectuous in her circumstances , yet it is solid in the main , and as to matter of fact relating publick actions of times past . The study of History is very beneficial to all sorts of persons , 't is instead of Learning to the unlearned , and supplies some , not only with knowledge , but also , with prudence ; several other things are merely speculative , and for theory only ; but this is altogether for practice . Politicks and Morals are two of the most practical things that are ; for what speculations they contain , do rend only to lead to a practice ; yet this goeth further , for it contains the effects of what they only shew reasons for ; it is not satisfied to give rules , as they do , but also strengthens them with precedents , and illustrates it with examples . In the reading of it we make a reflection upon the manners and actions of good and evil men , and observe therein that which kept order in Corporations and Societies , and what caused disorders in them ; whence are drawn judicious consequences of what is to be done or avoided , whether in publick or private : out of this Morals and Politicks are derived . Further , History is so pleasant , that every one delights in 't ; for it contains many things to ex●ite the curiosity of men , and is free of those crabby things and difficulties which other sorts of Learning are attended with . Other Sciences are sometimes subject to decay : but on the contrary , this is renewed every day by the access of new matter and transactions ; so that 't is so far from losing any thing of its lustre , that it is increased every day : which advantage she imparts to those who are acquainted with her ; for by her help young men grow old in experience , without any decay of strength ; and old men go back to their younger da●s , and lose nothing of their wisdom . Whensoever History gives us councels , it declares the events of it , and all actions it doth publish ; one way or other it makes known the motives and causes ; so that we may perceive thereby , which either prudence or hazard had nearer influenc●s upon great events . In a word , there is such a variety of things pleasant and profitable , that he who will not value it must be thought to have forfeited common sense and reason . But the great and general advantage we get by History , is the experience of so many ages , that so we should enjoy the fruit of other mens labors , be wise at their own costs , and receive benefit from every thing they have done , whether bad or good , avoiding them in one , and imitating in the other ; having marked to posterity , and as it were , set a buoy to warn us from dangers and places , where others have been dashed or sunk . This commendation of History I can conclude no better than with what the Emperor Basilius in his excellent instruction exhorted his Son Leon to follow , when he should come to the Empire . Son , neglect not the reading of ancient Histories , for without pain you may find therein that which others have collected with mu●● labour ; you can learn what virtues made some to be honest men , and for what vices others were accounted wicked . In it you may observe all the differences of humane life , and how many changes all things are subject to : the inconstancy o● worldly affairs will appear to you , and the notable falls of the greatest Empires of the world : In short , you may observe how bad actions ever are followed with some punishments ; and how good ones at one time or other are attended with rewards : so that you must avoid the first for fear of falling into the hands of Divine Iustice , and give up your self to these last to deserve the rewards which infallibly you shall receive . Nothing can be added to these instructions , which deserve to be written in letters of gold ; but I must say , that Histories are to be read with some caution ; for most are censured for one thing or other , there being nothing perfect in this world . Cornelius Tacitus , who thought amiss of Providence , doth nevertheless flatter Vespasian , with being a minister chosen by the gods to work miracles , and give sight to a blind man , and health to one who was sick in the City of Alexandria . In which two things , as one saith well , he contradicts himself to become a flatterer : this makes Tertullian call him a forger of lies . Others do shew themselves partial thus , by reason of jealousie between Plato and Xenophon : this last speaks ill of Menon , because he was Plato's good friend . So because Herodotus had been ill used by the Corinthians in his Writings , contrary to truth , makes them run away in the Battel of Salamina ; so he omitted some things tending to the commendation of that people which might have been an ornament to his History . Amongst the rest , the solemn Prayer of the Corinthian Women to Venus , to the end she would enflame their Husbands hearts to the Battel against the Persians : And because Salustius was an enemy to Cicero , he passes by the honour done to him after the suppression of Catalina's Conspiracy . This vice Thucidides is cleared from by Marcellus in the History of his Life . The same Herodotus and others have written some fabulous and false things , not out of any desire they had so to do , but for want of a true information : Indeed to make credible a History , it were to be wished , that he who writes it had been present to the actions he mentioneth , or had heard them from those who were present ; and yet he must not indifferently make use of every ones notes , but chiefly of those , who being concerned , are able to declare the causes , councels , and ends aimed at ; which qualification makes me esteem Thucidides in the Athenian Wars : And to speak the truth , Ministers of State are the fittest men to write Histories , or at least to furnish matter for it ; for they are acquainted with the true estate of affairs , the grounds , deliberations , secret and underhand Treaties , and with the will and interests of their Princes ; but either they have no time to do 't , or else dare not , thinking it not fit nor safe for them . Lastly , most are partial for their Nation or themselves , and then say nothing to the advantage of their enemies , but what is not possible for them to conceal : 'T is as when the Children of Israel had no Cutlers amongst them , they were forced to go to the Philistines to whet their Knives and Swords , who were sure never to set them the right edge ; so either they will be silent of the brave Exploits of the enemies of their Nations , or derogate very much from them to lessen their own losses , and make greater their victories : Upon this reason I judge of Annibals transcendent merit and warlike capacity : For if Livius a Roman could not avoid to speak well of so dangerous an enemy of his Country , what had it been if we could have seen his History written by a Carthaginian . As for Divinity , for certain the more one knows of it the better it will be ; yet because every one's genius and calling doth not require to be a Doctor of it , I must shew how much is necessary for every one to know . First , it is required all should be instructed in the Principles of Religion , common to all Nations ; namely , that there is a God , who is the first cause of all things , and hath his being from from himself , and so through the Articles of Christian Reformed Religion , as they are set down in our Confession of Faith and Catechisms , whether they be the Churches , or of particular men , as Ball 's , Perkins's , which is one of the plainest , clearest , easiest , yet as much methodical as any ; and of Primate Vshers , which is an excellent one , but for Christians of a higher form ; the Assemblies Catechism is full , intelligible and excellent . Then they must be versed in Scriptures , because their Faith is to be built upon 't ; wherefore they should have at hand one or two Texts at least , to ground upon every Article of their Belief . In a word , I would have every young man well principled , and so well grounded in his Religion , that according to the Precept of Saint Peter , they may be ready to give an account of their Faith to every one that asks it , not only declaring what it is that they believe , but also giving their reasons and proofs for it , and answering objections which others can make against it ; for 't is not enough to assert , but also one must defend his Religion , for fear , when he goeth abroad , he should be moved and shaken from it . Having affirmed that we ought to be versed in Scriptures , because our Faith is grounded thereupon , and it being known , how in some places they contain things difficult , and above any ordinary capacity , I think it necessary to enlarge more up●n this , the more , because the simple and ignorant ought as well to know what they believe , as the greatest Scholar ; every one being to answer for himself , and to be justified * by his own Faith , waving here the great question we have with the Roman Church , concerning reading of Scriptures by common people , which is not only lawful , but also necessary for them . David bearing this testimony that it makes wise the simple , gives knowledge to the ignorant , opens the eyes of the blind , and many things more to this purpose . I say , Scriptures contain things necessary to be known ; first as to the substance , that there is one God the maker of the world , and of all things therein , and that he is the preserver thereof ; all what he saith we must believe to be true , and in him we ought to trust and put our confidence : although there be but one God in nature , yet there are three Persons , Father , Son , and Holy Ghost , co-essential in nature , co-eternal in time , and co-equal , or together equal in power : these persons are distinguished , not divided : amongst them is an order without confusion ; the nature is spiritual , and consequently immaterial and uncorruptible ; simple without any composition , whether metaphysical of substance and accident , physical of matter and form , or moral of act and power : It is infinite , eternal , unchangeable , and independent . Now this God is known to us in his Nature , Attributes , whether incommunicable , such as we named just now , or communicable as are his Justice , Goodness , Mercy , and Wisdom ; whereof he is pleased to impart some drops to his creatures ; and in his works which his word doth inform us of , either explicitly or by clear and necessary consequence . Now therefore that there is a God , in * whom we live , move , and have our being , w●o † is a rewarder of all men according to their deeds , who having made the world , formed man after his image ; and that man through his disobedience , infidelity , and pride , fell from that estate of innocency and integrity , wherein he was created , which not only brought guilt upon him , and all mankind , but also punishment and misery consisting in death , of afflictions , natural , spiritual and eternal ; insomuch that thereby we are all fallen into temporal , and become guilty of everlasting pains and damnation , out of which we cannot be delivered by any strength , wisdom , or capacity of ours : th●refore , God out of his wonderful and infinite mercy , promised a Saviour , from time to time , renewed the promises , sealed and confirmed them by several types & figures , who would come in the fulness of times to satisfie his Justice , appease his Wrath , make a full expiation for our sins , and reconcile us to God : This Saviour was to represent our person , put himself in our place , and suffer the pains and torments we had deserved . Because humane nature had offended , he was to be a man , otherwise it had not consisted with the justice of God to punish that nature which had not sinned ; and as farther it was necessary he should be a man to die , so he was to be a God to conquer and overcome death . In three words , the substance of it is , that there is one God , and that through the fall of Adam we had been all damned , if God had not given us a Saviour . The knowledge of these things is necessary to salvation , and except we believe it we cannot be saved : now all this is clearly and intelligiby expressed in Scripture ; so that any ordinary capacity may easily be brought to understand it , and this we call necessary to be known as to the substance . Under the Old Testament , to know and believe this was sufficient to salvation , for their Faith was extended upon a Messias to come , and not upon one already come ; so that till the time of the Declaration , who this Saviour was , the object of their Faith was an Individuum Vagum , and they were in the dark who that particular person should be . Wherefore Iohn the Baptist confesses his ignorance in this point , when he saith , As for me , I knew him not , but he that sent me to baptize with water , said , &c. Hence it is that he sent two of his Disciples to ask him , Art thou he that should come , or do we look for another . He knew him by the Spirit 's descending and remaining upon him . This was the characteristical note . But now there is a second thing necessary to salvation to be known by all who lived since the coming in the flesh of our Saviour , and under the Gospel ; and this is necessary as to the declaration , namely , that the Saviour promised , prophesied of , and typified , is that particular person Jesus Christ , both God and man , Son of the Virgin Mary , born in Bethlehem , in the days of Herod ; and when by the command of Caesar Augustus the world was to be taxed : In a word , the same that was Conceived by the Holy Ghost , born of the Virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , dead and buried , and who did and suffered all things mentioned in the Gospel ; and in few words , contained in the Apostolical Creed . This same we ought to believe to be our only Saviour and Redeemer , whom we ought to rely upon , and put our trust in , apply him to us by Faith ; and except we know and believe this , there is no hope of salvation for us , as Scripture doth fully and clearly declare ; so that this Principle may be infused into the meanest capacity . Si Christum discis nihil est si caetera nescis , Si Christum nescis nihil est si caetera discis . But in the third place , there are some things contained in Scriptures , concerning which the Spirit of God hath not been pleased clearly to reveal his mind to us . As revealed things belong to men , so secret things belong to God , which we must not pry into , nor presume beyond what is written . Prophecies are certainly dark , till they become a History ; for to understand them before they are fulfilled , one must be endued with a Prophetical Spirit : Besides Prophecies , there are other Points attended with many difficulties which Doctors themselves labour and study very hard to understand . Such are the ways and manners of things : That things are , is a matter of fact ; and after God hath said in his word they are so , it admits of no difficulty out of this Principle , That God is the God of Truth ; but the manner of things is that which breeds scruples , the word being either silent or dark about it . As for instance , that there is one God in Nature , and three Persons , Scripture doth clearly set it forth in several places : and if this truth be obscure in one Text , some other place of Scripture will clear it , it being proper to Scripture to explain it self by it self ; yet how this Unity and Trinity can consist together : though learned men be able to apprehend , yet mean persons and low capacities are not capable of it : so is the mystery of Incarnation , how the second Person who hath Divine Nature can assume Humane Nature , and yet the Father and Holy Ghost who have both Divine Nature should not be Incarnated ; and again , how both Natures can be united in one Person and the idiomes and proprieties of every Nature should not be united ; but every Nature should retain her own attributes , without mixture or confusion ; yet this we know to be true , but cannot dive into the manner how this is done . There are also other things , as the day when the great judgment shall be , and where it is to be , and what places Heaven and Hell shall be in , which arise from vanity and unnecessary Curiosity . Other questions there are , which men ought not to dispute too much about ▪ because they are somewhat problematical and good and learned men do differ in their opinion concerning them , as may be this : Whether there will be degrees of Glory , and whether this world shall be changed , as to the substance , or only in the accidents ? all which points Scripture is not so clear about , as it is in others , because the two first I named are necessary to salvation ; and these are not , so that a man may very w●ll be saved without knowledge of them : and though they are beyond the reach of ignorant people , it will be no hinderance to their salvation : because whatsoever is necessary to be known in order to it , is plainly and clearly set down in the word . And to make this be understood in few words , there are three parts of Divinity ; the first called Dogmatical , or Didactical , explains ; the second Practical , for the practice , applies ; and the third Polemical , for Dispute , decides ▪ It is necessary to salvation to know the two former , but not the last . If any one who understands Latine hath a mind to some methodical insight into these things , he may read some systeme or other of Divinity , as may he Wollebius , which is compendious , but excellent : Wendelinus is very good , specially in the Polemical part , Altingius and others . Having shewed what is necessary and convenient for Youth to know ; I must not forget to bring them to the knowledge of themselves : Know thy self was a great lesson amongst Heathens , which to do , is a great duty incumbent upon Christians : therefore , whether a man considers himself in his essential parts , Soul and Body , he ought to understand the duty of both , and to apply both to some good and honest exercise ; or whether he doth reflect upon the whole as he is a man , that is the most excellent of God's Creatures : He must endeavour not to degenerate from this excellency , specially seeing every creature hath some particular quality , and every quality of them all , ought to be found in man in a higher degree of perfection : And indeed the knowledge of these Creatures should lead us to our duty : At their first creation they were all for the use and service of man , but he having rebelled against his Maker , other creatures have so dealt with him . Now there are of three sorts ; some still are serviceable to man , as Horses , Dogs , &c. Others hurtful to him , as all ravenous and venomous Serpents , Vipers , Wolv●s , Tygers , &c. Others are as Hyeroglyphicks to him , the Dogs returning to his vomit , the Sow to her wallowing in the mire , the Asse's knowing his owner , and the Ox his Masters Crib testifie against his ungratefulness . The Stork , the Crane , the Swallow , knowing their appointed time witness against his obstinacy in evil ways . Other Creatures give good examples , some of Piety towards their Parents ; as the Stork which carries and takes care of them when they are no longer able to flie : Others of charity to their young ones , as the Pelican bleeding himself for their sake ; some their thankfulness , as Horses , Elephants , Camels , who serve those from whom they receive their meat . Others fidelity , as Dogs ; some prudence , as Ants , Bees ; some valour and courage as Lions ; others subtleness , Justice , &c. Now man , who is an epitome of the wonders of God , comparing himself with these creatures , will find himself more excellent than they , and having an absolute or relative knowledge of himself , he will strive to answer the gifts he hath received from God and Nature , and to walk accordingly . Cui dedit erectos ad sydera tollere vultus . This they will do of themselves , when they come to riper years ; in the mean time , and whilst they are young , these Principles ought to be infused into them : First , how to carry themselves with their Superiors , as Parents , with that respect and obedience due to them ; the like they must do to Princes , and Magistrates appointed by them , paying them Tributes , Customs , and Honours ; submitting to the Laws of those under whose protection they live , hating innovations ; according to Solomon's saying , My Son , meddle not with them that are given to change . And because they are members of the civil Society , they must sometimes deprive themselves of particular advantages for publick good ; thereunto sacrificing their interests , and suffering some prejudice upon the same account : so they ought to be respectful to any particular persons , who are their superiors in quality , place , parts , or age . Secondly , with their equals they must be civil and courteous , provided it be not to the prejudice of their Rights and Priviledges ; specially with those whom there is ground to contest with ; though what a man doth in his own house in point of civility , doth no ways derogate from him ; neither in England is it drawn into consequence : one must by all means be careful to avoid every occasion of dispute and contention . Thirdly , with their inferiors they must be kind , loving , affable , bountiful , generous , and liberal upon occasion : civil , provided this civility be not abused , forbearing to do any thing whereby they may be slighted by them . Fourthly , they must be taught how to behave themselves with friends , so as not to lose their amity , using all lawful possible means to preserve their friendship , not putting them to any trouble , but upon a good account ; for he who doth not so value and esteem them , as to avoid as much as he can being importunate with them , doth not deserve to have friends . 'T is a great part of wisdom to make a right use ●f them , and not trouble them upon any triflle or trivial account ; but one is to take heed of those whom the Poet speaks of . Quos sportula fecit amicos . Fifthly , with enemies one ought to be wary and circumspect , and not give them any advantage ▪ yet one must have charity for them , using lawful means to prevent the mischiefs they intend against us . In a word , they should be taught with all manner of persons to carry themselves with civility and prudence . Polititians prescribe these rules ; if thy Birth or Charges give thee authority over some , use it with justice ; for one must obey his condition if he will not be exposed to the contempt of the world : against thy equals wait for the advantages of Fortune , to use it yet with moderation ; and do so behave thy self towards thy Superiors , that they be not forced to go beyond the limits of modesty , and to prove insolent , and hard with thee . In a word , let thy whole carriage , thy very thoughts and desires , be sutable to thy condition , for fear of bringing t●y self into danger , harm , shame , and infamy : This some great men have known and practised . Once Parmenion having said these words , If I were Alexander , I would accept of the proffers of Darius ; Alexander answered , so would I if I were Parmenion . The words of Lewis XII of France were very notable ; for once being advised to avenge himself on those who had wronged him before he was a King , answered , It is not becoming a King of France to avenge injuries done to a Duke of Orleans , for such he had been . When I said Youth ought to be taught the excellency of Humane Nature , it was by way of motive for them to good actions , and not as a ground of pride and loftiness in them ; for I never intended to exclude the knowledge they must have of their weaknesses and imperfections which I could desire them to be humbled under ; yet Instructions about this should not be given by way of perpetual elegy and constant lamentations ; as the way of some is to talk of nothing but of the miseries of times , and of Humane Nature , Heraclitus like in this . It is not enough to speak so much of the Wound , and nothing of the Cure , to lay open the Distemper , and yet neither shew nor apply any Remedy : Young men must necessarily know what is amiss in their Nature and Persons ; but withal they must be acquainted with what they are and ought to do , that they may mend and reform . Although hitherto I have distinctly spoken of Learning and Morality , wherein Youth ought to be instructed , I do not mean they should be taught at several times and ages ; for these things may very well be contemporary ; only there are degrees of both , which require a greater maturity of years than others ; which I must refer to the prudence of the Teacher , to use according to the capacity of the young man. It is certain , that practice of of Vertue is the end of Science , as Science is a perfect disposition to Vertue ; so that not only they consist together , but also are a mutual help one to another . Parents , who have several other things to mind , either publick or private , according to their station , do chuse and appoint those who are to make this their whole business , yet both these things , Learning and Morality , are of so vast an extent , that men of means and quality think it a sufficient work for two ; whereof one called Preceptor , takes care only to instruct them in Arts and Sciences ; and the other under the name of Governor , hath the oversight of their actions ; but this must be no hinderance to either , to teach or advise according as there is occasion : for both these parts were performed by those famous men who had care of Princes whom they taught not only Scholarship , but also Maxims of State. Aristotle was such an one to Alexander the Great , who amidst his Victories , by Letters asked his advice about several emergencies . Polybius not only instructed Scipio the African in his younger years , but also followed him in his Expeditions , and had considerable Employments in his Armies . Titus Livius had the care of Tiberius's Education : so had Seneca of Nero's . This last , according to the opinion of some , having discovered in his Disciple a great inclination to cruelty , compiled his Book of Clemency , De Clementia , thereby , if possible , to alter his temper : which cruel inclination , Nero , being come to riper years , dissembled for a time . Indeed , often men make a sure judgment of Children and Youth in their tender years , of what they are like to prove , their nature being then not capable of dissembling ; but appearing nakedly such as it will be . Thus Alexander gave signs of his future greatness in the questions he made to Embassadors sent to his Father ; and of his ambition when he wept for his Fathers Victories ; who as he complained , left nothing for him to conquer : yet I know every thing done or said by persons of that quality , are lookt upon with magnifying and multiplying-Glasses . Cato also at his going out of infancy , shewed how one day he would be zealous of the liberty of the Republick ; one day seing in Sylla's House the Heads of some who by his command had been put to death , asked , Why is not this Tyrant made away ? and being told of the danger there was in such an undertaking , by reason of the great care he took of his safety ; He resolved to carry a Dagger under his cloaths , and stab him at the first opportunity . This design his Governor had very much ado to dissuade him from . These are strong signs of the passion which is like to be predominant in young men , when they come to riper years ; though others who know how important it is to understand the genius of Children , to make instructions profitable to them , go up higher , and do consult the nature of Parents ; concluding with Horace , Nec imbecillem , generant aquilae Columbam ; as if with the Blood of the Father , all fatherly good parts and qualities were transmitted into the veins of the Son ; which rule , though sometimes it proves true , yet is not certain , and admits of exceptions : The Soul is not produced by the Father ; and though her faculties do often follow the temper of the body , yet wit and goodness are not begotten : otherwise this proverb were not true , which hath been so often confirmed by experience , Filii heroum noxae : therefore I must say , that though it be much to be well born , yet it is much more to be well brought up : Nature is potent and strong , but Institution and Breeding go beyond : For as I said before , Infancy is tractable to any habit ; and as it is ignorant of what are Vertue and Vice , so it ●s as susceptible of one as of the other . Indeed it seems strange to an ordinary eye , that a Father full of Courage and Generosity should beget a base and a cowardly Son ; neither is it very probable , but that a Son , who is part of his Father , should have something of his qualities : for some particular Vices or Vertues are running in the Blood of some Families , as of Nations . Sensitive creatures do communicate their Nature , and transmit their essential Qualities to that which they beget : A Lion by Nature is courageous , a Wolf ravenous , &c. And some have been of opinion , that it should be so with men ; for Suetonius relates in the life of Nero , that his Father , a very wicked man , said , that Nothing could be born of him and Agrippina which were not detestable and hurtful to the Publick : But if this were always true ; why shall not the children of one Father and Mother be all of one and the same Nature , which yet proves so much to the contrary . Once it was a question concerning that famous Aleibiades , which were greater in him , his vices , or his Vertues ? a thing never so disputable about any one as about him ; for he had excellent good qualities : also strong and dangerous Vices , so ballanced the one by the other , that no body could tell whether he would at last prove to be the best or worst of men . Two things which he boasted of , were his extraordinary Beauty , and his illustrious Extraction . But Socrates the first Author , as far as we can find , of the Precepts of Morality , upon which account men said of him , that Having found Philosophy , travelling through Heavens and Elements , he brought it to dwell in Houses and Cities ; made him understand one day ▪ that Quality , Riches , and Honours , without Honesty , could only make him able the more to do wrong and injury to others : and he so proved to him , that though he was of a noble extraction , except he was qualified with Vertue and Merit , he was no better than a Porter , that Alcibiades shed tears , and earnestly intreated the Philosopher to shew him the way to Vertue . Montague in his Essays hath something to this purpose ; but specially concerning the inclinations of Youth , If , saith he , the Disciple be so minded , as to hear a Tale , rather than a Relation of a considerable Iourney ; if he leaves following of a Drum which led him to the way of honour , to go after another inviting him to see Mountebanks , who takes more pleasure to come from a Tennis-Court , or from a Ball or Dance , with advantage , than to return dusty and victorious from a Fight : I ●ind no fitter way for such an one than to make him a Cook in same good City , though he were the Son of a Duke ; according to the rule of Plato , that Children are to be disposed of , not according to the means and quality of their Fathers , but according to the faculties of their own Souls . So that let a Young man be never so well qualified from the side of his Parents , except he hath good Dispositions , vertuous and honest Inclinations in himself , he will never be the more esteemed , because , Simia est semper simia etiamsi purpura vestiatur . But of this I intend hereafter to speak more at large . Because we have already more than once mentioned honesty as the quality without which others are insignificant , we must now tell what it is . Diogenes Laertius , in the life of Plato , saith , this great Philosopher called honesty , That which is reasonable , commendable , profitable , decent and convenient This is the Spirit which gives life to every action ; without this salt there is no savour in any thing we do ? How acceptable to God and men is an honest heart ; many a learned , valiant , and wise man can be found in the world ; but how hard is it to find a true honest man. But to return to my purpose ; to the end the endeavours of a Tutor be effectual upon a young Scholar , 't is very necessary for him to understand his genius and inclination ; this is the most judicious and methodical course that can be taken ; and herein , besides what he can observe in his Conversation , Physicians can help him ; for in every man they find four essential qualities , dry , moist , hot , and cold : Driness is by Galenus accounted the principle of Prudence ; and moisture of Folly. These are qualities of ●our Principles , constituting the body of man , all which are to be found in every man ; but usually one is predominant over all the rest : the better they are mixed and tempered , the better is the Constitution , and the longer the life of man : these answer to the four Elements which Natural Philosophers affirm to be in every mixt and compound ; of which the one is hot and dry , the other hot and moist ; the third cold and dry , the fourth cold and moist . These Principles are called Choler , Melancholy , Phlegm , and Blood ; every one of which is adapted to , and prevalent in one season of the year : The Flai a bilis or Choler doth abound in Summer , which season doth well agree with her quality , hot and dry . Atra bilis , or Melancholy abounds in Autumn , which are both dry and cold : Phlegm is prevalent in Winter , which is moist and cold ; and so it is , for certainly this is the coldest of all Humors ; but in Spring the Blood doth abound , which agree in this , that both are hot and moist . Now as the humor of Melancholy is sowre , of Choler , bitter ; of Phlegm , salt , and of Blood , sweet ; so they make the tempers of men harsh and troublesome , rough and severe , churlish and soft ; and every one of these is to be discerned by the Complexion : Choler makes lean and yellowish ; Melancholy , dark and black ; Blood , fat and ruddy ; and Phlegm , white : These qualities , more or less , according as they are predominant , do tyrannize over a man , except by the use of Reason and Prudence , he doth correct and qualifie them . When Choler abounds in the Brain , it drives men into madness ; as the Atra bilis impells them into Melancholy . As we said before , Phlegm being cold , they who are predominated by it , are subject to want Memory and Prudence : when therefore old people fall a raving and doting , it is because of this coldness , whereby every office of the Soul is hindered , and not by reason of dryness attending that age . Now Blood hath a mixture of the three others , and is esteemed the best temper of all : the hotter and thicker it is , the greater strength it gives to the person ; but the thinner and colder it is , the better the sences and understanding do act : yet though we see creatures who have it so to be more prudent and ingenious as Bees , than others , 't is not to be attributed to the coldness of Blood , but to the thinness and pureness of it : those creatures which have it thinner , are the most timerous , because fear cools it : contrariwise , they which have it thick , are more courageous , cholerick , and furious as Bulls , Lions , Bears , wild Boars ; because Choler makes hot : and solid things that are hot will heat much more than moist . The nature of youth , saith Plato , is wild and almost mad , when that of old men will be full of austerity , roughness , and tediousness : For Youth is a hot age , and full of blood , which old age wants , and is very cold : so that the very age is to be observed in point of Education . No man , saith Galenus , is willingly evil ; but he is such from the natural depravation of his body , and from a bad breeding . But this must be well understood , or else it is much liable to exception . I am much of the mind of that learned man , who proves , in a Treatise made on purpose , that the manners of the Soul do follow the temper of the body . Indeed the union of these two parts is so great , that necessarily there must be a great communication of their parts , and faculties : sences do convey objects to the intellect , and the faculties of the Soul do operate through the organs of the body , which too often defile the purity wherein the Soul should abide : The Body doth afford the Soul too much matter , and incentives to sin , and the law of the Members is hard enough for the law of the Understanding ; therefore in some measure we may well refer the vertues and vices of the soul , to the temper of body . Men of a cholerick humor are quick and dexterous : Melancholy gives integrity and constancy with Luxury ; Phlegm makes one mild and gentle , and the great abundance of blood casts them into simplicity , and stupidity : what more shall we say to this ? from all these humors arise rashness , impatience , dulness , suspicion , and mistrustfulness , which often lead men to cruelty ; hence arise discontentedness , murmurings , indifferency for any thing , and a number of passions which so much disturb the peace and quietness of men , are effects of these tempers and humors predominant in man : which if a Tutor were able , and would take pains to find out , it would be easie for him to remedy several inconveniences , whereof the causes would thus be known to him . I add that to undertake this upon good grounds and better hopes of success , the genius and age of the young Gentleman are not only to be lookt into , but dealt with accordingly ; which to effect , one is to consider , that to understand , to imagine , and to remember , are proper operations of the rational Soul ; inasmuch as the intellect , the wit , and the memory are faculties of the same : As Memory is for things past , so it may be said the Intellect and Wit are part for present , and part for those which are to come ; and both these last receive a great help from the first : for it doth afford matter to discourse , and to be exercised upon . These faculties of the Soul have their working in the head , where , upon occasion , are drawn the spirits into the brain : Hence it is that there is more brains in the head of a Man , than in that of the greatest Oxe ; and it is observed , that those Brutes which draw nearer to men , as dogs , apes , and foxes , have more of it than others . A man excels in one faculty or other , according to the temper he is of at such a time ; or as it is altered , either through accidents , or the usual course of nature , that is , according to the several ages ; which age and genius ( I say it again ) if not well observed , and dealt with accordingly by the Instructor , he will build upon the sand : and if he succeeds , as to him it will be by meer hazard , but when he hath found it out , he must put him forward in that way , according to the faculty best in him , whether Memory , Wit , or Understanding ; yet let not the others be idle , and let no time be lost . I named just before the four Principles of the temperature of man ; yet I say , cold doth nothing of it self , only helpeth to temperate the rest , therefore the good one is to be neither too moist , nor too dry , nor too hot , nor too cold : for when one is too predominant , it ever disturbs , and at last destroys the rest . The Memory , to be good , must be moist , the Intellect dry , and the Wit hot ; yet every one within certain degrees ; and as these qualities are contrary , so it happens seldom that one who hath a good wit , hath also a sound judgment ; because the first requires heat , whereby this last is weakened ; and he who hath a good judgment , hath seldom a good memory ; because that must be dry , and this must be moist : yet I do not deny , but that sometimes a man of a good judgment may also have a good Memory , or a good Wit ; yet all in a moderate degree ; but the stronger and more predominant one of the faculties is , the weaker the others are . Hence , as I say elsewhere , it will appear how Memory is the prevalent faculty in the most tender years , because that age abounds in moisture : therefore Plato had reason to say , In the presence of children we should ever speak of good and honest actions , inciting to Vertue ; because the memory , softned with moisture , is better able to receive impressions than when it is dried up : As one sees the difference between hard and soft , clay and wax ; yet a Child must not be troubled with many several different matters at the same time , because they breed a confusion for want of being duly placed : besides that , to every Science are prescribed some bounds which must not be trespassed ; and therefore see you perfect him in some measure , before you proceed to other things . Arts and Sciences gotten with Memory , and proper to 't , are Grammar , some Theory of the Law , the Principles , but not the Controversies , of Divinity , Arithmetick , reading of History , and Languages which are learned by Children , better than by men of riper years ; yet , remember Memory grows better for being used . When one is passed from childhood to infancy , the mind begins to understand ; and therefore proportionable things must be offered to that present capacity ; as good Authors , and something of Logick : but when by degrees that moisture ceases to abound , then the Understanding grows stronger ; as we see it by experience with people who live in hot Countries , who are wiser and more judicious than those who inhabit cold Climates ; where reigns more simplicity and stupidity , because the Sun and heat cannot dry up part of their moisture ; as it doth where it shines with more strength . Now to the Intellect belongs to distinguish , to discourse , conclude , judge and chuse ; and things proper to it , are Dialectick , Natural Philosophy , Theory of Physick , the practice of the Law , Polemical and School Divinity . To Wit , belong invention and composition of things ; it hath in its operation a beginning , a progress , and a decay , as the other faculties : when it turns too much into fancy , and arises to some hotter degree than it should , it becomes destructive , and falls into delirium , making one light-headed : they who go so far , fancy high and great things ; their brains being over-heated with too much working , or reading Romantical Adventures , which they should be forbidden to do , this humoring and elevating that fancy . Yet certainly , true Wit is of a vast extent , for to it do belong all Arts and Sciences , consisting in figure , harmony , and proportion ; as Musick , Picture-Drawing ; Eloquence , the practice of Physick , Mathematicks , Astrology , application to several things at the same time , which yet is not an ordinary effect of it . Poetry , for some young men can sooner make twenty good Verses in two hours , than learn by heart ten lines in two days ; whereby is seen the difference of Wit and Memory : as the example of Socrates makes it visible between Wit and Understanding ; for the Oracle pronounced him to be the wisest man alive , when he never had the wit to make one good verse ; though as much as in him lay , he had learned the rules of Poetry . Lastly , to pen well , Cards and several other Games , are under the compass of Wit , which must be taken up with good things . I make much depend upon the temperature of the body ( yet detest the consequence of Galenus ) but I make most depend upon a rational Soul ; yet I think it fit for men to endeavour to know the natural causes of things ; for Nature is a Book to be read and observed by us , leaving all to the concourse and influences of the All-mighty and wise God , Maker of our immortalSouls . One must endeavour to get all former Rules confirmed by experience ; because in some cases , general Rules fail . Some , the better to know the temper of men , will proceed farther , and consult Physiognomy ; whereof Aristotle hath given some Rules : and to begin with the forehead , according to the Proverb * Frons hominem praefert ; they who have it great are lasie ; if little , they are light and inconstant ; if it be large and broad , they are easie to be moved and unsetled in mind . If the eye-brows be straight as it were in a line , they signifie one to be effeminate ; if they bow towards the nose , he is sower and churlish : if they be turned towards the temples , he is a jearer and dissembler : long eye-lids are a sign of corrupt manners , short ones a mark of probity ; they which almost constantly look down , denote envy ; an over white eye , or whose apple seems divided by a streak of white , signifie good nature ; that eye which is neither very big , nor very little , hath a very advantageous signification ; that which moves too much , shews inconstancy ; that which fixeth much upon objects , betokens impudency ; but that which moves neither too much , nor too little , is a sign of goodness , and prudence . Little ears signifie corrupt nature ; long ones and upright , folly or pratling ; but indifferent ones are a good sign ; so of the nose , mouth , &c. if a man be hairy very much , he is either strong or given to luxury . But enough of this . Others would consult Chyromancy , and by the help of some lines in the hollow of the hand , enquire into several things ; not so much to know the nature , as to dive into several accidents which are certainly or likely to befal one . Astrologers will tell us of Constellations , Aspects , Conjunctions and Influences , which Stars have upon those who are born under them : but this casting of Nativities and Horoscopes , and Fortune-telling are ( to my opinion ) things no ways to be minded or lookt after ; the Science thereof being conjectural , uncertain , and forbidden by Scriptures . Rather I will consider the Country , and nature of the Climate under which one is born ; some Nations are fiery and hasty , others slow and phlegmatick ; some are of a sweet nature and civiliz'd , when others are wild and not sociable : yet I would not consult the twelve Signs , nor enquire into the twelve Houses , though 't is certainly true , that many things have influences upon the temper and constitution of men ; the very weather pretends to it : rainy and moist makes them dull and heavy ; cold , lusty ; hot , weak and heavy . When I said that Stars and heavenly Signs are not to be minded , I do not intend any ways to derogate from that vertue which God hath printed in them ; for it is certain they were not created in vain ; for God and Nature do nothing in vain : not only they are signs of times and seasons , and distinguish the day from the night , but also they have influences upon sublunary and earthly things . It were trivial for me to say that in sowing of seeds in the ground , and planting of plants in the garden , the motion and time of the Moon is to be minded , which Spring-Tides declare , in a higher way ; and the Sun forms mines of Gold under ground , purifies things , and ripens the fruit of the ground . But why should I insist on these things ; doth not a Maxim of Philosophy affirm , that Sol & homo generant hominem , it is not only the principle of light , but also of life to many things ; yet none of these Planets or fixed Stars have any coactive influences , inclinant non necessitant : so that out of them nothing can positively be affirmed , but only guessed at , and by way of conjecture . But there are so many othe● things whereby to know young men , that one can never want means to instruct and satisfie himself therein ; the looks , the gestures , the countenance , the very colours which passions spread over the face , do often tell us much of what is in the heart . Now I can see one blush for mode●ty , then another will grow pale for anger ; love , fear , hatred are read upon the face , and seen in the eyes , which are well called the looking-glass of the soul : let one but endeavour sometimes to stir those passions , and they will soon discover themselves : let a Tutor invite his Disciple to talk and discourse , and if he be any way ingenious , he will soon find out what he is ; then let him observe his actions , his exercises , his pleasures , and his company . Actions are certainly the surest rule whereby to judge of a man ; for here I make no distinction of ages : every free agent will propound an end to himself of whatsoever he doth , whether it be Actus elicitus , or imperatus : this end to a wise agent is the first in intention , but the last in execution : for as he looks to the end , so he thinks on the means how to attain to it : Yet I would not have every single action of a man severely to be examined ; for it is hardly possible but there shall be one defect or other in 't . I speak not only as in the sight of God , but also of men . To confirm what I say , many things must contribute to a good action , and the want in one single thing is enough to make it bad . Every action imports four things , a principle , a matter , a manner , and the end ; there ought to be a rectitude in these four circumstances to make it good . First , there must be a good Principle , which is of several sorts , and may be reduced to these three heads ; as it is honest , profitable , or pleasant : under the notion of the first , is that which arises from Conscience , as being of Divine , Natural , or Politick Right ; as to do Justice , and not act against Reason : but some act out of a principle of honour , as others of Conscience : wherein they consider themselves , and would do nothing whereby a stain or blemish should be laid upon their action , person , or family : And a third sort do act out of a principle of decency , not looking upon themselves obliged to such an act , but only they account it to be fit , handsome , and convenient for them : though there be a difference between these three motives , yet they are all reduced under that we have called honest : but many act out of another principle , called Interest , wherein they are self-ended , and look only to their benefit and advantage : This very often causes men to do things unlawful and unjust , so that many times it may be called pernicious , rather than profitable . A third Principle may be called of inclination , not derived from any rule or precept , but only from our mind and will to please one passion , or other ; whether it be love , hatred , or the like , without any consideration of advantage , or any reason tending thereunto . Non amo te Claudi nec possum dicere quaro Hoc tantum possum dicere non amo te . Then there must be the matter which is either good , or evil ; according as it is consentaneous or contrary to law and rule ▪ yet though it be evil , it is ever under the notion of good ; for good is that which is multum appe●ibile , much to be desired , Now no body wishes evil as such , let the inclination be never so corrupt , and as bad as that of Medea in the Poet. — Video meliora , proboque Deteriora sequor . Which answers to this of St. Paul , The good I would that I do not , and the evil I would not , that I do ▪ not because it is evil , but some specious shew or pretence of good intervening , though but imaginary , through the inward corruption , the agent determinates himself , though with some difference ; as the action is either spiritual , natural , moral , voluntary , or mixed . In the third place there is the way of doing , which is called the manner or form of the action , which is very considerable : for 't is not enough to do a good thing , it must be done in a due form : this circumstance God requires very much , according to this , Verba parum prosunt , prosunt adverbia multum , Non bona tam pensat quam bene facta Deus . Lastly , there is an end to every action , as I ●aid already ; and this circumstance is so considerable , that it doth denominate the whole action . Philosophers tell us , Bonitas petitur ab objecto , such as the end and object are , such the action will be , either good or evil . These four circumstances I will give an instance of , to illustrate what I say , let it be that of giving Alms , which is a good action , as to the matter ; it being commanded and commended in Scripture . He who gives Alms and performs this good action , ought to do it out of a good principle of obedience to Gods precepts , and charity to his neighbour , and not out of vanity or pride . Then this must be done in a good way , not publickly , and Pharisee like , causing the trumpet to be sounded before one , but secretly , and so that the right hand doth not know what the left is doing : and lastly , th● end must not be to be seen and praised of men , but only to relieve the poor , and needy . Besides all this , there ought to be a gradual perfection , that is , that every one of these circumstances be observed in a competent degree ; namely , whether my charity be not cold , whether I give as much as I am able , and is sutable with the present wants of the receiver : after all this , who can boast of his capacity to do a perfect action ? Th●refore a Tutor can never expect it from a Pupil , only he will observe whether he hath a good bottom , and an honest heart ; which goodness and honesty he must endeavour to improve with judicious advice , wise precepts , and good examples , from himself and others , into whose company he doth introduce him ; allowing him that honest liberty ( yet free from licentiousness ) which so much becomes a young man of quality , who ought neither to be humoured nor discouraged , so as to be driven into bashfulness . Because often Children are apt to forget Precepts and Admonitions after they have been given ; if they were followed with an example of any History , true , or invented upon the matter , it would take a deeper root ( thus to teach ignorant people , our Saviour used Parables so often ) but to have it to make a greater impression , in my opinion the precept , not long after it hath been given , should be reduced to practise . Thus in the last age , a Preceptor to a great and young Prince having observed in him a hasty nature , and seeing all his advices could not prevail upon 't , for his inclination did strongly draw him that way , all his general rules he reduced to a particular one , viz. Never to set his hand to any thing , till after he had read it , and considered on 't . Yet a day or two after , he brought in great haste a paper to the Prince to sign , having pen and ink ready to that purpose ; so the Prince signed without so much as reading what it was : which being done , the Preceptor said to him , Sir , you are King no longer ; for you may see how by this paper you made over your Kingdom to me . Inventions of this kind will certainly prove beneficial to Youth ; and the higher is the quality of the Pupil , the more their temper is to be studied , seeing , if by their Education they may hope for great charges when they come to be of age ; they will have great and publick influences , their actions being ●o much taken notice of , and men so willing to follow their examples , according to this , Regi● ad exemplum totus componitur orbis . Therefore when a Tutor sees his Precepts do not produce the effect he wishes for , he must not grow impatient , but still use his endeavours ▪ some tempers are dull and heavy , which have much ado to understand and retain : it is of Wits as of Fruits , some are ripe sooner than others ; so they being often gently , and in season told of their faults , will mend at last . Failings are natural to men , specially in that tender age , therefore one should be compassionate to , and redress them , aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus , is an ordinary saying , the best and most careful are subject to miscarry : but withal , a difference is to be made , when faults are committed out of ignorance , and humane infirmity , or out of wilfulness and malice . It is a great part of prudence to know when Youth must rest or work ; 't is the dexterity of a rider to know when to hold in , and when to put on ; and to know his time is a great matter : some can learn more in one hour ▪ than others in a whole day ; therefore they who are not able , or have no genius , to be kept too long at it , must not be tired out , which would make them nauseate all Learning and Morality ; they must have rest , and refreshment : for saith the Poet , — Neque semper arcum Tendit Apollo . But when the Tutor hath care , and capacity , and a good method to instruct , and when the Scholar is willing and able to learn , and to act what is necessary ; for there must be a disposition in the recipient , then there is hopes that God , who hath made all things by his power , and preserves them by his wisdom , will bless with success , their labor and mutual endeavours ; but if not only there are no such good dispositions , but rather bad ones in him , certainly there is no good hopes ; For Sincerum est nisi vas quodcunque infundis acescit . It is not only convenient , but also necessary to use Children to hardship , if their strength and constitution can bear it ; for thereby not only they will take exercise , which is necessary to dissipate bad humors , and to use their joynts , whereby they will be more nimble and stronger , and which also will make them grow ; but also they will use themselves to labor , and make it natural to them : it is a great matter when they are hardened from their childhood , for it makes their constitution strong and lusty : Hunting , Riding , Walking , and moderately using ones body , to the like exercises , can much contribute to it . Indeed some are brought up in so tender and effeminate a way , that 't is a shame to think on 't ; so that if ever they be put upon any inconvenience , they are not able to hold out , but sink under any hardship , and are soon swept away ; then those Parents who so much dally with , and seem to be so tender of them , may see their error , when any distemper comes upon them . It is natural and reasonable for every one to desire the health and life of his children , but the ways which men take to arrive to it , are much different , and the means often contrary to the end . I had reason to say elsewhere , that Breeding is a second nature , for Children will ( may be as long as they live ) retain that alteration which perhaps at that time was made in their temper : Look on a Country-man's , or an ordinary man's Son , he doth generally prove strong , and fit for hardship ; and though it be necessary to proportionate the hardship to the Child's strength , 't is no way requisite to stand so much upon the quality of the Parents ; for besides what I already observed , that this is good for their health , I believe , great and little ones , rich and poor , noble and commoners , may at one time or other happen to be put to shifts ; so that from the Prince to the lowest Subject , it is uncertain what one shall happen to be brought to : 't is well to be fitted to wrestle against what difficulties we shall meet withal . Besides that , the greatest Kings in the world , when they are put upon action , are glad of a body able to endure hardship ; the greatest Conquerors do share in it : not only the common Souldiers , but also Officers undergo it . What a fine thing was it for Pompeius , to have to be his Souldiers , those young Romans , who , for fear of being cut in the face , whereby it had been spoiled , turned their backs in the day of battel . In a word , as there is none but one time or other of his life may happen to be put upon action , 't is prudently done of Parents to fit them for it , from their youth up ▪ and I am sure , that to be able to endure hardship is a qualification without which one can do nothing , or very little in mart●al affairs . God , who had appointed David to many troubles and hardships , disposed him to it , through his former manner of life , when he kept his Father's sheep in the field , exposed to the heat of the Sun , Wind , Rain , and other injuries of Weather ; and may be with a crust of dry bread in his pocket . I do not deny how decent it is that Children of men of quality should be brought up in a handsomer way than those of common people : but I speak against the fondness which some have for them , which is so far from deserving to be called care , that I more properly name it want of care . Let the inconveniences of this manner of Breeding be observed , These young Gentlemen when ●hey come somewhat to know themselves , they will eat no course meat , only the most delicate they can find for mony . They scorn to wear cloaths except they be very rich ; they will think it is below them to walk , but if they go out , it must be in a Coach ; they will not so much as take the pains to stick a pin about them ; and if there be no servant to give them a glass of Wine , they will rather be choakt than take it themselves : Sometimes the weather is not good for them to walk out , therefore they will sit at home , and Dice or Card away many a pound , or in a Tavern , and drink away their health , till the Gout , or Gravel comes upon them , or a Pleurisie , an Apoplexy , or some other sudden Disease carries them to their Grave : After this way of breeding , certainly we must not look for many manly spirits , and if there be any , 't is their good temper , and strong constitution which keep them from being spoiled by this ; and as h●reby the name effeminate given to these spirits hath been borrowed from women , so some manly spirits have passed into the bodies of women ; for there are some of these whose heroick minds will shame the low and pusillanimous hearts of those , Sint procul à nobis Iuvenes ut foemina compti . Seeing I am now upon this subject , it will not be amiss to speak of two contrary ways of Breeding ; one effeminate , used by a people called Sybarites ; the other manly , by the Lacedemonians : the former studied nothing but how to soften and render effeminate their spirits and bodies : but the last as much as in them lay , endeavoured to frame their bodies to a strength necessary for war , and to infuse a true principle of valour into their soul. The Sybarites brought up their Children in the bosom of a lasie and idle voluptuousness , wherein they suckt vices as it were from the breast , and before they could know them : And as a stomach weakened through excesses can bear no solid meat , but that only which is very light ; so their soul had therein contracted such a nausea and distast , that it could no ways savour and rellish the food of vertue . Insomuch that it wanted strength not only to digest , but also to keep it for never so short a time . The Lacedemonians nourished their children with sobriety , and without delicacy ; they used them to injuries of weather , they made them fight and wrestle one against another ; commending some for their strength , others for their dexterity , and constancy ; they taught them to be respectful to old age , and often told them of the brave exploits and feats of their Ancestors , to encourage them to vertue ; they ordered them to be short , but sententious in their discourses , and constantly to mind generous actions . But what manner of men must they have been , who for several years were kept as soft and warm , as if they had been in their Mothers womb ; who would not so much as suffer workmen in their Town for fear their sleep had been interrupted with the noise they made ; whose Cooks were the first Preceptors they gave their Children ; Parents being careful how to refine their taste more than their wit ; who made in bed most of their Exercises , and their most serious Discourses at Table ; inviting people to their Feasts a whole year before , that they might have time to make extraordinary provisions , and those who were invited , geeat preparations to come to it , looking for excesses in every thing . Now I would fain know what good can be expected from such a Breeding ? On the contrary , the Lacedemonians who were brought up amidst noble and generous examples , and were as good as framed by the hands of vertue , could produce none but great and extraordinary actions , worthy of an immortal praise : and indeed the last of them were the first amongst other Nations . But at last , what was the end of these two people ? it is well known how , as long as lasted the Discipline by Lycurgus , setled in Sparta , thence came forth so many valiant men , that all their enemies were afraid of them , and durst not fight with an Army , wherein were but few of them ; when three hundred thousand Sybarites were overthrown by the Crotonians with a handful of men , and all their Towns taken within less than two months . The antient Inhabitants of Crete ( now Candia ) used to hang up their Sons breakfast , which if they had a mind to get , they were to fetch down with Arrows : hence it is that they were so good marks-men . The same is said of those of the Islands Balearides , now Majorca , Minorca , and Yvica . Here I need not to be told how this was of old , and now things are so much altered , that what Nation soever , or particular man would follow all the steps of antient Nations , would become ridiculous : for I know every Nation had , and still hath some particular thing sutable to the genius and state of the generality of it : and even in every Nation , according to the several intents and quality of Parents , there is some diversity in breeding of Youth ; they must be bred the way according to which they are to be disposed of Thus a difference is to be observed in the breeding of a Souldier , and of a Lawyer ; these being particular employments , which in time they are to betake themselves to : But I speak of a general way of breeding , which is not to be tyed , either to times , or places ; as Vertue , Knowledge , and the like : under which may be reduced the way of the Spartians , and others I named How much doth this condemn those Parents , who only think upon building of houses , and richly furnishing them ; of getting Horses , Hounds , Hawks , &c. and hardly think upon him who is heir apparent to these things ; and sometimes will take more care to have a Horse well dressed , than a Son well bred . Shall I confirm all I said against an effeminate ( and consequently vicious ) Education , by that which was given to one of the greatest Princes of Europe for these many age● , I mean , Henry IV. born Prince of Bearn , lawful Heir to Navarre , afterwards King of France : his Grandfather Henry of Albret would not have him brought up with the delicacy used with persons of that quality ; knowing well , how in a soft and tender body lodges usually a soft and a weak spirit : He did also forbid he should wear rich cloaths , or be flattered and treated with that submission due to Princes ; because all these things infuse vanity , and lift up the heart of children to pride , rather than to a true sense of generosity : he only ordered him to be cloathed , and fed , as were other Children of the Country ; and that he should be used to run and climb up the Rocks , which are thick in those parts to the end he might thereby be used to hardship , and his tender body might become strong and lusty , 'T is reported , that commonly he fed upon brown Bread , Beef , Cheese , and Garlick ; and that often they made him walk bare-head , and bare-feet ; and probably without this he had never been able to undergo so much hardship as he met with when he was forced to defend his right , and conquer his Kingdom with the edg of his Sword. Pope Sixtus V. had reason then to say , that for certain he would overcome the League ( a strong Faction in France ) because the general of it , the Duke of Mayenne was longer at Table , than Henry IV. was in bed . But I know every one hath not a constitution strong enough to bear this , in which case one ought not to go beyond his strength : However this is sufficient to shew how necessary it is for one to have a body used to hardship ; specially for t●ose who intend to be Souldiers : which profession very often doth not depend upon men , being sometimes forced to it , by some accident or other ; as may be a Civil War , an invasion of a Foreign Enemy , or a Conquest to be made by the Prince : besides that , 't is well known to be a part of policy in time of Peace , to be in a posture of War , and to stand upon the defensive . And that Country which hath a number of men of service experienced in warlike affairs , is considerable in her self , and formidable to her Neighbours : Arms are the usual way of conquering or preserving States ; for indeed , counsel alone , at least without a martial prudence , proves often successless , except the Sword be in a readiness to back it , therefore men able to command Armies , are so much respected by some , and feared by others ; which preferment , when 't is bestowed upon their merit , they often have sweated for , and endured the brunt of the day , whereby they attained unto that experience , which they were so considerable for : and hereupon I can but admire at the change which when there is occasion , this works upon the nature of men . Of this we have two notable examples of two great men who were contemporary , and this not long ago , in the days of Henry IV. of France , lived the Duke of Bouillon , and Marshal Biron , both gallant men for War , but in a different way : The former was of a wary , slow , one phlegmatick temper at a Council-Table , and in his ordinary actions : The other contrariwise was of a quick , hasty , and somewhat rash nature : yet when these two men were at the head of an Army , they were altogether other men : the Duke of Bouillon was so fierce and fiery , that he hardly could hold in , and was seen to foam when he went to the Charge : but the other did master himself so much , was so quiet , so calm , and as serious as if there had been nothing to do : in this condition the former was better disposed for a Soldier than for a General ; and the last was more fit for a General than for a Soldier . Indeed it cannot be well enough admired what a change is wrought in some men when they were upon the point of action . We read of one Garzia Sanchio , King of Navarre , who when he met with his enemies , grew pale and quaked ; whence he was surnamed the Quaker ; who yet was like a thunder in a Battel . The like we hear of another , who trembled when his man did put his Armor on him ; which he once asking the reason of , he was answered , My body hath reason to tremble , knowing what a danger my heart will anon bring it to . This in other men is an effect of fear , but in these , it is caused by a sudden raising of the blood . As Children in their generation are to be members of a politick body , and of a civil society ; I wish they were fitted to keep the bond of it , and therefore taught the practice of meekness , humility , civility , &c. which qualities breeding a mutual respect and affection , do much contribute to keep peace in families , amongst Neighbours , and through whole Nations ; and because Vertue begets plenty and riches , which cause pride and idleness , I would have them instructed as much as may be to avoid so bad effects of so good a cause ; thereby to prevent calamity and destruction , as befel Sodom and Gomorrah : we had never thought that the sin of those places had been other than that abominable one named from that first one , if Ezechiel had not expressed it thus ; The sin of Sodom was pride , fulness of bread , and abundance of idleness , want of charity , and haughtiness . To fence betimes against this , let Children be taught to study decency in their cloaths , modesty in their behaviour , sobriety and temperance in their diet ; not so much to please their palate , as to nourish their body , using wholesome meat and keeping a good diet ; for exuberancy of food causes surfeits , which do endanger their life , or at least makes them unfit to learn or do any thing well , causing a dulness in their spirits : wherefore 't is much necessary to make them use some exercise , whereby digestion may the sooner , and the more easily be made to prevent crudities and indigestions of stomach , which often trouble a man as long as he lives . This I say , not to retract of what I told just now , of using them to hardship , but for those only whose natural weakness cannot bear that manner of breeding ; or to comply with those who do not like it ; for all ever comes to this , that a plain food is more nourishing , and less hurtful , than that which is accounted more exquisite ; because the palate is pleased with it , though it be otherwise with the stomach . Here it will not be amiss to say in particular ; some things of the civility which upon several occasions Tutors ought to teach Children committed to their care ; for they are given not only to teach them their Book , but also to oversee their carriage and manners , and betimes frame them to a civil and handsome behaviour , that they may be the fitter to be admitted into company and conversation : use him betimes to be civil , meek , and respectful , to do others all the pleasure he can , but no injury : not to be proud of any parts or advantages he hath above others ; forbear disputing , and too much contradicting what others say , and being eager or obstinate in defending his opinions . To trust to every one , or to no body , are two extreams to be avoided ; and to betray a mans secret is an evil not to be practised ; he may mention favours received , but not those he hath bestowed . When he walks , if he meets with any Magistrate , or other to whom respect is due , let him put off his hat , and give them the hand : when he is in conversation , let him look modestly on him who speaks ; not interrupting him , or saying any thing till he hath done speaking : his gesture ought to be composed , not to turn his eyes to and fro , move his legs too much , play with his hat , bite his nails , scratch his head , blow his nose without turning aside his head , or pick it , or his ears with his fingers , spit often , wag his head , move his hand too much , whistle or sing when he hath nothing to say , or do the like unbecoming things : let him not speak too fast , or too loud , but softly and gently , not brag of himself , or any thing of his , despise or speak amiss of others : let his words be true , modest , not contrary to Piety , Morality , or Charity , only he ought not to speak any filthy or dishonest word , but he must not seem to approve of any ( if spoken by others ) with smiling or laughing thereat : Contrariwise he must shew his dislike , even censure the speaker if it be fit for him ; or else he will do well if he seems not to have heard ; and afterwards he is carefully to avoid such a mans company . In a word , let him abstain from every idle and vicious discourse , and every indecent gesture . His Cloaths must be sutable to his age and quality , neat , and clean ; yet not proud at it if they be rich . let him keep his face , nose , teeth , and hands from being dirty and foul ; and those parts covered which modesty forbids to be shewn . At Table , he must not fit down till Grace be said by him or some other ; the like is to be observed when he rises : as to washing , before or after meals , let him follow the custom of the Countrey , keep his mouth and fingers clean ; cut his morsels , whether bread or meat , nor hold it in his hand , nor lean his elbow on the Table , his body must be upright : avoid being greedy in eating , or making too much noise with his mouth , which ought to be empty when he speaks , or drinks , and never too full ; in which both eating and drinking , he ought to avoid excess , as licking his fingers , knawing of bones , &c. At table , avoid jearing , and o●fensive words : 't is the custom of some to take that time to slander and speak ami●s of others . This St. Austin hated so much , that he caused these Verses in great Characters to be written over his Table . Quisquis amat diciis absentum rodere famam , Hanc mensam vetitam noverit esse sibi . It were endless to insist upon these and many more things of this nature , which are better learned with practise than by rule : for they are trivial , yet necessary things within the reach and capacity of any ordinary Tutor ; to whose care and prudence it must be left to make use of it . Towards a good breeding of Children , it is a great help to institute Schools where there is none ; and to encourage those which are already setled ; providing them with able , painful , and honest men , with a plentiful , or at least a sufficient allowance for their maintenance : for else take this away , and the rest will fall of it self . This saying , Languescit sine praemio virtus , is as true as common . Nature teaches us to seek for necessaries first of all ; so that if one wants food or raiment , he can mind nothing else till he hath it , and other things which men usually have occasion for . Honest men will go carefully and faithfully about their work , but not with chearfulness , if they want necessary encouragements . The benefit of these Schools , and rewards to those who kept them , being known to Iulian the Apostate , out of the violent desire he was possessed with to extirpate Christian Religion , took it by the root , and with his wicked policy which Christians called the worst part of his Persecution , he first of all discouraged Schools , wherein Christians caused their Children to be taught and instructed in the Principles of their Religion , and other necessary things ; then he altogether suppressed them : so that this ceasing , except a special care were taken by Parents in their Families , civility and neatness were thrust out of doors , and wild and ignorant Barbarism brought in . For Virtue and Learning are not born with us , but acquired by us ; they are not a gift of nature , but a reward or a purchase of pains and industry . Let Plato , and the Academians , yea the Stoicks say what they will ; for Aristotle was in the right , when he saith , things which naturally are so and so , will not be otherwise , Quod natura dedit , tollere nemo potest , let stones be thrown up , and the air be pressed down ; yet stones can never be used to ascend , nor the air to descend ; gravity being the natural quality of one , and lightness of the other . Nevertheless , it is certain , that 't is possible for men from being evil to turn to be good , as a vertuous man can become vicious ; which could not be if we had brought vertue or vice into the world ; besides , that in things we do by nature , power doth precede the act : whereof we see the contrary in vertue or vice ; for vertue and vice do not consist in any single act , but in the habit formed of many : wherefore Cyrillus Alexandrinus against Iulian the Apostate , saith . If nature had filled our souls with vertue , vice could not have been introduced into them ; so that we see she only made us susceptible thereof , as we are also of vice ; because that which is disposed to receive one thing , is also capable to receive the contrary of it . Vertue is a hidden treasure , which we must take pains to find out by the help of Precepts , which by degrees are contracted into an habit ; and that 's properly what we call Art and Science . This was the opinion of the first Law-givers , who to that end instituted several Disciplines for Youth , and gave them rules sutable to the government which they would use them to : for although nature hath not given us vertue , she hath not denied us means to attain to 't ; she hath even given us some seeds and dispositions to it , having put in us affections , whereby upon occasion it doth receive some increase : for saith the Pythagorician Hyppodamus , Through desire and fear one grow ; a notable proficient in virtues Another great help to Education of Children , would be the suppression of all vicious and corrupt places , or any that engage Youth to debanchedness ; as may be publick Gaming places , many Taverns , of which the number is exceeding ; which are all enticements to young men to fall into depravation , and an idle course of life . I would not except Plays , when prophane , lascivious , blasphemous , or other vicious parts are acted upon the Stage ; for else representing of Vertue in her lively colours , may be a motive to love and follow it : So when Vice appears in his own shape , it will make it odious to us ; therefore much is depending upon the subject they act ; to shew how ridiculous in all his wa●s is a covetous man , will instruct us of the vileness and sordidness of that vice : and this was the first use of Comedies introduced amongst the Romans in the days of grave and wise men , who had the government of the Republick , continued in Augustus's days , which multiplied to an excess , and degenerated under the Reign of Vicious Emperors : for , instead that first they were only instructive , they turned only to delight spectators , and to flatter great men in their Vices ; whereby the true end thereof was perverted . Intrigues of State were also represented ; therein I can see Nerō either dissembling his natural inclination , or over-awed by his Mother , or else persuaded by the wise and good advices of Seneca and Burrhus , live and reign vertuously for the space of five years ; then flie out and break loose against those Counsellors , because they dissuaded him from violence and evil actions . To see the advice of those faithful and vertuous men slighted , and the suggestions of a base and infamous Narcissus , or other flatterers be received ; and on the other side , Agrippina accusing Seneca and Burrhus , to be the authors of what evil counsels her Son took against her Authority , Reason , and Justice ? doth not this shew the condition of few honest men amongst the wicked , they give the good counsels which are not followed ; and yet suffer the blame of evil ones , which they ever spoke against . This , if any , is the good which can be learned from Plays ; but on the other side , the life of Actors and Actrices , their gestures , actions , carriage , and whatsoever else is in them joyned to the bad inclinations of the generality of spectators , will quite hinder any good effect , and destroy what good dispositions might happen to be in them : besides that , History will instruct us of all these passages , which yet being acted , will make a deeper impression upon the faculties and passions of the soul , both to instruct , and to delight it . In one word , a good use may be made of Plays , though generally none but a bad one be made of them . But setting Plays aside , I shall assert the necessity of suppressing vicious things and places , which allure Youth to evil and debauchedness ; Magistrates being much concerned in it : vertuous Subjects will submit to Law ▪ and obey Authority , when vicious men will cause troubles and disturbances . This I press the more , by reason of the depravation which is in Youth , in every man , and in the whole man ; and that not only original and inherent to their nature , but also contracted by a loose breeding , worse examples , debauched company , and other accidents . Young men generally are not sound within , but there is a hidden and inward enemy apt to betray the whole man upon occasion , and to let in any outward foe ; in them matter is very combustible , and ready to take fire with the least sparkle from without . Now I return to the Tutors part , which is , ever to keep Children doing one thing or other . There are three sorts of life , one speculative , and the other active ; one for learning , the other for practise : let them be kept to which they please , or rather both ; but avoid the otiosam or idle life : standing water doth gather mud and corruption . Children ( specially they who are quick and lively ) when they have no good to do , they will rather do evil than be idle . It is a considerable saying of an ancient Doctor , that the whole life of man passeth , Vel nihil agendo , aut male agendo , vel aliud agendo , either , in doing nothing , or doing evil , or else doing that which concerns us not ; playing the part of busie-bodies ; therefore there must be variety of things to put them upon : indeed some there are which Youth must learn to do by the by ; others they ought to apply themselves seriously to ; for they must not so much mind their Book , as to neglect conversation when they begin to be capable of it : neither must they be so taken with speculation , as to omit action altogether , and wholly to deprive themselves of every innocent and lawful pleasure and recreation , which God , Nature , Reason , Health , Decency , and such like do permit or require . Seek ye first , saith Scripture , the Kingdom of God , and the righteousness thereof : This first implies a priority , of which there is one of order ; for an order is required in every thing . Such a priority of order there is in the persons of the most Holy and Blessed Trinity ; another priority there is of nature , but not of time ; such is the Sun before his light , for the cause must be in nature before the effect ; yet at the same time the Sun was he gave light : but another priority there is in time , and not in nature ; so in time a Father is before his Son , for he was born many years before him ; yet he is not so in nature , because he cannot be a Father till he hath a Child ; these two being relative ; which as Schoolmen say , Se mutuo ponunt & tollunt , put one , and you put both ; take away one , and you take away both . In short , the Tutor is to keep his Gentleman in exercise , to have him get a stock of Learning , not suffering him , like the sluggard , to wallow himself upon his bed , or to say , there is a Lion in the way ; but let him be diligent ; for such stand not before mean persons , but even before Kings . Laziness is the pillow of Vices , Nam diuturna quies vitiis alimenta ministrat , saith Cato . And David speaks of some who contrive mischief upon their bed : 't is not upon it that vertue is to be found : for , Non jacet in molli veneranda scientia lecto , Ipsa sed assiduo parta labore venit . Another saith very well , Nulla est sine pulvere palma ; a manner of speaking borrowed from those who used to exercise themselves in the Olympick Recreations ; who to obtain the prize , were to run and endure heat , sweat , and dust . Now this study and application is beneficial in several ways ; for not only one learns and instructs himself , but also thereby he resisteth those temptations , which , though some sooner , and some later , are exposed to , this was well known by the Poet , when he saith — Et ni Posces ante diem librum cum lumine , si non Intendes animum studiis & rebus honestis Invidiâ vel amore vigil torquebere — Which is a lesson not for young only , but for old also : When we do ill , the Devil tempteth us ; but we tempt him to work on us when we are idle . I found her upon my ground ( said he , speaking of a woman whom he had possessed ) and being idle . The same Poet advises men to read and to enquire how to pass well their life , free from vices , specially Luxury , which is cause of poverty to many . His words are these , Inter cuncta leges , & percunctabere doctos Quâ ratione queas traducere leniter aevum Ne te semper inops agitet vexetque cupido . These things and the like should ever be pressed upon youth by those who have care over them ; they must be told , how glorious and beneficial it is to be pious , learned , discreet , and prudent ; and how odious and destructive it is to be ignorant , and given to vices ; how wisely done it is to observe times , places , and persons ; and how good to know his own work and strength ; how necessary to think of death , and consider his latter end ; the vanity and uncertainty of all things here , whether it be vanity of pleasures , inconstancy of honours , and deceitfulness of riches ; and how comfortable it is , and will be , to live and die well : and the conclusion of such instructions , or ( as Solomon saith ) of the whole matter , is , to fear God and keep all his Commandments . Thus far may be extended the care over Children and young men , whilst they are at home ; but one or other will object , How can a young man learn all things mentioned , before he goes abroad ? or at what time would you have him to go ? To this I have several things to answer ; one is that I never intended herein to give an imaginary model of Education , to please fancy , more than to benefit young men : it is against neither reason nor custom , and I propound nothing but what can be done in part , or in the whole , in some degree . Not many years ago a Lord in this Land had a Son , who being but eight years of age , understood the Latin and Greek Tongues . And one I have known , who being but eleven years old , had gone over his Common-places of Rhetorick , had a good introduction into Philosophy , and could give some account of Divinity : but these two died very young , and were like those fruits which are soon ripe , and soon rotten ; and as those lights whose flashing and brightness is seen only as they fall from the sky ; like those flowers which dum oriuntur moriuntur , one day sees them blossom and wither : therefore I grant such examples to be rare , and the persons extraordinary : but such a forwardness I neither mean nor require , I keep within bounds of an ordinary course of learning and improvement . Furthermore , it is not to be expected , that a young Gentleman should be universally learned ; this is more than what is required of Doctors , and Professors in Universities : besides , that nature hath not been so liberal to every man as to make one capable altogether of all manner of learning : Clemens Alexandrinus , Pedagogo , hath elegantly compared the soul of man to animated Fields ; for as every Field is not fit for every Plant , so our spirits are not fit to learn every Science ; some require a good and happy memory : it is in vain for us to pretend to others without a quick and pregnant imagination ; and some others cannot be gotten without a great strength of judgment . But these three faculties very seldom meet good in one man , sufficient to render him capable of all manner of Sciences . Therefore hitherto the world hath afforded but very few examples ; four or five of those whose temper and genius hath been sutable to the variety and depth of Learning , and though in some very few , such an universal disposition was found ; yet still it would be with inequality and difference to one Art and Science more than to another . Besides , that one ought to apply himself most of all to that which is of his intended or actual profession : Doth one aspire to be a Divine , then Divinity must be his principal study ; or else doth he intend to be a Physician , then he must particularly apply himself to the study of Physick ; and so of the rest . This is the maxim which men of riper years , and in publick employments ought to observe . For if a Judg was not well acquainted with the Laws and Customs of his Country ; if a Secretary of State was not able to pen well , had no skill in Languages , and was not informed of the Treaties of Peace , Alliances , and Leagues ; if he cared not to know the several Interests , Governments of States , their Forces , Riches , wherein they consist , and the manners of the people ; thereupon to regulate his Negotiations . If a General of an Army was not able to order the march of his Troops throughout Friends or Enemies Countrey , to pitch a Camp , to Besiege or defend a place , to set his Army in order of Battel , and the like ; would it not be a shame for them , and they unfit for such places ? But if a Lawyer doth not know what belongs to War , or a Souldier what belongs to Law , 't is no disparagement to them , because it doth not belong to their profession . Again , I do not expect Youth should have the fruit of every Art , Science , Language , or Vertue I have named ; only let them have the seeds of it : and let these be dispositions thereunto , and foundations to build upon hereafter . To this I add that that which is very essential to my purpose , that the Principles which make up the greater part of my Discourse , are necessary to every one who pretends to be a Scholar : for , who is he who makes any considerable stay in Schools and Universities , but will be acquainted with the Classical Authors I named , with the Languages I spoke of , with Rhetorick , Philosophy , Morals included ; so that in all this I mentioned nothing but what every young man brought up a Scholar , ought to know in some measure , which they may attain unto if betimes they are put upon 't , and have mind and abilities to follow it . Withal , I do not intend to impose any thing upon others , only let the Reader suppose I writ what I think fit to be done , or would do my self , if that were my calling ; for in such things , often opinions do differ , and as many heads as many minds : as in matter of taste , one likes the sweet , and another the sowre : one finds one meat very savory , and another cannot relish it ; yet for all this , there are some Principles which most are agreed upon about this ; ( except some whose taste is perhaps depraved through some distemper or other accident ) namely , that Gall and things very bitter have no good taste ; and also that there are things insipid . So it is in relation to another of our sences , namely , th● eye . In the case of Beauty , one likes the fat , another is pleased with the lean ; one is taken with the black , another with the white complection ; and several other things to this purpose ; as the blue and the black eyes : yet there are principles concerning this , which we are all agreed upon ; namely , that a good complexion , a white skin , regular features , and an exact proportion of all parts , are marks of beauty : for if one would affirm , that a squint eye , or a nose awry were signs of beauty , he would make himself ridiculous . The same I may say of the subject in hand , though concerning Breeding of Youth , men do differ in the ways , and methods , or other things ; yet we all agree that Erudition or Learning of Arts and Sciences , the precepts of Morality , and the like , are essential parts of Education , or at least much contributing to complete one , As therefore this is the chief , not to say the only matter I have handled in this Treatise , I believe I may well conclude , that it contains nothing but what is possible and necessary to be done ; not out of ● principle which many are acted by , and which indeed is as natural for an Author to lick his work , as for a father to love his child ; it being often with Writings , as with Whelps ; which to make very smooth , the bitch takes great pains to lick over ; so do some Authors with their productions , till they be polished to their mind . I add one thing more , to wit , that there are several cases and circumstances of Education , upon which one can hardly give any particular Rules ▪ the genius of young men being so different , and so contrary , that many things must be left to the prudence of the Tutor ▪ circumstances of persons , times , and places herein are much to be observed . FINIS . A TREATISE Concerning the EDUCATION OF YOUTH . The Second Part. About their Breeding Abroad . By I. GAILHARD , Gent. Quid brevi fortes jaculamur avo Multa ? quid terras alio calentes Sole mutamus ? patriae quis exul , Se quoque fugit . Horat. lib. 2. Ode . 16. In the SAVOY : Printed by T.N. for I. Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet-street , near Temple-Bar , 1678. To the Honorable Sir THOMAS GROSVENOR BARONET . SIR , WHen first I had the Honour to see you , thorough my own experience , I was confirmed in the opinion of a Sympathy between persons ; for then my inclination was wrought upon with much respect and tenderness for you : these beginnings produced by sudden Causes , were soon grounded upon others better known , a●d strengthen'd with the consideration of your being committed to my Care , and I intrusted with the direction of your Travels . Then that which was at first an effect either of inclination or choice , was enforced as a necessary duty of being diligent and faithful in the Trust I had taken upon me . I was much encouraged , and received it as a good Omen , to see you in those very tender years , take a generous Resolution ; and this as much out of your own motion , as upon the suggestion of others ( yet in subordination to the direction of those who had right and authority over you ) to leave Relations and Countrey , to strive after being bettered with an Outlandish Breeding . But when I began better to be acquainted with you , all former Dispositions and Engagements ceased or were suspended , to give place to new and greater Ties . I could perceive in you , all inclinations to be Good , free from Vice , and favourable Dispositions to receive what good impressions I was able to work upon you ▪ a Judgment desirous , or rather greedy to be informed ; a Will ready to be directed , and Affections to be rectified : And in few words , by way of Reading , Conversations , propounding Doubts , asking good Questions , you were unwearied in your Endeavors to be instructed : And with your close following Riding the great Horse , Fencing , Dancing , Drawing Landskips , and Designing ; Learning upon the Gitar , the French and Italian Tongues , and following other Exercises , to acquire those Accomplishments , which do so much become a Gentleman of your Age , Estate and Quality : It is very hard to find one as you ; who would take so much Pains , and be so exact in making Observations about Persons , Places and Things ; so that for the space of four years , thorough all France , Italy , part of Hungary , Bohemia , Germany , and Switzerland , hardly any considerable Person or Thing , hath escaped your fight . It is rare to see others as well as you , in the depth of Winter , to be with Masters of Exercises by Candle-light , and sometimes an hour before day , and not be satisfied with the explication of the Writings of your Master of Mathematicks , but also to take your self the Pains to Copy them . But one of the greatest Commendations I can add , is , That you ever yielded to Reason , and were pleased to take my advice , and follow my counsel , which made my Task comfortable to me , and your Travels beneficial to your self : Hence it is , that in your Actions , one could perceive you had the two essential things necessary to every one of them , namely Rule ; that is , Grounds and Causes , with Resolution ; that is , Courage and Constancy , whereby you know some difficulties lying in our way , have been overcome . Your Moneys you did not trifle away , but bestowed them upon good Books , Medals , and other useful Rarities worth the Curiosity of a Compleat Gentleman ; so that one may see you have been a good Husband of two precious Things , your Time and your Moneys . After this , you may judge of my inclination , and the world of the necessity of my Dedicating this to you , which , with the other Parts of my Book , you know were compiled the first Summer we were together in France ; Accept it therefore with the full assurance of my ever being , Sir , Your most Humble Servant , I. Gailhard . The Preface . THe Ends of Men are reduced to that which ●is either honest , pleasant , or profitable ; these give motion to all their actings : by right they should be unseparable one from another , for that which is honest , should be pleasant and profitable , and so of the rest : But the corruption of Men hath not only put a difference , but also made such a contrariety , that often just things do prejudice , and dishonest will please the most : pleasure and profit , also are many ●imes asunder . All Moralists are agreed in their opinion ( though they differ in their practice ) how that which is honest , should be preferred to the rest ; and that which is beneficial , to that which is only pleasant , specially when many are concerned in the profit , and when the pleasure is of few particular Men. Of Writers , some intend to please , and others have mind to instruct ; to my opinion , these last are to be preferred to the former , because they are more usefull and necessary : those who desire only to please , do often miss their aim ; for as many Men as many Minds ; and to agree with the fancies of Men , is very difficult : but he who instructs well , goeth upon better grounds , and more solid principles : this is a Work of necessity , when the other is of curiosity , and like a News Book , is to be read over only once , and then is as an Almanack out of date . The Objects of the curiosity of Men are different , according to their inclination , or usual application , to some of the several Arts and Sciences , that are in the World ; yet ( not to speak of the avis aëria , the Bird which Naturalists affirm to live only with the Air ) as some Creatures feed upon slight , and others upon substantial things ; so some Men feed upon fancy , and use a Chymerical Food , leaving the Body for the shadow , and will be better pleased to hear a Tale , than the Relation of some important Atchievements ; these I look upon as distempered Men ; and they who in their Writings do humour them in 't , are as Phisitians who do but dally with , and cure not their Patients , and in Job's words , Physitians of no value ; and who , though they be not the Authors , yet are accessary , and do much contribute to the continuation of such weaknesses . I , for my part , think it fitter to benefit the Mind which is rational , than to please the Fancy , which is ●often extravagant , and to do something for the publick good , is more solid contentment , than to gratfie the itching desires of some few particular Men. For all this , I do not deny but that debet misceri utile dulci , the Mind delights sometimes to have pleasant and slight things ; but it must be like the Fruit , as we use to afford our Palate after the Stomach is satisfied with substantial Meat , one may condescend to the several genius and capacities of Men ; yet I conceive the Accessary is not to be made the Principal , nor the Accidents be put into the place of the Substance . If one , writing a Relation of Italy , would ( for example ) onely say , or chiefly insist upon this , in the Church of San Giovanni in Parma , the Altar Piece is the transfiguration of our Saviour ; by Coreggio , and in a Chappel there , are two others af the same ; one is the taking down of our Saviour from the Cross , and the other the Martydom of one Felicetta , and of another of their Saints . Nay , if he went further , and said , in the great Altar , is room for 14000 persons , 80 Machines ; in the middle is brought in water about 14 Foot high , so that Sea Fights are represented therein . Moreover , there is in the Stables a great number of rare and fair Horses ; hard by are Coaches extraordinary rich , one of them being over-laid with Silver ; Fine Gardens , Walks , Fountains , and little Houses full of excellent Pictures . If further he said , there is the Colledge called De'i Nobili , wherein none but persons of quality are admitted ; yet without difference of Nations , and for 50 l. a man by the year , they are taught Sciences , and Riding , Fencing , Dancing , and the like Exercises , who have certain Laws by themselves , and one whom they call Prince the Head of all ; and that their San Francesco Borgia is their Founder , and are under the protection of the present Duke . I say for all this , except more necessary and substantial things be observed , such a Relation will be very defectuous . I will suppose in another example , he went more exactly upon particulars , namely that in the Palace of the Duke of Modena , there is in several Chambers , a Madonna , or the Virgins Picture , made by Coreggio , a good Samaritan , taking care of the wounded Man by Bassano , Christ appearing to Mary in the Garden by Guido Reni ; Judas offering Moneys to our Saviour by Titiano : another good Samaritan by Paolo Veronese ; and the Wedding of Cana , by the same ; St Jerome by Rubens ; the Iudgement of Solomon by Paolo Veronese ; Christ dead by Guarcini ; St. Peter coming to Christ upon the Sea , by Tintoretto ; one Venus , by Titian ; another by Augustino Caracci ; in another Room , three Pictures by the Caracci , one by Annibale , another by Agostino , and the third by Ludovico ; another Room is full of Figures in Tapistry , all excellent Needle Work ; in another are Hangings representing the History of St. Paul's Voyage towards Rome ; and in the same , are two admirable pieces , by Raphaële di Urbino . Lastly , in another , are the Picture of some Princes of the Family ; chiefly Borso , the first of it , and of the last Duke , that worthy Prince Francis , and of his Son Alfonso , who died in the same Room . Therein also is that incomparable Picture of Magdalena , lying down , leaning upon the Elbow , and reading , to be valued not so much by the many Iewels as Emeraulds , Hyacinthes and Opales , &c. which the Frame is full of : as for the transcendent skill of Annibale Caracci , of which the worth can never be praised , nor pay'd enough ; but for brevities sake , I omit several more drawn by Perugini , Procaccini , Julio , Romano , Albano , &c. all which Names , if the word Picture was taken out , to many Readers would seem to be Spells ; and this way of taking observations , is the easiest of all , which every common capacity is able to do , by the means of those who shew these things , or of Guides , whom Italians call Interpreti , who are found almost in every City ; so that there is but taking Pen and Ink , and Writing what they say , which yet sometimes tends to make Strangers believe things which are not , except they can themselves discern things . Hence it is , that in the Books of some Travellers we read of several things relating to Religion , which are indeed , or at least are so like Tales , that a rational Man can but admire thereat ; of this sort , is that of the Convertite in Rome disciplining , and lashing themselves till Blood came out ; 't is to speak with too much confidence of what passes in those places ; if there be such Blood , and it be not sprinkled a purpose , 't is that which they fetch out one of another , or that which they fetched out with stabbing themselves ; and this I speak out of certain grounds . Of the same kind is that of the Casa Sancta , or the Virgins House , carried by Angels from Judea in●o Dalmatia , and thence to Loretto . Of the Picture of the Blessed Virgin began by St. Luc , and ●inished by Angels , which I have seen in three several places . Of S ta . Caterina of Siena , being actually married to Christ , and walking bodily with him in a place , which is shewed in that City . The Stairs under which St. Alexis lay unknown for seventeen years in his Fathers House . The Miraculous Crucifix which spoke to S ta . Brigida , and the other which said to Thomas Aquinas , bene de me Scripsisti Thoma , and many such Piae fraudes ? What shall I say of St. Francis of Paula , who being not suffered to come into the Passage Boat between Regio and Messina , because he had no Moneys for his Passage , he , like another Elisha , spread his Cloak upon the Sea , and thus he and his Companion crossed it . St. Denis , and two more , are said , after their Heads had been cut off , to have carried them upon their hands for some Miles , at least for some space of ground . And San Silvestre , who upon Mount Oreste , having heard by Angel he was chosen Pope , got upon his Mule , which in three leaps thence carried him to Rome every leap being of about 8 miles ; and for a Sign , there are Chappels with the print of a Mules Shooe be●ore it , in the way from Rome to Rignano . And at Rome is the print of our Saviours Foot , when he met with St. Peter , which is much bigger than ever was Goliah's . In Padoa is the print of S ta . Justina's Finger upon a Stone , and many more such things , the writing whereof I think may well be spared , by those who writ Books of Travels , as being of no use to a Reader : and I think it were as good to say , Tartary is a good place for Civility , Turky for Gentility , Moscovy ●or Learning , Spain for good Chear , and Paris for Small Beer . Neither must one trouble the Reader with the mention of every Fidler he meets with in his Travels , nor fill up Paper with every petty Accident . Shall I say , that the last time I was in Bologna , I saw executed a young Man of 24 years of age , who confessed to have murdered 22 persons , and had but ten shillings for killing some of them ? Or shall I boast how in another Place the Governor did me the favour to invite me to Dine with him ? or that in another City I went to see a Ball , and the like . These kinds of Triftes may well be forborn , and better and more substantial and necessary things put in their place . Such ( to the purpose of what I have already said ) may be a description of the Person and Temper of the forenamed Princes or others , with some of the most essential things relating to their Families , Courts , Ways of Government , Nature of their People , &c. which will please Statesmen , and most who are curious to know the Fashions and Customs of strange Countreys , as Picture Drawers will delight in matters of Picture ; Historians in things relating to History ; and Geographers in Geography : So that when all is said , every one must be lest to his opinion and ways ; onely every Writer is to see what manner of persons he is willing to please , or inform ; and accordingly he ought to chuse and treat of Subjects . Thus I do in this , for as I propound to my self to please and bene●it Travellers , so I endeavor herein , to give some help and directions ; which is the thing I chiefly insist upon . OF THE EDUCATION OF YOUNG GENTLEMEN ABROAD . HE who takes upon himself to be a Guide to others , if he be true and faithful in what he hath undertaken , he will not think he hath done enough to have led them through a near and smooth way , and then leave them in the lurch , when they are fallen into a bad one : he will rather guide them through , and bring them to the journeys end , knowing how of all Virtues , perseverance is the mother ; without which none shall , or deserves to be crowned . So as hitherto I shewed how young men may be made Scholars ; now I must direct them how to become Gentlemen indeed ; not by Birth , for nature doth that for them , but by Merit and Virtue . I will bring them out of their study , and from amongst the dead , to converse with the living . We must now make them look abroad , raise them to a higher form , and teach them how to know the world ; which to live in and not understand , is a shame and a disadvantage when one is come to a competent age . Having then gotten what a home Breeding can afford till a certain time , if domestick affairs do permit , Parents will do very well to send them into Foreign parts . I know there are those who disapprove Travelling , and they are of two sorts ; some do absolutely reject it as a thing not good in it self ; but the●e are so unreasonable , that I have little to say to them ; for I account them to be people wanting experience ; who condemn what they do not understand : who are like AEsop's Fox , whose tail having been cut off , would have advised all the rest to have theirs so too : for having not travelled , they wish others to follow their example : or if they have , perhaps they have conceived a prejudice against some Nations , caused through their own miscarriage ; in which case they could wish every one would espouse their quarrel , and would be sorry to see others better than themselves . Others more reasonable are not for Travelling , not because of the thing it self , but out of fear of several inconveniencies which often Travellers fall into . Of this sort are fond Mothers , who cannot suffer their Children to go out of their sight ; but if they be so minded , 't is as good to pin them to their elbow , or tie them to a Chimney-corner ; not that I should disapprove natural tenderness , only excess is what I dislike in it : they fear for the life and health of their Children , be●ause of a●cidents which may happen to fall out ; besides the change of Air , and Climate , the vices of the Countries they go into , the dangers they run in ; weighty considerations for those who have but one Son , or few , to leave Heirs of their Estates , and successors of their Names ; and many more reasons of this nature , which I will grant . But to argue the case with such , I would fain know , whether Sicknesses , Death , and Vices do not reign at home as well as abroad : this indeed were a good argument , if as long as one is at home he could be free of these inconveniences ; but daily experience teaches us the contrary , and more too : first , for health , several examples we have of those , who being sickly at home , have recovered their health abroad ; the moisture of our Climate caused by the neighbourhood of the Seas , Fenns , Moorish Grounds , Ponds , Rivers , and the like , is the cause of some Distempers , as Scurvy , and Consumptions in our Nation more than in others . Then for Death , some in England have sad experience how their Sons having for several years been abroad in health , died not long after they were come home ; as if they were come over only to give up the ghost in the arms of their Friends : To this I add , that our days as our hairs are numbred ; and God who is not tied to times nor places , is able to protect us every where ; so that whether or not our hour be come , it is not in our power to reverse the decree of God. As to Countrey breeding , which is opposed to the Courts , to the Cities , or to Travelling ; when it is meerly such , it is a clownish one . Before a Gentleman comes to a settlement , Hawking , Coursing , and Hunting , are the dainties of it , then taking Tobacco , and going to the Alehouse and Tavern , where matches are made for Races , Cock-fighting , and the like ; and if a Gentleman be not as forward as they are , then he is proud , he is an enemy to good fellowship , and is not a man fit for society : thence Dicing and Carding will follow , which at last are attended with loss of Estates , and destruction of Families . I desire to know , what good employment is such a one fit for ? indeed to speak the best of him , we use to say , he is an honest Country Gentleman ; that is , often apt to be fooled , who hath neither much wit nor experience : but when a man is abroad , he studies the temper of men , and learns their several fashions ; he becomes a fit companion for every one , he observes the good and evil of others , he knows how to avoid tricks put upon men , refines and fits himself for any employment , and fixes in a certain manner of life , not forgetting himself to be an Englishman , nor with becoming a Frenchman , an Italian , or a German , but building upon the true foundation of an Englishman , and making use of the different ways of those several Nations , as Ornaments only , and not as a bottom ; for why should he transform himself into , and , as it were , become a Foreigner , who is to live in England all the rest of his days : it is enough for him as it were to squeeze the quintessence of what ways , manners , and other good things those Countries do afford . Yet God forbid I should , by what I said a little before , in the least speak amiss of that we call a Country life ; which to many proves so quie● , and so satisfactory ; and which for a time most of the Nobility , and of the Gentry are glad to lead out of choice , or by reason of their concerns and interest : but I mean the Countrey life , merely such ; when a Gentleman is able to talk of nothing but of a Plough , Corn , Horses , Hounds , &c. which yet doth not reach persons of the highest quality , whose Houses in the Country are like petty Courts : therefore 't is necessary for the compleating of a Gentleman , to know more than Farmers , Faulconers , and Park-keepers : but without insisting any longer upon this , the third part of this work wherein I treat of a private life , will sufficiently shew how well I speak of a Countrey life . Concerning dangers which Travellers are exposed to , I hold they ought to be avoided with care and prudence , and the occasions too ; but to be so timerous , as to be afraid of that which perhaps shall never be , and hath no probability of being , it is to have a groundless fear ; as if I were afraid to go out , because it is possible for tyles to fall upon my head : so can a Chimney , when I am sitting by the fire . These , as to means and occasions we ought prudently to avoid ; and for the event , to submit it to Gods Providence : For if dangers ought to be so much minded , no body must drink out of a Gold or Silver Cup , because some were poisoned out of the like ; no body go to Sea , because some are drowned ; none must go to War , because ●everal are killed : so that take away dangers , there is no reward , no merits , nor virtue . Now the two ends of Travelling are profit and pleasure ; the last subordinate to the former , arising from the satisfaction one hath about the first , and from the variety of objects : for that which Frenchmen call divertissement , or recreation , comes from diversity , which certainly causes a pleasure , almost every day one seeing different things : but benefit is a thing I mind most of all , 't is a thing gotten by Travels , as confirmed by the practice of all polished and civilized Nations , ancient and modern . Not to look farther , than the * Romans , who travelled into Greece ; and men of several Nations to Rome and Italy : And now all those who send their Children out of England , Sueden , Germany , Holland , &c. to travel into Foreign parts , must needs have some good grounds for what they do : Kings themselves and Sovereign Princes do the same , not rashly , but doubtless upon mature deliberation : and there are several , who seeing their Children follow a bad course at home , send them abroad on purpose to reform them ; as often they do , though to their own costs : for rash quarrelsome men will find those who are able to tame them ; and therefore are forced to learn wisdom ; which coming to a daily practise , is at last contracted into an habit . When they are abroad , they are remote from those many occasions they have to be debauched at home . As for an instance , in matter of Drinking , if one should practise this in Italy , and most parts of France ; namely , South and Southwest , he would be a laughing-stock ; so that he will be mocked out of this vice . Now for men to learn sobriety , civility , frugality , and an universal compliance with all manner of tempers , to be acquainted with persons and places , the most considerable in Europe , to be instructed in the way of Government of several Nations , and with their forces , riches , and nature , to gather all the good there is in them , and at last to know and rule himself , are matters of no small concernment to be gotten by travelling : to say nothing of the advantage of Languages , whereby one is fitted for considerable employments at home , and one is capable of improving himself out of all Books written in several Tongues . But because young Gentlemen are hardly capable to benefit themselves , they want help and directions which they receive from those who usually go under the name of Governors , Companions , or what other notion you please ; whose office is to take care of the Gentleman's person , improvement , and affairs ; therefore upon this last account in Italy they are called Majordomo , or Steward . These Governors so called , because they have the government of their Pupils , are of two sorts , some capable of that employment , and some not : Of these last there are several , who go as much to improve themselves , as the young Gentleman ; so that these make that to be their end , which to others is but the means . They intend first to go abroad , and to bring it about , they seek for an opportunity of Travelling at the costs of others ▪ instead that others go abroad to discharge the trust committed to them . These indeed want Governors themselves , and are much at a loss about the Language , Fashions , Ways , and Places of Improvement , when they come abroad , and are unacquainted with the best conveniences of Travelling , value of Moneys , and price of things ; upon which accounts I have known some sadly cheated : And suppose such a Tutor , having been a year or two in France , for the first time should begin to understand these things ( which yet , specially the Language , are difficult for men come to riper years ) if he be to go into Italy , he must begin all again , and will be at a loss as much as before ; new Language , new Persons , new Fashions will breed new difficulties : So that he who is able to be a Governor in France , will be an ignorant one in Italy ; so after of Germany , Holland , Spain , &c , the Fashions of these Nations differing as much as their Languages . Out of these , what shall we say to those Parents , with whom cheapness is the prevailing qualification , when they are about chusing a Governor , not considering so much , whether or not he hath a competent prudence and experience . It is indeed a sad thing to see how sometimes when there are two Governors in hand , they will prefer him who takes less : thus they conclude , this I like , I believe he is an honest man , and will be content with a small allowance . Men who are willing to spend 3 or 4 hundred pound , more or less , will be unwilling to gratifie a Governor with 20 or 30 l. more than they have a mind to allow , which he who is knowing can save them once a year ; they do the most , and refuse to do the least , and care not how they discourage a man capable to serve them ; and will stand with them upon a small matter . I know every honest man will be careful of , true and faithful to his trust ; but certainly he cannot go about it with that chearfulness which is necessary . The be●ter to examine this matter , I must name some of the qualifications more necessary to a Governor : First , I would have him to be a Scholar , thereby on all occasions , and upon every subject , to be able to discourse with , and instruct a Gentleman ; Scholarship will afford him Arguments and Reasons , as well as Precedents and Examples , to persuade him to , or dissuade him from what he thinks fit ; yet I do not deny , but that one who is no Scholar may have some capacity to discharge his trust in this kind ; the experience he hath of the world supplying his want of learning : but certainly he cannot do it so well : and no body can deny it to be better he were learned , at least in some degree , and in some kind or other of Learning ; for it is not to be expected , that men shall be learned all alike . This learning will teach him a method how to infuse things into the young man's mind ; so that both will be the better for it : for scholarship refines and strengthens natural parts . Yet I would not have the Tutor meerly a Scholar , and nothing else ; for many things different from scholarship are to be suggested to a young Traveller when he is abroad , which the other cannot do , if himself doth not understand it . Secondly , A Governor must be a Traveller ▪ one thing it is to be at School at home , and another to be abroad : as the ends , so the ways o● these two manners of Breeding are different . He who speaks out of his own knowledge and experience , doth it with a greater weight and efficacy , because upon surer grounds ; for he who acts only upon trust , and by hearing say , will find his knowledge very defectuous , and the changes of some circumstances will often put him clearly to a loss ; for he who Travels where he was before , is better able to order his going or staying , and his whole Travels : and certainly 't is a greater advantage for a man to know his ground , and what things are worth seeing , as he stays at , or goes by a place , He who hath seen things before , is better able to discourse and make observations upon , and make others take notice of it . Thirdly , I would have a Governor gentile , well brought up himself , who hath seen the world , and frequented the Courts , whereby he hath polished and civilized himself , and hath gotten a more plausible and insinuating way ; whose presence , action , and behaviour , are acceptable , and who in some measure is himself a pattern of a Gentleman : he being such , a young man will strive to imitat● and make him his model ; for 't is usual with youth to follow the ways of those whom they converse with , and insensibly , as it were , to transform themselves into them ; Youth in his tender years being so apt to receive impressions ; so that the person and carriage of one they see and converse with almost every hour , must needs have great influences upon them , and will polish whatsoever is rough and clownish in them : and this is a mark of distinction between a meer Scholar and a Traveller ; between a Country Clown and a Gentleman , who thereby will become meek , sweet , courteous , and affable ; all qualities fit to win the hearts of men . Furthermore , I pity those Governors who never travelled before , nor ever frequented any Courts , by reason of the many inconveniencies they often are liable to . When they know places and persons , where they are , they may bring their Gentlemen into good , safe , and honest companies ; for Youth will not ever be doing his Exercises , keeping his Chamber , seeing the same Companies ; but sometimes they will look for change , and have variety : being of this temper , in case they have no virtuous society to keep with , they will fall into bad and vicious , where they may happen to be debauched , trepann'd into Marriages , and abused otherwise : and in this last case , when a Tutor hath neither friends nor acquaintances , he will not know what to do , nor which way to right himself . See what a Governor was Aristotle , he was both a Philosopher and a Courtier ; therefore Philippus of Macedonia very often could not forbear expressing his joy , because there was such a man alive to commit the Education of his Son to , not only able to teach him much learning , but also instruct him how to live and reign well over himself and his Subjects : How few Aristotles in the world ? how few Alexanders also ? Diogenes was much in the wrong , to think that to live at Court ; did not become a Philosopher ; because Aristippus being much esteemed by Alexander the Great , by reason of his Prudence , Learning , Quaintness , and other good qualities , followed his Court ; which made Diogenes to say , Aristippus was not content with his condition : but indeed it is very proper for such persons to come nigh Princes , that through a constant Conversation they may infuse Knowledge , Wisdom , and Goodness into them , which are all Royal qualities , specially the last , as confessed by the King of Egypt ; who hearing Alexander was called the Great , said , He is not greater if he be not better than I : But Aristippus gave the Cynick Philosopher a fit answer , Si scires regibus uti , olus ac mendicitatem fastidires , If thou couldest but know how to make use of , or rather how to behave thy self , and live with Kings , thou wouldest despise , and be weary of a mean diet , and beggarliness . To this very purpose Horatius saith , Si prandere● olus patienter regibus uti , Nollet Aristippus , si sciret regibus uti Fastidiret olus , qui me notat . — Indeed Aristophanes had reason to say , that a a virtuous man makes a right use of every thing : whereunto answers what Ovid saith , Pectoribus mores tot sunt quot in orbe figurae Qui sapit innumeris moribus aptus erit . Against what I said , some will object , all Governors cannot be Travellers , and Courtiers ; there must be a beginning to every thing , and there is a first time of doing it ; this I confess to be true , but withal , I would never advise any one to send a Tutor to serve his prentiship with his Son ; for those first essayes or tryals are often dangerous , or at least unprofitable : let them first travel at their own charges , if they are able ; if not , in some other capacity , different from that of a Governor . Though a man of a discreet and prudent carriage can safely be trusted with this , and other Employments ; yet to do things well , it is requisite to have some experience in the thing we undertake . Here I cannot forbear speaking of a commendable custom they have in Germany , for that Nation is so fully convinced of the necessity of Travelling , and of the benefit arising therefrom , that they hardly value there , a man who hath not been abroad ; their Princes not excepted . Now amongst them , are four sorts of those who go to Travel : some who are rich and have means of their own , Travel at their own charges ; others who are not so , but are taken notice to be hopeful and of good natural parts , are commended to their Prince , who liking them , sends them to Travel at his own costs , allowing so much by the year , and a certain time to go and improve their parts , which if they attain unto , when they are come home , they bestow charges and employments upon them . The third sort of them , are those who either living in Republicks , such are many of their great Cities , or being of so low an extraction , as have no grounds to hope for the Princes protection , have all their friends joyning together to get for them a Purse of 500 , or 600 l. more or less , and send them to travel and learn abroad ; and when they are come home , they are preferred according to the improvement they made of their time and monies . The last sort of them are those who go abroad in the capacity of Valets de Chambre , and other sorts of Serving-men , and several turn Soldiers , and serve other Princes , which chiefly they use to do in France . In the fourth place , a Governor should be communicative , not dull , or silent , but able and ready upon all occasions to insinuate necessary and virtuous Precepts and Advices to his Pupil , universally to instruct him as much as both their capacities do reach : If this saying concerning all men be true , as it is , we are born for others more than for our selves ; of which Kings and Princes are not excluded ; for they are born , and are obliged to rule for the good of their Subjects . Certainly , Governors are bound to promote the good of their Gentlemen more than their own concerns ( though one doth not exclude the other ) and therefore ought to infuse into them what virtue and learning they have in themselves . Scire tuum nihil est nisi te scire hoc sciat alter . which yet in some doth imply much vanity and ostentation , both to be avoided . Some would also have Governors well shaped , to the end their per●on may be the more acceptable ; for those who have any defect in that kind , may happen not to receive the respect which otherwise they deserve from a Gentleman : others would have them healthful , that they may be the better able to go about their work ; others require they should be neat , and cleanly in their Cloaths : in a word , the more good qualities they have within or without , the better , which I conclude all with this necessary one , that they be honest and virtuous men ▪ for without this , as I said be●ore , all qualities are defectuous . Yet in the examination of this , I wish men to be wary , and prudent ; not indifferently to believe the report of every one : for sometimes the malice or interest of some men , make others to suffer horrid injustices . Some are apt to conceive a prejudice against others . I would not hereupon press men to u●e Charity ( which yet is the duty of every Christian ) thus far , as that when it is apparent , pro as con , one should believe the best , or at least suspend his judgment , till farther and better information , which may be given by those who commend the person for being well known to those who have occasion for such a one , 't is to be supposed , for fear of disparaging themselves , have grounds and reasons for what they do , may be arising from former trials they had of the person commended . Out of this it doth appear , how 't is Charity and Prudence not to believe slightly what is reported amiss of another ; there being no man in this world , but hath some enemy , and consequently may happen to be slandered by the same : and therefore it were well done to consider what makes men speak ill one of another , which is often because of former enmities , and falling out ; in which case the testimony of such is suspect ; it being usual with many unjustly to condemn others , thereby thinking to justifie themselves , and to raise their reputation upon the ruine of that of others . There are those who ●end their Sons without Governors , which I say nothing to , because every one hath his reasons , and ought to know his affairs ; but it will certainly prove beneficial to have the help of one who is qualified . I know some young men think it to be a discredit to them to have a Governor ; but it is no more shame for a Gentleman to have a Governor , than for a Traveller to take a Guide when he is unacquainted with the way ; and to refuse such an help , implies much presumption and imprudence . I believe there are Princes as able to govern themselves as many private men , and yet I have known some above thirty years old , who had one with them who went under such a notion ; which certainly is more for honor and benefit , than to be without ; though they did but take the care and management of their affairs : and there are those , who though they have no use of Governors , when they are come home , do keep them about their persons for greatness sake , or for advice and other uses . Some there are who have been , or are abroad without Tutors , who had not run themselves beyond Seas into such premunire's , if they had had one about them who had prevented extravagant expences , their being arrested , and such other dangers and shame , Those indeed who once were abroad , and had such Directors , if they go again , are better able to mannage their affairs . Some will take a faithful Valet de Chambré , who hath some experience , which is better than none , or a raw one ; and this when the Gentleman is passed twenty : but except the Master be of a good nature , the Servant will not dare to ●ay to him any thing against his mind , or give him good advice : rather to get his love he will serve and comply with him in any thing for his own ends ; whereof the consequences are often very bad . When a man is not able , or hath no mind to be at the charges of keeping abro●d a Governor with his Son , in my opinion the best way is to joyn with one or two more , to help to bear charges ; or else to send one with him well qualified , to carry him over , and settle him in one place or other of France , or of other Countries , to be there with him two or three months , leave him there after he hath set him in a good way , and then come home . 'T is fit to say also something of qualifications necessary to young Gentlemen , who are appointed to Travel ; but because , though all agree in their ultimate end , to procure their good , the subordinate ones are so different , that in many these dispositions are more to be wished than hoped for ; in some it is to divert them from bad inclinations they are subject to , or to withdraw them from vices they are given to , in others to mend and reform their bad nature , in others to learn the Language and Exercises , in many to improve themselves in one or several things , in others to get health , confidence , &c. so that often Parents have private reasons for sending them abroad . However , though these things be not depending upon those who are to Travel with them , yet 't is to be wished they had some or all the good qualities I am now ready to express . Be●ides what I mentioned in the first part of this Book of Piety , Erudition , and Morality ; it is to be wished a young Gentleman were of good parts , both acquired by study , and innate or by nature , when the understanding is naturally good , the apprehension quick , and memory happy , 't is a great encouragement to a Governor , and in a young man a good disposition to receive and retain instructions ; contrariwise , when he is dull and heavy , it is tedious , uncomfortable , and hard infusing things into him : This requires a good method , and a great patience in the Teacher , who must tell again and again , things , before the Scholar can remember them ; yet for all this he must not be discouraged , nor the young man : for , Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo . And sometimes those who are slow , and so heavy in receiving , are strong in keeping what they received . It is to be wished in the second place he be of a good nature , meek , and gentle ; not froward nor humorsome , but easie to be dealt withal , apt and willing to be directed and advised : this is a great satisfaction to a man , who is to deal with such tempers ; for he sees he bestows well his time and pains , and is like thereby to get credit and reputation , which to men is a great motive to act ; but when a man sees that what he doth is in vain ; that the more he strives to please , and to benefit , the less he is regarded , and that his labours are paid with unthankfulness ; that whatsoever he doth is disliked , and that the young man grows so unruly and wild , that there are little hopes of remedy to recal him : then he begins to feel the weight and burthen of his task , which he wishes to be discharged of , wanting strength and courage to go through : this will make Travelling unpleasant and unprofitable to both ; so that when it proves so , both do share in the hardness and the trouble . Thirdly , In a young man is required an opinion , that his Governor is worthy of , and able to perform the trust committed to him . Some young Travellers are so highly conceited of themselvs , and set themselves at such a value , that they look upon every one else as much their inferior , and every way below them : but they must learn not to over-value themselves , nor undervalue others ; and not use like Serving-men , those whom their Parents thought fit and worthy to give them as Directors . In the fourth place , I would have Gentlemen young when they begin to Travel abroad , and this for several reasons : First , what bad inclinations may happen to be in them , cannot be very strong in so short a time , and therefore are more easily rooted out , and better ones grafted in their place : As long as evil is not contracted into an habit , still there is hopes of a remedy ; but when it is inveterate , and hath been in possession for a long time , then it proves more dangerous and hard to be removed . Secondly , because when they be young , they are the more tractable , and receive impressions better ; and though some think them to be less reasonable , than when they are come to riper years , I believe also their passions are weaker in them ; and therefore are not so strong headed , and less obstinate . They do not go abroad to shew they are very rational , men of wit and parts , but to learn these things ; and when they have it , to perfect themselves therein : Neither is a Governor given them to be a witness and spectator of what good qualities they have , but rather to shew how they may get them in case they want them ▪ and raise them to a higher degree of perfection , if they are endued therewith . A Preceptor will be pleased when his Scholar moves questions to him , and learns easily what he teaches him ; but if , because the young man hath good parts , he would not mind his Masters instructions , but constantly be a disputing against him , this is worse than if he were less witty , but more yielding to rule and advice : for I repeat here what I said elsewhere , how obedience is the foundation upon which all instructions are to be built , and the basis of good Breeding : God also loves Obedience better than Sacrifice . It is a custom with many in England , to order Travelling to their Sons , as Emetick Wine is by the Physician prescribed to the Patient ; that is , when they know not what else to do , and when Schools , Universities , Inns of Courts , and every other way hath been tried to no purpose : then that nature which could be tamed in none of these places , is given to be mended by a Governor , with many a woe to him ; and all this , because the young Gentleman was not sent abroad betime , and before he was hardened in his evil courses . Moreover , when they are young , they are more capable of learning Tongues , and Exercises ; provided , in relation to these last , their bodies be able to bear the hardship of it ; which , to know , must be left to the prudence of the Governor ; there being some Exercises harder than others : so Parents must judg of the fittest time for them to begin their journey , whether they be young enough , yet not too young , out of the strength or weakness of their Complexion ; only more care must be taken of them upon the Journey , when they are of a feeble Constitution : Some are sit to Travel at 13 or 14 , others at 15 , 16 , and 17. but when they are passed 20 , some who are of no good nature , will grow strong and stiff , reject instruction , and think themselves wi●er than their Teachers : of these we may say , what St. Iames speaks of the tongue , Every kind of birds , of beasts , and of serpents , can be , and hath been tamed , but the●e can no man tame ; so unruly they are . Indeed , when Governors light upon wild and loose humors , they are to be pitied ; it is a burden as heavy as any they can lie under , and a task as hard as any they can undertake ; which it were well for them to be discharged of . When things succeed well , God receives the glory of it , young Gentlemen the profit and advantage , their Relations content and satisfaction , and the Governor gets credit by it . See how many ways good is hindered by the unruly and untoward carriage of such . Certainly , when a man is able well to govern Youth , he will be fit for other things , and those not inconsiderable . But in few words , in a Gentleman under my conduct , I could desire to be first a disposition in him to that I would put him upon ; few succeed in what they are not fit for , nor capable of . Secondly , an inclination , * 't is not enough to be able to do a thing , yet have no mind to it . Thirdly , an application , without which none of the former can come to any good ; and all these ought to have a good direction , or else they prove useless , and can hardly do , or come to any good . I wish every young Gentleman that travels abroad , to know that his Parents have not rashly given them their Governors : 't is well known what a strict perquisition they make about them for the most part ; and except they be satisfied concerning them by men of probity and known integrity , they will not employ them ; for as they love their Children , as they look upon a Son to be the Heir of their Estate , the hopes and staff of their Family , whose Person , Education , and Affairs they wholly commit to him : certainly , men who have but common sence and reason will not do it , without good grounds ; seeing upon the Breeding of that Son often depend the prosperity , or destruction of a Family . This being granted , why are young men so wanting in their respect and duty to Parents , as to slight the choice which they made , and do as good as accuse them of want of Prudence , Knowledge , and Judgment , by disapproving , and , as much as in them lies , condemning that election : after this rate they will be accounted wise , and their Fathers must be fools . But besides this , they must not be ignorant how Parents have invested Governors with their power and authority , not to destruction , but to edification , which Parents at their departure have , or ought to have made an open declaration of , charging them to take their advice in every thing , and to do nothing without it , seeing they are wholly committed to his care , which he is obliged to perform for conscience sake , and for his own credit and interest , being to answer for miscarriages happening through his fault ; wherein if he doth well , he shall receive praise , or on the contrary , shame : So that after this , a young man can do nothing against his Governor , but it will reflect upon his Parents , whom he represents , who will have all the reason in the world to be offended thereat , for contempt of their persons and authority ; for indeed , abroad to him he is instead of a Father , a Gentleman being considered as one under age : wherefore many people will be loth to trust him , though he be known to be a person of Quality , and of a good Estate ; and in case they do , without the Governors consent , this can be forced by no law beyond Seas to pay his debts , if the young men be out of the way . Let them also consider , that they and their Tutors are so nearly related to one another , that all their concerns they make their own , and share with them in the praise or the blame , the satisfaction or di●pleasure ● However , I must say this , let discouragements be what they will , till Parents , ( who weekly , or at least as often as conveniently can be , ought to receive from the Governor an exact account and information of what falls out ) have taken order about things , he ought to mind his work nevertheless , and steer the Ship for all the Storm : Di●ficulties must not discourage him too much , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Difficilia quae pulchra , & nulla sine pulvere palma , time is a great Physician , and many a foul morning hath been followed with a fair afternoon , Co'l tempo é la paglia se maturono le nespoli , say the Italians . Now I must pass to some preparatory dispositions , which a Gentleman must use in order to his Travels : First , he would do well to get something of the Language of the Country he is next to go to , as an introduction to it , though it were only to understand something of it , and be able to ask for necessary things ; this can rid him of the surprizal others are subject to , who coming into a Foreign Country , and understanding not one word of the Tongue , look as if they were fallen ●rom the Clouds : hereby their Journey is most pleasant to them , and they are sooner disposed to receive the benefit of it : so they ought to have something of the French before they go out of England , of Italian before they leave France , and of the German before they stir out of Italy , and so of the rest . They must also take a Progress into the Country to see what Curiosities and remarkable things are in 't , to be able to give an account thereof to those who will ask about it ; for it is very ordinary to some of those in whose Country one Travels to put several questions concerning it ; and then indeed it is a shame not to be able to satisfie them in several things they ask . To have the curiosity of seeing other Countries , and yet neglect to know his own , is a strange sort of curiosity ; as if a Master of a Family did not care to be acquainted with what passes in his Family , and yet were very inquisitive to know what is done in his neighbours house ; to be ignorant of his own affairs , and yet be well informed of those of other men , is to invert the order of things , and put last that which should be first : let a man set his house in order , and then look abroad : and to make a more particular application of this , England is a Country of which much can be said , 't is strongly and conveniently seated under a temperate Climate , producing all things necessary for life , as Wheat and all manner of Corn ; there is variety of Drink and Liquors , and though Wine doth not grow in 't , we have it of all sorts : there are good Pastures , whereby abundance of Beasts and Cattel are fed , whose Flesh , Milk , Butter , and Cheese are dainty ; very fine Cloth is made of the Wool of one , and extraordinary good Leather of the Hides of the other : Fewel is very plentiful , so is all manner of Wood and Timber to build , but specially Oak , to make Ships of . You see there is enough to eat , to drink , to be cloathed , to warm himself , and shipping to defend the Island , and to assault others . Besides this , it hath no less variety of Dainties , as all manner of Fowl and Fish , whether salt or fresh , of Sea , Ponds , and Rivers : as for Venison , there is hardly any Person of Quality , but hath his Park stored with Deers of all sorts , Warrens full of Rabits : What shall I say of the Mines of Tin , Iron , Lead , and of Coal-pits ? Besides , England produces the stoutest Cocks , finest Horses , and good for service , the best Dogs that can be : and if after the things I named just now , it was proper to mention Women , I could say they are the handsomest in the world . Foreign Nations do value every thing which comes out of England , as Knives , Stockings , Gloves , Laces , Cloth , Hangings , Ribons , Watches , and all manner of Manufactories . All these things a young Gentleman must be acquainted withal , as with the constitution of the Nation , which hath the best of what could be drawn from Monarchical , Aristocratical , or Democratical Governments ; so the settlement of Trade , wherein it consists , how many people live by it , and the several East-Indies , Turky , Spanish Companies of Merchants , &c. though 't is not to be expected they should be perfect in these things , yet it will be well to have a superficial knowledge thereof , they must also be able to give some account of the Government , and of the Navy , which is the glory , and the strength of the Nation . But this is most proper to what I am to say in the third place , which Gentlemen ought to be versed in , viz. the fashions and customs particular to the Nation , though 't were but Cock-fighting , Bull and Bear-baiting , running of Races , Wrastling , playing with Cudgels , Foot and Stool-ball , &c. because upon occasion beyond Seas , this may be matter of a discourse : but to wave these kinds of sports , and come to solid and more necessary things , A Country Gentleman being come up to the City , if he hath none more urgent and necessary occasions to go about , let him go once a day , or every other day to Westminster-Hall , if it be Parliament or Term time , to Court once or twice a week , and as often to the Exchange ▪ hereby he will get a superficial knowledge of things most important to the Nation ; 't were not amiss also to see the Quarter-Sessions in the Old-Baily : for I am of opinion , that a young Gentleman before he comes to a settlement , ought to think that nothing is below him to be known ; which rule he must observe , specially when he is beyond Seas : These things I mention but by the by , and as the heads of what they ought to be informed of , as much as 't is possible and convenient before they go over ; or else , if they be too young , put it off till they are come back , and then be sure to do it . Thus things being disposed for the journey , the Governor must get as exact an information as is possible for him , of the nature and temper of the young man , which Parents are best able to do , and consequently of the best way to deal with him : Thus in an hours time he can know as much as would require whole months to make his Observation ; this indeed is the shortest and best way : but because persons and things are subject to alterations , to this information given him , he ought , for the future , to joyn his own Observations , and make it his study to know the young man's genius , to take a method accordingly ; for every method doth not sute with every temper . The Governor being so engaged , the first thing he goes about must be to get the young man's love and affection , which he may do in several ways : First , being very tender of him , and upon the Road , procuring him all necessary and convenient accommodations , remedying , as soon as may be , inconveniencies , giving good words when any thing falls amiss : Certainly , if he be not of a very bad nature , the care of him in such things will work upon him . Secondly , shew him Curiosities worth seeing , as you stay or go by ; this will divert , and please him , and make him like the Countrey : in the mean time help him to make his Observations of things , and desire him to set them down in writing . Thus he can see you take pains , and are willing to please him , and promote his good and benefit ; so that he cannot chuse but have affection for you . Thirdly , be civil and respectful to him , which will be a precedent for him to be so to you ; for he who is willing to receive must give too ; and we use to say , one hand washeth another : so you do give him an example of being civil to others , which is a token of a sweet nature , and of good Breeding ; and hereby one will appear to be much a Gentleman . This in point of society , is very taking , it winneth the heart , works upon affections , disarmeth an enemy , and extraordinarily obligeth a friend ; and without it the friendship of a man is not to be valued a straw ; for where is a real love , there is also respect and civility : and he doth not deserve a friend , who doth not use him this way . Lastly , please him in indifferent things , to make him comply with you in substantial , and necessary ; and never stand with him upon trifles , which were a morosity in you ; and in case he desires a thing , which is neither reasonable nor convenient to do , dissuade him from it with strength of reason , and not by authority : if you give him reason of such actions , you lay before him a leading case to give you an account of his ; and herein whether or not you do agree , you will ever shew your self the wisest of the two , which a man in your capacity is concerned and obliged to be . This course being taken , probably love and union will be setled between the Traveller and his Governor , which is the ground of a success in the journey , or else no pleasure nor profit in Travelling : to this effect , all occasions of dispute ought to be avoided ; and because some conceived hatred against Governors in general , whom they look upon as curbs and bridles to hold them in , and restrain their courses ; insomuch that they hate the very name , it will be well if that can satisfie , to avoid taking the name of Tutor , Governor , or any other odious to them , and use that of Companion or Camrade , which Germans use much , or any one else they will like , signifying equality , seeing they dislike the ●ormer ; because they seem to include a superiority : therefore never domineer over them , and away with those who would keep them in a low , submissive and slavish way : this is the ground of hatred and differences , and the great hinderance to peace , union , and love . Indeed the word Tutor is more proper for Schools and Universities , and that of Governor is more honorable for the Gentleman , than for him who bears it . One of the first Lessons the Governor gives him , must tend to remove prejudices in case he hath some against any Nation ; for then he will dislike every thing he seeth there ; and this may happen to prove an occasion of many troubles and quarrels : and let this be printed in his mind , never to blame a whole Nation for the fault of few particular men : for as we say , faults are personal , and in every Nation are both good and evil . Another advice will be to make him leave off that jarring and wrangling humor , which usually is gotten in the Schools , whereby they gain-say every thing others speak ; they hear others not to learn , but only to contradict ; which to do they think to be a piece of wit : so far from being true , that thereby they make themselves absurd and insufferable in company : what right have they to take upon them to censure every word or action of others , and that so unnecessarily , impertinently , and unseasonably , that one can but admire it ? Travellers must not discommend and dislike every thing they see in other Countries , and commend every thing in their own , without occasion to do it . Some make odious comparisons which is carefully to be avoided . Some Parents use to give instructions to the Governor before they set forth , which he will do well to receive ; for it may be a help to him , and thereby he will shew the respect he beareth to , and the dependency he hath upon the Father , who being acquainted with the temper of his Son , must needs be able to give some use●ul Directions ; which correspondency must hold as long as they are abroad : not only from time to time ( as I said before ) giving Parents an account of what is done , but also signifying , when occasion requires , some of his resolutions , and asking advice thereupon , before they be put in execution : but withal , in several things a Governor must not be stinted . I heard of some Parents , who order their Sons to stay a fortnight in one place , eight days in another , five , and no more in another , and the like ; which they who are upon the place , are better able to judg of ; many accidents falling out every day : these things , and many more , ought to be left to the prudence and freedom of the Governor , to provide according to emergencies ; yet what resolutions he takes he must impart to the Gentleman , in case there is no inconvenience to do it , make him like it , and have his consent therein . In matter of moneys also he must not be so confined , but that he may sometimes dispose of some small sums ; for let a man be never so exact in forecasting expences , still fall out some occasions of laying out which were not foreseen . Two ways there are of giving allowance ; one is when a Father allows so much by the year , and no more ; whereupon the Governor takes upon him to defray every thing : yet I think if he could make it appear , he well laid out more than he received , Parents would not disown him therein ; though it would be well for him , when he sees the sum not like to do it , to write about it , and know their mind before he lays out any thing of his own , except there were extraordinary occasion for it : thus he secures himself from those who are very hard upon such accounts . The other way of allowing , is not to fix upon a sum , but to receive an account of what is spent , and to enter it , whether it be more or less . Thus when unexpectedly some charges happen , Parents receiving good grounds and satisfaction about it , will acquiesce . But before I proceed further in point of monies , I must again ( for I can never take too much notice of it ) say it is to be known how Governors are given to young men , not to over-awe or offer them any violence , for there hath been an end of this when they left School ; but to afford them help and directions ; even as we see when a Child begins to stand upon his legs , and to walk , one or other holds him by the arm , or stands close by to hinder him from falling , though we see many times he will hardly suffer to be touched or helped : This indeed is to be admired at , when the Child begins to walk , he will not be helped , though he stands in need of it , when his will is , as it were , born , he will not suffer it to be guided : however a Governor is given , if possible , to keep a young man from those stumblings and falls , which youth and want of experience and knowledge do often expose them to in the world ; and those who have any wit or good nature , will not be angry against , but rather kind and thankful to him for giving those counsels , and using those means which can keep them from miscarriages , shame , danger , hurt , and such other inconveniences which are so frequent in the world . To return upon matter of monies , before they come away from home , such course is to be taken , as that upon all occasions they may surely be supplied with monies , which I believe is not so certain by way of Bills of exchange , as by Letters of Credit ; for Bills of Exchange may happen to miscarry , be lost , or refused : in which case a man is often left in the lurch . Upon this account I have known several who lost their time , and opportunity , before they could receive timely and necessary supplies of monies ; for sometimes they wait so long for the coming of a Bill of Exchange to discharge and be gone from a place , that it is spent before they can receive it ; so they must be forced to stay till they have another : Let them forecast as much as they can , 't is possible for them to fall short of their account , specially if they are very remote from home : but let them be never so far , Letters of Credit can secure them , for ever a man hath this along with him , which he ought to renew as he goes from one great place to another , but specially for those where he intends to make a considerable stay ; only before he leaves the other Town , he may take monies , as much , or more than he thinks will be enough to carry him thither : And let a Traveller observe this ( except he be in a place where is great danger of being rob'd ) ever to have monies by him , yet not make a shew of it ; for he doth not know what sudden occasion he may have of it , so many sad accidents falling out every day : and what , if when I am walking in the street , I am unhappily forced , or suddenly engaged in my own defence , or of a Friend , to draw , and wound , or kill a man , which thing is not impossible , what would become of me if I had no monies to get a horse-back , and be gone . Such a mischance may befal a Gentleman or his Governor . Letters of Commendation are also necessary for those who Travel in parts , where they have no friends nor acquaintances ; at least if they do no good they will do no harm , but often upon occasion they prove very beneficial and advantageous , whether a man doth but go by a place or stay in 't any time ; for a Traveller cannot tell what occasion he may have of Friends , and favour , when he is in a place , or before he comes to it . These Letters must be gotten from the best hands ; for the more he who commends is considerable , the more respect , civility , and service he who is commended will receive . These necessary provisions being made , the Governor will carry out of England his Gentleman to Paris , where he ought to shew him some of the chief fair houses , and other curiosities in or about that City , to refresh and divert him after his Journey to that place , which also will make the Gentleman like the Country more and more ; which is very material for his intended and future improvement : Whilst he is there he must wait upon the Lord Embassador , in case the King keeps one there at that time ; and in case there be no inconvenience , what other English persons of the highest quality are there : so once , or twice , he may visit any singular friend , if he hath any there , yet avoid too many acquaintances with his own Country-men . He will also do well to go , if he makes but a short stay in Paris , at least once to Charenton , to the Protestant Church there , whether or not he understands the Language , to give God thanks for his protection so far , and to crave his blessing upon the whole Journey : thus he will see that numerous Assembly . This being done , he will do well to be gone thence , to settle somewhere else . Concerning the place of settlement , men differ in their opinions ; all agree that one must be chosen to stay at , and to learn the Language , Fashions , and Exercises ; which cannot be done if one be constantly a Travelling , and ever upon a motion , but time of rest must be allowed to do 't ; for the ▪ Proverb saith , the rolling stone gathers no moss . Some think fit to settle at Paris ; and may be they are in the right , having reasons for it ; but mine are to the contrary , upon the first setting out : first , one must have learned the Language , some customs of the Nation , and gotten some experience before he be ripe for Paris ; where a Novice cannot enjoy that society which is to be had in other Towns : It is not usual for Citizens to like strangers coming to converse within their doors , except they have particular reason for it ▪ and people of Quality have not the patience to hear a Gentleman unable to speak two words together of good sense , but in other Towns it is otherwise . Secondly , the place is very chargeable and expensive● . Thirdly , debauched company of one Countrey-man or other , is almost unavoidable ; for not being capable of conversing with people of that Countrey , he will do 't with those he can meet with . Fourthly , Exercises are dear , and most Masters there do not take much pains with one , because of the number of Scholars , or the distance of places . Fifthly , there is a daily and universal occasion of falling into evil courses ; and one will be hardly able to learn the Language , by reason of the number of his Countrey-men he will find there ; this is for those who live in Pensions and Auberges : As for Academies , if there be not many of one Nation , there is a good Breeding in them , and think it a good way ; but such orders are observed in them , as several Gentlemen would have much ado to be brought under ; some being so much used to their liberty , that they could hardly submit to the r●les of keeping to certain hours , of coming in within such a time , and after that , having no liberty to go out , nor at any time without asking leave , but when a man hath done what he went about , and is coming home , I would advise him to stay at Paris , at least half a year , to perfect himself in his exercises , to see the Court , and frequent the company of some persons of Quality , and of several witty , judicious , and learned men , and other persons of worth and merit : but of this more hereafter . After Paris , places most frequented by strangers are along the River Loire from Orleans downwards , seated in a pleasant and plentiful Country , their language is well spoken amongst people of some fashion , good and able Masters of Exercises are found in them , and the people thereof are very kind and civil to strangers , Orleans , Blois , Saumur , and Anger 's are such : yet though I like them all , to my mind Anger 's ought to have the preference ; it being more considerable than the two last ( which yet I think to be fitter than the former ) in greatness , number of Inhabitants , and of persons of Quality , it being the head City of a Province formerly belonging to England ; it is in a good Air , hath fine Wal●●s about the Town , very able Masters in all manner of Exercises , and people much civilized , of a sweet nature , according to their Proverb . Hitherto strangers have been free there from being trepan'd into Marriages , as 't is usual in other places . In the way to that , or any other place , one hath a mind to go to , as I hinted before , one must b● careful to shew all curiosities to the Gentleman , and persuade him to take notes of what he seeth and observeth . The method herein to be observed is this , as soon as you are come to a Town , and have taken a short rest and refreshment ( if you want it ) in your Inn , which ever ought to be the best , or one of the best ; the first thing you do must be to carry your Letters of Commendation , if you have any , to the persons they are directed to ; and if in any thing you want their assistance , you may desire it of them , with all civility and excuses sutable to their and your quality . The second thing , in case you are not acquainted with the Town , must be to desire your Landlord to go with you , or give you some rational man , to carry you to see the Town , the Walls , and the Fortifications thereof , Walks , broad places , Churches , publick Buildings , Closets full of Rarities , or any other antient or modern Curio●ities . So when you walk up and down the streets , if any remarkable thing be obvious , desire to be informed of it , enquire about the most potent Families , whether noble or not , of their Charges , Estates , and Interest in the place ; then ask by what Trade or other means the Town or City doth chiefly subsist , and what are the customs and temper of the Inhabitants ; afterwards of the policy , and of the way and form of Government ; not forgetting to know how far doth reach the power and authority of the Clergy , what are the Priviledges of the City and Citizens , what difference is amongst them , and what are the Prerogatives of the Nobility and Gentry ; and in case the Landlord , or he whom he hath given you , be not able to satisfie you in these points , desire him to direct you to some body capable to do it ; But this is when the Governor is a stranger to the place ; for else he must himself acquaint his Gentleman with all these things . And here is seen the advantage of one who knows them already . Having thus viewed the Town , and Castle , if there be any , and in the general being informed of the policy and constitution thereof , as you come back to your Lodging , you may meditate and discourse upon these things , yet very discreetly ; with those you think capable of it , to get , if possible , a more exact and particular information of every thing : After all this , when you are gone into your Chamber , you must take pains orderly to set down in writing in your Diary Book , what you heard and learned ; and if you are many , or only two , it will be well for every one to have his own Book afterwards to compare notes , and know who hath been more exact , and what is most curious therein ; which upon occasion you may discourse about , and find out the motives , causes , and authors of things . Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas . Further , it will be well to have before you the Maps of every Province , and , if possible , of the Towns you are in , to know the right situation thereof ( which also may be done by getting upon some Steeple , or high place ) and learn their Frontiers and Neighbours : It must not be neglected or forgotten to write down the Histories , merry Tales , notable Sentences , witty Replies , the good words , and every fine expression which every day you happen to hear in company , thereby to profit and make use of upon occasion : after all this you may receive the visits of those whom you were commended to , or return to take your leave of them , at which time you may be better able , and upon surer grounds to discourse with them upon every thing you have seen , and if possible , get a clearer information of ; and in case in the same City or Town , lived any person of eminent quality in a great state , keeping a kind of a Court , or other great Officers , and men eminent for learning or other parts ; or according to the nature of the place , if there be any Princes , though Strangers or Embassadors , Residents , &c. you may enquire , whether they like to receive such visits as yours may be , you may desire those you are commended to , to procure you the honor of kissing their hands , usually persons of high quality love to be courted , and take this as a civility . And because it would not be well to go to them , and be mute , or to speak non-sense , you may make to them a short ▪ civil , and respectful complement , declaring your Nation , how you are English Gentlemen , who have undertaken to Travel ▪ with a desire to fit your selves to serve your King and Countrey , and all their Frirnds and Allies ( this if they be publick Ministers of Princes , friends to the Crown of England ) and that you were loth to go by without kissing their hands , and tendering your humble services to them : when by the means of these visits , you are grown better acquainted , one may get a further information of the constitution of the place , or Province , where you are , of the nature of the Inhabitants , and of the state and inclination of the Neighbours ; yet all this must be done with much respect , discreetness , prudence , and modesty , for fear of being accounted pedants , silly and ignorant , or giddy and rash , which would cause slightings and contempt . And in case there be occasion given to discourse upon the manners , nature , or customs of both , or either Nation , viz. the Travellers , and his whom he is with , or of the Kings , Princes , great men , even of particular persons ; the Traveller must carefully take heed not to let fall any word whereat any one might justly be offended , and perhaps resent it , bewaring to avoid nothing more than to slander or speak ill , or rashly , or presumptuously judge of others , which are the two dangerous rocks in conversation ; contrariwise they must keep within general tearms , give the best interpretation to things , and no ways shew themselves partial , bold , or passionate ; but if others speak or judge too freely of things , or persons , they ought to hear them with indifferency , and seem to admire at , rather than approve of what they say , and not answer to 't , as if they were ignorant of the matter : but of this more hereafter . Only I will add two things , one is , that the Governor , who upon all occasions is to give advice to his charge , must well know his quality , and judiciously understand what belongeth to it ; for if he be of the highest or lower quality , he ought to carry himself with him accordingly , with more or less formality , at least before Strangers ; for else freedom is wholly necessary , and he ought to advise him to carry himself towards others , according to his and their qualities . The other thing I add , is this ; we see how Travellers must not make post haste when they go through places , but ought to take time to rest , and be informed of things , whereby the Journey will be more pleasant and profitable : nay , one must take horse sometimes , and go out of his way to see what deserves it . Being then come to a place of settlement , the mind and endeavours of the Gentleman , and of his Governor , must wholly tend to be improved , yet more or less , according to every ones occasions ; for they who are Scholars and Travellers , to get either a livelihood , or a preferment , are most concerned to improve themselves ; but their settlement must begin with the set rules of Piety , which from the first day of their setting forth , they ought daily to have practised . Every morning and evening one ought to fall upon his knees , and devoutly to call upon God ; acknowledging his glory , and mercies , his own unworthiness , original and actual sinfulness , whether out of ignorance , or against the testimony of his conscience , the lights of Nature , and of Grace ; beseeching God for Jesus Christ's sake , to look on him with an eye of pity and compassion , to be reconciled unto him , and to apply to him all the merits and sufferings , whereby his Son hath appeased his wrath , satisfied his justice , and made a full expiation for sins , whereof the filth may be washed clean in his precious Blood , and the guilt so forgiven , that it may never rise up in judgment to accuse , convince , condemn , or shame him in this world , or that which is to come : then he must thank God for the protection which till then he hath afforded him , he hath brought him out of his own Country , through deep waters , and dry land ; yet no harm hath befallen him : he must beg his help in the carrying on of the design he had in his going over ; that in the first place he would teach him to fear his Majesty , and to keep his Commandments ; and then how to improve himself , to bless his weak endeavors , and of those who have a hand in his Education , enabling him to receive their instructions , and making him willing to be advised by them in every good thing , to the end the glory of all may be given to God , satisfaction to his Friends , and Relations , and he receive the benefit of it ; wishing withal , in due time to meet with his Friends , if it be his pleasure , to their mutual comfort ; beseeching God , till then , to take him into his protection , and deliver him from those dangers which Travellers are exposed to . I conceive these heads are comprehensive of his ordinary wants and necessities ; besides this , before he goeth to his Prayers , he must read at least two Chapters in the Bible every day : Further , he must be sure to observe the Lords day , which beyond Seas is too much prophaned ; either going to the Protestant Churches , where it can be done , or else in his own Chamber , in prayer and reading Scriptures , and some good Book of Devotion , or doing both , and other works of Piety : and let this be performed without failing or interruption . Therefore that one may be the better able and free to go about this , they must chuse a convenient Lodging , of which the people be honest , affording good accommodation , and the Master , if possible , be a man of parts and learning , whose conversation one may have at Table ▪ which will prove pleasant and useful for the Language , and other things . Also , let them be Protestants , if it can be done ; for union in judgment makes commonly union of affections , and one is free from snares , both of changing his Religion , and being brought to trouble , in case of speaking amiss of another : besides that , in case of sickness , one can receive comfort from a Minister , and will not be troubled with Priests , as it is usual in Popish Countries , upon such occasions , of which we have seen examples : then in a Protestant house one may have flesh , if he hath a mind to it up●n Fridays , and other forbidden days , which many of the contrary Religion would not give . This being regulated , the young Traveller must immediately be put upon some Exercises fit for , and becoming a Gentleman , which his genius and strength ought to be consulted about : if he hath no mind nor disposition to 't , it will hardly come to any good ; some also of those Exercises requiring a greater strength than others . The time of the year is to be considered ; for if he be weak , some violent Exercises , as riding the Great Horse , and , may be , Fencing could endanger his health in Summer : the quality of Exercises is to be lookt upon ; first , to do those which are most necessary , and then others ; according as he and the Governor do agree ; he must have enough to take him up at least the greatest part of the morning , and some of the afternoon , yet so as not to be overburthened therewith ; for then he would be tired , and do none well . When days are longer he can do more than when they are short ; except the heat were so great , as to take his heart and strength from it ; but in hot weather he must begin betimes in the morning : every Exercise commōnly takes up an hour , except the Great Horse , which requires much more ▪ those he undertakes , he must be constant and diligent in . The benefit coming from doing these exercises is manifold ; first , thereby he learns and instructs himself ; so hereafter upon occasion , being skilled in 't , he may make use of them ▪ then they take him up , and use him to be active and stirring ; and ●ome of them which make him stretch his joynts , help to make him grow : and this keeping him in action , makes him nimble , strong , and healthful : Furthermore , they keep him from idleness , and bad company , and are a pleasure and a recreation to him ; for almost every hour he hath a new one , and thereby is diverted from evil thoughts , passions , and deeds : but let the time of these Exercises be so ordered , that in the morning he may have a whole hour to himself , to eat his breakfast , to rest , to walk , or do what he hath a mind to . Let him also have time to read and study ; for all his time must not be given to bodily exercises . To tell my opinion of this more particularly , first , one must know how long he is allowed to be abroad in the whole ; for then he must divide the time into so many parts , as an instance , some travel no farther than France , and these must resolve to be so long in Saumur , Anger 's , &c. so long in going the Grand Tour , and may be staying at Montpelier , Lyon , Geneva , and so long at Paris . This must be known to a certain time , or thereabouts ; for there ought to be a rule in ordering of our time . Others intend besides France , to see Italy ; others farther , will come home through Germany , and the Low-Countries ; and of these some will only go directly through Germany , others will see the Emperors Court , some of the Electors , and of other Princes there ; some have a curiosity of making a step into Denmark and Sueden : There are those who before they come home , will go into Spain and Portugal : In all this one can never take his measures well , or order of his journey , except he knows , so long I must be in France , so long in Italy , and so forth ; which generally depends upon the pleasure of Parents ; who will not have their Sons to be long in some places , and be very long in others , according to reasons they have for it , which yet may be altered , as they receive from the Governor advice of conveniences , or inconveniences , not foreseen in those places ; whereby we see how much is referred to the prudence of a Director . Now to state a case of this , I will suppose I am to be abroad three years , or thereabouts ( I believe the time is never so much stinted , as to stand upon one month or two ; the more , because the altering of our resolutions doth often depend upon accidents , which are not in our power ) and within this time I am to see France , Italy , Germany , and part of the Low-Countries , then I will resolve thus , in France I will be first 18 months , 9 or 10 in Italy , 5 in Germany , and the Low-Countries , and 4 or 5 at Paris , before I go home : Of every one I will speak in order . Of the eighteen months I am to be in France , I will pass two in going from London to Anger 's , or the place I intend to settle at by the River Loire ( which places I do prefer to those more Southerly , as Montpellier , &c. not only upon the account of the Language and Exercises , but also for health and safety sake ; for one must not remove out of England into very hot Countries , upon a sudden , but by degrees ) to rest and see what is worth seeing , upon the way : then I will reside 9 or 10 months in one place , 10 weeks , or 3 months to go the Grand Tour , 6 weeks to see Geneva , and make a step into Switzerland , or as far as Strasbourg , and the other six weeks at Lyon , till the season be fit to go into Italy . Note , that when I say 9 or 10 months , and do not just fix the time , which in that place the longer it is the better , my reason is , that ever I would be before-hand with my time , and have six weeks , or two months in case of Distempers , or other accidents ; or otherwise to dispose of it , as I see occasion for : Let this be an essential rule for Travellers , To be good husbands of their time and monies . In the space of nine or ten months I am to reside in a place ; the Governor ought not only to lay the foundations of , but also set very forward the work , for which his Gentleman went into France . As to the Language , Exercises , and Fashions , specially the informing of his judgment : all which things are better learned thus , than when a man is going forward on his Journey . To this end , in case he hath no experience of his own , who in that place are the best Masters of Exercises , he is to ask the advice of those who are able to judge of it , and are not partial : and in case men in giving their advice , prove partial , as often it falls out , every one commending him whom he likes , and loves best ; as it is not to be expected but that they will differ in opinion , then the general approbation will make me prefer one before another ; yet no farther than to put him to a trial : for in case I were not satisfied with him , I would make no difficulty of changing him for another . Now these three qualifications I desire to find in every Master of Exercises , First , he must have a good way ; for it is not so necessary ▪ he should Dance well , as that he should teach well , which two things do not always meet in one ; if he hath both the better : but the last I would prefer above the former : one may be an advantage of nature , which hath endued him with a good shape , and disposition ; but the other is a reward of Art and Industry . Secondly , he ought to be constant and exact , not to miss his hours ; but when there is a set one , he must be punctual therein . I would not have them at one time to come soon , and at another late ; and sometimes not at all ; for not only this is a loss to the Scholar in that particular , but also it is a prejudice and a hinderance to him in his other Exercises . Thirdly , I would have him civil and respectful to his Scholars , and not ranting , nor domineering ; whereby not only their person , but the very exercise become odious : he must civilly and gently tell him where he faileth . For the three first months , specially if he is of a weak Constitution , I would not have him to ride the great Horse ▪ because : at first that Exercise is tiresome , and takes up much time ; specially if it be in Summer : but if he hath but a short time to stay in Town , and he be able , without inconveniency , every morning to rise by break of day ; and he already hath an introduction into the Language , he may the sooner begin the Exercise . That which makes me advise not to learn it at first , is , to the end he may have more time to learn the Tongue ; for all other Masters may come to his Lodging ; but if he will ride , he must go to the Academy : Indeed for those three months I would hardly have him to look abroad , except to walk , take the air , or go out upon some necessary occasion ; for till he hath something of the Language , he is unfit to go into company , or take pleasure , or receive profit thereby . Hence one may see how necessary it is to understand something of it before they go over ; it is not very fit neither , he should go to the Dancing and Fencing Schools till he hath gotten a garb , a posture , and the grounds of those Exercises ; though the sooner he goeth the better it will be . Having often mentioned Exercises , I must now show what they are , some being more , and others less necessary : The Language is of the first kind , yea , the most usual and beneficial of all ; without it no society to be had , nor company to be kept with profit and satisfaction . We go beyond Seas to learn what general or particular good things are in the places we come to ; but , who can be better able to inform us of it than the people of the Countrey : but , how can we have any access or conversation about it with them , except we understand their Language ? How can we make use of the several good Books written in their Tongue , except we do somewhat understand it ? no discoursing with Ladies ( which in France is accounted a part of a civilized life ) without it ? He who hath it not , finds him●elf exposed to daily inconveniences , is a Barbarian to them , as they are to him , whereby he leads an unprofitable and uncomfortable life : Wherefore I would have every other Master of Exercise to be a kind of a Language-Master , to put him upon discourse ; and the young man must neglect nothing to get it ; he must first of all talk about any thing , though trifles , and not to the purpose : and although of ten words he could not speak two right , yet let him not be ashamed or discouraged at it ; for it is not to be expected he should be a Master before he hath been a Scholar , Qui nunquam male nunquam bene , and to every thing there is a beginning . With speaking we learn to speak ▪ Fabricando fabri simus . Let him not think any thing below him till he hath overcome the dif●iculty of it , which once being attained unto , then he may the better mind his words and expressions , and more exactly observe himself and his actions . The Language-Master must teach him to read , write true Orthography , and to speak properly ; to this effect , he must make use of some good Books , which besides the Language , may teach substantial things , as some History , Morality , or Politicks . As the world goes , Dancing is an Exercise becoming a Gentleman , it being one of the essential parts of an Outlandish , French Breeding : so that as a Gentleman who there goeth into company , hath daily occasions of practising it , it would be a shame for a young Gentleman not to have some skill in 't ; a natural disposition is required to it : so let a man measure his steps never so just or exact , except he carr●es his body well , and hath a good ear to hear and observe the Cadence , he wants that grace , which is the principal ornament of the Dance . A good Dancer takes well , specially with Ladies ; but it is not enough to be able to Dance a Brau'e , a Gavote , a ●ourante , a Boree , &c. I will have a Master to teach a Gentleman how to keep his body in a good posture , when he stands , sitteth , or walketh ; how to come in or go out of a Chamber where is company ; he must be taught how to carry his head , his hands , and his toes out , all in the best way , and with the handsomest presence : In a word , how to do things with a Bonne grace , and in the finest and most gentile manner that the person is capable of ; but both nature and art must concur to give a man a fair presence , which for certain is a great advantage : a Master teaches the steps , but the grace , the carriage , and the free motion of the body must chiefly come from us . As it argues a wild and a rude nature to despise this Exercise , so to follow it too much , is a sign of effeminacy . Fencing was formerly the Exercise of vile and contemptible persons , whom Romans called Gladiatores , who , upon publick and solemn occasions , were brought in to divert and give sport to spectators ; their number once was so great , that being gathered into a body , they very much troubled the Republick . Of this , as of many other Exercises , many things might be said in that kind , but being not to our present purpose , I will omit it , to say that Fencing is now accounted an honest profession , and a necessary Exercise , upon the skill of which often depends a mans life , either in a single , or more general fight ; and provided a man doth use it only in his own defence , or of his friends , it will be not only lawful , but also commendable : as often want of skill herein joyned to the consideration of the danger , takes away man's heart , so certainly one who is forced to use his Sword , being skilled in 't , hath something to trust to , whereby his courage is raised : And although this be not universally true , yet no doubt he who knows how to handle a Sword , hath an advantage against him who never learned it , They who have a martial spirit find this Exercise sutable to their genius , give a great application to 't , and do usually succeed in 't ; which to effect , they must carefully observe , and diligently practise Lessons given them , which at the three months end , if no sooner , they may be able to practice , if going to the School , they Fence against other Scholars , and make Assault as French men call it , and ●ome Masters , if you give them monies , before you part , will shew some singular trust , and some master-piece of their Art. Riding the Great Horse is a noble Exercise which ever was esteemed amongst valiant Nations , and is so to this day : Horsemanship is a very manly thing , and 't is no small matter to manage so strong and courageous a Creature as Horses are , so to curb and hold them in , or else so to put on , tame , and govern them , as to make them use●ul and serviceable to us , To love and delight in horses is accounted a Princely passion . Hence it is , that in every Kingdom there is one of the most important Charges exercised by one of the most eminent Noblemen , called , The Master of the Horse . Hence hath sprung up that supreme charge ( if I may so call it ) under Kings in Military Affairs of High Constable , or as in some places it is called Crown Marshal for the word Constable was Comes Stabuli , Earl of the Stable . Certainly then the Art teaching us to make use of , and to rule Horses , must needs be esteemed e●pecially by those who have a warlike ●pirit , it being known that Horsemen and Horses are the strength of Nations , though o● some more than of others : Herein doth consist the whole strength of the Polander , now after the Cossacks are drawn from the obedience they owed to that Crown . To ride the Great Horse , teaches two things , one to be a good , the other to be a fair Horsemen : the good Horseman I call him who fits fast a horseback , whom all the turnings , running , and stopping of horses cannot shake , nor cast down , which can be gotten by a long and constant use of riding : but to be a fair Horseman , that is , to sit handsomely , and well , to compose the motion of his body , according to that of the Horse , to have grace and dexterity in the handling and managing of him : In a word , to have a martial look , posture , and countenance a horseback , according to grounds and rules , is the fit and proper work of an Academy . Young men do very well to follow those Exercises , which make the body healthful , lusty , and strong , for they are good : such are the forenamed , with Running , Wrestling , Leaping , if decent , which are of a great use in War , because they fit the body for hardship ; yet of these last , one is to make his pleasure more than his business ; I mean , not to be too hot upon 't , specially if one be of a weak constitution and temper ; for they cause ( when violently used ) a great dissipation of spirits , whereby the body is much weakened : therefore one must be moderate therein , as in other violent sports , though honest and innocent , as may be hunting , which should not be too much followed : indeed sometimes it puts off evil thoughts from the mind , but withal produces no advantage : Diana the patroness of it is chast , but barren also . Other Exercises there are not so material as the forenamed , which yet , if a Gentleman hath a mind to , and time , he will do well to learn ; such are , Vauting , Trailing the Pike , spreading Colors , handling the Halbard , or the two handed Sword : Also it will not be amiss to learn to play upon one Instrument or other , of Mu●ick ; as the Lute , Gittar , Violin , or other he hath a mind to ; because when he is alone in his Chamber , he may use it sometimes for a diver●ion . Some also give themselves to vocal Musick , and learn to sing , which is a fine quality , specially when they have a good voice ; for Art can perfect that good disposition of nature ; and though they have no very good voice , 't is well to learn the Rules ; for sometimes a man in his retirement singeth to please himself , and not others : and though he would not sing at all , yet 't is a satisfaction to know when others sing well , or when they do not , and to be able to judge of it . A natural disposition to 't , is not to be neglected , but withal , excess therein is to be avoided , not to affect , or too much make use of it : so as to appear in publick meetings , and places , nor to abuse that gift with singing vicious , profane , or impious Songs . In a word , a Gentleman may learn any honest and decent bodily exercise , whether it be Tennis , or others , provided this be no hinderance to better things ; and be not followed with excess , or too much eagerness : for else , instead of contributing to one's health , it would endanger it , specially in Summer , when heat is great and violent ; for without that , is made a great dissipation of spirits , which maketh one weak and faint ; yet I would advise him not to give himself to those sports , which none but an in●erior sort of people are at ; for thus he makes himself contemptible to persons of Quality : therefore as long as he is abroad , and takes any recreation without doors , let him use those of the Country he lives in , and which are followed by his equals ; for else men would conceive thoughts of him very disadvantageous as if he were weak spirited or low minded . Thus much concerning bodily Exercises ; let us now come to those of another nature ; for he goes abroad not only to frame his body , but also to instruct his mind , and inform his judgment : therefore he must add what he can to those Arts and Sciences I mentioned in the first part of this work , to bring them to a greater maturity and perfection : so that where he finds an eminent Philosopher , there I would have him to close : the same he must do of a good Linguist , where he happens to light upon one ; for it is the good fortune of Travellers in one place , to find a man who excels in one thing , and in another place one who is famous for another ; for those jewels are dispersed , and he is a wise man who makes use of the advantage , and draws out of them all what he can : for when the occasion is lost , 't is not easily recovered . Fronte capillata est , sed post occasio calva . One of the things , which above all , I would have him to be careful of , is , not to forget any thing he learned before in the Schools or University ; for it were a greater shame to do so , than if he had never learned it : and let him not think it to be below him again to go over those things , for I have known some eminently learned men who every year read over their Grammar . Some think a Governor hath no more to do herein , but to find good Masters of all sorts of Exercises , and see them perform their charge ; but I am not of that mind , for I woul● not have him to be an idle spectator , whilst others are at work ; but in time and place I wish him to impart to his Gentleman , some of the lights he hath in himself ; for be is both , Censor morum , and Doctor rerum , teacher of things ; not of Fencing , Dancing , or the Language , but of Sciences , whether natural or moral ; but this specially by way of discourse : therefore I would have him to take pains briefly , to insinuate into the young man a general ground of History from the Creation of the world , to the present age , out of some good Books of his own choice : then also an Epitome of the particular History of the Country you are in , composed by an Author of the same Nation , esteemed the best , whether it be in France , or Italy , &c. and one treating of the present state of things , in France they have one which is often renewed , called , The State of France , containing curious and necessary things for strangers and others . The useof the Map will be very beneficial if he understands it , which he can do easily ; this will give a great light to some parts of History , depending upon Geography , which he must have an insight of , till in due time he comes to a place where he may dive farther into it : whereof I will speak in its place . In the mean time he must endeavor to understand the use of the Terrestrial Globe , which can much help him therein . The Science of Mathematicks is very curious , and much worth the pains of a Gentleman : Indeed , I think this of all others to be the most ▪ fit and proper for a man of quality , though not every part of them ; her demonstrations are so visible , and so convincing , that of all humane Arts and Sciences this hath the clearest proofs . This is so generally received , that when we will say such a thing is undeniable , we call it a Mathematical demonstration : but as it requires ripeness of judgment , I would have him to learn it by degrees , till he grows more and more fit for it : let him learn first the Principles and Elements of it ; yet , if he can , he must perfect himself in the crabby , yet very necessary part thereof , called Arithmetick , which is of a universal necessity . Geometry is one of the most important parts of it , necessary to many sorts of persons , pleasant and beneficial to all : The matter of Fortification is very important for the defence of places ; and the rules of ordinary Architecture are useful : they teach how to build well , to chuse a situation , pleasant , strong , and convenient , that is , having things necessary to subsist by , as Water , &c. what shall I say of Astronomy , Astrology , and other lawful parts of this curious Science , which of all humane ones are of the greatest extent , the most consummated therein making daily new discoveries : they are so taking and recreative , that the more one studies them , the more he is enticed to do 't ; they are the delight of the greatest wits , to whom they afford matter enough to exercise themselves . Chymistry is another curious Art , full of secrets and rarities , very pleasant and useful ; for certainly extractions made out of Metals and Minerals can do much good , when applied well , and , if in the practice of it men could but confine themselves within certain bounds , it would not prove so hurtful and dangerous to some as it is ; but , indeed 't is so bewitching a thing , that many not being gone very far into 't , do seek for the philosophical Stone ▪ in the pursuit whereof , they exhaust their brains , and purse , and hope to find it out , which yet is harder to be done than a Quadrature in the Circle , or malleable Glass that is harder than stones which can be broken with a hammer . If a Traveller hath time , and happens to be in a convenient place , as may be Padoa , Montpellier , or other , it would be in him a commendable curiosity to learn something in Physick , not to be a Doctor of , or to practise it , only to be able to understand the grounds of it . A man having a body to look to , would be glad to know the temper and constitution of it , what manner of diet he must observe to keep it in health , and also to know the nature , causes , signs , and remedies of Diseases , it would be a satisfaction and a benefit to one ; for at all times , and in all places one hath not a Doctor at his elbow to consult with : besides that , there is a great pleasure to read the strong and rational Books of great Writers in that profession , as Avicenna's , Averroes's , Hypocrates , Galenus's , and others ; out of which here and there , I will collect curious things , and necessary to be known concerning our inward parts , viz. that the heart is the principle of life ; that the Liver is the chief instrument of the nutritive faculty , and the shop of Blood ; that the bladder of the Gall is a necessary sink to settle the flava bilis , or choler , that thereby the Liver is warmed and freed from corruption , and other good offices it doth , and that the Spleen through several arteries , receiving heat from the heart , boileth the gross blood , which through certain little ramuli's or branches it doth convey into the neighbouring parts , for their nourishment , and that it draws it self the melancholick humor to disperse it into the ventricle , to strengthen and increase the retentive faculty , and many things more of this nature . He will do well when he is at Orleans , Anger 's , or any such places , where are publick Schools of the Civil Law , to get one of the Doctors , or Professors thereof , to read it to him , which he will do privately in his own house ; or perhaps , if you be a man of high quality , come to your lodging : Let no man account this to be a disparagement to himself , for Learning and Virtue are a credit : and I have known young Noblemen , and of the greatest quality do 't . And though this Roman Law be not every where received as a Law , yet in 't is much of Reason and Equity , and contains the grounds of politicks ; the parts of it were instituted by a wise Republick , and great Emperors , by the advice of judicious , wise , and able Counsellors ; by the means of it several men were raised to great honor and fortune , according to the saying , Dat Galenus opes , dat Iustinianus honores , — Pauper Aristoteles . This Civil Law once was received in many parts of the world ; and though at present it hath not the strength of a Law in some places , yet it is much esteemed every where , and lookt upon as a thing judiciously compiled . I could also wish the Traveller to inform himself of the most essential , municipal Laws of Countreys he comes into ; much more would I have him to understand those of his own , which he is to live under , and to be ruled by : therefore when he is come home , or before he goes abroad , he would do very well to settle a year or two in one of the Inns of Courts , therein to be instructed of , and apply himself to it . A man who hath an Estate , is sometimes subject to be troubled about it , and he will be glad to know how to defend it from cheats , nor be forced to go to Lawyers upon every trivial account for counsel , nor always do things upon trust , and not know wherefore such and such courses must be taken , and let it be an encouragement to those who would get preferments by it , that in most Nations they who are eminently learned , and versed in the Laws , are raised to great places , as to be Judges of the Land , Lords Keepers , and Chancellors of Kingdoms , and as to Estates , within these Dominions , many Families have been , and are daily raised to great means and fortune by the Law. When he hath time and opportunity , he will do well to learn to draw Pictures , which is a gentile Exercise , when one doth it for his private use and recreation , it may serve to take the Plots , Situation , and Landskips of places he goes by ; hereby imagination is much helped ; so that a more perfect and more lasting idea of things is formed within us , being conveyed through the eye . As he goes by any Courts , he must endeavor to get the Pictures of the Princes and Princesses , young Princes and Ministers of State , and other great men , and the Maps of considerable Cities . Let him not neglect to see , and if possible to get some skill in ancient and modern Curiosities , whether Pictures , Statues of Brass , Marble , Alabaster , &c. Medals , and other fair and curious things , of which there is abroad such a variety , that it would be tedious to name them all ; only I would wish him to endeavor to get an universal , though it were but a superficial knowledge to be enabled upon occasion to discourse of any thing . To the purpose of Medals I must say , the study thereof is not only pleasant , and curious , but also beneficial for the understanding of History ; by their means we find the errors of some Authors , we learn some particulars , and understand niceties of History , which Historians were silent in . This is better than picture which doth not last , and Sculpture which doth not so much represent to the life , the faces or actions of great men ; it contains the best parts of these two , Picture and Sculpture , and the surest of History ; specially when they come from good Masters hands . Then as to the matter , the variety of Metals is considerable ▪ whether Gold , Silver , Corinthian Metal , or Brass ; and of this last specially , there are several sizes , some of the greatest by Italians , called Medaglioni , then great ; Mezzane or of a middle size , and at last those of the lesser sort , and these either Roman or Greek ; the Roman either of Families or Emperors , the Greek of Cities . Of all these , those which are historical are the most considerable , and so worthy of the curiosity of Princes and great men , as to have one of the best places in their Closets : there is much learning in the knowledge of them , and sometimes one affords matter enough to discourse a whole hour upon 't : 'T is true , it requires monies , some skill and time to put several together : in a word , it is a very enticing curiosity , and of great extent . And this as to ancient Medals , which some other time I may happen to enlarge upon . But besides these , there are also modern Medals ; for when Arts and Sciences were restored within the last age , this was not forgotten ; but indeed , Work-men were so ignorant , and so followed the Gothick way , that it is lamentable to see some of their Medals , which yet were better than those coined 4 , or 500 years ago : but of late the way hath been so found out , that England and France afford admirable ones , and Holland too , but inferior to the former . Instead that formerly the best were of Brass , now they are of Silver or Gold. The ancient Roman ones , since the days of Augustus were daily better and better , till the days of Trajan and Hadrian , and so kept till Caracalla , at which time good work-men began to fail . So modern ones , though they began to appear in the days of Henry VII . were hardly worth looking upon till within these thirty years , when Corman in Rome , Warin in France , and now in England some have restored that art to a great perfection , both as to the design and working of the Coin. Thus by the means of twenty Medals , more or less , the whole History of a Princes life is laid open before us . Some great men also , but Subjects are by the means of a Medal made known abroad to the world . The inclination I have for these things hath made me enlarge upon the matter : but I return to my subject . Every night before he goeth to bed , he must recollect and repeat what he hath seen and learned that day , and also about the same time let him be sure to learn something by heart , which will take a deep impression , because when he is asleep , there are no objects to drive it out : this will also strengthen memory , which is the better for being used ; for like a knife it grows rusty , except it be made use of . Let the Governor often see him do his Exercises , whose presence will make him and the Masters more diligent and careful : and if sometimes he happens to be ill-disposed , let him put it off till another time ; provided it falls out so but seldom ; for being so released , he will return to 't with more vigor and chearfulness . He must be taught to have a respect for all his Masters whatsoever , and thankfully to receive their advice when they tell him of his faults . And now I am upon this subject , the Governor himself must be very prudent in●t ; for this is a delicate matter , most men loving to be praised , but not corrected and censured of their faults : in this he must use a very great dexterity , he lying between two extreams to discharge his duty in telling him of his failings , yet not exasperate him . If the young man was sensible that what advice is given him tends to his good , there would be no need of so many niceties , nor of so many cautions to be used : but the temper of several being like that of some horses , which receiving a sudden check of the bridle , draw back , grow unruly , and play a thousand tricks ; so they flie out , and cannot endure to be told what is amiss in them , which is an infallible sign of a bad nature : Hereupon he must observe these three things , the first must be a protestation of his real zeal and affection to his Service , which puts him upon telling him something for his good ; having thus prepared him , he must gently and civilly tell him what the matter is ; But thirdly , he must tell it in private , and take his time when he sees him in a good humour , and fit to receive advise . Other times when he often sees him fall into a fault , he is to find out some Story of one or other subject to the same fault , which he ought to exaggerate as much as can be , and thereby make him who committed it ridiculous , ever speaking of a third person , which a young man can hear very patiently , and observe it too ; but if he should come home and say to him , You are the man , perhaps he could not endure it ; but when he hath done all that he can , and yet he will not mend , he must be patient , knowing he hath done his Part , and remember , That which cannot be cured , must be endured , though a prudent man will lay hold upon advantages sometimes he receives from one occasion or other , and then he giveth advice with success ; but let both the Gentleman and his Governor know this , that in every thing a decorum ought to be observed . As we all have failings , so we must seek to know and find them out ; and when we have , 't is not enough to hide and conceal them , we ought first mend and leave them off , for else they still remain and keep us in a continual danger . But one of the most essential parts of the Office of a Governor is to neglect no occasion of instructing his Charge in every thing which is fit for him to know , whensoever he is with him , whether sitting or walking , he must loose no time , but give him good and wholesome advice , infusing into him principles of Piety and Virtue , to make him loath and abhor Vice , improving his understanding by the light and knowledge he imparts to him of things ; when he seeth him do well he must commend and encourage him , and make him know his error when he is in the wrong , he is to be told of so many things , and there is such a variety of occasions to speak , that certainly an ingenious man will not want matter to entertain him with , the Stock of a Scholar and a Traveller cannot easily be exhausted , and though it were only certain things which may very well be told over again and again ; every thing a man seeth , or any he hears will afford matter of speech , and one may reflect upon 't ; and make some spiritual , natural , moral , or political application of , and observation upon ; and rather than to say nothing , I will tell him Stories to divert him , which will make him love my company , render my person acceptable to him , delight to be with me , and so upon occasion to take my advice ; for let others say what they please , a loving , civil , and obliging carriage will go nigh to win him , or else he must be of a strange humour , which yet I deny not to be possible . One thing which I would be constantly informing of him of , is the State of Affairs in Europe in gener●l , and of every Nation in particular , beginning at home , continuing by our Neighbors , and ending by those who are far off From time to time , he ought to give Parents an account of the young mans carriage and improvement , and in case he hath sometimes no good to write , he ought to mitigate things , and not mention every petty trifle he doth amiss in : one must be very careful and tender not to make division between Father and Son , between whom natural affection at last will awake ; 't is a good work to settle a good correspondency between them , but withal the young man must help , the Tutor alone cannot do 't ; for if his carriage were extravagant , it would destroy the good opinion he is willing to give of him , and would make the favourable Character pass for a lye , or at least a flattery ; but in this are many intrigues depending upon accidents , to be left to the Prudence of the Governor , and which is not fit to declare , because they could not sute with the case of every one . Hitherto I shewed what a Gentlemen being abroad , ought to learn and know : Now I am to speak of what he must learn and do , and how he must behave himself . Saint Paul reduces it under three Heads , To live in this World soberly , justly , and religiously ; by sobriety he understands our whole duty concerning our selves , by justice or righteousness that which hath relation to our Neighbors , and by Religion , that which we owe to God , in whom he will have us to end , and begin with our selves , so to continue by our Neighbors ; for except we be well disposed in our selves , we cannot be so towards others , and less towards God ; Wash your selves , cleanse your hands , then draw nigh to me , faith the Lord. These are essential Duties and necessary to be practised by us upon all occasions : and though this be a command affirmative , yet it includes a negative one : not to infringe sobriety , justice , or piety at no time nor place ; which negative precepts do oblige one , semper & ad semper . All men in what Countrey soever are generally obliged to the observation of this . But other things there are more particular than this , relating only to a civil life , consisting in some fashions and customs of Countries ; for herein one Nation differs from another , which a Traveller ought to study , follow , and practise : this difference in some parts is greater , in others lesser ; these must be learned by him who is willing to go into company , else he would appear absurd and ridiculous : and though it is not to be expected that a stranger should be perfect in the customs of a Countrey , as he who is born and bred in 't , yet it is to be supposed they will labour to be informed of them . For a time one ought to leave off his Countrey fashions , to practise those of the Nations he conver●es with ; for 't is more fit and easie for one or few men , and strangers , to conform themselves to the ways of a whole Town , Province , or Kingdom , than for a whole Nation to learn those of a particular man , or of few , which yet some are so unreasonable as to desire and dislike any thing which is not exactly as they have it at home : This may well be called the disease of their own Countrey , whence they brought it , and which they will have to attend them through the whole course of their Travels . Certainly they are no wise men , who say , what care I for such fashions and customs ; which is the same as to say , I matter not to make my self ridiculous , and to do th●ngs wh●●● are absurd , one thing is well in one place , and amiss in another . As for instance , here in England the manner is for the Master of the house to go in before a stranger ; this would pass for a very great incivility in France : so here the Lady or Mistress of the house uses to sit at the upper end of the Table , which in France is given to strangers : so if we be many in a company , we make no scruple to drink all out of a Glass , or a Tankard , which there they are not used to do : and if a Servant would offer to give them a Glass before it was washed every time they drink , they would be angry at it : Here when a man is sneezing , we say nothing to him , but there they would look upon 't as a want of civility . Again , we use in England upon a Journey now and then to ask one another how we do ; but in France they do no such thing : amongst them that question would answer to this , what aileth you that you look so ill ? I could make a long enumeration of such things , and other obvious , when a man hath society with people in that Countrey ; for not only every Kingdom , but also every Province or Shire , and almost every Town hath some such particular thing , and some reason for 't , which one is not to trouble himself about , provided he hath the ground of the general customs of France , Italy , and other parts when he is in them . A man's carriage in the street ought to be well composed , and according to the usual way of the place ; in some , if they see one walking extraordinarily slow , they will say he hath the Gout : in others , I have seen people walk so fast , that one might have thought they were running for a Doctor , or a Midwife . The Italian and Spanish Nations walk with great gravity , and would see others do so too . Some going through the streets , gaze and stare as if they were fallen from the Clouds , or had never ●een Men , Houses , or Shops ; others wag their head so much , jugg so their hands , and are so discomposed in their whole motion , that one would think they are wild or mad : Another sort there is of those who seem to go o●t into the street a purpose to see what other men do , or wear ; such a man's Hat , say they , doth not sit well , his Cloaths ar● not fashionable , the Lace of his Cravate is old , his Shooes are worn out , and such busie-bodies observations , that one would think they are authorized to be publick censors of these things . Others as they go , talk as loud as if they were speaking to deaf men , and that too in their own language , as if they had a mind to make people take notice they are strangers , and yet do not mind , or else scorn to return civility to those who shew it to them , with putting o●f their Hats , or otherwise . A good behaviour at Table , is , to me , a strong proof of a good Education : here a Gentleman must put a difference between him and a Clown . Grace being said , and civility ended , about places , I mean when a man is a stranger in a place ; for else every one knows his own , or else they will indifferently seat any where , still paying civility to him who is much above the rest , a handsome liberty is to be used . In France they hardly admit of any Ceremonies , the bashful countenance of some at Table ought to be put off , Forks are a neat invention therefore to be used to avoid greasing hands , with laying them upon the meat : having occasion of passing the hand before others , one must do 't as seldom as he can ; and when he doth , he is to crave pardon for the trouble from him he gives it to , and to make clean his spoon before he puts it in the dish , after he hath taken it out of his mouth . Sometimes I have seen Gluttons , and a rude sort of people , who , as soon as a dish is set down upon the Table , snap all they can out of it , as if they were afraid to want and starve ; one can see often as much upon their plate , as there is in the dish ; not considering that others as well as they must have their share : then leaning one or both elbows upon the Table , like pigs they hang their mouth over the plate , and with both hands to the mouth , greedily devour that which so uncivilly they have taken . Thus ●atisfying their gluttony , they mind neither decency nor their health ; little heeding whether such a kind of meat , and such a quantity of fruit will not give a surfeit to their stomach ; for some raw fruits are dangerous , as well as meat hard to be digested : they also will sin against sobriety with immoderate d●inking , thereby inflaming their blood and liver ; and do not mind how at Table , men ought to have good and profitable discourse . In my Travels I have been in places where people are very neat in their houses , in linnen , plate , and dressing of meat ; but as nasty in the eating as others are in the dressing of it : but as Gentlemen are not the Cooks , they cannot help when 't is nastily dressed ; but it is in their power to eat it cleanly . It is not good to be over-nice in his diet abroad , yet 't is a great satisfaction to sit at Table with clean linnen , knives , spoons , forks , and plate . Furthermore , the Governor must be careful of his Gentleman's conversation , which is of two sorts ; one improperly called to converse with the dead , and the other with the living , is properly so named : to converse with the dead is to read Books ; herein he must be as cautious of what Books he reads , as what company he frequents : evil company doth debauch the body , and evil Books do corrupt the mind , causing that error in judgment which bad men do cause in the practice . A great deal of good hath been done by good Books , and much evil and mischief caused by evil ones : Some are so dangerous , that cunningly and inperceptibly they infuse a poison into the mind and heart of the readers . This was a known truth to Primitive Christians , who being converted to the Gospel , brought all curious Books they had and burned them . When once a man is used to read prophane and dishonest things , he will easily be brought to practise them ; wherefore it should be the Governors care to see he reads no dangerous Book to shake him in his Religion ; for this , without exception , ought to be his chief care to keep him stedfast to his Religion , nor any prophane , obscenous , and others apt to corrupt good manners . There is abroad a sort of Books called Romances , which have been occasion of much talk pro and con ; some saying they are curious and innocent Books , which upon several accounts may prove beneficial ; for therein Virtue and Vice are set down ; the first to be followed , the other avoided : besides that , the chief subject of them is grounded upon History ; what ornaments it receives from art ▪ they rather add to , than take from the beauty of it , as it is with Poetry . A modern Author in France stands much in the defence of these sort of Books , he and his Sister having written several in that kind . On the other side , other good pens have cried them down for corrupters of good manners ; teaching Ladies to give meetings to their Gallants , run away from their Parents , &c. But to give every one his due , the invention , elegancy , style , and purity of the Language are to be commended , as far as I know , no body doubts of the two last : as to the former , when the Author undertakes to give the Character of a proud , ambitious , amorous , constant , cruel , base , and perfidious ; or of a wise , witty , generous , and valiant man , he carries on well his design , and the Author makes him act his part well : But on the other side , passions are so represented to the life , that it works them into the heart of the Reader , which naturally being disposed to receive evil rather than good , entertains the first , and neglects the last ; specially when they are in the hands of weak brains ; who seeing their passions flattered with a good success , at last , though through many crosses , they are encouraged to follow them , and will soon imagine themselves able to perform what others are therein said to have done . But if one hath a mind to know the way of them , he must read with this caution , that many things in them are not true , and consequently are for recreation rather than for instruction : no doubt but that some good and some evil are to be learned out of them : but if the harm that springs from that reading is greater than the good one can get by it , 't is prudence to forbear reading them , specially youth , which easily receives impressions ; but if they be read , let it be with moderation , seldom and without application , except it be for the Language ; for certainly , reading of them much , steals some of our precious time , which might be better employed : yet a Gentleman may be informed of what manner of Books these are , so as not to be altogether ignorant of them when he happens to be in a place and company where such things are to be spoken of : but let him do 't so warily , as to fear being poisoned therewith ; and like dogs in Egypt , which never stop when they lap in Nilus , for fear of Crocodiles that are in 't . The Tutor also is as much as in him lies to see he reads no Books which contain unsound and Heterodox Principles , or able to lead them to sinful practises ; such are some Books of Jesuites , which hold any error in judgment , under the Doctrine of Probability ; that is , if one single Doctor hath advanced an opinion never so false , or erroneous , it is probable he was in the right , and so , men may believe it with a safe conscience . Other Books of Jesuites do countenance any sinful practice , and corrupt wholly morality , under the notion and Doctrine of Directing the Intention : Thus one is allowed to steal , not to deprive others of their own , but with an intent to serve his occasions , and relieve his wants . These things are clearly set down in the Book , called the Mystery of Iesuitism , and at large in another , entituled , The Morals of Iesuites ; both translated out of French. Now I must speak of Conversation , properly so called ; though to distinguish it from the other , it was named conversation with the living : This is one o● the most important things a Traveller hath to do ; man , as I said somewhere else , being a sociable creature , ought to seek for company to enjoy the benefit of society : therefore it must be a Governors care to find him such company as is good and fit for him ; and by this one may see what an advantage it is for those Gentlemen whose Governors know the Language and ways of the Countrey , and are already acquainted , then they are not to seek as others , so as to need being introduced themselves ; however he ought to shew him company by degrees , and not all at once : for he would be like those , who having been a while in the dark , when upon a sudden they come to the light , have their eyes dazled with it ; he must begin with inferior persons , as it were , to enter him , and see how he will behave himself in 't ; for with such he is more free : and it is not required he should observe himself altogether so much as when he is with people of Quality ; but in those sorts of companies I would not have him to stop very long for fear of contracting some of those imperfections which often do attend persons of that kind . But before he engageth far in company , he must first know in general , the temper of the Nation , then the particular of the persons he is to be acquainted with : the former is known by the testimony of those who have been a long while amongst that Nation , or out of ones own experience . Thus the temper of the French Nation is free , bold , jovial , witty , and civil ; besides , they are branded with rashness and inconstancy . The particular temper he may get information about from his friends who introduce him , from whom also , upon occasion he may be instructed of particular customs , and how he ought to behave himself upon some accounts . When he is once resolved to go into company , he must be sure to keep neat and clean his face , hair , hands , and to have handsome and fashionable cloaths , yet without vain and superfluous singularity or affectation , having nothing contrary to modesty or decency ; for 't is a general rule , that a mans temper is commonly known by his dress , wherein is sometimes set forth much of extravagancy , for the proverb saith , The Bird is known by his Feathers . Men by the outward shew often judging of the inward inclination and capacity : One must not be too forward to invent new fashions , or to add to those that are already introduced : as for instance , if the mode be to wear one single knot of Riband , he must not have twenty ; if when others wear but one Feather , he would have five or six , he would be accounted a phantastical man ; but withal , he must not follow the mode too far off , to use little narrow bands , when others have them broad and deep , or to wear a high crowned hat , when the fashion is to have it low : To all these things there is a middle way , which certainly is the best and wisest , and not to be so singular as to wear thick cloth in Summer , or silk or thin stuffs in Winter , contrary to the rule and practise of others . By all means avoid being singular in your ways , custom is a great tyrant , and not to be accounted a fool , a man is to follow the common folly . One saith well , that Meditation and Reading make a man learned , Writing makes him exact , and conversation ready : for a man used to company , hath often occasion to discourse upon several subjects , whereby he acquires a facility of expressing himself , and confidence to see and speak with others , without blushing or bashfulness : it inspires also a desire of pleasing and getting the esteem and approbation of those he frequents : whence it is , that he will observe his cloaths , study his words , and compose his gestures . It is true , that in this he will take pains , more or less , according as he likes the company ; for the tempers of men are so different , and there is such a variety of humors , that certainly there must be , as it is , a greater conformity to , and liking of some than others . Hence it is , and also by reason of an antipathy , that a man will hate the company of another upon the very first sight , which another will love the reason of this contrariety not being visible , but occult or hidden . It is then a beneficial thing for a Gentleman , when it can be done in a strange Countrey , to see company ; but let him frequent persons of Quality , by whom he may well be informed of affairs , and of whom he will learn a gentile , and a good behaviour ; and when he is known to frequent the chief and best companies in a Town , upon this account every one will shew him respect : he will also do well to be acquainted with another sort of choice persons , considerable , not so much for their birth and quality , as for their Virtue , Merits , Parts , and abilities , for to learn how to carry himself well in all kinds of company , he must see the variety of them , and learn how to comply with all manner of humors and tempers , yet excluding a vicious and sinful compliance ; for as in every man there is some thing particular , so in every company he will find and observe that which he will hardly meet with in another ; and to know well the several tempers of men , is , doubtless a very considerable advantage ; also to have over himself such a power as to become grave and serious with men of that temper : on the contrary , merry and jovial with those who are such . But in France , they have a priviledge not to be enjoyed by strangers , in Spain , Italy , Germany , &c. which is , to converse with virtuous Women , and of quality ; the manner of French Breeding admitting a mixture of both Sexes ; out of which , for the most part , results an excellent Behaviour and Education : that Nation is so fully persuaded of this , that they believe a man cannot be well civilized without it : this is an universal practise in that Kingdom , from the highest to the lowest , which their wise , serious , and learned men do also follow : this is the way there for men to be cried up ; and it is observed , that people is more courteous , a●fable , and polished , where this custom is prevalent , than in others where it is not : upon this ground runs that French Breeding so much approved of , and sought after by Foreign Nations , who send thither their Children to be instructed , and receive part of their Education : hence also ariseth that civility they shew to strangers , who enjoy there more priviledges , and have more liberty to come to Court to publick shews , and to some other places , than several of their own Nation ; so that for the most part a stranger is admitted , when a French man , who is not well known , is excluded : therefore let not other Nations blame this custom , because it is not their own ; for every custom doth not sute with every temper or Nation : and if Spaniards and Italians had introduced it , may be they had had not so many grounds of jealousie as they have ; for virtue and liberty not only may , but also very often do consist together : but a Traveller or other particular man must not undertake to condemn a custom approved by a whole Nation , received and continued for several hundreds of years . Now whatsoever I say to this , is not to approve or condemn that practise , seeing I am but a particular man , who must not think to make others subscribe to his opinion : I speak only as to matters of fact , and relate things as they are , not minding much what either licentious or scrupulous humor will say to 't . However , not to be silent upon this subject , I will say something of it upon these grounds : to love and have a respect for women is natural to men , and that such a love and respect may well consist with vertue and honesty , I hope none will be so unreasonable as to deny . Now this general inclination being strengthened with the particular knowledge one hath of the merits and virtue of some persons of that Sex , the heart will not long be able to keep within that esteem and affection , but will seek for some ways to express it , which begins with a desire to please : and as the intentions are pure , so the means made use of to please , will be innocent and commendable ; otherwise they would not answer their end and might happen to displease instead of pleasing : the usual ways to please , are , civility , meekness , humility , generosity , compliance , &c. which are all virtues necessary and essential to a Gentleman : besides that , this Sex having not the ferocity and rudeness which are in many persons of ours , they who are subject to 't , must leave it before they come into the company of Ladies ; the generality of that Sex being mild and delicate , specially they who had a good breeding , which is ordinary to most persons of quality ; so that considering the Sex , the quality and merits of those into whose company a man comes , I leave you to judge of the care he will take to be welcome to them : and this is not all , for most of those persons have a great deal of wit , most of them from their infancy being used to be in the company of those who have understanding and experience , attending on their Mothers , Sisters , &c. when they make or receive visits ; so that of necessity in time they must be brought to a good frame , fit for a delightful and profitable conversation : besides that , as the world goes , if one hath a mind to hear news , or affairs , he can find in womens company wherewith to satisfie himself ; there being hardly any intrigues in Towns , Provinces , Courts , and several Kingdoms , but they have a hand in 't ; and sometimes a publick Minister will as well speed in his Masters concerns , by courting Ladies , as by frequenting Ministers of State. Within these fifty years almost whole Europe hath been once governed by the authority or counsel of women ; so that by their means several men have made their fortune , which is more than a civil carriage , and the Language to be learned in their company : who then can after this be against frequenting their company when they are well qualified , seeing with them we also can enjoy that of men . According to what I said somewhere else , there ought to be a choice in matter of company ; there is no society in multitude , the faces of men who meet in numbers , make no more impression in us than of those we see in a dream ; the sound of their words can be distinguished no better than the noise caused by the fall of great waters : one is to look for a society innocent and delightful , able to perfect our mind and other faculties , to bring them into a good frame , and to divert it in persons we intend often to be with : we must look for the same qualifications which Platonical Laws require in those who pretend to Priesthood , namely , to be whole and sound in body , mind , and manners , born of honest Parents . Having shewed of what persons the company is necessary , I must now give ●ome rules how the young Gentleman is to behave himself in 't : First , coming into the place where the company is , he must remember to practise the rules he was taught by his Dancing-master , modestly , and without affectation , yet with some difference , according to the high or low quality of the persons he salutes , the carriage and gestures of his body , to be so well composed as to be far from any shew of vanity or bravery ; the first visits usually are of ceremony , and so short and serious , yet witty upon occasion , or of affairs , whereby it must be regulated . In this point are several circumstances , which ought to be ordered according to the custom of the Countrey wherein they do differ . In the second place he must be careful of what he saith ; he must never begin any discourse of Religion when he is with those of a contrary , for ●ear of bringing troubles upon himself ; this matter , most men being apt to be hot upon . St. Paul exhorteth to avoid vain disputes , though the subject of Religion be the most important that can be spoken of ; yet disputes of Travellers are usually vain , as to the success of it ; no good comes from such disputes , most men being for the Religion they were born , bred , and instructed in ; and after whole days of such disputes , every one retains his own , and all that hath been said upon it are words in the air , except it be when a man seems disposed to hear , and be better informed than hitherto he hath been : but when a man discourses of Religion meerly to bring another to embrace his own , such disputes commonly prove fruitless . When a man hath such an itching de●ire to talk of ●uch things , let it be of those Articles wherein we do not differ : though we differ in theory , and about means , we agree in the practise , and about the end ; namely , that we ought to live well , if we desire to die well ; that to be saved , we must believe in Christ : and in case others would provoke him to speak of Religion , may be with an intent one way or other to bring him into snares , he must say he is satisfied in his own ; therefore desires no disputes about it : only he prayes God to enlighten his understanding , to the end he may more and more know his holy mind and will ; saying with David , Lord teach me thy ways , and I will walk in thy truth ; teach me to fear ▪ thy name , and I will praise and glorifie it with my whole heart . Thirdly , he is carefully to observe the matter of his discourse ; not to say any thing that 's impious , prophane , dishonest , or unbecoming ; let them all be seasoned with the salt of prudence ; avoid saying any thing where those who are present or absent may be offended , and take exception : Indeed the common vice of companies is to speak of the life , manners , and employments of our Neighbours , and ill of it too for the most part . Beware when thou speakest ill of another , whether thou be not guilty of the same thing thou condemnest him for : avoid also idle words which we are to give an account of . If we use to chuse our meat , let much more our words be tried ; for if we examine the meat that goeth into our mouth , we ought to do the like of the word that comes out of it ; which often causes greater disturbances in families , than meat in the ●tomach : Again , let words be plain and clear without equivocation or ambiguity ; sometimes a word mis-understood and mis-reported , will cause a quarrel : Moreover , let one's discourse upon a subject be to the purpose ; for he who speaks of that he understands not , or at random , will suffer blame instead of the praise he expected . Others fall into this inconvenience , out of another cause , which is , that some bring their bodies into company , but leave their wits and minds at home ; so that whilst the company speaketh of one thing , they rave of another ; and often upon a sudden , returning to themselves , they will speak to that which they hardly heard , or else have the incivility to make others speak over again that which was spoken before . Let a man speak of things fit , and adapted to the company he is with ; it were not proper to talk of Philosophy or Mathematicks in a company of Ladies , nor of Balls , Dances , and such pieces of Gallantry in the presence of wise and grave Senators , and Doctors . Furthermore , let him know , Virtutum primam esse puta compescere linguam , Proximus ille Deo qui scit ratione tacere . Therefore let his words be few , for there is sin in the multitude of words ; and so let too much talking be avoided . Socrates wished in his Disciples discretion , silence , and modesty , contrary to imprudence , pratling and impudence ; that second Vice usually containeth the other two ; and 't is certainly better not to speak at all , than to speak amiss . To the nine Muses , Nima Pompilius , added one he named Tacita , or silent ; to shew that though all Sciences were in one , without silence they would prove useless . Indeed , as it is a great wisdom to hide his passions , and discover those of other men , so it is to speak little , and hear much ; for whilst fools have their heart upon the tongue , wise men keep their tongue in the heart : These know how to keep a secret which they are trusted with , and which to them is a sacred thing , but the others are uncapable of it . Herein I am not so unjust as to advise one to leave off speaking , only I wish him to order his words , and observe what he is to say , and to take his time ; for there is a time to speak , and a time to be silent , specially about certain matters . The advantage of silence is clear ; he who speaks empties himself , but he who hears fills himself . Let his words be also true , that is , for what he knows ; for to tell a lie is one thing , and to lie is another : one may tell a lie , thinking it to be a truth , when he hath been mis-informed ; but to lie , implies an intention to deceive the hearer : This distinction was well observed by Nigidius , as related by Aulus Gellius , An honest man takes care not to be a lyar , and the prudent man not to tell a lye . An honest , or as Solomon saith , A righteous man hateth lying The credit of a man is the truth of his words ; without it he is accounted base and unworthy , not fit to keep company with honest men ; when he is known to be a lyar , he is not believed , though he speaks the truth . Our Saviour would not suffer the Devils to confess him to be the Son of God , for fear this truth should be suspected coming out of their mouth ; ●o that when a man is come to that , I account him lost in his reputation , having thereby declared himself the true son of the Devil , who is a lyar from the beginning : therefore whensoever a man speaks , let him say the truth , though he be not always bound to declare it ; nor the whole truth , which often 't is prudence to conceal . Charitably one must not tell the Vices of others , specially of Parents , Patrum pudenda non detegamus , saith a Doctor , as did Ham : A Son must not say his Father is a Drunkard , though it be true ; but still I say , let all sorts of lyes be avoided , whether it be jucundum , officiosum , or perniciosum , pleasant , profitable , or hurtful ; for if one uses himself to any of these , he will easily pass to the practise of the rest . It is a trouble to lye , and requires much of memory ; it is easier to frame within us a real image of that which is , than a false idol of what is not so : truth can well be expressed without art or affectation , but a lye stands in need of both . Above all , let a man in his discourses avoid that horrid and unprofitable sin of Swearing ; all other Vices have something of profit or pleasure to plead for , but this hath no such pretences ; only a wicked mind , and a desperate custom . But will not God be avenged on those who call him to be a witness to a lye , with taking his name in vain , and forswearing themselves ? He is called not only to be a witness to what is agreed upon , but also to be avenger of the perjury when it is committed . His name is called in to help one man to cheat another , an affront which he will not forgive : Let Zedechia● , the two of the ten , who broke their word to Annibal and Vladislaus be witnesses of it , and let an Heathen , a Regulus shame and condemn such ones . Let also a Gentleman avoid speaking ill or well of himself , no great danger of the first , but much of the last : and when there is a necessary occasion for 't , let him do it modestly and sparingly . They who take a pleasure to speak of their exploits , and to be trumpets of their own praises , are laught at in company , and at last are a burthen to those whom they converse with : but alas , who can make an exact enumeration of the defects creeping into the matter of mans conversation : some trouble the head of those whose company they keep with news of what passes in their Street and Parish ; others make the ears ring with the miseries of the times and sufferings of people ; some talk of nothing but of the weather , others of War , and in a Chamber they take Towns , overthrow Armies , and decide of the fortune of Kings ; others can speak of nothing but of mirth , eating , drinking , or of cloaths a la mode ; others of their Travels , Books , Horses , of Building , Hunting , Hawking , Coursing , and of thousands of such things : those who constantly are talking of one thing , and never but of that thing , are the plague and persecutors of reasonable persons . I would have a man able to discourse upon all these , but in due time and place . As there is no man infallible , so none ought to be too positive , peremptory , or obstinate in his opinions . I must not forget to warn our Gentleman to compose his body so as to commit no absurdity in his posture , no more than in his discourse . When he is in company , he must forbear talking to himself , muttering between his lips , often ●pitting , nodding with his head , pointing the finger , leaning on his elbow , crossing of his legs , sudden and frequent turning of the eyes , looking awry , shutting his eyes , or looking upon the ground when he speaks , instead of modestly casting them upon the person he speaks to , frowning , making mouths and faces , a perpetual motion and disquietness of the body : and generally he ought to forbear any thing which is sign of lightness , threatning , anger , or of an inward fretting or disturbance . So when he walks in or out of the room , let him handsomely carry his body , avoiding every unbecoming gesture , and that lofty walking of some who seem to have a mind to make the ground tremble under them , the best way is ever the most natural , which is no ways to be forced or counterfeit , except ( as it falls out with some ) it be ridiculous , or hath a particular reason for it ; as the office or profession of some men that requires a greater gravity , which yet must not be affected , nor with ostentation . Hitherto I shewed how a young Gentleman may learn good , now I must teach him how to avoid evil : this is the whole of man , to do good , and flie from evil . Phy●icians do reduce their whole art to the practice of these two words , tene & abstine ; so there are things which a Traveller must follow , and others which he must abstain from . I have advised him to go into good company ; now my work is to dissuade him from keeping that which is bad : many a one hath been undone by bad company , and evil counsel , which attend one another : for though a wicked man be sometimes able to give good counsel which he takes not himself , it is so by accident ; for the spring being corrupt , the streams cannot be wholesome : To know good is one thing , and to do it is another ▪ the former being easier than the later . Of things to be avoided , some are evil by accident , and others are so of their nature : things indifferent in themselves happen through some accident or circumstance , to produce some inconvenience upon which account prudent men will forbear it : this happeneth when men fall into the extreams of it , that is , to an excess , or to a defect , when men use a thing too much , or too little . Thus to walk or to play at some games , is a thing which may be done ; but if a man doth it too long , or follows it too much , there is an excess in 't : and this is to be avoided , because it causes him to lose other occasions ; not the use , but the abuse of it : so of eating or drinking , which are necessary , or of eating of such a meat , or drinking of such a liquor , which are indifferent things ; there can be an excess of eating or drinking too much of it , or a defect when some out of an extraordinary grief forbear eating , as if they intended to starve themselves : or when a Doctor prescribes Physick , the dose he hath prescribed must not be increased nor diminished ; too much , or too little make it bad , one over-works nature , the other sets it at work , but helps it not . I may say the same of some companies , which may be frequented , but with measure , and within bounds : amongst several I could name of this kind , I will only mention that of a Traveller's Countrey-men , who if they be sober and civil Gentlemen , may well be frequented ; yet with moderation : for one must not be too often with them , wich is a hinderance to the end for which we travel abroad , to learn the language and fashions , which is not to be gotten in our Countrey-mens company ; or else one had better to stay at home , and save charges : they may be seen and visited as much as is decent , convenient , and necessary to shew we have a respect for them ; but if they be debauched , their company is absolutely ( though handsomely and civilly ) to be avoided , it being more dangerous than that of any other Nation whatsoever : and this I say generally for Travellers of whatsoever Nation they are : for when there is abroad a familiarity and friendship between some of the same Countrey , that consideration of the Countrey gives them a greater influence of one upon another : and thus with greater ease they can spoil one another ; for he who gives a bad example is capable of giving bad coun●el , but anon I intend to say more of this . Amongst the several sorts of bad company , I would have one chiefly to be avoided , which may be called wicked ; it is of those who are known to be of , and to profess impious , atheistical , and prophane Principles , who notoriously do give up themselves to vice , who live as if there was no God , or whose God is their belly ; as the Apostle speaks : but withal , whose end is destruction ; a sad doom : of these a Poet saith , Et quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est . Men who glory in their shame , who like Swine wallow themselves in their mire , and who like Dogs return publickly to their vomit , being past shame and feeling : the company of such is more carefully to be avoided , than of those who have the Plague , which only can kill the body , but that infects also and destroys the soul. After this I need not mention another loss considerable in it ●elf , but not in comparison of this which is the loss of reputation and approbation of honest and worthy men : a long frequentation hath the same effect as precepts : and though it were possible for one to preserve himself from their corruption ; yet still people will say , Noscitur ex sociis qui non cognoscitur ex se , and similis simili gaudet . There is another sort not so bad as the former , but sufficiently bad to do mischief ; they go another way to work ; and at the first sight they appear not to be what they are ; but they are careful not to give a publick offence , but after a short time of acquaintance they will make themselves known to be debauch'd and vicious ; yea , and some cheats and trapanners : now a tender spirit not well grounded or confirmed in the Principles and ways of Virtue , will be shaken and perverted by the suggestions of such , and he will hardly have strength enough to resist the violence of Vices , which in great numbers will crowd upon him ; therefore he who hath a mind to be good , must not go into the company of evil men : for Ioseph himself learned in Egypt to swear by the life of Pharaoh . I said elsewhere that every Nation hath some particular Vices and Vertues ; experience teacheth us , that drunkenness is predominant in the North , and North-east parts of Europe , as Luxury is the Master sin of the South , and South-west parts of it . Now it is a sad case , when a North Countrey Gentleman coming into Spain , or Italy ; not only learns the Vices of those Countries , but also practises those of his own : to do 't , he must have some of his own Countrey-men , who have learned that fashion at home , and are loth and unwilling to forget it : See here the inconveniency of frequenting abroad his own Countrey-men , for in all Italy and Spain you can hardly find ten men to drink and fuddle with Strangers . When a young man hath so great a mind to be with his Countrey-men , it were better for him to stay at home ; but when he finds some sober and civil person , he may sometimes keep company with such an one if they be willing to forbear speaking their mother tongue , and falling into any evil courses ; though except they be near relations , or very good friends , they will do well to be civil , but not very familiar one with another . Hereupon it must be the Governors prudence to prevent such acquaintances as are attended with inconveniences ; or at least let him take heed lest his charge be the worse for it : and as sometimes there is a necessity to remove , Parents must take care ever to have them supplied before-hand with monies . Let drunkenness be avoided , and the company of those who by their example entice one to it . This Vice not only suspends the use of reason , and maketh it forfeited for a time ; but also it renders men worse than beasts : Let a Horse , an Ox , or a Dog be led to the water , they will drink no more than they have need of , do what you can to them ; because nature is thereby satisfied : but some men will force their own to take that which it wants not , and which it cannot bear ; and is often forced with pains to be disburthened of : Hence arise Head-aches , indigestion of Stomach , Surfeits , Gouts , Dropsies , Apoplexies , and many other distempers , which do precipitate a man into his Grave . If men in drink could see their faces , their looks , their reeling and staggering postures ; hear their stammerings , and non-sensical discourses , they would be ashamed so to abuse themselves , and the creatures which God hath given them to be used with sobriety and thanksgiving . Why should they be prostituted to the passion and inordinate lust of those who as St. Paul saith , make the whole work of Creation sigh and groan , and expose it to that bondage , out of which it shall at last be delivered . Drunkenness is the cause of most or all mischiefs : hence come quarrels , blows , wounds , bruises , and often death . Who hath woe ? who hath sorrow ? who hath contentions , babling , wounds without cause , redness of eyes , they that tarry long at the wine , &c. This Vice is commonly the fomenter of Luxury ; for Sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus , it is as the bait to it ; and what wood is to the fire , that same drunkenness and gluttony are to Luxury : therefore one said well , Tollas ligna foco si vis extinguere flammas , Si veneris motus , otia , vina , dapes . Horace having said of Hercules , Multa tulit fecitque puer sudavit & alsit , addeth the Verse immediattly following , Abstinuit venere & vino . — He abstained from women and wine , as of two great enemies to virtuous men . It is said of one , who one day being asked which of these three sins he thought to be the least , Drunkenness ; Murther of a Father , or Incest , answered , Drunkenness , which he being given to , one night he went home drunk , went in and lay with his Mother , whilst she was asleep , and then killed his Father for censuring of him . Whether or not this was true , it matters not much ; but this is a certain truth , how a drunken man is capable of doing or suffering any possible mischief . It is a wonder if a man given to this Vice be good in any relation ; he is apt to kill , to steal , to commit Adultery , to play his Estate away ; he is unfit for any employment : He who cannot rule himself , is not able to govern others , nor to manage any affair , whether publick or private ; for he cannot keep a secret , whether his own or another man● , in vino veritas : when he is known to be given to drink , others will play upon him in that way , and pump out what he hath in his heart . History both ancient and modern affords us examples of great and important designs which miscarried through this ; which although it be every where a vile vice , yet 't is more dangerous abroad than at home : for where a man is known , others will bear with him when he is in such fits , and not much heed what he saith or doth ; but in Foreign parts , strangers will not suffer the extravagancies which men commit when they are in this condition , but will chastise them for 't . St. Paul saith , they who are drunken , are drunken in the night , because darkness hides the vice , and frees them from the shame ; but these seem to brave all the world , committing it in the sight of the Sun , and go abroad only , as it were , to let other Nations see how vicious they are , which is a great dishonour to themselves , and disparagement to the Nation they are of ; for others will be apt to think there is many such others in their Country : wherefore as they tender the credit of their Nation , the honor of their Family , and their own reputation ; if they pretend to any , let them avoid drunkenness , whereby their life is every day in danger , and jeopardy : and if they will be drunk , let them be so at home , and not do that wrong to sober persons of their own Nation , whom thus they cause to be thought to be such as they are , being all Country-men ; if they have not the fear of God before their eyes , who excludeth drunkards from the Kingdom of Heaven ; let them tremble at the dangers which every day hang over their heads , they are loth to break good fellowship , but matter not to venture their soul , life , health , reputation , and estate : they will drink say they , but a glass of Wine with a friend , then the glass is followed with another , and this with a bottle , and many more ; so that the Verse will be true . Pinta traht pintam sequitur mox , altera pinta , Et sic post pintas nascitur ebrietas . Amongst the several laws made by Lycurgus , there was none against drunkenness , which he being asked the reason of , answered , that Vice is attended with its punishments , shame , head-aches , distempers , &c. The company of dishonest Women is also to be avoided , which is the more dangerous , because the desire of it is so natural ; yet one must strive against Lust , which when it hath conceived , it bringeth forth sin . Adam could say , the Wife which thou hast given me made me eat the Fruit of the forbidden Tree . This hath been a stumbling block to many a good and great man. David had a sore fall in the case of Bersheba ; and Women turned away Solomon's heart from following his God : He who in his Book of Proverbs had given so excellent lessons against this sin , saying , Wisdom will deliver one from a strange woman , whose end is bitter as wormwood : she is called an evil woman , by whose means a man is brought to a piece of bread : she leads one to death and destruction , and many such places . This caused the destruction of the Trojan Empire , which once was so flourishing . For this the Tarquins were expelled out of Rome , and by the accident of Virginia , the Decemvirs were turned out . And if King Rodrigo of Castille had not ravished the honour of Count Iuliano's Daughter , this Count had not brought into Spain the Saracens to be avenged of that injury . Solomon saith , jealousie is the rage of a man , who will not spare in the day of vengeance . Sampson and Hercules perished by these means , which made a Poet to say , Quis Samsone fuit ? quis fortior Hercule ? constat , Foemineis ambos succubuisse thoris . Spaniards say well , Guerra , Caca , y amores , Por un placer mil dolores . War , Hunting , Love , give bad morrows , For one pleasure a thousand sorrows . Without going so far back to find in ancient Histories , examples of damages befallen great States through an inordinate love for Women , there is a modern one very remarkable , which hath caused an unspeakable prejudice to the Spanish Monarchy . Philip II. fell passionately in love with Anna Mendozza , a beautiful Widow of Ruygomez de Sylva , formerly a Minister and great Favorite of that King , and made confident of this passion , his Secretary of State Antonio Perez , who instead of serving his Master , spoke for himself , and had his desire , which could not be done so secretly , but that Escovedo , Secretary to Don Iuan of Austria , and newly arrived out of Flanders , heard of it , and acquainted the King therewith ; with a design thereby to undo Perez , who in the Council opposed Don Iuan's concerns . Whereupon the King incensed , took a resolution to destroy both Escovedo and Perez : the first , because with his Counsels he encouraged Don Iuan to make himself Master of Flanders ; and the last because he was become his rival and had betrayed the trust he had put in him : so he took Perez's advice to have Escovedo murthered , and committed the execution to the care of the Author of the Council , which was soon done out of a great desire he had to satisfie the Lady incensed against the other : but after the Murther , Escovedos Children prosecuting the business against the Lady and Perez , the first was sent to prison , and the last suspended of his Charges , and deprived of his Pensions , for the space of six years , living privately in Madrid ; when a new accusation being brought against him by the same Children of Escovedo ; namely , that he had received 10000. Crowns of Gold from the Grand Duke , and betrayed the King's secrets to Don Iuan , he was condemned to pay 30000. Crowns of Gold , ( worth about nine shillings a piece ) to two years imprisonment , and eight of banishment . In the mean time , the King , by means of his Confessor , offered to him to make the Sentence null and void , if he would but deliver back the Letters he had under the King's hands concerning the Murther , which he refusing to do , was cast into a close prison , yet at last with the Kings consent , he came to an agreement with Escovedo's Family , to whom he payed 5000 l. which according to the King's desire , impoverished him : but at last , Philip being resolved to clear himself of the Murther , with bringing the Author to punishment , he was put to the Wrack , confessed the fact , and excused it upon the King's Command , whose Letters he produced : after which , knowing the King would never forgive him , and that though he had accused his Master , yet he had not cleared himself , he made a shift to escape out of Prison , and in one day went a hundred and fifty miles into Arragon ; his Country , where the Justice promised him protection : but the King having brought an Army , under this pretence to deprive that Kingdom of its priviledges , and prevailed , he fled into France , where he was well received , and found a sure Sanctuary , and discovered to the French King all the secrets and Mysteries of State of Spain , and how to oppose them ; since which time the French have made an effectual use thereof against that Monarchy . See how many mischiefs link'd together , a great States-man murthered , a Lady exposed to a publick infamy , another great man undone , and brought to great troubles for that adultery and murther , the whole Kingdom of Arragon deprived of his Rights and Priviledges , and the foundation laid of the decay of the whole Spanish Monarchy . This hath been the blemish of great persons in former and later days , who went not unpunished , for God will not suffer them to enjoy at home , that peace which they deprive other families of . No doubt it is difficult to be chast amidst so many enticements to voluptuousness , except through the fear of God they be overcome with a flight from occasions , mastering of our sences , and with Iob , making a covenant with our eyes . Men ought to consider , that the beauty they so much idolize is but as a flower of the field , which the least distemper can dry up , age wear out , death and worms destroy and corrupt . These kind of Women love nothing but themselves , or else love all men alike ; because their monies are their end , and their own interest is the principle they are acted by : who can tell how many shares are laid against young men . Upon this account let a young Traveller seriously look to it ; for in several places it is as much as his life is worth , which upon that account lies often at the stake ; therefore he must take heed not to run into such premunires , which often distemper or destroy their body , and endanger their soul and life . Therefore one must carry himself with great prudence , avoiding evil and offence , falling upon the practice of temperance ; which , that it be true , ought to receive Being from reason , whereby the appetite concupiscible must be ruled ; for if she hath not the command of it to moderate the impetuosity of its motion , man is in a sad condition ; for imagination having been corrupt by that appetite , whilst blood is young and hot , and used to please it , not being able to shake off that habit , will take her turn to solicit him thereunto , when his strength and vigor have failed him ; so that a man shall not be free of disquietness , caused through incontinency , although he be not in a capacity to satisfie it : but when reason hath mastered this appetite , there is a pleasant harmony between the inward and outward parts , and a decent modesty appears in the ordinary actions of temperate men , Against this sinned Diogenes , who used sometimes to lie with his Wife in the open street ; upon which account , as well as any other , he deserved the name of Cynick , or doggish . Things may be lawful at certain times and places , which are not so , nor expedient in others , but to perfect temperance , when reason hath so gotten the upper hand of Lust , and that appetite I named before , it is necessary there should be a fix'd and constant resolution so to continue , for to be temperate at one time , and incontinent at another , is not true temperance , but effects of an inconstant temper , seeing virtue is ever regular , always the same , and never contradicts her self : Farther , a man cannot be called chast and temperate , when either distempers , old age , or other accidents have mortified his lusts , which he left not , but hath been left by them , nor when he changeth that sin into another . — Nani frustra vitium vitaveris illud , Si te alio pravum detorseris — Fables do represent sensual pleasure in the shape of a Child , naked , blind , with wings in his back , a bow in one hand , and a torch in the other : a Child , because that passion becomes none so well as youth , and infancy is a mark of want of judgment ; his ever being a Child is a sign of his continuing foolish , and never growing wise : naked it strips of all , those who are given to it , and brings no good to any ; blind , because it puts out the eye of conduct , and hinders it from seeing the imperfections of what is loved : wings on his back , because it is inconstant and apt to flie away : a bow in one hand , and a torch in the other , to shew how incontinency , causes nothing but war and fire . Hence also we learn , that seeing love is blind , he cannot pick us out of a crowd to hurt us , except we draw and stand near to him : let us stand at a distance , and with the light of his torch we shall be able to see his rash inconsiderateness in his infancy , his shame in his nakedness , and his errors and failings in his blindness . In the case of Paris the Trojan , we see what miscarriages it causes men to commit ; for a flower already gathered , it makes him leave the plenty of all things , and the glory of Arms and Sciences , which he might have chosen : to attain unto his lewd ends , it made him break the most sacred right of hospitality , and during a War of ten years , which he was the cause of , he never appeared in the Counsel , or in Arms but twice ; once in a cowardly way to kill a valiant man , and another himself to be overcome : who then can but abhor a desire so filthy in its beginning , perfidious in his progress , painful in the prosecution thereof , dangerous in its execution , whereof the end is so often attended with distaste , shame , and utter ruine : therefore let youth , whose hot blood boiling in their veins , are so disposed to entertain and be led by it , be taken up with good employments : thus one will overcome the son and the mother , a lascivious love and idleness , and bridle those violent desires : I say lascivious , for there is an honest love , which having a good object , and being well directed , doth tend to a good end , and causeth no inconveniencies . The company of Gamesters is also carefully to be avoided , because of the great and many inconveniencies caused by gaming . I intend not herein to speak against honest sports , and lawful recreations ; for this is necessary for young Gentlemen , to divert and refresh their spirits ; but I mean those Games which have more of hazard than of skill ; as are Dicing and Carding , of which there is no end , and go extraordinarily fast ; and those Gamesters who make profession of Gaming , who live by , and cannot be without it . Sometimes one may for company sake , and for pleasure , play one hour or two , but not to be able to forbear , and be constantly at it , is a thing which prudent and rational men will disapprove and condemn : These kinds of sport are so bewitching , that when once a man is possessed with it , he cannot leave it off , specially when he plays for much , and is concerned : for when a man loseth , he is still in hopes the chance will turn on his side : if he gets , that greediness of winning more and more , will still make him stick to it , whereby he will be engaged to venture very deep ; so that at last his whole estate will lie at stake : all other expences of cloaths , d●et , house-keeping , &c. may be regulated , but this hath no limits , and knows of no bounds : those who have nothing , or very little to lose , may venture when they have advantage upon others ; but for men who have good Estates , to play whether these Estates shall be theirs or others , is ( I think ) a great imprudence , if not a folly . Gaming is commonly attended with sad effects , as Oaths , Curses , Blasphemies , Cheating , Quarrels , Ruine , and Destruction of whole Families : In these kinds of things is a great deal of knavery ; they who are much given to it , studying tricks , and cunningly how to trapan others : by these means , one who over night was rich , may happen to be a beggar the next morning ; neither do we see them prosper who get monies by gaming , the chance turning very often , so that the gain of one day shall be lost at another ; and that ●s constantly wheeling : for though many are undone with gaming , we hardly meet with one who made his fortune by it : although there may happen to be some very few , who having gotten something , do retire and give over for a time ; yet at last that fancy cometh upon them , and cannot forbear , but fall to it again , so they can never say any thing they have is their own ; for as it is ill gotten , so it is usually ill spent ; the inconstancy of fortune not allowing it very long to favour one man , her wheel being constantly upon a motion . This made the Emperor Charles V. to say , but upon a more noble account , Fortune being a Woman , loves to favour Youth more than old age : she is best pleased with new objects , for she forsook him to favour Henry II. of France ; as of old she had left Annibals part to be on Scipio's side : it is therefore prudence to trust to her as little as can be . That which the world calleth Fortune , we must name Providence , even in things of seeming chance ; for Solomon saith , The lot is cast into the lap , but that which comes is from the Lord ; which providence men do tempt when they venture too far without grounds . 'T is therefore a thing worthy the care of Princes to stop gaming , and keep it within bounds ; thereby to prevent the ruine of particular persons : whereas in some kind the State becomes a sufferer : therefore in some Countries Laws are made against it , to curb those frenetical fits which some men are taken with . There are too many of those who are so infatuated with it , that they will lose their meat and drink , and be deprived of their rest ; sitting up late , and rising early ▪ to humor themselves in it ; their mind perpetually running upon 't : so that this exorbitant passion must needs be a great torment to them , whereby they are kept from enjoying themselves . Whilst they are at play , ever they are greedy of gain , and fearful to lose ; still tossed with uncertainty , that proves a pain to them : and when they do not play , they are restless , because far from their center , and from their element . Tennis , Bowling , the Mall , and such like , are not Games , but Exercises , which men love according to their age , disposition , or inclination : these , as they promote health , so the worst they can do , is to tire the body , and bring little or no inconvenience upon the mind and purse : but for Cards and Dice it is otherwise . If one before he be given to them , would but see Gaming-houses , and take serious notice of the trouble and agitation of Gamesters , the disquietness of winners , the despair of losers , the quarrels , oaths , and blasphemies that are there , I am persuaded he would abhor them . Those sorts of sports , wherein so much doth not depend upon hazard , but part is left to conduct and skill , may be tolerable ; but withal , as out of gaming , several get means to satisfie their pleasures so many are unfaithful in a thing whence they hope to reap much advantage , which is the cause of much cheating , and other evils , which I mentioned before . After this , let every rational man judge of the weighty reasons a Governor hath to make his Gentleman avoid the company of such , when unhappily they meet with them abroad , and this whether or not they be Countrey-men ; for in such a case all ought equally to be avoided ; and often Countrey-men prove more dangerous than others , by reason of the conveniency of the Language , and because they are less suspected to be cheats : yet as our Saviour saith , a mans enemies are those of his own house . I have seen abroad men of other Nations , who , in an afternoon , having lost the monies they had , which should have served at least half a year , and then their cloaths , and what other things they had , were dragged to prison , and left almost to rot therein . Such examples ought to make those who come after to be the more careful and wise , at the costs of others , not only to avoid the evil , but also the very danger and occasions ; for such things in a foreign Countrey do sometimes reduce a man to great straights , so that in this one ought to know his strength , and how far he is able to go . In the discharge of this , let the Governor be prepared to crosses , but let him resolvedly go on , and not be moved thereat ; for some of those Countrey-men or others lighting upon a raw young man , conceive thoughts to make a prey of him : and as he is not cunning enough to deal with them , they will lay so many snares that it will be hard for him not to fall into one or other of them ; they will play for what monies he hath , for his cloaths , then upon his parole , and his hand writing , when he hath lost , they will combine , and bett against him , then play false , when they are on his side ; and in case he will not dance as they pipe , they will go about to huff and hector him to it : but when the Governor knows the world , and smells out these tricks , if he goeth about to prevent them , they being angry to be disappointed , and to see their designs split , will flie out against him , raising a thousand lyes and slanders , and inventing many passionate stories to spit out their venom , which wise and prudent men will never mind nor believe ; and which at last will turn to the shame and confusion of the authors . Let him not stumble at these blocks laid in his way , but go through in the faithful discharge of his trust , being satisfied with the testimony of his conscience , and the approbation of good , judicious , and impartial men , who also will slight another aspersion which such persons would cast upon him , that he is an enemy to the Nation , and Countrey , because he hinders a young Gentleman committed to his care from going into the company of debauched Countreymen . They who are inclined to , or guilty of such things as I named , will take exceptions at it , when persons of noble and vertuous principles will hate these things , and declare themselves against those who commit them . However some young Gentlemen are of such temper , as to receive these impressions , and upon th● consideration of some different tempers , I had rather to deal with an ignorant , giddy young Gentleman , than with one who hath a malicious , dissembling and ungrateful nature ; for there are hopes of the former , who may be capable of good counsel when he is far from evil company , he may learn , and know , and have his judgment informed by experience and advice ; but when the heart is rotten and false , it is beyond remedy without a miracle , which none but God is able to effect . Upon this account it is a great discouragement to see a young Gentleman act against his own interest ; and to prefer the evil counsels of those who have designs upon him , or are debauched , before the advice of his Governor , whose care and interest are to keep him from inconveniences : but the worst of all is , that when the Governor hath been about dissuading him from keeping such a mans company , for such and such causes ; then upon the next occasion , he tells the party concerned , every thing his Governor said to him . Thus his care and faithfulness are ill requited , and instead of becoming his friend , as thereby he is bound , he makes him sensible of his ungratefulness , with raising new enemies against him ; and when any thing happens amiss , the Governor who used all possible means to prevent it , must be charged with it ; for some young men do sometimes think that the way to clear themselves , is ( though never so wrongfully ) to father it upon the Governor , which to bring about , they make it their whole study , and as sometimes they engage some of their Relations to comply with them , these also do think their credit so far engaged , as right or wrong throughly to concur with the young Gentleman . Hitherto I shewed how a young Traveller ought to avoid bad company , because through evil examples he is led to evil courses . Now I will use another reason , viz. they give him evil counsel , which to speed in the be●ter , they will endeavor to insinuate themselves through flattery , which is very dangerous , because it suits with our inward desire , it being natural and ordinary for men to love to be praised and flattered . If they see this bait like to take , if he be prodigal they will say he is liberal ; if he be covetous , they will call him saving and frugal ; to their cruelty they give the name of justice , and of valour to their rashness and temerity : his cowardliness they will name ●●udence , his treachery a piece of wit , and his dulness a grave and serious temper : whatsoever he saith in his ordinary discourse , they will applaud unto , and approve of all his opinions , let them be never so false , unjust or unreasonable . I confess it is he sometimes to commend youth for what he hath not done , only to oblige and encourage him to do 't , which perhaps is one of the best ways to excite Princes and great ones ( to whom directly to speak , is dangerous ) to vertue ; and also because truth leans upon justice , and modesty , as it is fit to be modest when a man speaketh of himself , and just when he speaks of others ; yet I cannot approve that a man's vices shall be called virtues , thereby to be confirmed and encouraged in evil courses . By the means of such flatteries , men often are much lifted up ; as we read of the Physician Menecrates , who happily having cured several people , through a popular flattery was called Iupiter ; whereat he was so proud , that in the superscription of one of his Letters , he did write Menecrates Iupiter to Agesilaus , salus , or greeting , but that King knowing he wanted the Ellebore he gave to others , answered him thus , Agesilaus to Menecrates , sanitas health . Indeed the two common vices of conversation are , to commend himself , and perpetually to applaud others : and there are those in the world , who as soon as they are in company , begin to flatter one or other , and expect the like returns ; for , asinus , asinum fricat : but Italians wisely say , Chi me fa carezze piú di quel ' che suole , O m'a tradito , ò tradïr me vuole . that is , He who makes of me more than he u●es to do , either hath betrayed me , or hath a mind to betray me : ever flatterers have some ends of their own , yet such cannot abide to be told of their faults . A strange thing , that men would chu●e to be obliged ( if I may so say ) to their enemies for reproving of their faults , rather than to their friends , who would lovingly tell them thereof . But they who through flattery do corrupt the nature of Princes , or men in publick places , or infuse into them any thing else that is pernicious , ought to be as abominable as those who throw a deadly poison into a publick fountain . Compliance is a good quality , very different from flattery , though to a common eye it appears very like : this is somewhat necessary , for it gives credit with those whom he is to deal with , whether Princes or Subjects , and oftentimes this is successfully used to withdraw from vice , and set one in the way of virtue ; but in 't are required a great dexterity , and integrity : and I believe , hence I may draw one of the best advices , which in relation to a civil life may be given to a man , whether young or old , though it may be more proper to what is called courtesie . If any one propounds to himself to win the hearts in a commendable way , and not by flattery , let him so behave himself in his receptions , discourses , and conversation that youth may therein find mirth , women modesty , men civility , old people respect , and all a taking sweetness ; this is the way to be sought after for company . On the contrary , every one ●lies from those whose conversation is troublesome , peevish , tedious , and difficult ; who , under pretence of freedom and liberty , gainsay the opinions , break the designs , and never are of the mind of others . Lucullus at last was such a one , who thought it below a man of authority to comply with those that were under him : so after that , as Plutarch observes in his life , he did not so brave things as he acted before , for he lost the love of his Soldiers . No doubt but that Alexander the Great , and Caesar owed most part of their great atchievements and conquests to that obliging carriage , whereby they got the affection of their Armies ; for it is most certain that a chearful look , a smiling countenance , a winning gesture , a demonstration of a desire to serve , a care to enquire after occasions of doing pleasure and service to others , and to save them the trouble and shame to ask , preventing their petitions with a grant , and going about to do all good turns and offices of kindness and humanity , will certainly get an interest in , and power over the hearts of men , provided one doth not degenerate into a sneaking flattery , and affected demonstrations of respect and humility . These flatteries some are able to withstand . We read of Antigonus , how a Parasite having said to him upon a certain occasion , All things are honest and lawful for Kings , answered , It is so for those who rule over Barbarians ; but they who are set over civilized and rational Nations , will govern according to rules , and not in an arbitrary way . Certainly , the superiority of some , and the subjection o● others , is not of a natural right , but of the right of Nations ; for nature makes all men equal : also it is much for the ease and convenience of those who command , and others who obey when there are laws known to them all ; which Laws the Sovereign hath power and right to make to enlarge , and to explain which subjects may not pretend to . With this way of ●lattery , they who have designs upon others , dispose them to receive their impressions ; if a Governor be a rub in their way , to seem wiser than the Parents who thought fit to give them one to direct their Travels : they will say , What need have you of a Governor , you are wise and old enough to govern your self ? why will you any longer be ruled by such a one ? Many more malicious things they will suggest to him , who not being wise enough to find out their end , which is to put a division between him and the Governor , thereby to take advantage of him , will be wrought upon by such discourses ; and the next thing will be to fall out with his Director , to slight his person , reject his advice , and gain-say him in every thing ; he will neglect his Exercises , fall to unnecessary expences ; and , out of spight to him , he will commit extravagancies , whereby he disparages himself , and incurs his friends displeasure when they are acquainted with it . In the next place , this will make him to be conceited of himself , think he is wiser than all his teachers , and able not to rule himself only , but the whole world besides , whereat he will swell with pride , and scorn every thing but himself ; not considering , that God withstandeth the proud , and sheweth mercy to the humble ; and that there is no humane power but stands in want of one thing or other ( self-sufficiency being an incommunicable attribute of God ) nor no condition so low but at one time or other may prove useful to some : why should a worm be puffed up as a bubble , upon no ground but the suggestions of sycophants , and flatterers : Thus he becomes odious to God , and man ; for the proud is an abomination unto the Lord : It is the sin of Adam , and of the Devil ; for evil Angels fall through pride , which , as Solomon saith , Goeth before destruction : See the effects of bad counsel given to credulous youth . But he will go farther , and because he is of a noble and honorable family , he will boast of his great quality and extraction , and look very big upon others ; but he ought to shew it by his carriage , more than by his words , or else this makes against him : for 't is vertue and merit which first of all did put a difference between men : by these means his Ancestors were raised to honor ; not that he should brag of , but imitate them . Certainly it is a great advantage to be well born , for usually there runs better blood in the veins of such , than in those of a lower extraction ; because , Fortes creantur fortibus , Nec imbecillem feroces , Progenerant aquilae columbam . Then care is taken to give them a breeding sutable to their quality , and want no means to acquire knowledge and virtue : but if they be vicious , they dishonor their families , become rotten branches of a noble stock , and their illustrious Ancestors do reprove , and are as many witnesses against them : Why then should one boast of what is not his own : for , Quae genus aut proavi , aut quae non fecimus ipsi Vix ea nostra voco . They have given him an example , which he ought to follow , and to succeed in their virtues as well as in their honors and e●tates , to have meerly the title of nobleness , and not the good qualities of a Nobleman , is but a shadow , and a chimera in his fancy , not in reality . The denomination of a man must be from his better part ; now if his soul , which is his noblest part , be void of good endowments , empty of noble ornaments , and stained with low , unworthy , and vicious inclinations , what can the body contribute to make him a Nobleman indeed , though he be begotten by noble Parents , which is sometimes questionable ; for 't is very hard to prove every Mother , Grandmother , and so upward , to have been chast and Lucretia like . I am of the mind of Iuvenal , in that excellent Satyr of his against those I am now endeavouring to mortifie . Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus . if one be noble , I will respect that bare quality of his , and nothing else ; but if he nobly born and vertuous , he shall receive my whole respect , esteem , and admiration : it were better for a vicious idle man to be born amongst the commonalty , and of obscure Parents , than amongst the Nobility ; for then he would not have so great influences upon others , so much to answer for , and his vices amidst the crowd of people , would not be so much taken notice of , instead that his quality makes them more conspicuous , and therewith do a greater mischief . In a word , whosoever grows proud on this or other accounts , will find the truth of a Proverb in an outlandish tongue , which I render in English , He who flies higher than he should , Can be brought lower than he would . I will add , that they who are noble indeed , do consider they came into the world , and shall go out of it like others ; for in this , nature hath made no difference , it being the lot of all that are born , to die ; and therefore instead of growing proud of their extraction , they look upon themselves as lights set over others to have influences , give them good examples , and to be as much above them in virtue , as they are in nobleness of birth ; and as they are so high by it , that they see no lawful means to ascend higher , they take another way wherein they succeed , which is , to raise themselves by humility : the higher their extraction is , the lower they humble themselves ; and this virtue which in men of a low degree may be an effect of necessity , is in them a voluntary action . To see poor people humble , is no great matter , but to see illustrious persons practise humility , is worth the praises and admiration of all . This is the secret , and the way to be honorable , and great : they who are otherwise minded , let them remember what said a great , a rich , and as glorious a King as ever was . Solomon more than once in his Book of Ecclesiastes , saith , Vanity of vanities , all is vanity , and a gnawing worm , vexation of spirit . I speak to Christians , who ought to consider the vanity and inconstancy of honors , by the experience of all ages , which afford us so many examples of revolutions ; and the higher the fall , the more dangerous it is : all sublunary things being subject to change , alteration , and decay . One who is to day a beggar , sometimes can the next day be potent and mighty . Kings themselves are too often tumbled down from their Throne , which if Princes are subject to , what must Subjects look for , let them be never so potent . To have honor is not in our power , neither doth it depend upon us ; they who bestow it upon us when we do not deserve , will sometimes deny it to us when we are worthy of it , or out of a groundless suspicion deprive us thereof , after we enjoyed it for a time : and oftentimes we owe honor to favor or fancy , more than to merit . High charges , the Diadem , and Kingship it self are heavy burthens , subject to inconstancy and revolutions ; therefore saith Maximilian an Emperor , if one knew well how difficult it is to rule , and how many thorns are fastened to a Royal Crown , if he see it on the ground he would not vouchsafe to take it up . And suppose we could have a quiet possession of all these honors and dignities , and they should not forsake us , yet at last we must leave them all , they cannot follow us farther than the Grave ; Crowns Scepters , and Thrones , at last come to break and split at deaths feet , and between Scepters and Ploughs she makes no difference : This the Poet knew when he said , Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas , Regumque turres — Let one seriously and with attention look into himself ; and though he be never so highly born , he will find sufficient grounds of humility . Notice may be taken of some good French lines on this subject ; they run thus , Qui bien se mire , bien se void , Qui bien se void , bien se conoit , Qui bien se conoit pe● se prise , Qui pen se prise sage est Qui sage est s'immortalize , Et se rend un homme parfait . In a word , the sense of them is this ; he who looks well into himself , will know himself well ; then he will not much value himself , wherein he will prove to be a wise and a perfect man. Thus it must be the care of a Governor to beat out of a young man's heart that pride and behaviour which ariseth from the consideration of his noble birth . And as he must not boast of his Honor and Extraction , so I would not have him to brag of his Riches ; for the same evil flatterers will say to him , What need you to stand upon small charges , you are a person born to a great estate ; you must live highly and according to it ? which is only said to engage him to profusene●s ; but first the question is not , what estate he is born to , but what his Father , who hath the Estate in his hand is pleased to allow him , who is not to undo his other Children to humor this in his debauchedness and prodigality : When a Governor saith to him , your Father allows but so much , therefore , according to the arm , the sleeve ; and so you must forbear such and such occasions of spending : yet the Governor may represent to the Father , that this allowance ought to be competent to bear his necessary charges , and those which are fit and convenient for his necessary improvement : however he cannot positively say how much a year will serve , there being accidental expences , and it being uncertain how expensive the young man will be ; yet the Father is to decide how high and how low he will have him to live . It is fit and decent for one to live somewhat sutably to his quality ; but still I say the mind and pleasure of Parents who have the purse , must be the rule of it : as for necessary expences , they ought to be allowed : unnecessary ones , except one hath some credit thereby ; and if they rise high , may very well be spared ; for a small matter a young Gentleman must receive no distast or discouragement , yet he is to keep within bounds , for to be every day at it would prove a trouble and a burthen . I will say farther , that a man doth not travel to spend as an end of his journey , but as means which he cannot travel without : and therefore let a man be of great quality , or heir apparent to a great estate , if in a Foreign Countrey he spends on all hands , and not upon good accounts , he will be laught at , and become ridiculous : it is no good argument to say , because they are Noblemen or Gentlemen , therefore they must lavish and be profuse ; for nobleness and gentility are not to be known by vanity and extravagant expences , but by virtue and honorable actions : and that which upon this account some call generosity or liberality , will be found to be profuseness and prodigality . A young Gentleman under age , and in a strange Countrey , must not stand upon these things , because his time for it is not come ; he doth not travel to make people see he is of a generous and of a liberal disposition , but to learn frugality , and how to manage an estate when it falls into his hands . Matter of expences is indeed one of the most difficult parts of a Tutors task , youth being naturally inclined to spend , but some in an exorbitant and an extraordinary way , who make it their whole business how to spend , who would buy every thing they see , yet matter not how nor when it shall be paid ; but as these tender their credit , and liberty , which is in danger if they pay not , let them buy nothing but what they are able and willing to pay ; for to take and promise to pay , yet to laugh at people when they come to ask monies , is very dishonest , and unbecoming a Gentleman : at least let them give good words , A young man ought to say to his Governor , I have occasion for such things , and then they must agree amongst them , whether or not it is fit , necessary , or convenient it should be done , then the Governor goes with him to buy and pay for it , or else he makes it his own debt ; so that hereby the Gentleman is free from trouble : but if he would buy himself , as he doth not know the price of things , he is in danger of being cheated : and in case the Governor refuses to pay the debt , as being contracted without his knowledge and consent , and upon no necessary account , then those who trusted will fall upon him , and do him an affront ; the same Governor must lay hold on such occasions to make him sensible of the danger he runs into , and of the disparagement he brings upon himself in so doing , and yet handsomely come off and pay the debt : but if the young man be wholly given to expensiveness , conceals it from him , studies how to run into debt , and gives him a perpetual trouble to go to and fro , only to hinder he should not indebt himself , after he hath tried all fair and possible means to divert him from it , and acquainted Parents with the case , his last remedy is as prudently and handsomely as he can to break his credit , and forbid people to trust him ; or else Fathers would lay it to his charge , and blame him for these debts so contracted ; thereupon he frees himself from farther troubles : for the Creditors can do nothing to him , his Gentleman being considered as one under age , who may not engage himself without his consent , and who is to him instead of a Father , by the universal care he takes of his affairs ; and the Pupil hath no just ground to complain of this , for it is a service rather than an injury to take by the hair , one who is upon the edge of a precipice . Out of this a young Gentleman may see what a fine pass he brings himself to , with following evil counsel , or his own profuse inclination , he dishonours himself , makes the rest of the time of his abode shameful and uncomfortable , bringeth a discredit upon his Nation , and deprives his Countreymen who come after him , of the marks of civility and kindness , from people in those parts , which he hath forfeited ; whereof the news being brought home , he lies under the shame and blemish also : but because out of every thing and accident , the Governor ought to have him make observations , whether Christian , moral , or politick , he will do well to lay hold upon this occasion , that he is born to a great estate ; and let him know the vanity and deceitfulness of riches , which therefore he ought not to trust to , it being uncertain whether he shall ever enjoy them , for they may be lost through so many accidents before he is able to come to them , Moth and rust do corrupt ; and where thieves break through and steal : and though this should not happen , there is nothing more deceitful than riches ; for certainly they make themselves wings and flie away : upon this account St. Paul bids Timothy to charge them that are rich in this world , that they be not high-minded , nor trust in uncertain riches : very often they prove to be snares , for the love of them is the root of all evil , and they hinder the good effect of the word , for they choak it , and becometh unfruitful ; and lastly , they exclude us from the Kingdom of Heaven ; for it is easier for a camel to go through a needles eye , than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God ; which St. Mark explains of them that trust in riches . Besides , the wayes already named , wherewith these evil company of flatterers use to corrupt an unexperienced young man , they have another , which is , to advise him to cherish those Dalilahs which lay in his bosom , and to give himself to his pleasures ; hang 't , say they , a thousand pounds of melancholy could never pay an ounce of debts ; wherefore shall we break our hearts , and deprive our selves of the pleasures of life ? but the Governor must shew him the emptiness of these , that they are but vanity , yea lighter than vanity it self , which may well be compared to the drop in the bucket , and to the dust in the ballance : I would know when they are past , what remaineth of them , nothing but grief and repenting , the dregs thereof are full of trouble and disquietness ; for to move sences , objects must be present ; but when they are , as to the pleasure , 't is just as if they never had been . This the excellent Greek Orator Demosthenes knew well ; for one day being gone to see that famous Courtezane of his time , and asking what she would have to let him take his desire of her , she asked him a great sum , but he being come to himself , said , I will not buy at so dear a rate , a thing , which for certain I should repent of : but here I do not intend to speak against innocent sports , lawful and honest pleasures , which are allowable , provided one be moderate therein , and they take up not too much of his time ; but those I mean which in Scripture are called pleasures of sin , where it is said , Moses chose rather to suffer affliction with the people of God , than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season ; as Ioseph also , who in Egypt had rather to suffer than to sin with his Masters Wife . A Governor ought often to tell his young Gentleman of all these things , that they may sink into his heart , and make a deep impression upon him , for the care of his soul is committed to him at least as much as of his body . From these particular Instructions the Governor may proceed to more general , out of his condition as a Traveller he can put him in mind of this , that as he is a man , he doth not go abroad to stay altogether ; but still he considers himself as a stranger in the places he comes to , only he endeavours to fit himself to go home better qualified than when he came away : so men are but passengers in this world , out of which they must study to go better than when they came into 't , they have here no sure habitation ; like the children of Israel , they must go through a Wilderness before they can come into the land of promise , heaven , of which Canaan was a type and a figure ; and therefore let the young man consider of his later end , and make provision for it ; for alas , what is this but a valley of misery , where every one from the highest to the lowest , have their crosses , sufferings , and thorns in the flesh , and of every side , Except our souls , nothing in this world but what is mortal and corruptible , dust which vilest creatures do trample under feet , is the matter out of which we were framed , All flesh is as grass , and all the glory of man as the flower of grass , saith St. Peter . He was not the first that said so , the Prophet Isaiah had told the same long before his time , St. Iames his contemporary speaking of the rich man , saith , he shall pass away as the flower of the grass ; and Scripture speaking of the greatest and best Kings , as David , Solomon , Hezekiah , Iosia , and of the worst , all those of Israel from Ieroboam , saith , he died and was buried . And now I am upon this subject so important to all , I will somewhat enlarge upon it ; and first , let us speak of our life , which is the dearest and most precious thing we have in this world ; for herein the Devil was in the right , and the father of lies spoke the truth when he said , Skin for skin , yea all a man hath , he will give for his life : yet David calls it his Pilgrimage , and saith , in another place , I am a stranger here as all my Fathers were : He reduceth it to a small matter , to a hand breadth : And the Wiseman in one verse calls it twice by the name of vanity . This is one of the vanities he had found amongst the rest . Let Iacob be heard speaking of this , when being brought before Pharaoh in the 130. year of his age , he speaks thus , The dayes of the years of my pilgrimage are 130 , few and evil : He who was called a man according to God's own heart , speaking of his life , said , My days are consumed like smoke , and a mans days are as grass , as the flower of the field : not a flower of the garden sheltered behind hedges and walls , but a flower of the field exposed to all injuries of weather ; our life then is only a dream that passes away , a shadow , a vapour of smoke , according to Scripture phrases ; and if we make a serious reflection upon 't , David confining it to 70 or 80 years , out of which , if we take away the time we sleep , of our infancy , old age , diseases , and afflictions , it will hardly make up fifteen years : this is the time which a man may properly be said to live . As to the world it self , it passeth away with the lust thereof : that which he names the lust , St. Paul calls it the fashion , to shew that indeed it is not that which others imagine it to be , heavens not excepted , for the heavens shall pass away with a great noise , and the elements shall melt with a fervent heat ; the earth also , and the works that are therein shall be burnt up . Heavens and earth shall perish , which St. Paul doth repeat , they all shall wax old as doth a garment , as a vesture shall thou fold them , and they shall be changed . Could these things be well printed in the heart of a young Gentleman , there would be less to do for Governors than there is ; their task would be easier , and their burthen the lighter ; pride and vanity grounded upon the quality and riches of Parents being left off , which are the cause of many miscarriages , then youth would not boast of empty , pretended priviledges of Family and Ancestors . Socrates whom the Oracle of Delphos had pronounced to be the wisest man then alive , answered one who asked him , who he was , and of what Countrey , that he was a Citizen of the world : Let him be where he would , he never was out of his own Countrey : first , to shew a man must not stand upon the place of his birth , or some such circumstances relating to it . Secondly , that such questions to a man , who ? what Country-man ? what his name is ? and what Religion he is of , are questions without a special cause , not to be made to a man ; and therefore deserve no answer : that curiosity being contrary to a good breeding and civility : yet with ●ome particular reason , civil expressions , and a kind of complement with it such demands in some parts beyond Seas will be well taken , else it will thus be interpreted , Your person is so inconsiderable , that if you will be esteemed , you must be beholden for it to your Countrey and Family . It was a strange fancy of people of old in matter of quality under which men and women thought to shelter their faults ; for if a Princess or other of high quality had been gotten with child , either before they were married , or in the husbands absence , they presently pretended it was by one god or other of theirs : how many such children were fathered upon Iupiter , Neptune , Mars , &c. so when men had gotten a child of Fornication or Adultery , they said 't was by a Venus , Thetis , or by the like goddesses and Nymphs ; and truly if we will take pains to examine what manner of men were they who were thus begotten , we will find that many of the bravest and most noted men in the world , were natural Sons : such were Theseus , Hercules , Romulus , Alexander , Abimelech , Son of Gideon , and many more mentioned in sacred and prophane Histories ▪ and since that time , Charles Martel , William the Conqueror , and some others . Because beyond Seas one meets sometimes with men of a rude and uncivil carriage , who are offensive and quarrelsome ; perhaps young Travellers will be glad to know what to do , and how to behave themselves in such cases . I confess the point is difficult , and the question ticklish , there being so many accidents to be considered , and it depending often upon several circumstances , which only those who then are present can judge of ; most particulars must be left to the prudence of the party ; yet in general he may be advised to avoid quarrels , and all occasions thereof : but because often it doth not depend upon him , and that sometimes they are unavoidable through the faults of others , and not his own , whether or not must he suffer affronts , and injuries ? To this I say , that the thing ought to be examined , whether or not it be a real affront ; for there is many an imaginary one ; and herein one is to consider the person , whether a friend or a foe , a superior , or an inferior ; then the way of doing it is to be lookt upon ; for some do offend others out of ignorance , and without malice or design . Thirdly , the condition the offender is in , is to be taken notice of , whether he be drunken or sober , in a fit of anger or in cold blood ; for all these do either aggravate or extenuate the offence : then the fashion of the Countrey , one is in , ought to be the judge of the thing ; for in one Countrey that is accounted an injury which shall not be so in another , as pledging ones health , or not pledging of him , spilling the salt upon the table , or wresting of a word , spoken with no bad intent : and such things which in one Country will pass for trifles , and in others for affronts : but Sapiens dominabitur astris , a prudent man will often dissipate those bad influences , and the ill dispositions of some mans temper : a civil and a courteous carriage , can for a time change another mans nature , and as it were force him out of his mad humor : I have known men come into company with an intent to quarrel , whose mind was soon altered by such a behaviour ; this winneth , tameth , and disarmeth a man , shames him because it seems to reprove him for the rudeness , injustice , and unhandsomness of his carriage to one who is so civil , and so well deserves of him . After all this observe , that if a man hath done you an injury , and desires pardon , assuring he hath not done it out of any ill intent , this is a sufficient ground of forgiveness . Now 't is no shame , rather praise-worthy for me to own a fault when I have committed it , and to ask pardon when I have offended another : whereof the contrary is obstinacy and aggravation to the fault ; yet some will still examine the nature of the offence , and whether it be publick or private ; for accordingly they will desire satisfaction : But much is depending upon the nature of the party offended , if he be gentle or hasty . Of those who are offended , some take exceptions at nothing , and others at every thing : these are two extreams to be avoided , one must resent affronts done to him , yet is not to flie out upon every toy or trifle : insensibility of these is an effect of stupidity , and a sign of a low soul , of a poor and fainting spirit , and of a heartless man condemned by Aristotle ; and truly , as the world goes , he who will suffer one injury upon the back of another , will be accounted a pusillanimous creature , fitter to live in Woods , and Wildernesses , than in the society of mankind ; and he must be resolved every day to suffer new insults : and I would not have this to be mis-named and taken for a virtue , which deprives man of the qualities of his nature , and makes him like a stock or a stone , with calling it constancy or otherwise : but in good truth , can we attribute the virtue of patience to a picture , because it answers not to injurious words spoken against it ? shall we say that Moles are stout and strong to resist the heat of the Sun , or the coldness of the weather , because they neither pant nor quake at it ; no , because being under ground they are no ways exposed to these things , but to call cowardliness prudence is certainly to give a wrong name to a thing . May be some will say 't is a Divine Precept to bear injuries , which I confess , when 't is for conscience sake , and for the cause and glory of God , or upon the account of Religion ; and this too must be from those who have power and authority over me : but for me when I go upon the street , to suffer one to take my Sword and my Cloaths , or when I am a travelling to let Highway-men to take my purse , when I am able to defend it , and to suffer my self to be beaten when I can help it , , what am I then a prudent man , or a coward ? this would set all earthly things in a confusion , and destroy all manner of propriety , right , and justice ; and if a man will take away my estate , my life , and reputation , which I cannot subsist without , and which I value above all , must I sit still , be an idle spectator , and suffer it ? no , the laws and customs of every Nation have provided against this : certainly no rational person will condemn this resentment , only will advise me to use honest and lawful means to get satisfaction ; and herein I agree with them . By a contrary way to this , one who suffers for impiety or blasphemy might call himself a Martyr , when it is known how non supplicium sed causa facit martyrium , 't is the cause and not the torment which makes one to be a martyr indeed . Then after this , Parents ought to suffer the disobedience and abuse of Children , Princes the rebellion of Subjects , Officers of Soldiers . Seneca who hath given so excellent Rules how to subdue anger , and master all irascible passions , yet confesses in several places of his works , that to forgive wicked men , is to wrong those who are honest ; and that he who is so indulgent to private faults , doth propagate vices to posterity ; wherefore one had much reason to complain in the days of Nerva , who fell into * the other extremes of his predecessor , this having been too cruel , and the other being too indulgent and remiss , that indeed it was an evil to have an Emperor , under whom 't was not lawful to do any thing , but the license of doing every thing one had a mind to , without censure amd punishment , was a worse thing . If Magistrates must punish wrongs , I conceive private men in some degree may be allowed to resent injuries received from their equals and inferiors : indeed it is prudence to be silent where there is no remedy , or when this is like to prove as bad or worse than the disease ; upon such a case one will do well to forbear . But I believe all rational men agree in this , provided the resentment be kept within bounds ; for the case and difficulty is about getting satisfaction ; when we have good and warrantable means one is bound to make use of them ; for it is not fit a man should be judge or executioner in his own case : and as long as there are laws to see us righted , it is our duty to appeal to them ; for that which is called Duels , or challenge into the field , is now forbidden by all civilized Nations , though formerly it was allowed by Princes who were witnesses and judges of these single combats . N●w great penalties being laid upon such wayes , men use to make encounters of it , and to put a cheat upon the law , they would make it pass for being done in hot blood , and things are so shuffled , that it is hardly known who is the aggressor ; every one saying he only drew in his own defence : if one sends or makes a challenge to another , he will receive this answer , Sir , I dare not answer you , because Duels are forbidden at present : but I use to walk in such places , and if you fall upon me , I wear a Sword to defend my self . But as these things usually fall out in point of honor , in some Countries , they are judged by a Marshal-law , namely in France , where this fighting was once so common , that a man was accounted low-hearted , except he had fought several times ; and when they had no just ground of quarrelling , they used to fall out about a straw , and the most civil amongst them went to a Gentleman when they knew him to be a good Sword-man , and complemented him into the field thus . I hear you handle well a Sword , pray give me leave to measure mine with yours , which was thankfully accepted : And hence came the use of Seconds , to see there was no foul play . And a Gentleman took it very kindly , upon this occasion , to be employed by his friend , because herein he shewed he esteemed him to be a man of courage . In Henry IV. days those things were much encouraged by a word , which he spoke ; for once going to Fontain-Bleau , by the way he saw one who had been killed in a Duel , and out of the martial temper he was bred in , he said , This man is dead in the bed of honor ; which being reported from hand to hand , made many a one to seek to die in the same manner : but the present King hath very wisely forbidden it , with much severity against Delinquents : And because there are affronts which cannot be well put up , they are referred to the Court of Marshals of France , who have provided against all ordinary cases , and made Martial Laws , which Governors of Provinces , and others in Authority , whom it may concern , are to see put in execution within their Jurisdiction . Thus , if a man hath wrongfully received a box on the ear , the offender is commanded to go home to the other , ask him pardon ( upon his knees , according to the quality of the offended ) and receive blows with a Cane the other hath in his hand , if he hath a mind to strike him ( yet generous men do not make use of this advantage ) to shew he hath deserved it : So in other ●ingular cases they have particular ●atisfaction : and these ways of fighting are used in Northern , more than in Westerly and Southerly parts . In Italy , the Stiletto or Dagger , in Spain , the Scopetada or shooting of a Gun will do the work ; every where they are sensible of injuries , but several Nations use different ways to get satisfaction ; in Germany and other places with noise , but in Italy and Spain , with more secrecy and dexterity : therefore let a stranger who is to travel into those parts know their ways : but whether in case there were no ways for a man to right himself , nor no laws to procure him satisfaction , he might not take some course , and what , I leave it to every one's prudence and genius : yet let it be the Governors care to see he doth , or suffer nothing to the prejudice of his honor , which he ought to be very tender of . Thus much upon the point is fit to be known by a Gentleman who goes a Traveller beyond Seas . To prevent Challenges , one must endeavour to cure the imagination , which is the distempered part , with making it to know that there is no offence , whatsoever nature it be of ; which for its satisfaction can deserve any man's death , no not the lie , nor the blow . As to the first , Scripture saith every man is a lyar ; so if there be any offence , Scripture , and not the neighbor is the offender . If I tell a lye , and another makes me take notice of it , it is no crime to do 't , no more than to shew there is a little ink or dirt upon my face : If I tell the truth , and another gives me the lye , the injury which he intended against me , doth wholly fall upon him . Laws have provided against all ordinary ways of injuries , therefore he who is offended , is not to regulate it ; for he ought not to be judge and party , I find two reasons to hinder challenges , and fighting : first , the life we venture is not ours , God hath given it to us , and to him we are to give an account of it : it is also of our Father , Mother , Brother , Sisters , Friends , and of the State. The second is , we must not have boldness to destroy the image of our Sovereign God , which is man , for it reflects upon the original ; and withal not to hazard the life , estate , and reputation of a friend , for being our second . One hath well observed , about Francis the first , King of France , who introduced Duels with the Challenge he sent to Charles V. Emperor ▪ caused the loss of so much blood , that there remains none of his posterity . He had three Sons , whereof two died before him . Henry the II. his third Son had five , whereof three were married , and reigned , but left no issue , nor the other two ; and of five Daughters there appeared no successor , except of Elizabeth married in Spain , and Grand-mother to Anna of Austria . But I must pass to other things , and say , that as learning of Arts and Sciences , and exercises do much contribute to make one a compleat Gentleman : he cannot be such without the practise of virtues : a thing necessary for a Traveller to keep himself free from vices he meets with in his journey . Now to attain unto virtue , five things are necessary ; first , never to be idle . Secondly , to be watchful over himself , and see whether in every thing we say , do , or intend , there be any thing contrary to honesty ; and whether the ways and means we use to attain thereunto , are good and lawful . The most important secret of a civil life is to have the prudence of handsomely and honestly making virtue to agree with the times , and men with affairs . The third , is to look upon the actions of others , which if good to be followed , if evil to be avoided and abhorred . The fourth , every night before one falleth to sleep , is to call to mind every thing one hath seen , heard , said or done all that day ; we give our stomach time to digest what we have eaten : the same we are bound to do for the soul , and not deny her an hours time to make the digestion of her good actions , and to expel her impurities . The fifth is every where , always , and in all things to submit to God's providence ; all which , if one doth practise , he may justly be called a vertuous man. Of virtues there are three kinds , Theological , Moral , and Heroical ; the Theological , otherwise called Divine and Christian , I named heretofore as Faith , Repentance , and Charity ; to which I may add only one , which is a branch of the last , but properly and only a Christian virtue , grounded on a Divine precept , to love our enemies , pray for those who persecute us , and bless them who curse us . I defie all the Morals of Heathens , to shew us such a rule ; the Law is to love them that love us , and hate our enemies . Another Christian virtue is , that voluntary submission to punishments , and that wonderful patience amidst violent pains and torments for the cause of God. I know some others have undergone great pains , but not in that degree of constancy , or else did not so chearfully run to death ; which when they saw unavoidable , they did bear it the more patiently : and for certain , of all Religions , the Christian more than any is for suffering , yet excludes not action , so much as affirmeth a great Statesman ; for it hath virtues active and passive , which to exercise all , or in part , a Traveller meets with occasions at one time or other . I think I have said enough to my purpose of moral virtues , which can hardly be acquired without many precepts , much time , and experience , though the principles of it may more easily be inculcated ; and if a Governor can but make his Gentleman wise and prudent , he gives him thereby the Grounds , Principles , and seeds of all moral virtues , without which they are no virtues ; these being the life and spirit of them all : and though these two seem to be but one , expressed in two different words , which for the most part are joyned together , wisdom and prudence ; yet they do much differ : for the first consisteth in election , when of two things it doth chuse the best , and the last in foresight ; for they are prudent who foresee and prevent dangers . Farther , wisdom is an intellectual habit of the soul ; but prudence is an actual one : the propriety of that is to know , of this to operate . We know in three wayes , and do operate in two ; the three are Understanding , Science , and Wisdom ; the two are Prudence and Art : the subject of the contemplation of those are necessary , certain , and unchangeable things ; and consequently infallible , for ever they conclude the same ; because he who understands not well , is said to want understanding : he who doth not well know a thing , cannot be said to have the Science thereof : but the subject of the operation of prudence and art , are not so well regulated ; for that often meets with passions rising against reason , which it makes use of , and must act according to several circumstances , which of necessity do alter her ways and method . Art indeed doth not light upon so much difficulty in its operation , nor opposition to her working , because use and custom have prescribed what it must do : besides that , it hath a sure end , with means to arrive thereunto : Nevertheless , as it must have an organ to work by , it hath much ado to fit it for his purpose , and make it serve his turn . Wisdom is a thing hard to be found . Diogenes with a Lanthorn at noon was seeking for a wiseman amidst the wisest Nation that was at that time : this indeed gives the weight to , and tries the intellectual faculties of the soul , as prudence doth to her operation , ordering our actions , and bringing them under her rules : it gives form to moral Vertues , which are not single acts , but habits ; and therefore difficult to be acquired : so that he who will have young men attain to 't , ought betime to put them upon giving precepts , allowing time and experience , till they be contracted . When once they are formed , they produce admirable effects ; for fidelity and truth of word and promise , Regulus is a known and extraordinary example , who had leave from the Carthaginians to go to Rome , to advise the Senate to make an exchange of Prisoners on both sides ; yet contrary to his particular interest , and the expectation of his enemies , he dissuaded them from it ; which being done , he went back and suffered the cruel death prepared for him : namely , to be put up in a Tun , full of long and sharp nails , and thus rowled to death : this is an heroical virtue . Of which in another kind we have an example in Fabricius , who being sent to Pyrrhus , that King in two ways attempted against his probity . First , knowing him to be poor , he offered him great sums of money , which he refused , afterwards he thought to have frighted him with a sudden bringing of an Elephant upon him ; but he turning towards the King , and smiling , said , Sir , yesterday I was not tempted with your Gold , nor to day frighted with your Elephant . Of such Roman and Heroical Virtues , History doth afford us many examples ; youth amongst them being framed to it with precepts and examples of Parents , and by the care of a good Education : in which case they are said to have sucked Virtue with the Milk. It is related in the life of a worthy Outlandish Gentleman , that after his dispute with Cardinal du Perron in the presence of Henry IV , his Son said , My Father hath been sacrificed to the Pope . This coming to the King's ear , he was very angry at it ; whereupon one to excuse it , said , what a child of sixteen years old hath said , is not to be taken notice of : the King replied , One of sixteen of du Plessis breeding , is as much as thirty of another . Let this be said by the by , to shew how a good Education hath great influences to make a young man knowing and virtuous . Virtue is above all things under God and his Grace . Marmore quid melius jaspis ? quid jaspide ? virtus , Quid virtute Deus ? quid Deitate nihil ? Virtue is indeed a precious jewel , which they that can attain to , are very happy : Moral virtues are millions of times more scarce than vices ; but heroical ones are certainly the scarcest of all , very extraordinary , proper to few rare men , to a Hercules , Cyrus , Alexander , &c. whose way was , Parcere subjectis & debellure superbos , a rare courage and valour , and an extraordinary generosity , have been some of the virtues of Heroes . Virtue is not of one act , but of many . Now if there be so few heroical actions in the world , how much fewer must be the virtues ? It is not enough to have a fine Wit , a good Understanding , Reason strong , well regulated Passions , a good Nature , great Parts , and a Soul capacious of great and heroical things ; occasions of exercising these virtues must concur with those dispositions , and capacity be put to many great tryals , or else no heroical virtue , no advantage but what accidents may happen to afford unto a man once or twice in his life time : so that it must be concluded , that few in the world are capable of transcendent actions , or else want occasions to set them forth : yet this should be no discouragement to those who would infuse a desire of it into youth ; for though it be not easie to come to 't , yet it is not impossible , as it hath been in some , it may be in others ; therefore nothing is to be neglected : This like seed in the ground ripeneth and cometh to maturity . Hear what a Heroe AEneas saith to his Son , Disce puor virtutem , ex me verumque laborem , Fortunam ex aliis — Tu facito mox cum matura adoleverit aetas Sis memor — Et Pater AEneas & avunculus excitet hector . This may be an argument to excite youth to virtue , to commend to them the virtue of their Ancesto●s , whose footsteps they ought to tread upon ; because thereby they attained unto honors and dignities : Certainly , if they have any good inclinations , it will work in them a desire of imitation . Thus Alexander the Great attained to the perfection of Achilles , whom he took for his pattern ; therefore he was seldom without Homer's Iliads , which he used to lay under his Pillow : and it is beneficial to take one to be his pattern , as he did . Homer amongst the Greeks , and Virgil amongst the Latins , in matter of Heroical Virtues ought to be consulted ; for in their Books , ex professo , under several names they have given us an exact Character of great , wise , valiant , and virtuous men ; in which kind of writing for certain they ought to be esteemed true Masters , and best Authors : but this subject being not so proper for this place , because Breeding and Travelling do not make youth do great things , but fits and disposes them for it . This is only a leader and a guide to action , when they are raised to preferments , come to riper years , and in a capacity of doing their Country service , then directions to heroical virtues would prove fit and seasonable ; but that should be the work of another Treatise : for here I intended only to carry him to travel , and then bring him home , and not shew him what to do , to get to a settlement , when he is come thither . Therefore to carry on my design , I would advise the Governor after the nine or ten months appointed to settle in a place are over , to remove ; but if they have time , I think it would not be amiss to shew him the Sea-coasts of Britany , before he leaves the River Loire ; for by reason of the neighborhood one cannot tell what occasion he may meet with hereafter , thereabouts to serve his King and Countrey ; therefore when he travels by those parts , he must observe the situation , and the strength or weakness of places : the same he should do of Normandy , of all Sea-Towns there : when he is come to Rouën , so of all the Sea-Coasts of France , and of other Nations he comes amongst ; because our Nation being so potent at Sea , one cannot tell what occasion hereafter he may have to lead Fleets or Ships into those parts , either as friend or foe ; for any thing relating to Navigation may prove very necessary for every Englishman ; the situation of the Countrey being such , that we can have communication with no other Nation , but by the means of the Sea. I had almost forgotten to say , that as commonly at home in Schools young Gentlemen are kept seven or eight years in learning that which they should be taught within half of that time at most , whereby much of their time is lost : so abroad they will meet with those Masters of Exercises , who for some interest of little money will be a whole month in teaching that which they could learn in a week : this the Governor is concerned to prevent . But before he leaveth the place he hath been at , all this while , he ought to take leave of his friends and acquaintances in 't ; giving them thanks for their civility , either in receiving his visits , or making theirs to him : then in case they can conveniently give him any Letters of commendation to their Friends , in the places he is to go by , he may ask of them that farther favor : but let him chiefly be careful to leave behind him no bad name , but give every one his due , and discharge all debts he hath contracted there . An honest man never loves to go out like a snuff , and leave a stinking smell behind him , but rather he will so depart from a Town , as that he may dare to come thither again and be welcome . As he goeth through the Country , let him ( besides what I said before ) exactly enquire of the chief Families of every Province , as afterwards he must do about the greatest of the whole Kingdom , in time and place : This gives a great light and help to understand the constitution and interests of a State , specially that of France , where great men have much power and influences : and as that is a large Country , he may observe the different temper of the Inhabitants of the several Provinces ; in some places they are more hasty than in others ; as in Gascony : and formerly the Forlorn Hope of their Armies consisted of Gascons , fit for a quick and speedy execution . In other Provin●es men are fitter for Horse than for foot . Those who are nearer the Sea-side are better than others for the Sea : those who are amidst Mountains are good to keep or force difficult passages ; so towards the Pyrenean Mountains , or other ; as in the Sevenes and the Alps , they climb up high Hills and Rocks , and are fitter to endure hardship , not being so impatient as others are . Now out of the knowledge of this , the use will be in case one had to do against Armies composed of these several sorts of men , he could better know how to deal with them , with tiring or taking other advantages over those who are impatient , drawing into level ground those who are used to Mountains , keeping in Plains , when stronger in Horse , or in harder places when strong in Foot : and though every one hath no occasion to be a Soldier , or is not fit for it , yet 't is well for every one to know how to defend his King and Country , how to repulse a Foreign Enemy , or how to disturb others at home , when our Princes think fit so to do : for though Kingdoms be not ever gotten or preserved by the Sword , yet without it they cannot be maintained ; for all Councels in the world , except they be back'd with Sword and Authority , and be in a martial posture , will be slighted , and not cared for , Silent leges inter arma . France is a potent Monarchy , of a large extent , very full of daring and industrious people , from Dunkirk to Bayone , washed with the Ocean , and the Southerly parts with the Mediterranean , defended by the Pyrenean Mountains from Spain , by the Alps from Italy , and by strong places upon her other Frontiers it hath a door into Spain , by the ways of Perpignan , and Bayone ; into Italy by Pignerol , into Germany by Brisac , and many strong places in the Low-Countries : this Kingdom , as Boccalini saith , is a land , where at any time one can sow seed , and a Sea where one can sail with every wind ; and this so conveniently seated to disturb so many other parts of Europe , and all commanded by an absolute Monarch , makes it the more considerable in it self , and formidable to her enemies ; and indeed that Nation , except in case of civil Wars , or with England , hath ever more offended others , than defended her self : These general things , and others more particular , ought exactly to be observed by Strangers when they come into those parts , the more because of their present flourishing condition , which makes that Crown have so considerable influences upon most Counsels and affairs of Europe , which through her credit , interest , and friends she doth balance . But this subject is so vast , that the meanest capacities can observe much of it , and have matter enough to exercise themselves about ; therefore I account it superfluous to enlarge upon so ample a subject ; They who have mind to know more of the particularities of the Grand Tour , may hereafter read some observations of mine on the Voyage of France , which may be a guide to a Traveller into that Country : and suppose one leaves his Winter Quarters , or the place he hath been at all this time , about the middle or latter end of March , according as the season or company prove ; in May he may be at Lyons , the great Rendezvous of all those who intend for Italy , and yet have time enough to stay and see every curiosity by the way , and to get information of things necessary to be known : after some few days rest at Lyon , if he hath a mind , he may go for Switzerland , by Geneva , and bestow a matter of six weeks time in that journey , which he may begin in Iune , and come back in Iuly ; for the Climate of those parts not being over-hot , a man may conveniently travel there in the middle of Summer : then he must settle at Lyon , till it be time to go for Italy , which is usually in September ; for one must not be too late to pass the Alps , for fear of an early Winter . Whilst he is at Lyon , let him learn the Italian Tongue , and get the best information he can of Italy . There also he must see the company of discreet and virtuous Women , the better to understand affairs of those parts ; and in case he could not swim before , if he can conveniently and without danger learn it , 't will be very well ; for whether a man Travels in France , Italy , Germany , or Holland , one goes by Water sometimes , and in case of a mischance he can swim for his life , the Seine , Loire , Garonne , Saone , and Rhone in France ; Po , Ticino , Adlge , Tyber , in Italy ; the Rhine , Danube , Main , Nekar , Elbe , &c. in Germany ; the Rhine , Vahal , Maes , and Issel ; in the Vnited Netherlands , the Scheld , Lys , Sambre , Mosel , &c. In Flanders or thereabouts , a Traveller hath often occasion either to go long Journeys upon , or else to cross them . Now when a man is upon these Rivers , and can swim well , he is neither so fearful nor so much in danger as others are , whereby he hath more pleasure in those journeys : some when they travel , buy some of the Rarities of Towns and Countries , which are less cumbersome and easier to be carried , to shew and keep them when they are come home : but herein they ought to be ruled by their purses ; in some places are good Arms , in others good works of several sorts ; in others perfumes , essences : so that when a Traveller comes into a place , he will do well to enquire what things are esteemed in 't , and sent to Foreign parts : others learn what fine things are taught in such places : as for instance , in Geneva are those who teach to carve all manner of Fowl , nimbly and neatly , which at Table one hath daily occasion to make tryal of : in other places some teach quick tricks of the hand , with Cards , and the like ; whereby often one doth divert a company . Sometimes also in his travels one meets with men who have some curious secrets , whereof some are pleasant , others profitable , and others both . Upon such occasions I would not have one to grudge little monies or time to learn it , whether they are secrets of Nature , or of Art. And though I know the genius of men to be different in this , for every thing doth not please every one ; yet I believe in the great vari●ty there is of such things in the world , every one will find one thing or other wherewith to please himself : and let that be noted here , which I have hinted before , that to make one succeed in things he undertakes to learn , four things are necessary ; the first is , a disposition in him , consisting in a good understanding , a quick apprehension , and a happy memory . The second inclination , for except one hath a mind to 't , he can hardly succeed in 't . The third application , labor improbus omnia vincit , and assiduity overcomes great and many difficulties . Fourthly , there ought to be a good method in the teacher . Our Travellers being ready to go for Italy , their care must be to know which is the best , safest , and most convenient way , and wherein more things are to be seen ; there is more than one way from Lyon , whereof some meet again not far off ; but however they differ , beyond the Alps , Turin is the usual place for a rendezvous on the other side of Italy ; there people do not account themselves to be Italians , by reason of their neighborhood with France ; nor French-men because within the limits of Italy ; of which their Sovereign is one of the Princes : they think themselves to be somewhat between both . Hence it is that in that City they ask whether you go into Italy or into France ; there they have much of the French Language and Fashions : but this being passed , travellers must resolve upon new fashions and customs ; for the manner of life is clear different from that of France , and a Traveller is to begin here as much as when first of all he came out of his Country . No such thing here as society in the way of France , no such freedom and liberty as is there , no keeping company with virtuous Women ; men themselves are not communicative , but retired and shy of what company they come into ; which before they do , they consider whether or not they can be better for 't ; if so they frequent it , otherwise they forbear , because they are very much interessed in every thing they do : there men of business speak seldom positively to a thing , but they will have one to guess what they mean , being careful to give no grounds to men , hereafter to tell them , you said so and so , they speak by sign and gestures , as much as others do with the tongue . The Italian temper is generally wary , suspicious , prudent , cunning , revengeful , and covetous ; but indeed many good things are to be learned from them , wherein a great wisdom and dexterity must be used : amongst them one ought well to look to his tongue , so as to speak no offensive words , which is a quality necessary , not only in Italy , but every where else ; specially when great men are the subject of our discourse : of the danger whereof are many notable examples in France , thus . In a conversation between three great men , of which Cardinal Richelieu , then chief Minister , was the subject , after a long censure of his actions , and ministry , one concluded he ought to be beheaded , but the other said , his dignity of Cardinal should secure his life , but would have him banished out of France ; but the third said , herein we could not find our security , for he would raise us troubles from thence : therefore the best way would be to commit him to la Bastille ( the Tower of Paris . ) This Conference having been reported to him by Monmorency , whom afterwards he caused to be beheaded , he remembered it , and upon occasion retorted the Sentence upon every one of them ; for Marshal Marillac's head was cut off , Toiras was made to run out of France , and Bassompierre was sent to the Bastille , and kept there all the Cardinals life time . Indeed 't is very unfit for private men to speak ill of those who are in publick places , who seldom fail to hear of it , and at one time or other will find occasions of being avenged ; also 't is certain that very often a private injury done to a publick person will sooner be resented than if it had been done to him as a publick one , or against the State ; ever personal injuries being more sensible than those which are against the publick ; as 't is natural to reward particular more than publick services , so to punish particular faults against Superiors , more than publick ones ; men being not so sensible of general as of particular things : a private man can be troubled at a publick loss , but not so much as of his own : the punishment inflicted upon one for contempt of Authority , is but politick , when vengeance for contempt of the person is natural , and consequently more sensible : but this is the truth , there is such a connexion of the person with the office , that one is never offended , but it doth reflect upon the other . The passage I related just now , about that great Statesman who in that Kingdom was so potent , as to destroy his enemies , very considerable men , puts me in mind to observe how sometimes it is dangerous to make a Minister or a Favorite too great , for two accounts ; one is , that his Fortune being raised above that of all the rest , is envied and hated by the rest , or most great men in the Kingdom , who ever take this as a pretence for all disturbances they go about to raise in the State ; the other is in reference to the Prince himself ; for when the Minister doth distribute all graces and favors , he makes friends and creatures to himself , and by these and other means he may so settle his Authority , that it would prove hard for his Master to throw him down in case he had a mind to 't ▪ and having tasted so much of the sweetness there is in commanding , wherein he hath so great a share , his ambition might raise his thoughts to take it wholly to himself ; for having already the power , it would not be difficult to get the name of it , and to blow off that shadow of Authority , which his Master doth retain : the example of the Maires du Palais hath clearly shewed this in France . The fortune also of such extraordinary Favorites is not sure , not only from the side of all those who strike at it , but also from the Princes part , who sometimes conceiveth jealousies ; ever fomented by the other's enemies . Ioab was a wise man in this case to prevent the jealousie which David might have had in case he had taken the City of Rabbah ; for he sent word to him to come up and take the City , which could hold out no longer , Least , said he , I take the City , and it be called after my name — He knew how after Saul had heard once the people say , Saul hath killed his thousand , and David his ten thousands , he could never abide him . Lysander , Alcibiades , &c. Scipio Africanus , after considerable services done to their Countrey were exiled by their Republicks . Iustinian after very important services received from Bellisarius , turned him off , took away his whole Estate , and upon a meer , though groundless jealousie of State , caused his eyes to be put out . Hernando Gonsalvez , justly called the great Captain , who finished the Wars of Grenada , beat the French out of Naples , and who remained true to , and stood by his Master Ferdinand of Arragon , when the rest of the great men fell to his Son in law Philip of Austria ; yet after all , these services were forgotten , and he turned out of all employment unrewarded , without the least reason or pretence . The consideration of this made Machiavel advise those who , through their virtues , were raised to great fortune , either to leave it betime , and of their own accord , or else to maintain it by force : His ground and reason is , because usually men miscarry for following a middle way not willing to be either very good or very bad . Now the reason of such usage is when men are raised to such a height of greatness , as doth in the least over-shadow the sovereign authority , though these great men do not abuse it ; yet this , Princes are jealous of , and either are forced with this jealousie of State , not to be just to them , in not rewarding them , for fear of putting them in a posture or capacity of doing harm ; or else , if they see them unrewarded , their presence seems to upbraid them of unthankfulness and injustice , in denying Virtue that reward which is due to it : for every time a Prince looks upon such a one , his services do claim what they have deserved ; for as liberality and generosity , rewards and pains , are ●ffects of the justice of Princes , those who have grounds to hope for the one , as those who have done amiss to be afraid of the others ; yet we must always stand to this truth , that when a Subject hath ventured his life , and done all he is able for his Princes service , he hath done nothing , but what was his duty to do : only this is a bad precedent , and discourages others to do the like , in case they were able : as it fell out to Iustinian , who having undone Bellisarius , as I said just now , as soon as Narses , another General of his , did find he had a mind to begin with him , he left him off , and joyned with the Goths ; whereby his affairs in Italy were undone ; very ill done of him : for though his Master had not well done by him , he ought not to have rebelled : but'tis usual to hear men say , 't is good to become wife at the costs of other men . Here I must observe how 't was not only the fear in Narses of being served as Bellisarius had been , that did work in him the resolution of acting against his Master : It was also an effect of the contempt of the Empress , because she heard what he had begun to act , she sent to him that a course would be taken to bring him to spin amongst women ( for he was an Eunuch , used to be a keeper of Women ) to which he returned this answer , that he would spin such a thread as her husband and she could never untwist . This shews how those who are in power to do hurt , may not without danger be used with contempt ; for slight and contempt are ever more sensible than injuries : For this cause Caligula was killed by Cassius Chereas , and Quintilianus made a Conspiracy against Nero. Here I do not intend to speak of those who abuse Princes favors ; for so doing they deserve their misfortunes : because , being from a low condition raised to a great height of favor , they are like those men , who being used to keep in low places , if they be lifted upon the top of a Steeple , as they look down to the place whence they came up , their head turns , they grow giddy , and do not know what they do : just as if they had been lifted up so high only to make their fall the more precipitate , dangerous , and more conspicuous . Many who upon a sudden are raised from a low to a great fortune , are like one who from a Dungeon or any dark and blind place , being brought to a great light , have their eyes dazled with it , and all objects above them appear of a different colour from what they are ; therefore 't is the prudence of a Prince to chuse those who are fit for such places : though Subjects must acquiesce to such a choice , when 't is once made ; for the Prince being the fountain of honor , may impart it to whom he pleases , yet therein he is chiefly to aim at the publick good . But I must engage no farther upon this matter , which is not just of my present purpose , but occasionally brought in , to return to the Travellers , whom I left in Italy ; having only hinted to them something of that journey : but if they desire to know more about it , and how to benefit themselves , let them peruse my Relation of that Country . That which I made of the Republick of Venice , can shew them a method how to make observations about Principalities and Dominions ; only let them know that most mischiefs which in Italy befal Strangers , are upon the account of Women ; as in France , about certain points of honor , and in Germany about drinking ; therefore in France let him have a special care to avoid Quarrels , Women in Italy , Wine in Germany , and Gaming every where . To order well the journey of Italy , when one is come thither , he must be resolved upon two things ; one is , how long he intends to stay there : the second is , which way he intends to come out of it ; for as he hath time in the whole allowed him , he may accordingly distribute it into parts : for he who is to stay two years in Italy , will be longer in some places , than if he were to be there but one : and this as to the first . As to the second , some go only to see Italy ; and as they went into 't out of France , so they come back again into France : others go out of it into Germany . According then to the supposition I made before , that a Traveller will be ten months in Italy ▪ and that he intends to come back into France , he may thus order his journey , according to the season he comes into that Country : some come in Spring , and pass there the Summer ; others arrive in Autumn , and stay there a Winter , and part of the Spring ; and this last is the best season : because they who come from Northern and cold Climates , will find the inconveniences of hot weather in Summer : for not being used to so hot a Climate , this and Fruits may happen to cause Fevers , Bloody-fluxes , and other distempers ; I mean chie●ly to those who are of a weak and tender complexion : For as to some others it is not altogether so , I can say for my part , I never found any such inconvenience in what Climate or Country soever I have been with the use of sobriety and temperance , which I thank God for . Now when a man comes into 't in Autumn , this and Winter being seasons more moderate than Summer , one uses himself by degrees to the Climate and Country ; in those parts heat and dust being very troublesome in that time of year , though in some more than in others ; not only because some are hotter than others , but also by reason of the remedies they enjoy in some places , which others do want : for in the Dukedom of Milan , and other parts of Lombardy , there are several channels of water , wherewith when they please they can water the High-way , which cools it , and allays the dust : but they who travel in Summer , do 't in the night time , and rest a great part of the day ; which also is observed by those who are in Town : for Italians say in a Proverb , specially at Rome , that none but French-men , mad men , or dogs use to walk or go about streets in Summer , about the middle of the day . But before I shew our Traveller which way to steer his course , I must give him one advice or two ; the first is , to take Bills of Health from whatsoever Town he goes away ; for being very sorely afraid of the Plague , they are very strict in often keeping Guards to question whence one doth come . Herein they are severe , indifferently to all , and let in no body till after a tedious quarantena . The second advice is , to make provision of a good Bridle , Saddle , and things belonging to 't ; for in many places one is sadly put to 't for these three things . Thirdly , he must take heed what Books he carries ; for if they be Latin or Italian , forbidden , not only they will be lost , but also they may bring a man to a great trouble about it . Fourthly , let him take heed what Arms he carrieth ; for Daggers , Stileti , Pocket-Pistols , and long Knives with points , in most places are forbidden under pain of death . Fifthly , he must beware of the Inquisition , and therefore ought carefully to avoid speaking against the Pope or his Religion . Sixthly , I must add one thing more about Diet , to be sober ; for their meat and drink are hot and nourishing , and apt to give surfeits ; also to avoid drinking much of their cold and frozen waters , which are too commonly used there against the heat of aliments and weather ; but which often prove worst than the Disease , several dying for drinking too much of them , Lastly , because few of our Englishmen are used to Oil , they would do well to accustom themselves to 't ; for most of their Sauces are made with it : Butter there being very dear and scarce in most places . As our Travellers did in France , so in Italy they must chuse a place in which to spend most of their time ; whereof the most usual are first Rome , then Venice ; others stay at Siena or Florence : For certain Rome is the best and fittest place of Italy for Travellers to be at , by reason of the great liberty strangers enjoy in 't , of the number of Arts and Exercises to be used there , and of the variety of ancient and modern Curiosities to be seen , and of the pomp and stateliness of that Court , and of the many Cardinals , Princes , Embassadors , and other publick Ministers . Venice is remarkable for the rarity of the situation , the wisdom of the Senate , the antiquity and fame of the Republick ; a month or six weeks time is enough for a ●tranger who hath no business there to be in 't , according to their saying , O Venetia chi non te vede , troppo te prezza , chi troppo te vede ti sprezza . The best time to come to it , is either in Carnaval time , or Ascension-day . Some strangers at Siena , specially Germans , by reason of the priviledges that Nation hath within all the Grand Dukes Dominions , because the Language is good there , and by reason of the late Prince Matthias , keeping his Court there : but most of all strangers flock to Rome , which he who is to come back into France , and to stay ten or twelve months in Italy may do in this way . From Turin he may go the straight way to Asti , and other parts of Monferrat , to Alexandria della Paglia , Novi , Gavi , Ottagio , to Genoa ; thence take a Felucca to Lerici , where take Horses through Sarzana , Massa , and so either to Via Reggio , by the Sea-side , or on the left hand to Luca , which I think is the best , to Pisa , Legorn , back to Pisa , so to Florence ; this is the usual way : but from Genoa he may take another way through Tortona , Voghera , Pavia to Milan ; thence to Cremona , Piacenza , Parma , Regio , Modena , so to Florence , or else to Bologna , Pistoia , Luca , Pisa , Legorn , and thence to Florence ; for a man may see both ways , thence through Siena , Viterbo , and Caprarola to Rome : Herein I name not every petty place , but only those which are of some note . To do all this , and to see Turin , with the Duke's Pleasure-houses about it , he may bestow six weeks or two months ; so that after this rate , against the beginning or middle of November he will come to Rome , which is the fit time for it ; not being very safe to come to 't till October be over ; because the air of Campagna Romana , through part of which he must go , is usually corrupted , and somewhat infected in Summer , through the violence of heat ; but in October the wind beginning to blow , and rains to fall do purifie it , which it must have time to do . After some few days refreshment at Rome , some use to go to Naples , which is a fortnights journey to go and come , and see all curiosities thereabouts ; whence some use to go into Sicily in a Felucca to see Messina , Palermo , &c. and there wait for some opportunity to go and see Mal●ha ; which Island is a whole Fortification : and so having seen it , to come back again the same way , which is usually a month or five weeks journey from Naples , so back to Rome ; where if one goes no farther than Naples , he can come back about the beginning or middle of December , and there stay till after Easter to see all Ceremonies used in the week by them called Holy , which will be whole four Months ; so he will also see those of Christmass ; but if he goeth to Maltha , he can hardly come before Ianuary : but in case it were not convenient for him to go his journey to Naples , immediately after his being come to Rome , it may be put off till Lent , at which time several undertake it : and indeed it is then a fitter time for those who have a mind to go to Maltha . Whilst the Traveller is at Rome , let him learn the Virtues , and avoid the Vices of the place ; there he may well satisfie himself , if he hath a mind to learn Picture-drawing , the Rules of Architecture , and Sculpture ; of which I would have him to know so much as to be able to judge of , what is well or ill done in those Arts : there also he may learn Musick , whether vocal , which though at first seems not so pleasant to the ears of those who are not used to their way of it , yet certainly it is very learned ; or with instruments of Musick , of which there is a great variety ; but the Gitar is the most used amongst them : but elsewhere I have spoken at large of this , therefore I must no longer insist upon it . From Rome , by the way of Loretto , Ancana , Fano , Senegaglia , Pesaro , Rimini , and other parts of Romagna , one must go to Bologna , or Ravenna ; thence to Ferrara , so to Venice ; whence through Padoa , Vicenza , Verona , the Mantoan , and some other Cities of the Republick in Lombardy , through Milan , one may return to Turin , and into France , or else upon his leaving Venice , he may take a progress to Mantoa , and some of the places of the Republick , as Crema , Brescia , Bergamo : Thus before he hath seen all this , the time intended to employ in Italy , will be nigh expired , from September till Iune exclusively , makes just ten months ; and if he were to stay longer in that Country , I would advise him to spend it at Rome , where if he could be a whole year , it would be the better . When I said ten or twelve months , those two months I add in consideration of the Voyage of Maltha , of which the time cannot be certain just to a week ▪ because the Seas are to be crossed . But in case a Gentleman's journey into Italy was so ordered , as to come into it in Spring , he must pass the Summer in Rome , where he ought to be before Iune , for then 't is accounted very dangerous to come into 't , though at any time one may come out , but not lie in any place within Campagna Romana , that is , about forty miles from Rome : There in Summer time they change night into day ; for from nine of the Clock , till six at night , they read within doors , and do something , or else sleep in the afternoon : after that time people begin to stir abroad , to take the cool air ; for as God hath provided in every Countrey a remedy against inconveniences felt in 't , at that time commonly bloweth a cool and refreshing wind , which coolness is helped with their watering of some streets , and places , where company meets in Coaches ; then they sit up , and go to and fro a great part of the night , till two or three in the morning , and when they are a bed at night , they dare not leave open their windows , for fear of catching some distemper : for my part , who have been there Winter and Summer , with the use of these things I found no alteration in me , Quando spirava il zefiro , ò quando tirava la tramontana . But I left the Traveller in Venice , disposing himself for his journey into Germany , which he must begin either upon the later end of Iune , or at the farthest the beginning of Iuly , which is the fittest time to Travel in Germany , specially for one who cometh out of Italy : upon which account he will feel no great inconveniency from the heat ; there being a great difference between those two Climates , specially when he goeth Northward more and more . But I must say few things concerning that journey . Before one leaves Italy , I wish him to get what introduction he is able into the German Tongue ▪ as also some information of that Country , which indeed is a very ample subject : to know the Fundamental Constitutions of the German Empire , is a fit and a proper work for Statesmen ; but something of it must be known by Travellers ; for one who goeth into a Countrey where he hath no particular businesses , ought to put this question to himself , what is it I am going to do or see ? therefore it is necessary for one to know thus much of it . When the Roman Empire of the world was divided into East and West , the former into the Family of the Paleologues continued fixt in Constantinople , but the later in the hands of Charles the Great , t●rned to be ambulatory , sometimes in France , Italy , at last was setled in Germany ; not with that glory it was in before , by reason of divisions between Emperors and Popes ; so that this was very well represented by the Prophet Daniel with the legs of Nebuchadnezzar's Statue ; and with the feet partly of iron in the Turkish , partly of clay in the German Empires ; yet at present all Christian Princes give place to the Emperor ; and certainly Germany is in power and dignity , the most considerable State of any in Christendom , by reason of the extent of its Dominions , of the number of its Princes , which makes the Emperor to be called Rex Regum , King of Kings ; and in the martial temper of the people : but these advantages , that potent body doth not enjoy by reason of so many contrary and different interests of the Princes and States that compose it , upon the account of Religion , States , and Families interest , which have made a lamentable division in that Countrey ; which through their fears , animosities , and jealousies , is gone so far , that they have called in strangers and foreign Powers to balance and bridle the Authority of one another ; and the Authority of the Emperor hath been so curbed , that now it hath but a shadow of Authority divided between him and the States , represented in a Diet which is fitly signified by the Imperial Arms of an Eagle with two heads , of an equal height and bigness . This Dignity of late hath been as good as entailed upon the House of Austria , upon the occasion of some of her hereditary Countri●s , and the Kingdom of Hungary , and part of that of Bohemia , which are a Bulwark against the Turk , to those parts of Christendom . The Diets I mentioned are composed of three Bodies or Colledges ; the Electoral , that of Princes , and the third of the Imperial Cities ; the Emperor sends one there to represent him , and take care of his concerns , who is the President or Speaker of the Assembly . Under , and next the Emperor are seven Electors , of which the three Ecclesiastical , Mentz , Colen , and Trier have that Dignity , only as personal , and by Election ; but the four Secular are by right of Heritage and Succession ; these are the King of Bohemia , Prince Palatin , Saxony , and the Brandenbourg , but of late that Dignity which of right belonged to the Palsgrave hath been divided and imparted to the Duke of Bavaria , with this condition , that in case any of the two Families , or rather Branches of the Family be extinct for want of heir males , the whole Dignity , with the Upper Palatinate shall be devolved to the other : But this hath been a sad renting , caused by a lamentable War , which already in the last Election of the Emperor , hath been the occasion of much trouble , about the place of Vicary of the Empire , and like to prove the division and destruction of the Empire , in case the Electoral Colledge should happen to be divided equally in matter of Election ; for there being now eight , the casting voice is taken off ; besides the wrong done to the illustrious Family of the Count Palatin , After these Families come others , which though they have no vote in the Electoral Colledge , yet they enjoy it in the Imperial Diets ; and these are of several sorts , as Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenbourg , Wirtemberg , &c. Markgraves or Marquesses , as Baden , &c. Landgraves , as H●ssen , &c. and several other Princes of the Empire . There are also several Imperial Hans and Free Towns ; but of late this last sort hath been diminished ; for the Bishop of Munster hath subdued that City , the Elector of Mentz that of Erford , Brandenbourg that of Magdebourg , and the Elector of Colen hath more than once threatned the City of that name with the like usage : What ornaments must so many Princes and their Courts be to a Country : for though some be weak , others are very considerable . Now to see these Princes Courts and Countries , strangers go into Germany , wherein they have a great choice ; seeing there is such a variety : and as some of these Courts are well ordered , so others are ill regulated in point of drink , in the excess whereof they sin very much ; Kettle-Drums and Trumpets are the instruments used in those Courts : Bears , Wild-Boar-Hunting , and the like are their Sports : so that if a stranger will be welcome to many of them , he must drink , and seem to delight with them in these and other Martial Exercises . When one lights upon such company , he is often forced seemingly to be drunken , to avoid being so indeed ; for then they let one alone : but withal , there are those Courts where sobriety is practised by several or by some . The German temper is sincere , constant , and high ( specially the Nobility ) with the●r inferiors ; for the people is kept low by the Gentry , and they stand so much upon the title of a Gentleman , that often one who is poor will scorn to marry the daughter of one who is not such , let her be never so rich . But the commonalty is very well in Free and Imperial Cities , because they are a kind of Republicks . And now I am upon the temper of Germans , I must not omit to set down two excellent Distichs , or four Latin Verses , above the different temper of some Nations , Hispanus , Gallus , Germanus , Vasco , Sabaudus , Constans , inconstans , fidus , avarus , ínops , Victum , vestitum , promissum , furta , labores , Temperat , alternat , servat , adauget , amat . This is to be understood of the generality of those Nations ▪ for 't is not true of every one in 't : and withal , it is according to common opinion . But because strangers do but go by places in Germany , and stay only to see what curiosities are in them , I need not much to insist upon their fashions and customs , which according to places differ much : Besides that , many who have been in France do understand the Language , and Fashions thereof ; which , if a stranger practises , they are well satisfied with him ; for of all the Nations of Europe , this most of all esteems a French Breeding : therefore other Nations do not use to go into Germany to learn Education , except it were in Martial Affairs , or in point of Trade , at Hambourg , Lubeck , Franckfort , and Leipsick ; the two last both famous for the great Fairs kept there , and Franckfort besides , for the Election of Emperors : yet in many Princes Courts are Masters of the Horse , and of some other Exercises ; as at Dresden , Berlin , &c. but to my mind the best place in Germany for Education of Protestants , is , Heidelberg , where is a Court ; there being very few so well civilized , but none more than it is : where sobriety reigneth , all manner of Exercises are to be learned ; and it hath a famous University for Learning : besides that , it is seated in a Countrey ( the lower Palatinate ) called the Garden of Germany , most part of it lying along or about the Rhine , with plenty , delicacy , and variety of all things , when it is not the seat of War. Of all the Courts of German Princes that of Brandenbourg is to my mind the more stately and numerous , and I have seen some Royal Courts inferior to it . Of all Rivers in Germany , the two chief , the Danube and the Rhine are most convenient for Travellers , by reason of the depth of their water , the swiftness of their stream , and the length of their course , and the many good Towns upon both : others as the Wesel , Elbe , Oder , Main , Nekar , &c. are not so convenient ; for the Rhine crosses all Germany from South to North , and the Danube from West to East . He who goes into that Countrey must use himself to lie upon straw , for strangers in Summer cannot abide to lie between two great Feather-beds , as the fashion is in those parts . In great places one is well treated , but dear ; there being a set ordinary in most parts , Landlords are not used to over-reckon : wherefore there is no disputing with them , as in most parts of France , but will be paid what they ask : when men of any fashion come in , the Master and Mistriss of the house bid them welcome . In Switzerland he and the Landlady shake hands with their Guests , and he waiteth on them at Table ; and both there and in Germany they expect as a token they are satisfied with their house , to hear this complement upon their going away , I will lodge here when I come hither again . And if Erasmus was now alive , he would not find them to be so rude as he complaineth they were in his time . As to matter of Learning , this I must say of the Germans , their Wit is not quick , but they are strong and patient in their Studies and Labours , so that they know more things than others , though not ●o well , they seem to be more desirous to teach than to learn , and do at least as much delight in Writing as in Reading . But I must remember I am not writing a Relation of Germans , therefore I am to insist onely upon that which is of my present purpose and compendiously too ; so that having observed , that as in France they reckon by Leagues the distance of Places , in Italy by Miles , in most parts of Germany it is by Hours . I must now set forwards our Traveller towards this last Country . Venice is the usual place of Rendevous for those who intend to go from Italy into Germany , there are daily occasions of those men who go to and fro out of one Country into the other , and according to agreement do furnish horses and as to Diet , defray Travellers , which is very convenient for those who do not know the Country , and understand not the Language ; some go thorough Grats in Styria , and other parts of the Hereditary Countreys of the Archduke of Austria , to Vienna , to see the Emperors Court ; they who delight to see strong Places , go thence thorough Presbourg to see Roàb and Komorrah , and other few places belonging to the Emperor upon the frontier of the Turk of the remainder of Hungary ; thence they come back to Vienna , and so thorough Bohemia go into Saxony , and if they please , from Dresden thorough Magdebourg to Hambourg , where crossing the Elbe , they go into Holstein , ●o into Denmark and Sueden : others from Vienna thorough Moravia , step into Poland as far as Cracow , thence thorough Silesia and Lusatia to Berlin , to see the Court of Brandenburg , whence some have the curiosity to step into Pomerania , and then to Dantzick ; but others thorough part of Brunswick , Lunenbourg and Mecklebourg , go to Lubeck , thence to Hambourg , whence those who do not go into Sueden and Denmark , go into the Dukedom formerly Archbishoprick of Bremen , Westphalia , so into the Low Countreys . Others do not go so far into Germany , but directly from Venice they go thorough Trent , Inspruck , to Munichen , where the Duke of Bavaria keeps his Court , and thence to Ausbourg ; whence they either go to Vlm to take water , to go down to Vienna , which I take to be the best way to go to that Court ; or else from Vlm to Stugard in Wirtemberg , thence to Heidelberg , to Francfurt , so to Mentz , and then down the Rhine to Colen ; Noremberg is one of the Cities of Germany most worth seeing ; from Colen either one goes by land to Brussels , or else by water down the Rhine , and so to Vtrech and Amsterdam , or upon the Vahal down to Nimegue , Lovestein ▪ Vorcum , Gorcum , of which three places the Dutch Proverb says , — Vorcum , Gorcum , Lovestein , nam ist groet , Matcht is Klein ; from these one goeth to Dort , Rotterdam , so to any parts of Holand . He who travels into those parts , must know , that Germany was divided into upper and lower ▪ the upper is that which now is properly called Germany , the lower is now called Netherlands or Low Countreys , part whereof was called Belgia or Batavia ; it contains seventeen Provinces , of which the seven United , from the particular one Holland , are named Hollanders , as the ten Flemingers from Flanders . Once all these Provinces were possessed by the House of Burgundy , which all with both Burgundies , part of Suisserland and Lorrain , Charles le Hardy or Bold , intended to have united and erected into a Kingdom , under the name of the Kingdom of the Lion , because a Lion is the Arms of most of those Provinces , but he miscarried in his design : all these Low Countreys , and the Country of Burgundy , otherwise called Franche Comte , by a Marriage fell into the hands of the House of Austria . In the year , 1568. &c. these Countreys in the days of Philip II. King of Spain were by extraordinary oppressions in their Consciences , Lives and Estates , forced to take Arms , and thus beginning was given to that War which with various successes lasted till at last in 1648. by a Treaty at Munster and Osnabru●k , 7 of these Provinces were by the Spaniards own-to be Soveraign States ; hereupon is grounded the difference of Spanish and Vnited Netherlands . This Republick was founded not only upon Dutch , but also English Blood , witnesses the Battel of Newport , the Siege of Ostend , and several other occasions ; although it be but new and modern , it is raised to a great height , and is become very potent by Land , but especially by Sea , therefore a stranger must see their Shipping , Store-houses , and strong Places , and be informed of their way of Trading , for herein doth consist their strength and riches ; for the Province of Holand doth hardly produce any thing besides Butter and Cheese ; but they have great many Manufactures , whereby a great number of people is kept in exercise ; yet , for all this Holand is a Magazine for all manner of Wares , there being a distribution made between the Cities , of the Trade in several things ; for every great City hath her particular Staple Commodity : now this Trade is much helped not only with the neighborhood of the Sea , but also of many Navigable Rivers , and several Channels of Communication between places , which are a great convenience for Travellers , carriage of Merchandize , and for Merchants , who , at a certain hour , can be upon the Exchange in a Town , and at another hour in another , things being so well ordered , that they are sure within such a time to be at such a place . This people are flegmatick , therefore they suffered many oppressions before they could be brought to take up Arms , though now since they have been Masters of their Liberty , and grown rich , there are some hasty enough amongst them ; they are also very patient to perfect designs , began by French and Italians , which are hastier Nations ; they are industrious , taking great pains , and very frugal ; so that whil'st English Seamen will feed well , they are satisfied with a small matter , and have but five or six men aboard some Merchant Ships , whil'st we have nine or ten in those of the same Bulk , whereby charges being saved , they are able to afford Wares at a cheaper rate than other Nations ; and as in matter of Trading , they are cunning and subtle , and withal rich ; to destroy the Trade of others , they will afford Wares at a cheaper rate , though with loss to them , whereby they will tire out Merchants of other Nations , who are not so monied as they ; and experience hath shewed us how they have gone about ( which , in part they have effected ) to engross to themselves the trade of the whole World , which they understand as well , if not better , than any other Nation . Those who know not these conveniences of Rivers and Channels , have admired how they could bring so many great Guns to the Sieges they undertook ; but that which most of all was worthy of admiration is , that whil'st War lasted between them and the Spaniard , they sold Arms and Ammunition to their Enemies . The reason is , as long as they are Masters of the Sea , they are not afraid of wanting any thing , and they care not so much for an enemy by Land , provided they have none at Sea , for as long as their trade goeth on , they are able enough to maintain a War. I know some have written of them , that they are of a gentle nature , enemies to quarrels ; which I will believe of several of them , but they must give me leave not to take this as a national Character ; for though I have found there several of sweet and loving nature , yet so many faces flashed and cut with their Steecken en snee , are signs of quarrels ; besides that , in some places without doors , they hang Knives to shew that within such houses one may find that sport if he hath a mind to 't ; hence it is , that they who are willing to 't , do touch the Knife ; and I heard of some so skill'd in this sport , that with a Crown-piece sharpned round about , they have flashed the face of those who with Knives after this manner were fighting against them ; and though they say to me that this being to shew a sport , is not an effect of quarrels , I will add , that men who drink so hard , and are so concerned as that Nation is , must often fall into quarrels ; it is true , they do not presently run one another thorough , because usually they wear no Swords , and carry no Pistols . It is true , they mind not much what other Nations call point of honour , the Motto of many being this , No Honor but Profit ; and when they fall out about greatness , they use to say one to another , If you be richer than I , you are the better man of the two . A thing which indeed all strangers are to observe , is their neatness and cleanness in their Cities , Market-places , Streets , Houses , Goods , and Furnitures thereof , not so much as the least sign of a cobweb in any Room , nor of the excrements of a Fly upon a Window , whereof the Glasses are perpetually clear and shining , just as if they were new , any Keys , Locks , or other iron Works , are as if they were newly bought from the Smiths shop , the floors of the Rooms as well as the Roofs , are kept clean with Sand , and people must not spit upon , but in a corner they have a pot full of Sand to that purpose ; and in some places they give Slippers to those who are to come in : In a word , their Kitchin-stuff Vessels , their very Stables , which are but few , or any other places in or about their Houses , are extraordinary clean , so that in every such thing , they are as clean as any Nation in the World ; yet though their Table Cloaths and Linnen be very white and fine , and their Victuals very cleanly dressed , I cannot say so of their eating of it , for promiscuously they eat their Bread , Butter , Cheese , Dried Beef , Pork , which some will call nastiness ; yet I dare not condemn the universal practice of a Nation , though such things be not used in other Countreys , it being of the manner of eating things as we say of the taste , de quo non disputandum . Profit and Liberty are the two things which most of all they are taken with , and good reason too , because the first is gotten with great care , pains , and hazard , and the last was obtained with much difficulty , treasure , and blood ; yet , for all this , those who have Means , are rich and ●umptuous in their houses , for this they have learned by communication with other Nations . A thing wherein they are much to be blamed in , is , their being over indulgent to their children , by whom they suffer to be called Thou and Thee , injurious language , and several other abuses of that nature . Above all ▪ let strangers , specially those who live under Monarchies , be very careful of two things , the one not to blame that form of Government setled amongst them ; for it sutes better with the temper of the people ; neither is it fit for particular men , specially strangers , to talk against a Government instituted by the advice and contrivance of judicious and understanding Men , and continued by the wisest and ablest Men that have been and are there still , much less , if a man receiveth protection from it , as all strangers do ; even it is not safe , in case any thing was wanting , or amiss in 't ( as often it falls out in other places ) to tell his mind about it , because Innovations are lookt upon as dangerous to States , and with such discourses are fomented : But the second thing I would have strangers there to beware , is receiving principles contrary to that form of Government which is setled at home , for fear of causing of disturbances , and let them consider the same reasons , why Monarchy at home should not be altered , as I used , why those Countreys should continue in a way of Republick . This I would have the more to be minded , because of the danger there is of receiving such impressions , and corrupt principles in relation to the authority one is born under . This I speak , not only as to the Republick chiefly Democratical , as Holand , but also as to those which are wholly Aristocratical , as Venice . The cause of troubles in Nations , hath usually been either the eager desire of the Nobles to command , or else the violent love of people to their liberty , which principles the minds of both sides being once possessed with , every one driving on his way , rentings and disturbances are unavoidable , and truly in such a case the parties are often so blind , that to avoid a present inconvenience and distemper , they fall into a greater and more dangerous disease , as it fell out in Rome , when the Nobles and the People being grieved , the one at the Tribunes , and the other at the Consuls , which were ballanced one by another , they abolished them all , and set up the Decemvirs , whose little finger was heavier than either Consuls or Tribunes ; and certainly when divisions in States cause such courses to be taken , there are all dispositions in the World to Tiranny ; for when one of the parties sets over himself a daring ambitious man of interest , he makes use of that party to destroy the other , which being done , he hath so fortified himself , that it will not be difficult to usurp over the rest . Thus if the Nobles be destroyed , the People having none to fly to , must submit , and be kept under . Appius the Decemvir had such a fair occasion , if he had had the wit to make use of it ; for the people being confident he would bear his interest against the Senate , chose him ; but he , instead of making use of this popular favour to undo the Nobles , begun to oppose the People who had raised him to that Dignity , and complyed with the Senate , who were all his enemies ; some because they had the same ambitious designs as he , and all because they lookt upon him as a creature and the head of the people : they , who came after , and had the same designs , took a wiser way to bring them about . Marius being chosen by the People , and Sylla by the Senate , stook to their principles , and to those by whom they were to raised ; and when these divisions were come to the greatest height , and the great revolution which not long after befel the Republick , was hanging over her head Pompeius for the Senate , and Caesar for the People , did the like ; for though Pompeius had the worst of it , the Nobles stood to him as long as they were able , and when they had no other way , they murthered Caesar in the Senate ; whose steps being followed by his Nephew Octavius , Augu●tus gave the mortal wound to that party , by the overthrow of Brutus and Cassius , and he set himself over all the People , and so reduced the Government to a single person , which may be Pompeius or his Sons had done if they had had the better on the other side . Something of this is also to be observed in Monarchies , where also are the different interests of the Nobles , and of the People , which to balance is the Princes interest , and not to suffer one to be destroyed by the other ; the Nobillty indeed are the Props and Pillars of a Throne ; but the Barons War , and some Outlandish examples , shew that they are sometimes the scourge of it and within these very few years , we have seen a King of the North make use of the People to bring down the power and authority of his Nobility . That Government is certainly the most happy , and the likeliest to last , where the Nobility encroacheth not upon the Liberties of the People , nor they on the Prerogatives of the Nobles : Therefore if a Traveller be from amongst the Nobility , so as to have right to hope one day to sit amongst the Noblemen , let him not learn ambitious and tyrannical Principles , when he hath been in Poland , and other places , where the common people are no better than Slaves ; or if he be born amongst the common people , let him not be so desirous of a full liberty , such as he hath seen in Holand and other places where the supream authority lies in the people , so as to scorn when he cometh home , to yield respect , and that obedience , which according to the Law and customs of his Countrey is due to the Nobility and Gentry ; for a Noble who makes a stay in Poland , and a Commoner in Holand , finding those Governments suitable to their quality and inclination ; by the influence of the climate , customs and conversations with people , will be affected to 't , and sometimes desire it should be so at home , which desire upon occasion , will proceed to action , and strivings to setle it there . What I said of the manner and customs of Holland , almost the like I may say of those of the rest of the Vnited Provinces , all having the same general way of Government , so I may almost say of those Spanish Countreys which are near them , as to manners and customs , having all formerly been under the same Soveraign , though those under Spain , have a mixture of fashions , by reason of their constant communication with that Nation , as have with the French those of Artois , Hainault , and others , which either belong to the French , or are their very next Neighbors , which customs by degrees and succession , are introduced . Now what I say , is not as to their Laws and Government , which I know are different and particular to some Provinces ; but I speak in matter of society , conversation , and manner of life , which , as the Language , are near alike in all the Low Countreys , which being so nigh to us , their temper is the better known to every one here , and 't is less necessary to insist upon 't as much as on Countreys more remote . When a Traveller hath seen most of all the Curiosities of those parts , which for the most part consist in fair and strong Cities , I will have him to come to Paris , there to re-collect what he hath seen and learned in all his travels , and to perfect himself in his Exercises , and take his last stamp before he comes home . I had said , that from Hambourg or Lubeck some go into Sueden and Denmark , onely to see the former , being for the most part a barren , vast , wild Country , in comparison of the southerly parts of Europe , there is no pleasure , nor hardly profit to travel in 't . Stockholme , where the Court resides , is to be seen . Vpsal , an Archbishoprick , and the Seat of the Primate of Sueden , where is also an University . Gottemburg also a great way from thence , where sometimes the States or Diet use to meet ; but chiefly one must see the Copper Mines , of which there is much . So that Tilly used to call Gustavus Adolphus the Copper-Smith : there are half Crowns , and Five shilling Pieces very big , insomuch that I have seen some Countrymen carrying few of them upon the shoulders with a stick passed thorough a hole made a purpose , and with this sort of Coin are made their ordinary Payments , so that if sometimes one is to receive but 25 or 30 l. worth of English Money , a horse doth either draw or carry it ; the best Lands of that Crown are now what the last King but one conquered in Germany , and what the last got from the Danes in Schonen , Holand , and Bleking , in the former whereof is a good and convenient Harbor , called Landscroon : In fine it is a brave and Warlike Nation , which stands too much upon the nicety of Honour , as they take it to be ; so that if one hath in the least received an injury from another , he must fight him , or else he would be branded for a Coward , unfit to come into any Gentlemans company , and lay upon his reputation a perpetual blemish and note of infamy . I have taken notice that most Gentleman of that Nation , when they are abroad ; follow their Exercises well , and succeed therein . Of Denmark I have little to say ; ( that Kingdom ( except what they have in Holstein and Iutland ) consisting all in Islands , which indeed are more plentiful and better Country than Sueden ; there are several little ones , as Longland , Loyland , Femeren , and Funen , bigger than all these , whereof the chief place is Odensea , but the greatest and best of all is Sealand , whereof Copenhagen is the Metropolis ; Elsenore is on this side the Sound , and Cronenberg Castle is the strongest place of all those parts ; upon the same Island are also Roskildt and Fredericksburg , all worth seeing more or less : The temper of this Nation in some things is like the Suedish , but more high and lofty , though upon account of State there be an antipathy between the two Nations , for the Kingdom , which was Elective , is now become Hereditary , and the Nobility hath lost the Priviledge of choosing them a King ; for the late King , after the Suedish War , took an opportunity of his standing Army , to bring this to pass , with the concurrence of the Commonalty ; but as these places are not much visited by Strangers , except in case of Ambassadors , or upon the account of Trade , for the Sound is the inlet into the Baltick Sea , I will forbear any longer speaking of it . From Sueden and Denmark Strang●rs come back usually to Hambourg and Lubeck . Something too should be said of Spain and Portugal , the former I have spoken of elsewhere ; the other is a Kingdom lying South-west of Spain , * along the Sea Coasts , their Language is the same , except some few words , and some difference in the pronunciation ; there is an antipathy between the two Nations , grounded upon the interest of State. After the death of King Don Sebastian in Africa , Philip II. of Spain , took possession of that Kingdom , a●d was kept by Philip III. his Successor , and by Philip IV. till the year 1640. for that Kingdom took the first opportunity , and withdrew from the Spanish Yoak , to yield obedience to the right Owner Don Iuan , Duke of Braganza , the design being managed by the wisdom and courage of his Wife , of the Spanish Illustrious Family of Medina Sidonia , assisted by some prudent and loyal persons of quality , who contributed much to bring that design to pass , and to make use of the general disposition of the Nation to a Revolution ; Portugal and the Algarves , are not of any great extent , but that King is Potent in A●rica and the East-Indies , where they made considerable Conquests , and drive a great Trade , Goa being one of the most Merchant Cities of all those Indies ; they understand well the Art of Navigation , whereby that Kingdom is much enriched ; there are not many strong , or otherwise considerable Towns , Braga , Braganza , Porto , Coimbra , Eluas , &c. are the chief , but Lisboa or Lisbon , is a good and rich City , the Metropolis of the Kingdom ; it hath some things of the Spanish temper , but not altogether so slow ; there are not many Strangers there , except those who are in the service of the Crown , Merchants , and some attending on foreign Ministers ; for Gentlemen who travel to see the World , and improve themselves , make no long stay there , but onely do go there , for in a short time one can see the chief things there : in it , and in Spain I was about ten Months . But now I must speak of other things . After our Travellers are come to Paris , have refreshed themselves , and made fashionableCloaths , the next thing must be to take Masters of Exercises ; to be perfect therein ; let them at leisure see every thing they did see before , and more too , and thereupon make exacter observation ; such are the Court , and all publick Pleasures and Solemnities performed therein , whether it be Hunting , General Musters , Balls , Plays , &c. they must renew good former acquaintance , make what new ones they are able , specially with men of virtue and quality , with Virtuosi and other Wits of Paris ; they ought to get an exact information of the whole Court , and of great Persons of the Kingdom , whose authority and power therein is very great ; this gives a great light to understand the constitution and interests of States ; which is a thing I could desire them to mind , and be well versed in ; to this effect , they must find ways handsomely how to be acquainted with the Ministers of those Princes and Republicks , in whose Dominions they have been , and of others too ; which will come in by degrees ; from them they can hear news of what passeth all Europe and World over , learn Wisdom , and the grounds of Policy ; for though they will not acquaint one with their secrets , yet the continual course of affairs , being apprehended well , will teach one very much ; also sometimes they reason upon things , and give their opinion about them . Besides this , Paris affords a great variety of good Company , wherein much is to be learned , so that six months at least can well be bestowed there , and whole years too , if one can and hath a mind to stay , and yet loose no time . The Languages he hath learned in his travels , I would have him not to forget , but rather to practice upon all occasions , both by reading and speaking , for they are accomplishment for any Gentleman , and qualification necessary to a Statesman , or to any employed in publick Affairs : He will also do well , if possible , to understand the peculiar way of speaking of other Nations : As for instance , here in England we speak much between the teeth ; for when the letter H is pronounced after a T , the tongue lies between the teeth , which else are close for the most part : The French speak with a whistling of the tongue : The Italian with the lips : The German with the throat : And the Hollander with the nose . These differences are easily perceived by those who have any skill in those Languages , and to give an instance of the two last , the German and the Hollanders , between which two there should be the less difference , because this last is but a Dialect of the former ; yet when one is come from Germany as far as Colen , he will find this difference very palpable . They also who are critical upon Languages , do find that they are adapted to Subjects ; for upon certain matters , some are more energetical and significative than others ; for not to speak of the Hebrew , Greek , and Latin Tongues , which I mentioned before , and are called dead Tongues , the Spanish is called Senatoria , for Grave Senators ; the French Oratoria , for Orators and Courtiers ; the Italian Amatoria , for Gallants and Lovers ; the High Dutch Martialis Generosa , for Generous Soldiers ; the Polonish Martialis ferox , for Wild and Barbarous Ones ; the Suedish Nugatoria ; for Trifles and Trivial Things ; the Danish Ploratoria , Weeping ; and the Low Dutch Mercatoria , for Merchants , And now I am upon this Subject , it will not be amiss for me here to insert a character of some Nations , out of which a Traveller may receive some Lights and Directions how to behave himself when he comes amongst them , which hath a relations only to the generality of the people , and doth no way reflect upon the Superiour Powers over those Nations , whose Governments , Councils , and Ministers , I confess to be much above all such kinds of observations . In Affection . The French loveth everywhere . The Spaniard very well . The Italian knows how to love . The German knows not how to love . In Behaviour . French courteous . Spaniard lordly . Italian amorous . German clownish . In Body . French hath it manly . Spaniard so , so , Italian indifferent . The German tall . In Buildings . French build conveniently . Spaniard meanly . Italian stately . German strongly . In Cloaths . French inconstant and changing . Spaniard modest . Italian poor . German mean. In Colour . French like a chesnut . Spaniard black . Italian brown . German white or readish . In Conversation . The French jovial . Spaniard troublesome . Italian complying . German unpleasant . In Councils . French hasty . Spaniard wary . Italian subtle . German slow . In Courage . The French as an Eagle . Spaniard like an Elephant . Italian as a Fox . German as a Bear. In Dancing . The French danceth . Spaniard walketh . Italian Vaults . German walloweth himself . In Diet. French delicate . Spaniard sparing . Italian sober . German loves to drink . In Favours . French forgets good and evil . Spaniard rewardeth all . Italian ready to do good but revengeful . German doth neither good nor evil . In Gaming . The French ventures all . Spaniard makes a good shew with a bad . Game . Italian takes exceptions . German is often cheated . In Laws . French hath good Laws , but observe them not . Spaniard hath excellent Laws , and observeth them rigidly . Italian hath good Laws , but is remiss in the observation . German hath Laws which are so , so . In Learning . The French knows a little of every thing . The Spaniard hath a deep Learning . Italian like a Doctor . German like a Pedant . In Looks and Meen . French looks like one inconsiderate , and is often so . Spaniard like a wise Man , and often is so indeed . Italian looks giddy-like , but is wise . German hath seldom good look or Meen . In Love. The French giddy and inconsiderate . Spanish boaster . Italian noble . German gross and rustical . In making Love. French diverts his Mistress . Spaniard adoreth her . Italian serveth her . German bestows Gifts upon her . In contempt of Love. French hasty , offends his Mistress . Spanish proud , slights her . Italian discreet , complains of her . German rude , asketh for what he gave her . In Magnificence . In France consists in the Court. In Spain in her Arms. Italy in Churches . Germany in her Princes . In Plays . French pleasant and merry . Spanish serious . Italian Buffoon and Jester . German unpleasant . In Pride . The French commends every thing . Spaniard praiseth none but himself . Italian despises that which deserves it . German is no boaster . In Promises . French light . Spaniard deceitful . Italian advantageous . German true and faithful . In Religion . French zealous . Spaniard superstitious . Italian ceremonious . German indifferent . In Secret. The French tells every thing . Spaniard is very secret . Italian saith not a word . German forgets what he was told . In Speech . The French sings . Spaniard speaks . Italian acts the Comedy . German howls . Again . French speaks well , but writes ill . Spaniard speaks and writes little , but well . Italian speaks and writes well . German speaks little , but writes much . In Temper . French jester and injurious . Spaniard grave and respectful . Italian pleasant and jealous . German lofty and fantastical . In Wit. French hath it all the body over . Spaniard in the head . Italian in the arm . German in the fingers end . Concerning Husbands . In France Companions . In Spain Tirants . In Italy Goalers . In Germany Masters . Concerning Women . In France Ladies or Drudges . In Spain Slaves . In Italy prisoners . In Germany Housewifes . Of Servants . In France Masters . In Spain Subjects . In Italy respectful . In Germany Companions . Of Horses . In France good for every thing , or for nothing . In Spain noble . In Italy handsome and good . In Germany dull and heavy . In Diseases . The French subject to the P — The Spaniard to the Kings Evil. Italian to the Plague . German to the Gout . Some Compare The French to a Flea . Spaniard to a — Louse . Italian to a Punaise , a Bug. German to a Louse . As there is no Rule without exception , so in every Country some are of a temper different from what is here represented ; but as sometimes denomination is made from the greater , other times from the better part ; so here are expressed the vulgar imperfections , and the particular good qualities of the better sort ; and i● one and the same Countrey , men of all these different tempers may be found out . To this I must add some particular advice and instructions for a Traveller how to order himself when he is beyond Seas ; for he can never be too much warned of what he must do when he is abroad , and what I am to say , I believe will do him good , at least I am sure can do him no harm , O Traveller , whosoever you are , pray take notice of the following Advices . So order and regulate your time as to have certain set hours for every thing you are to do . Imprimis venerare Deum . Forget not morning and evening to ask God that which is necessary for your Soul and Body , nor to give him thanks for favours received from him . Heathens themselves can say , à Iove principium , à Iove sinis erit . Follow wise Solomon's Council , To remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth , and you know King David saith , The fear of the Lord is the beginning of Wisdom . Apply your self to the reading of Holy Scriptures , which is able to make you wise unto Salvation ; it will afford you Lessons whereupon to settle your Faith , and convince the Adversaries thereof ; besides this , it will furnish you with precepts and examples of Morality , History , Politicks , and other things necessary to knowing Men : In a word , it will teach you to live in this present World , soberly , justly , and religiously that is , to perform your duty in relation to your self , your neighbor , and towards God. Observe an order and method in the reading of it , every morning you may read a Chapter in the old Testament , and another in the New , and do the like every night ; so in time you may read it all . In a special way I commend the Prophecy of Isaiah , the Psalms of David , and above all the Proverbs of Solomon , and his Book called Ecclesiastes , ( wherein is contained much of Divine and humane Wisdom ) the Gospel according to St. Iohn , the Epistle to the Hebrews , and the eighth Chapter to the Romans . Yield respect and attention in reading of it , and have a design of being instructed thereby , rather than to cavil and take exceptions thereat . Verini disticha , Catonis disticha de moribus and les quatrains of Pybrac in French ; deserve to be read . Apply your self to History Ancient and Modern in particular ( as to this last ) to that of the most considerable Countreys of Europe , beginning with that of England , which to you is the most necessary . History is the eye of Times , and the ground of Policy ; it shews wherein great Men , and others , have done well , and wherein they have failed . Do not neglect reading the Gazettes ; for although they contain many trifles and false things , yet they give the ground of History , and will acquaint you with the most considerable places and persons of these times . As much as in you lies , lodge in the house of honest people , and of good report , whose conversation may be beneficial to you , and where you be not exposed to cheats , and unnecessary expences . Make acquaintance with Men of Parts , and virtuous : Be civil to all , but familiar with few . See what curiosities , whether ancient or modern , are in places you stay at , or as much as you can in or about those you go by ; but above all endeavor to know , and be acquainted with Men learned or famous for any thing whatsoever . When you stay in any place , be sure ever to learn one Exercise or other of those you are most inclined unto , and wherein the Masters are esteemed able Men : In the mean time there are those Exercises , which to you ought to be only a sport and recreation , but others there are which in earnest you ought to apply your self to , such are things instructing your judgement , and solid as Sciences , and some Arts , which you must make your study of , but Fencing , Dancing , and the like , should be onely the accessory which yet you ought not to neglect , because not only you get thereby outward accomplishments , but also you see company in those Schools , and thus avoid idleness the mother of Vices . Endeavor to get the Language and Manners of the Country you are in ; to that effect inform your self of every thing , though it 't were intrigues of the neighbors , and interests of families ; strive to be acquainted with the chief persons of the place , and to get into their friendship ; for not only you will learn from them , but also receive good offices and services upon occasion . Speak your Mother Tongue as seldom as you can , and not at all if it be possible . When you come into a serious company , speak little , and to the purpose , and be sure not to interrupt the discourse of any man : Take heed you say nothing whereat people present or absent may justly be offended , chiefly if the absent be friends of those who are present . In matter of humane Society , one of the best Rules that can be given , is to consider men in relation to us as either our friends or our enemies , or strangers ; that is , indi●ferent to us , and we to them , neither friends nor enemies ; as to friends , we must so live with them as being possible for them to become our enemies ; that is , we must not too much trust nor so unbosome our selves to them in every thing , for fear we should hereafter have reason to repent of it ; with our enemies we must live as with those for whom it is not unpossible to become our friends ; that is , to keep such measures , and bridle those violent effects of our hatred , which might happen to render enmity unreconcileable , with strangers we must so live as to endeavor to make them to be our friends , and avoid to have them to become our enemies . Sis quod vis haberi , saith Socrates . Be indeed what you would be accounted to be ; will you be thought to be an honest man , you must really be so . Do nothing against conscience , honour , or decency ; avoid gaming , ( except sometimes for company , and out of compliance ) drinking , and the company of dishonest Women : Forbear also , if you can , falling in love with virtuous Maids or Women ; for when a man engages too deep therein , he is often brought into great straits and difficulties , which hinders him from doing any thing , and puts him upon many extravagancies . Yet I advise you all the while you are in France , to frequent the company of Women ( when it is no hinderance another way ) because one is polished and civilized in their company and conversation , and the desire a man hath to please them , makes , he observes himself in his Cloaths , Discourses , and Actions , better than else he would do ; their company gives some confidence necessary to a young man ( provided it recedeth not from modesty , or doth not degenerate into impudence , ) In fine , that inspires civility , sweetness , and complacency , which are all qualities necessary to a Gentleman . Speak not about matters of Religion with those who are not of yours . Speak with respect of Princes and Ministers of State ; or at least speak not ill of them , chiefly of those within whose Dominions you are ; but ab●●e all , of your own Prince , or of those who are about him , for fear they hear of it , and at last be avenged of you . Say nothing but the truth , but do not always speak it ; for there is time and place for every thing ; and be careful not to discover the bosome of your heart to those you do not know , or when there is no necessity to do 't . Be just to all , and according to your power and abilities , charitable to those who deserve it . In every action of yours , consider that God sees and hears every thing ; and do nothing in private whereat you might be ashamed in publick : often God brings shame on those who are afraid of that more than of his name , — quicquid agis prudenter agas & respice sinem . Declare your secret to him only whose fidelity and discretion you had great trials of , rather mistrust the world ; distrustfulness is the mother of security , but take heed not to express it ; for nothing is so disobliging as that . In discourses about indifferent things , never gainsay what another tells , except you be concern'd therein , or your opinion be asked thereupon ; and then speak with as much gentleness and civility as you are able ; and if ever you are brought to a dispute , let it be carried on by strength of arguments , and not by number of injuries . In many things , audi , vide , tace , hear , see , and hold y●●r peace ; for , saith Cato , — nulli tacuisse nocet , nocet esse locutum . Promise nothing of importance without deliberation , and except you have a mind to perform it ; for you are free not to promise , but when you have done it , you are engaged to perform what you promise ; express it clearly and plainly , for fear people should think you promise more than you do . It is not enough for you to study the fashions of a Country , except you ●reduec them to a practice ; because you will thereby become more acceptable to the people , and insensibly learn to know all manner of tempers , and agree therewith : do the like with the several companies in those Countreys ; endeavor to be serious with those who are such , and merry when you are with men of that temper ; you must also sute and fit your self to the subject of the discourses , serious when you speak of serious things , and jovial when you speak of merry ones . Remember how the manner of doing or saying things gives them a great deal of weight ; so if you oblige one handsomly , thereby you lay a double obligation upon him . One said of old , That to grant a man a favour with a frowning look ▪ or hard words , is to give him Bread full of Stones . Let not your Hat stick on your head , for civility winneth the heart ; and according to the Rule of Morality , Honor est magis in honorante quam in honorato . When you do any thing which seems to put one to the least trouble and inconveniency , though only you passed your hand before him ( which often happeneth at table ) ask him permission to do 't , or pardon when you have done it ; and if ever you expect from others to receive respect and civility , you must give them some with advantage ; for one hand washeth another , and never stand who shall begin ; even in places where the order of the World gives you the hand , take it with so much discreetness , that though it be your rank , it may appear you rather receive it from the civility of him who yields it . The character of a worthy Gentleman is not only not to suffer , but also to do no wrong , and express his repentance when he hath done any ; but upon some occasions , it must be endured when it cannot be cured , nor hindred , at least without danger ; and in such a case , you do well not to seem to take notice of it ; for if you did , you will be obliged to resent it ; whereupon you would make your weakness and want of power be seen , or else you would be suspected being a Coward . Make not only acquaintances , but friends also , and get as many friends , and as few enemies as you can ; often one enemy may do you more harm than ten friends can do you good ; and friends do you no hurt when they have no occasion to do you good . Disoblige no man , unless you be forced to 't , or receive thereby some considerable advantage ; yet still let it be seen to be against your mind ; and when you are so unhappy as to be forced thereunto , do it in the most mild and gentle ways that are possible to you , still expressing the trouble you have thereat . As much as in you lies , avoid the company of quarrelsome insolent , persons , and given to drink , for fear of becoming such as they are ; from Wolves one learns to houl , or at least thereby you shall get a bad name , Dimmi con chi vai , ch'io te dirò queli ' che tu fai , say the Italians , Tell me what Company you keep , and I can tell you what you are doing . Now Vices cause men to be hated and slighted of God and Men. Despise no man , and condemn nothing slightly , but upon good grounds ; and when any one is ill spoken of for some bad action laid to his charge , if it be as probable he hath not done it , as that he hath done it , charity obliges you to believe the best ; therefore be more apt to believe good than evil about another . Speak not evil of any man within his hearing in whatsoever Language , for fear he doth understand you . Try all things , saith the Apostle , and retain that which is good : By all good and lawful means , endeavor to get and deserve the esteem of honest men ; and if it were possible , of all the World. Do not imitate those who are so given to jesting , as trouble not themselves about what they say , who have rather to loose much , and be exposed to dangers , than forbear telling of a Jest when it comes into their head : that kind of people careth not for the displeasure they cause to others , nor for the wrong they do to themselves ; for at last it falls on their head . Take well all advices given you , and return thanks to the Givers , specially if they be of the number of those whom you take to be your friends ; then mend , and be the better for 't ; if not , learn thence to know the envy and malice of some , and the ignorance of others ; ever taking well that which is told you with a good intent , and ( at least seemingly ) that which is on the contrary : what natural defects you know to be in you , strive to mend and master . Who can be long without a Looking-glass to see what is amiss in ones Face ? they who tell us of our faults , are the Looking-glasses of our actions , which now and then are necessary to us . All civilized persons are agreed , that civility is every where to be practised . But the manner and customs of doing it are different , according to the Countreys ; therefore get of them as exact an information as you can when you are upon the places . When you are setled in a place , every day be reading some good Latin Book or other , Nulla dies abeat quin linea ducta supersit , and when you read good Authors , never forget to take Notes of what doth deserve it . To benefit your self with what you have seen , heard , or read in the day time , be sure to have a Table-Book or other Paper-Book to set down that which is remarkable in 't ( and this you may do thorough your whole journy ) and every night before you go to bed ( specially if you make abode in a Town ) take an hours time to call it to your memory , which will much be helped , and make a greater impression upon 't , if you have time enough to meditate and make reflections on 't . I would also advise you every day to learn something by heart ; for that exerciseth and strengtheneth your memory , and is no burthen to you . Before you leave a place to go to another , specially if this last be remote , endeavor to find the company of one or two honest , civil , and sober Gentlemen , which will make your way more safe , pleasant , and comfortable to you . Another thing ought to be done before you leave a Place or Country , which is to buy some of the best and most curious Books in that Language ; by these means you will have the newest and best of what Books are in Europe ; and being come home , you will have wherewith to entertain your self , and keep from forgetting what Languages you learned in your travels : In the mean time observe that in every Country , for the generality of Authors , there is a genius particular to something ; as for instance , Italians write well in Politicks , the French in Memoires and Romances , &c. It were well also to have the Names and Pictures of the Prince , and of his Ministers or other Magistrates , specially ( this last ) when you are within the Dominions of a Republick , with the names of men famous in one Profession or other , whether of Sciences or Arts , as are Divines , Mathematicians , Picture-Drawers , Architects , Musicians , and the like . Remember how difficult it is to find again occasions when once they are lost , and time lost can never be recovered ; therefore whil'st you stay abroad , use your utmost endeavors to fit your self when you are come home to serve your King and Country . Let there be a Rule and a Resolution in every thing you do , that is , have reasons for every thing you do , and be not fickle when you resolve upon something ; and if , as I said elsewhere , you have a good disposition , inclination , application and direction , you need not doubt , with the Grace of God , of a good success in your undertakings . A Gentleman will be much the better by the knowledge and practice of these things , which are universal Truths , not tyed to any time or place , directing him how to get Knowledge and Wisdom , if he inclines and applies himself to it for the time he is abroad , which being expired , he must prepare to come home , having got a good stock of learning , prudence , experience , and of Books , necessary not only to preserve , but also to improve it ; upon his leaving Paris , he is to take leave of the chief of his acquaintances , and of all his friends , returning them thanks for their civilities , desiring them to continue their love to him in his absence ; and of some particular , he may ask leave now and then to trouble him or them with a Letter , and vouchsafe from time to time to answer thereunto . Thus when he is at home , he will have news of what happeneth abroad , and by this correspondency , he may more and more be informed of affairs , the sooner , and from good hands ; hereby also he can oblige any one of his friends when they go over , commending them to those he hath beyond Seas . As soon as he is come over , let him exactly observe himself in what he saith or doth ; for the eyes of most that knew him will be fixed upon him and according to the opinion which at that time people conceive of him , whether good or bad , so he is like to be esteemed as long as he liveth ; a man whose reputation is setled , may do many things , and never be thought the worse for 't , because men have a good opinion of him , which if those who have bad repute should do , they would be condemned and cryed down ; it is usual to think well of those we love and honour , so on the contrary of those we care not for ; when the person is acceptable , what he doth pleaseth us , but when we have a prejudice against him , we dislike every thing he doth : and indeed , 't is strange a thing , yet true , that we should so much depend on the opinion of others ; to obtain it generally , one must be not only prudent , but also very ●ortunate ; and yet for all this , such is the variety of mans mind , and they so differ in their opinion , that nequidem Iupiter omnibus placet , saith one , God himself doth not please all men : therefore this universal approbation being so hard to be obtained , one must be content with that of the best sort , and with the testimony of his own Conscience , not minding the envying , jealousie , hatred and other principles , which several men in the world are actuated by . Seeing then how necessary it is to get into the good opinion of the World , and how difficult to be obtained , one must be the more wary and careful , and labour the harder for it , specially at home the place of ones settlement , where he is to give a tryal of his Parts , Abilities , and Improvement in his Travels ; which being known , he will be cryed up in his Country , considered at Court , and respected every where , which will last as long as his life , in case , he abuses not that love and favour of men : but in case it should happen with him as it doth with some , who learn no good , but all the evils and vices practis'd beyond Seas , and who are not a jot the better for their travels , having only lost their time , and mispent their monies ; to such we might apply the Story of the Ass , which having left his ordinary Pasture to go into those that were more remote , and having been there for a considerable time , at last being come back , he lookt about and stared , and made much ado , expecting from those fellows he had left , a great respect and admiration ; which being deny'd him , he expostulated the case with them , saying , He had been very far , and had seen many things . That may be , said others , but still you are the same you were , an Ass when you went , and an Ass now you are come back ; with this difference , that at that time you were a little one , and now you are a great one , your Ears being grown much longer than they were at that time . So it had been better for some Gentlemen not to have travelled , because they come home worse than they went. Socrates told one who asked him why he was not the better for all his Travels , Quid miraris , nihil tibi peregrin●tiones prodesse cum te circumferas ut animum possis continere , prius corporis tui fugam siste , aegri animi est ista vagatio : like a Patient who lies abed restless , he thinks , but is mistaken , to be the better with often changing place ; so with some , disquietness of mind , is often cause of travelling ; to such Seneca faith , Animum debes mutare non coelum : licet vastum trajeceris mare térraeque urbesque recedant , sequentur te quocumque perveneris , vitio . One ought to change Mind and Manners as well as Climate and Country . Horace spoke wisely upon this subject , and to the same effect as the former . But he who travelleth with prudence and discretion , will mind his benefit and reputation , the content of his Friends and Relations , and the service of his King and Country , which by all good , lawful , and possible means he will endeavor to procure and promote , but how , and by what means this may be effected , 't is a sufficient matter for another Book , and a particular Treatise . FINIS . Histories , and other Curious Discourses , fit to be Read by Young Gentlemen , All Printed for , and sold by Iohn Starkey in Fleet Street . 1. THE Voyages and Travels of the Duke of Holsteins Ambassadors into Moscovy , Tartary , and Persia , begun in the year , 1633. and finished in the year 1639. containing a compleat History of those Countreys . Whereunto are added the Travels of Mandelslo , from Persia into the East Indies , begun in 1638 and finished in 1640. The whole illustrated with divers accurate Maps and Figures . Written originally by Adam Olearius , Secretary to the Embassie . Englished by I. Davis . The second Edition , in Folio , Price bound 20 s. 2. The Works of the famous Nicholas Machiavel Citizen and Secretary of Florence ; containing the History of Florence , the Princ● , the original of the Guelf and Guibilin , the Life of Castruccio , Castracani ; the Murther of Vitelli , &c. by Duke Valentino ; the State of France , the State of Germany , the Discourses on Titus Livius ; the Art of War the Marriage of Belphegor . All from the true Original , newly and faithfully translated into English. In Folio . Price bound 18 s. 3. 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The Memoirs of Philip de C●mines , Lord of Agenton ; containing the History of Lewis XI . and Charles VIII . Kings of France ; with the most remarkable Occurrences in their particular Reigns from the year 14●4 . to 1498. Revised and Corrected from divers Manuscripts , and ancient Impressions . By Denis Godsrey , Counsellor and Historiographer to the French King , and from his Edition lately Printed at Paris . Newly Translated into English. In Octavo . Price bound 6 s. 7. A Relation of Three Embassies , from His Majesty Charles II. to the Great Duke o● Mosoovy , the King of Sueden , and the King of Denmark . Performed by the Right Honourable the Earl of Carlisle , in the year 1663. and 1664. By an Attendant on the Embassies . In Octavo ▪ Price bound 4 s. 8. Il Nipotismo di Roma , or the History of the Popes Nephews , from the time of Sixtus IV. 1471. to the death of the latePope Alexander VII . 1667 ▪ Written in Italian , and Englished by W. A. Fellow of the Royal Society . 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Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A41495-e560 * An Italian Book . Notes for div A41495-e810 In the fourth Dialogue of his Republic . 1 Sam. 3.13 . * Frantzius animal . Hist. Sacra , cap. 26. fol. 394. Educatio mores facit & id sapit unusquisque quod didicit , &c. ait Seneca . Horat. lib. 1. ep . 1. * Lycurgu● . Valer. max. Ipsa educa●io inter homines frequenter ma●orem vim excitat amoris quam ipsa generatio . Plutarchus . Horat. lib. 1. Satyr . 3. Quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorem , testa diu . Hor. l. 1. ep . 2. * Prov. 22.6 . Psa●m 111.10 . Prov. 1.7 . Psal. 22.9 . Eccles. 12.1 . 2 Tim. 1.5 . Prov. 22.15 . Prov. 13.24 . Hos. 11.8 . 1 Kings 3.26 . * Experience shews how few become eminent for learning , of those who are born in a place wher● is an University if they stay in it . Petrus Lombardus , &c. * Discursus . Eph. 1.8 . Jam. 1.14 , 15. Socrates . Eccles. 1. 1 Cor. 8.1 . John 7.49 . Hor. lib. 1. S●t●r . 3. Psal. 110.3 . Rev. 2.5 . 2 Pet. 3.16 . † Ars long a vita brevis . 2 Thes. 3.2 . * These two for Comedies . 1 Cor. 14.18 . Matth. 27.46 , 47 , 49. Hist. lib. 4. Lipsius . The Wars of Cyrus , lib. 2. This is Plutarch's observation against Herodotus . Yet born in Pado● . 1 Pet. 3.15 . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In fide sua , Habak . 2.4 . Psal. 119. and others . * Acts 16.28 . † Rom. 2.6 . John 1.33 . Matth. 11.3 . 1 Cor. 4.6 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 2 Pet. 2.22 . Isa. 1.3 . Prov. 24.21 . Iuven. Satyr . Plutarch . Valer. Max. lib. 3. cap. 1. Cicero lib. de Tuscul. quest . Lib. 1. cap. 25. Mores animi ●equuntur corporis temperamentum . Gal. * Which to gain say , others have made this Proverb , Fronti nulla sid●s . Ovid. Rom. 7.19 . Horat. lib. 2. od . 10. Horat. lib. 1. ep . 2. Ovid. Chap. 16.49 . Lib. 3. Lib. de Rep Prov. 26.13 . Prov. 22.13.29 . Disticha de moribus . Horat. Hor. l. 1. ep . 18. Pr●v . 12.13 . Notes for div A41495-e9110 * Romans sent their Sons into Grecia , to learn Arts and Sciences ; and into Tuscany to be instructed in the Mysteries of their Reli●ion . Though common use makes a difference between a Tutor and a Governor , yet I indifferently use both words , because the office is but one and the same , both tueri debe●t ; it is otherwise of a Pr●ceptor . 1 Sam. 15.22 . James 3.6 , 7 , 8. * Without a h●arty application no man can master any thing that concerns the understanding . I do not say this to comply with the peevishness of those who are such , but I look on them asdistempered , and so would endeavour to cure them . Angevin doux & ven●n . It is better to go to the Fencing and Dancing Schools , than to learn at home . Cato . L'Estat de la France . Having made an obscenous Medal of Pope Innocent the X. with Donna Olympia , he was sent to the Pazarelli , or Bedlam , where he died . 1 Tim. 2.12 . Isa. 1.16 , 17 , 18. Acts 19 ▪ 19. Monsieur de Scudery . Guarini , Author of Pastor Fido had a Daughter , who became debauched with the ●eading of his Book . Cato . Est & fideli tuta silentio merces , Horat. lib. 3. od . 2. Trop parler nuit , trop grater cuit , saith the French Proverb . Lib. 11. cap. 11. Prov. 13.5 . Gen. 9.22 . Ne te colladdes , nec te culpaver is ipsum ▪ saith Cato . Phil. 3.19 . Juven . In the Preface of my Relation of Italy . Rom. 8. Prov. 23. De Arte Poet. James 1. Gen. 3.12 . Chap. 2. Chap. 5. Chap. 6. Chap. 7. from 10. to 24. Prov. 6. Verin . Oddo Antonio , Duke of Urbino , was killed by his people , for being too familiar with their Wives , Daughters , and Sisters . Horat. lib. 2. sat . 2. Plutarch in Apophtegmatibus . Schaddai . Prov. 16. Hor. lib. 4. od . 4. yet not always ●rue . Ovid. Satyr . Horat. Seeing a man hath nothing but what he hath received , why should he boast o● it , even his necessaries , as Cloaths , which make the greatest part of his pomp , though Purple and Scarlet were first upon the back● of Brutes , or he is beholding to Brutes for them . Matth. 6. Prov. 23.5 . 1 Tim. 6.17 . 1 Tim. 9.10 . Luke 18.25 . Mark 10.24 . Judges 16. Heb. 11.25 . 1 Pet. 1.24 . Isa. 40.6 . James 1.10 , 11. Dispunge & recense vitae tuae dies & vidobis paucos , quosdam & rejiculos apud te resedisse , Seneca de brev . vitae . Job 2.4 . Psal. 39.5 . Eccles. 9.9 ▪ Gen. 47.9 . Psal. 102.3 . Psal. 103. Psal. 102 ▪ Psal. 90.10 ▪ 1 John 2.17 . 1 Cor. 7.31 ▪ 2 Pet. 3.10 . Heb. 1.11 . Ps. 102.25.26 . Some say Dioge●es . Eth. lib. 4. cap. 5. To do and suffer no wrong is the part of a Gentleman : yet I would have him to know the point of honor consists in the practi●e of morals , and not only in shewing heart and courage . * Domitian . Dio Cass. lib. Hist. 68. Machiavel . Du Plessis Mornay . Virg. In his Book Pietra dell ' Paragons . The present war hath made some alteration in this . Solon ordered this by a Law. See my present State of Italy . All three Marshals of France 2 Sam. 12.27 , 28. 1 Sam. 18.7 , 8. Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum . The 4th part of this Book doth speak of it . See my present State of Venice ▪ A kind of Boat ▪ Dan. 2.33 . At present all Germany is united with the Emperor upon the account of the present War , which being ended , likely things will be a● before , Coll●q . diversor . The present war hath made some alteration in this . * In the character of Spain . This and some other things I s●y , ought to be diversified according to circumstances of time , places , and persons . Some of these advices I have given elsewhere up and down , which I think fit to mention again in this , a● improper place . Li. 1. Epist. 11 nequam cunque Deus , &c.